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Ch 2 Electvostatics

2 . 1 .
2 Coulombs law Q
'

世的
spane1
⼁ F

rn
τ
11⼏ ≡ 18 - 11

E 0
:
permiteiw of treai …

电容率


superposstsen piineiple

For a collecthos of point charges = f

. kr …

h
IF :
IF FIFIt IF 3
. t …
.
t 1 F4


⼆品

、 ⼩⼆些 … … …

靜电⼒為了到电荷產⽣电⼒的線疊加
沒有

crossterms
"

2 .
1 .
3 The
Electra9 eld

The dectrlc fheld 1E


The electrsc force per unit ( test
charge )
= 1 F = Q 001 EE =

1 F =

。 继公坐公
n …2
… …

= ) 1 E =

0忘业公
ini
Ex 1
-

知出众
-


1 E =

^|
1
q
H =+

出但冷州
,

: 1E 。 — 众

~ 。

… 答

E 1 E Ez 左右對稱 ⽔平分量抵消
!
:
1
+ ( ,

⼆ E 1 EE E
⼩ : ⾦ =
)
只剩全分量
= 2 Fz 念 ( E1 E = E2E =
EZ )
= 2 ( 品 co . o 全

= 不
p

y 吃
A

When Z >> d

公 ^

Ψ ≈

⼦之
(
-

1 E : s 部] Y …



u
1

1 E
≈ 家 ]3 全

=世
How to
apprathate a fuhcthoh ?

flt ) =
flo ) t
∴×+ 型 …
* …
𥳁
2

If xccl = ) ict
X

' 3 XLcx

= ) f(x ) = flol +
些 +
x… …

前幾項比軟⼤比後⾯的項
odigem ,

Taylor ' s
exposithoh is a
very usefulhethod o obtalh

and
approhthated hesults in schence engheeking
ex :
mulespole expansion

* 泰勒展開mayhe 期末考題
Continnous d { stribnting
c

1 4
2 . .

harge

Mas -② -

司那
.
_1 -

! ⼀下⼀个



)
》 → ” . .

atom
matelials

Imicloscopic ) matelials
Emactos <
oBic)
"

I
OM
密度 P =

lll
⼘ .

→×

charg

atoms

Tohs
加 →

materhals

上華进
electrohs ( hiclo 3
copic )
haterialImauroscopi
电荷密度
d P :


Multiple Eapansion
-

Taylor serkes

flxlg (t)
'
=
aot aixt …

arx +

× bot bxbzx
+ - …

" '

aox bo + a box

ta 2 box + a 3 box


3
+ aobix + a 、 bix - arbix
2 3
+ a0 b 2 x + 9b 2 x

cnt " where cu =


Gobut Gibhtt . .
tGubo

=
烹a : bhi
matelsals

對測點 1E 1M
= 幽点器公

處⼩⽅塊的帶電量
在“
dq 可
”積
=

I = 9 。 公北
在 1
⼩處
的电荷密度

Similarly ,
ne car have voluhe
charge disersbasthob

dq = pdz

⾯电荷密度 σ= dq Odr
1
体电荷密度
dq =σ da =

dq =λ d 北線电荷密度入 =
F* 以
aP

1
^

z

>××
能 : 入 dx

對測點位置 1 r
= E

电荷位置 \ r ' = ⽗

电荷分佈線段 dl = dx
'

=> 12 =
1 r -

15 ' = Z -

x ⽗

= " n =
1 In | =

×
2


: 、 众⼆共 :
“l !
!? :

外以 L !

t =
2 午 X
d北
=
=
, dt
= 2 xdxorxdx =Ʃ

) . 北

了 ”

[
×

主⼈⽢

X = Etan θ

dx = ZseE θ dO

f odOzeaiolsk
=
Esec '

⼀”
oydo 2

] IHtam θ= secto

起 Socodo

=
Ʃ☆ S cos θ dO
=
isinol

式治
1
E 。 念

Couside the knses ofthe results

For
① ineasuemehes lobbervatkoss
wayta tiom the line

ypueeanl

Q =λ . 2 、
1 : =
(
it dlkirtoctatis il ) .

' and
Fheld Khes ,
Fha Gamss
la
場線 通量
A
π

"
* → ^

, 「
7


… _


( >



) -

→ -

→ 为那

之 ~~

F 座
E
=
S1E da Example
charge

⼀些
PoEut

: 病公
,
E
“ 0


For the sphere endosing
the

poiht charge :

通過⼀⾯積的線流量 E: ⑥
1 E - da
=φ ( 克品
. ( riin 060 × "

) 。 .
* π

a 020 比



a collecthon of poiut charges
| E:
|E =


IOE = ⑥ 1 d

E 1a

空 E . da

?
E
integral fora ot Gausi ' s lav

EQen
Qer

.

.
=
1 k . da :

chl ddcergence theoren

So 1 Eida = # E S

忆 — ⽣封閉表⾯度
,
散發流量的度程
的總出⽔量 單位體積⽔龍頭出量⽔

↑ 1 E -

dla =

{ π E

dr = JE
. dL
for
orbitvary volume

:
≥ .1 E

*
The l
2 .
2
divergence of
場源的 .
對測點
Foo whitary

1E =

0 5p
, 個獨立寫
dange istributiu 2
( Njdi d =
plugdr
2
.

↑ 。

1 .

1 E = v

Jl
.
" Ipliridtmdeal
爵 1 v 微分 ninersdolte famito .

系)
)=
an
π (
→ ( 4

: .4 {
πδ 311 r - r

/ p( 1 r ) d2 ' delta fauctkor 在 1γ : 1r 處發散 )


Stx
recal □
)Z ( x - x | dx . =
f)
(x 0

t 0
4π O [ ir )

= ) π . ( E

= 菇微分型式 Gansislaw

Use
divergence theorem

J -2IEd :
S 1 E .
d( a

=
' SEdr
SEide:

= (
1 E . dca _
積分型式感
sislar
2 23 Appkcathoh of law
'
:
Gauss s

hoged点 \ay
!

ka hy
ohm
in
mitonly hags spbea , p

calculate 1 F for r > R


[ ,

\ “

Method 1 Use coulohb s '


law
dffhcult t do
integret。 .

E :
t 9 oi ☆

1s dr vey

for a vecttr functsoh

Method -

r UseGauss ' s lKw

1 k . dia
= ? Qenc =


和 | El 公 da芯 ) =
%
"
↑| 1 m |, Nii: 0 > 014 =

amei
sans

men
th

m "
州 mml :

÷
|

" .
"
,

" iw 1 o 1 :

'

= ) 1 E 1 .

4π r =

= 1 E /
: 品 0

=1 E

= 卡公 *

How about inside ?

Rea

。 Gauss ' , 1 Ku
Helmholte theovem

(
π
段品 :
> 1 ⽉

we c a n stsll use T × | E = 0

statements
4 efuivaleht

(a| Ix 1 E = 0

everywhere

(b)
Ja! 1k .
dlis independehe of the path

)
1
( c

: . de = 0

(d ) 存在 1 Fl 1 r ) 的反導封
使得 IE ( r ) =
-
→ ullH

calcalus
S f (Y) =
F { x 15 C
存在 t 州的反導封

flx ) *F (
:

使得 flN :
↓ Fx 1

2 .
3 Kleceric Poteht { al

1
v (| ≡ - 90" El 11 .

dll

iustead of u 1 lr .

psth )

:,
1 E = -
《 V
重⼒位
,

电位 ← ,

vl / 11 位置 v ( lr ) 1 r 位置
lv =
gh )
! ↓
ov vl ' b ) vlla )
ghi
:

ovighz
-

!
=
gob
位能

0 U =

gov
goloo


!

DF = -

品 =
-

g
→ v F = -

品 = -

hg

电場 :

單位电荷受到电⼒動場 :
單位質量受到動
⼀步
E =
G =

=
) 11 E
=

==
1 G -

g 吃

樓⾼的參考點

! ⼀海平⾯
⼀地⾯

hr ⼀任意⾼度

ng ( imrh
hr 1
- =


Jhr
g / /
2

If
using diffevent reference
h .
t
: hi t α

hz ' - hatx
any
'
physis
thanged

,
增⾼的參考點不重要
不影響任何物理

品動位
'

h = h +α

vlhligh
' '

( h' = gh hta)
g(
or i s =

=
lgange trancforhakn )
V V
' ut ag

規範
動位能化
hovhor ] ' y uhstag -
hag 1 - ov

hothing change . (
gange
invariant ) 規範不性
nvariant
gange
,
0 ,
. dl
V( 1
=

-S 0
" 1 E(1 )
=

- [{ "
> J
0
1 E .
dl ]
⼆不同电位參考
'

0 0 onstaht

901
,

=
U () -
三 . dl
"
S 唱 1 Edl onstaht

: vl 1 rHt α

'

=> V = U +α

vc θ) =
-

f0
1 E .

dl = 0
參考點即电位為 處 0
常⽤的參考點為無限遠處
For a pohut charge

1 E =
1
vl 1 [

0 "
E . dl

:
⼆卡辆卡 。
thea eterence Boiht
If using
r -

a s v

ra -

1 ∞

V IH :
va smpler expressios

why Potential ?

easher to calkula比

IE ( 1 H = vector fKeld

scalarfheld
vcirl

the scalears
integratkon of is
N easher thah vectors


te dsfferenthad eduat { ng of scalkrs

in toeasier solkethan those of whctors

I 3 3
Pohsshoh
'

equation & laplace


'
s s
equation
.
.

| E =
-

TO

夾員
(
*

T × | E = 0

let 的 chack

v - * ( v O )
T ×| E
π
←<×
=

)
=
[

- π

TU :

上坡坡度 ,
上坡⽅同

τ x ( ) : 環 ,
溜旋

π 吃
( π
) = -

π 1 |E 4
-

=
.

吃器
:

Poisionedutan ⼀器
If ho
harge 1 p
: o

10 Laplace
' = 0 □ eduethow

聯立同量場 ,
微分⽅程 →
⼀個純量場微分⽅程

1
π E
-
=

π v =

T/ X E = 0

For a poiut harge ( O - ix


1 .
4


i
vn

洲 h =
1 lm |

For charge distributhon


ah
atbitrary voluhe

09 : 11t

%:
= P
- 0:

0
vilH = 司 0

o )

。 π
" τ: N

Ul
= 。 dr
= 0 V
Ʃ
| Ʃ =

π

Pl "
=

Svt 0 π d τ
)

For sufae hage a lir " ( haneaga )


[ oalir da '
"
vI 川 :

)世
(

For Kne charge λ 11 l 1


mgu
li "
v [() :
δ 0πλ dli

home horle a
.
s 1 .
2 .
34 .
2 .
37

fthal exam 115 1 四 ) 9 : 00


open book

些燃
⑥ …
2 .

4 Work & ehergy in elactrostathcs

{1F dll / 1b ) [ la ) X

w =
.
= 3 0 -

v =

=
{ 1 - 1 Fa | dl ⼆點⾥位差 對單位电荷作的功

:

=
-

9 1 Fa .
dll ( 儲存為位能 )
. - … …

"

Q 從無限遠處 -

1 ⼩需作功
:


1 Fld

,
1

W =

"
Q =
{ 1 FE ) . dl
1a -

"
= -

Qfia 1
Edl

⽂ v (H ≡
-

fca " 1 Ede

β “
de 1 ]
=
Q [( -

J 0
(E , d (l) -
[ -

f0 1 E .

=
Q [ vl { b ) -

U[ ( all ]
1
2 .
4 ,


"
IF w =

Sia 1F dle ① v ( lb | -

vlla ) =
.
Q
→ 电位差 :
移動單位电荷需作功

'b
=
Jla ( -

1 Fi = ) . dl
FQ 1 E
③ It reference point is ont o ∞

Siab
=

=
Q .

[ .

1 : .
dl V { ∞ ) = 0

! vll =

f ab 1 : de = 3 vllt )
-
v
(1 s )

:
.
, 是

=
Q [ u ( b) -
v [a ) ]

The of
charge distribatiob
4
2s

ehergy a
point
-

w 2
=
A 2 vll )


州眾

q 2

等位線
:

W 3
=
fs .

viliM t
fs .

valr )

=⼼芯
!
v. (

vol
以 =

。 [ ]
v

To assehble
charge dstribation of
charges
=
1 h
a
poiut

W =
wrt Wst wet .
t
wh

= … 經熱
避免算到重覆

= 三
=(


扣掉重覆
1


州 “ …

]

: “
1

2 . 4 3 .
The ehergy of a cohtimaous
charge distrsbukon

di
-


dq =β d [
.

dqUlri = fpvd
h -

→ τ
)


is …

□→
recall 11 E

=E
0

= 1 β =
E π
0
1E

ω= pod τ

=Ʃ / to π Jvd τ

by

b
integrathon parts

, 1 莉 aity -
fgsMtecer tioey - stth lhillirl "

=
0 [ ↑ v (E . da
- S 1 E

. [ π ) dI ]
上11 k = av

E [ dvE

☆+
:

If the of the isthewhole


range integratton sqnabe

The boundaly tetm 1 H -


1 ∞

v ( r - .
∞| - → () t 0

E ( 1r - ,
∞| 0 ( ) ^

V α ⼠

E α

q

foda 0/ =
2 '
x r
W =
E dτ ^ : ( vv= )
=

q vEda α I

售 v
0 ida = 0


Spring :

W =Ʃ kx 2

maghalc
wi (=
0 ) JBidz
EM wave

W =
OSEt三前 JBidi

「 9 shell
uhstirmly harged

= x .

surfave harge dehsity ^

:

R

① w =
iSauda

} ( ) : 告
=

(⼀占1 —

死台
EofE
'

③ W = dz

∵t
+

∵ ,
Tuside the shell outside the shel )
+

,
. Use Gaass
'

i law E 4π r :

.

+
… …

⑨ 1E .
dla
== 0 = 3 E

= 卡
k 0 Sinsiek d
'
[

3 4π 1 '
foresiek
=
w
)
= 0 :

l
,

E
ω= 些 —
前巡 0
0

⼭晶
) =
%
= 1
(

=
0( w' |
. 4a .

J" %
.
dr

=
0 ( 。 1
? 怀后

志台 *
2 .
4 4
.
* ① 只有點電荷的交互作⽤⼒

td
,
w = ?
沒有組成需的⼒

三点givliril 背
① W d9 : N 1 ∞


=
-

的有限太負
=
aa ⑤←

3
e

= ⼀

( 。 品 ) co 吸引⼒

要將相同正電荷聚集需要非常⼤的功
② W : S 0

E
'

d 2 30
h 》 。

( 別0

d
=
0f

3
正的 ∞

=Ʃ ⼘州
^
( Wint
wa t
=
tqt

t~ t∞
真的有限⼤
o t ? ,
③ conttedit '

Wit = i 点 9 : V ( 1N )

,
2 .
5 Eonductors

ductots ficeto
charges
=
coh are move

li ) 1 E ade lohductot
= o
inss

bd
回⼀ +
1 kidmres =

真但

( Ii ) β :
o iaside a cohductor

( E =
0

上 π E “


β=~=
3

liiil Ahy hargehet c


r esides on the surface

Liol A condactet i s abequipotential ( 等位⾯

vllb |

- o ( (a )
=

f! 1 E .
dl —

| E =
0
⼝ 0

= ) V (b ) =
vlla )

( v ) 1 : 11 公


Capacitors

∵7
L
和回

U =
vF + U -

= -

f ,
1 Edl

質負电荷的电位差

IE be , but we dotenow
can
complex :

1 E
= ⼚应公 z

Ccoulomb' s lawfo t volu


a
chargee Estvibation )

If - →> 2
P

Q - → 20 C chargestal

| E -

→ 21 E

= 3 1E α Q

电位差 v -

- J 1 . dle α
E
Q

= ) V 正比於 Q

we can defive a
proportsonal constabt C

C 三号
C :
capacity
andiel perat
sizes shay te the ondnces of
or
depends the ,
c
x
+ 0

A

# -
0

志令…
0 品是
1

点 ”

0 念 。

Ganuss
law


② !

τ : E = 0

L↓↓
! !! 互 :
E :

品 +→
2 比
:


E
↑ ⼩亚
: = 0

↓dLt

③ 电位差
,
y"
v= -

J " 1 E

. de
,.

"

Jde
:

品 d

④ Q =σ


A

② C 三共 :影微( 器

separation
coan be dependent
Etabhe 4 eh 4 6 )
matersals
2
oh
.
.
Eapacitors
充电
0 -

) Q

Q
0 -

1 -

Eg 12 .
38 J Eq ( 2 .

39 )

W
w QV =
hmgh )
: (

slomly charge the capaciborfrom o - ,


Q

= 世

=> w dq


orhQ
cug
:

W = icl
IE & 1 B vector fkelds

"
what = ) fkeld

gradcent = ) scalar fseld

[ divergene
( curl
s
vec - fkeldlor

( Helm holteoremlhe t

obtaid 1E fields
ways to :

1 .
Coulonb ' s law

E =

。 [ 品公 dz
usnally hatd todd the vertked
integrattos

2 . Gaussilaw
If stanthe h
s
4 as a
good symmetsy

⑥ 1 E .
da =

{(π E
)
dz

=
Most realistic 3 ystens do NoT

have good 3
ymmetries

3 3 olv 9 coapled different{ al eqmatioh


,

ng

E
1
π . 1 范

* 1
. E = 0

Biff9 culh

4
Soloing Poisson '
s
eq
.

| E
0
C * 1 E = 0 =
- c
,

π 1E :

品 π ( -

π 则

=
.
.

,

=→> v
⼀总器 → =

Poisson , e
9

Laplceeq

The most practial way to solveIE ,

becanse scalat fancthon Vim & differeatial eq

ave easiet o 和 lve

once Vis solved IE - -


π v

How o solve 1E ?

( ' How tosolvew

drect
1 .

integration
v =

vS π11 di '
" (

2 . 2 s )

integratson is usually RoT still


easy

the method for ( )


2
Tmages 3 2
.
,

worlas few specshc situstsons


only for

3 ,
Separats ' oh of variables ( sea 3 .
3!

敖分離法
the most commohty
used method

4 ,

Muleipole eapansioh

多極展開 : Taylor ' s expansion

soltson whenfa r ftomthe source


cah obecin iway
approas

Ik matethals ( ch 4 )
iamBortant foc ia

LEx 2 .
1 2 .
2
}
conductor )
Vaccam

: 范众
-
1E

1 E = 0

matebials

1 E

= 些台 ←

E 3 to
3 3
,
eParatiou of variables

hocharge


!

∵… →
… …

a菲

v + 燕
0 = 0

Trahslatioh syhmetry im E Assume U ( xy ) = 区x 1 Fy )

lx ) y
3

vis T afun of E ex V (
xy) X y
=
No ctson : =

U ( xy) Xy
+ =

xy
:

V =
Ulty)

⽜五可 y 1 !

州裝 0 :

Althonghthe assumption is
*

NOT

boundary ondtsons
correct for most functhohs .

( il V when
y found soliisohs Unlty )
= o = 0

those

liil ahen
be
buldang
o
y blok
=

as
o
v =

can
used ,

liii ) to assemble the real Solution


v =
Volsl hhehx : 0

( i ) Vo as x 1 U (x
|
=

☆ ( aVn ( x 4 ) .

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