MySQL Cheat Sheet

MySQL is a popular open-source relational database

management system known for its ease of use and scalability. CREATING TABLES QUERYING DATA INSERTING DATA
Sometimes, you will need a little help while working on a project. To create a table: To select data from a table, use the SELECT command. To insert data into a table, use the INSERT command:
That's why we created this MySQL Cheat Sheet. CREATE TABLE habitat ( An example of a single-table query: INSERT INTO habitat VALUES
id INT, SELECT species, AVG(age) AS average_age (1, 'River'),
Instructions for installing MySQL are available at: name VARCHAR(64) FROM animal (2, 'Forest');
https://dev.mysql.com ); WHERE id != 3
GROUP BY species
Use AUTO_INCREMENT to increment the ID automatically with HAVING AVG(age) > 3 You may specify the columns in which the data is added. The
CONNECTING TO A MYSQL SERVER each new record. An AUTO_INCREMENT column must be defined ORDER BY AVG(age) DESC; remaining columns are filled with default values or NULLs.
Connect to a MySQL server with a username and a password as a primary or unique key: INSERT INTO habitat (name) VALUES
using the mysql command-line client. CREATE TABLE habitat ( An example of a multiple-table query: ('Savanna');
MySQL will prompt for the password: id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, SELECT city.name, country.name
mysql -u [username] -p name VARCHAR(64) FROM city
); [INNER | LEFT | RIGHT] JOIN country
ON city.country_id = country.id; UPDATING DATA
To connect to a specific database on a MySQL server using a To update the data in a table, use the UPDATE command:
username and a password: Use +, -, *, / to do some basic math. UPDATE animal
mysql -u [username] -p [database] To create a table with a foreign key:
CREATE TABLE animal ( To get the number of seconds in a week: SET
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, SELECT 60 * 60 * 24 * 7; -- result: 604800 species = 'Duck',
To export data using the mysqldump tool: name = 'Quack'
mysqldump -u [username] -p \ name VARCHAR(64),
WHERE id = 2;
[database] > data_backup.sql species VARCHAR(64), AGGREGATION AND GROUPING
age INT, AVG(expr) − average value of expr for the group.
habitat_id INT, COUNT(expr) − count of expr values within the group.
To exit the client:
quit or exit
FOREIGN KEY (habitat_id) MAX(expr) − maximum value of expr values within the DELETING DATA
REFERENCES habitat(id) group. To delete data from a table, use the DELETE command:
); MIN(expr) − minimum value of expr values within the DELETE FROM animal
For a full list of commands:
help group. WHERE id = 1;
MODIFYING TABLES SUM(expr) − sum of expr values within the group.
Use the ALTER TABLE statement to modify the table structure.
CREATING AND DISPLAYING To count the rows in the table: This deletes all rows satisfying the WHERE condition.
SELECT COUNT(*) To delete all data from a table, use the TRUNCATE TABLE
DATABASES To change a table name:
ALTER TABLE animal RENAME pet;
FROM animal; statement:
To create a database: TRUNCATE TABLE animal;
To count the non-NULL values in a column:
CREATE DATABASE zoo;
To add a column to the table: SELECT COUNT(name)
ALTER TABLE animal FROM animal;
To list all the databases on the server:
SHOW DATABASES;
ADD COLUMN name VARCHAR(64); CASTING
To count unique values in a column: From time to time, you need to change the type of a value.
To change a column name: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT name) Use the CAST() function to do this.
To use a specified database: ALTER TABLE animal FROM animal; In MySQL, you can cast to these data types:
USE zoo; RENAME COLUMN id TO identifier; CHAR NCHAR BINARY DATE DATETIME
GROUP BY DECIMAL DOUBLE FLOAT REAL SIGNED
To delete a specified database: To change a column data type: To count the animals by species: UNSIGNED TIME YEAR JSON spatial_type
DROP DATABASE zoo; ALTER TABLE animal SELECT species, COUNT(id)
MODIFY COLUMN name VARCHAR(128); FROM animal
To list all tables in the database: GROUP BY species; To get a number as a signed integer:
SHOW TABLES; To delete a column: SELECT CAST(1234.567 AS signed);
ALTER TABLE animal To get the average, minimum, and maximum ages by habitat: -- result: 1235
To get information about a specified table: DROP COLUMN name; SELECT habitat_id, AVG(age),
DESCRIBE animal; MIN(age), MAX(age)
It outputs column names, data types, default values, and more To delete a table: FROM animal To change a column type to double:
about the table. DROP TABLE animal; GROUP BY habitat; SELECT CAST(column AS double);

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MySQL Cheat Sheet
TEXT FUNCTIONS NUMERIC FUNCTIONS DATE AND TIME EXTRACTING PARTS OF DATES
To extract a part of a date, use the functions YEAR, MONTH, WEEK,
FILTERING THE OUTPUT To get the remainder of a division: There are 5 main time-related types in MySQL:
SELECT MOD(13, 2); -- result: 1 DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR DAY, HOUR, and so on.
To fetch the city names that are not Berlin: SELECT YEAR(CAST('2021-12-31' AS date));
SELECT name To round a number to its nearest integer: DATE – stores the year, month, and day in the YYYY-MM-DD -- result: 2021
FROM city SELECT ROUND(1234.56789); -- result: 1235 format. SELECT MONTH(CAST('2021-12-31' AS date));
WHERE name != 'Berlin'; TIME – stores the hours, minutes, and seconds in the HH:MM:SS -- result: 12
To round a number to three decimal places:
format. SELECT DAY(CAST('2021-12-31' AS date));
TEXT OPERATORS SELECT ROUND(1234.56789, 3);
-- result: 31
To fetch the city names that start with a 'P' or end with an 's': -- result: 1234.568 DATETIME – stores the date and time in the YYYY-MM-DD
SELECT name HH:MM:SS format. The supported range is '1000-01-01
To round a number up:
FROM city SELECT CEIL(13.1); -- result: 14
00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. DATE ARITHMETICS
WHERE name LIKE 'P%' OR name LIKE '%s'; SELECT CEIL(-13.9); -- result: -13 TIMESTAMP – stores the date and time. The range is '1970- To add or subtract an interval from a DATE, use the ADDDATE()
To fetch the city names that start with any letter followed by 01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC. function:
The CEIL(x) function returns the smallest integer not less than ADDDATE('2021-10-31', INTERVAL 2 MONTH);
'ublin' (like Dublin in Ireland or Lublin in Poland): MySQL converts TIMESTAMP values from the current time zone
SELECT name x. To round the number down: to UTC for storage, and back from UTC to the current time zone -- result: '2021-12-31'
FROM city SELECT FLOOR(13.8); -- result: 13 for retrieval. ADDDATE('2014-04-05', INTERVAL -3 DAY);
WHERE name LIKE '_ublin'; SELECT FLOOR(-13.2); -- result: -14 -- result: '2014-04-02'
YEAR – stores the year in the YYYY format.
The FLOOR(x) function returns the greatest integer not greater
CONCATENATION than x. To round towards 0 irrespective of the sign of a number: INTERVALS To add or subtract an interval from a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME,
Use the CONCAT() function to concatenate two strings:
SELECT TRUNCATE(13.56, 0); -- result: 13 An interval is the duration between two points in time. use the TIMESTAMPADD() function:
SELECT CONCAT('Hi ', 'there!'); SELECT TRUNCATE(-13.56, 1); -- result: -13.5 To define an interval: INTERVAL 1 DAY TIMESTAMPADD(MONTH, 2,
-- result: Hi there! This syntax consists of the INTERVAL keyword, a value, and a '2014-06-10 07:55:00');
To get the absolute value of a number:
If any of the string is NULL, the result is NULL: time part keyword (YEAR, QUARTER, MONTH, WEEK, DAY, HOUR, -- result: '2014-08-10 07:55:00'
SELECT CONCAT(Great ', 'day', NULL); SELECT ABS(-12); -- result: 12
MINUTE, SECOND, MICROSECOND). TIMESTAMPADD(MONTH, -2,
-- result: NULL To get the square root of a number: You may combine different INTERVALs using the + or - '2014-06-10 07:55:00');
MySQL allows specifying a separating character (separator) using SELECT SQRT(9); -- result: 3 operator: -- result: '2014-04-10 07:55:00'
the CONCAT_WS() function. The separator is placed between INTERVAL 1 YEAR + INTERVAL 3 MONTH
the concatenated values: USEFUL NULL FUNCTIONS You may also use the standard SQL syntax: To add or subtract TIME from a DATETIME, use the ADDTIME()
SELECT CONCAT_WS(' ', 1, 'Olivier', To fetch the names of the cities whose rating values are not INTERVAL '1-3' YEAR_MONTH function:
'Norris'); -- result: 1 Olivier Norris missing: -- 1 year and 3 months ADDTIME('2018-02-12 10:20:24', '12:43:02');
SELECT name INTERVAL '3-12' HOUR_MINUTE -- result: '2018-02-12 23:03:26'
OTHER USEFUL TEXT FUNCTIONS FROM city -- 3 hours 12 minutes ADDTIME('2018-02-12 10:20:24', '-12:43:02');
To get the count of characters in a string: -- result: '2018-02-11 21:37:22'
WHERE rating IS NOT NULL;
SELECT LENGTH('LearnSQL.com'); WHAT TIME IS IT?
-- result: 12 COALESCE(x, y, ...) To answer this question, use:
To find the difference between two dates, use the DATEDIFF()
To convert all letters to lowercase: To replace NULL in a query with something meaningful: CURRENT_TIME or CURTIME – to get the current time.
function:
SELECT LOWER('LEARNSQL.COM'); SELECT domain, CURRENT_DATE or CURDATE – to get the current date.
DATEDIFF('2015-01-01', '2014-01-02');
-- result: learnsql.com COALESCE(domain, 'domain missing') NOW() or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP – to get the current
-- result: 364
FROM contacts; timestamp with both of the above.
To convert all letters to uppercase:
SELECT UPPER('LearnSQL.com'); The COALESCE() function takes any number of arguments and
returns the value of the first argument that is not NULL.
CREATING VALUES To find the difference between two times, use the TIMEDIFF()
-- result: LEARNSQL.COM To create a date, time, or datetime, write the value as a string and function:
To get just a part of a string: NULLIF(x, y) cast it to the proper type. SELECT TIMEDIFF('09:30:00', '07:55:00');
SELECT SUBSTRING('LearnSQL.com', 9); To save yourself from division by 0 errors: SELECT CAST('2021-12-31' AS date), -- result: '01:35:00'
-- result: .com SELECT last_month, this_month, CAST('15:31' AS time),
SELECT SUBSTRING('LearnSQL.com', 1, 5); this_month * 100.0 CAST('2021-12-31 23:59:29' AS datetime); To find the difference between two datetimes (in a given unit of
-- result: Learn / NULLIF(last_month, 0) You may skip casting in simple conditions; the database knows time), use the TIMESTAMPDIFF() function. Here's an example
To replace a part of a string: AS better_by_percent what you mean. with the difference given in weeks:
SELECT REPLACE('LearnSQL.com', 'SQL', FROM video_views; SELECT airline, flight_no, departure_time SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(
'Python'); The NULLIF(x, y) function returns NULL if x equals y, else it FROM airport_schedule WEEK, '2018-02-26', '2018-03-21'
-- result: LearnPython.com returns the value of x value. WHERE departure_time < '12:00'; ); -- result: 3

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