STATISTICS (11)

Chapter 2: Representation of data

1. Presentation of data :
The presentation of data mean is that to present data in different forms.
2. Classification:
The process of arranging data into classes or categories according to some
common characteristics present in the data is called as classification. For example, in
classifying the population of country by religion, we may arrange all Muslims in one
group, Christian in the other group and so on.
Types of classification:
I. One way
II. Two way
III. Three way
3. Tabulation:
The table is systematic arrangement of data into vertical columns and horizontal
rows. The process of arranging data into rows and columns is known as tabulation,
e.g. religion and marital status is the example of tabulation.
4. Frequency Distribution:
A frequency distribution is a compact form of data in a table which displays
the categories of observation according to their magnitudes and frequencies such that
the similar or identical numerical values are grouped together.
5. Array:
An arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending order is called
an array.
e.g: 2,3,4,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,14,15,16,17,19,20,23,27,29,30

6. Class Limits:
The class limits are defined as the values of the variables which explain the
classes, the smaller value is called as lower class limit and the upper value is called as
upper class limit.

Prepared By: Prof. Rashid Mehmood (M.Phil. Statistics) Composed By: Arslan Imran. Page 1
7. Class Boundaries:
The class boundaries are the exact values which break up one class from another
class.
Classes Class boundaries
05-09 4.5 - 9.5
10-14 9.5 - 14.5
15-19 14.5 -19.5
20-24 19.5 - 24.5
25-29 24.5 – 29.5

In class boundaries upper class limit is same as to lower class limit of the next class.

8. Class Mark:
The class mark or midpoint is that values which divides a class into two equal
parts. It is obtained by adding the lower and upper class limits or class boundaries of a
class and dividing the resulting total by 2. For example, (110+119) / 2= 114.5

9. Class Interval:
The difference between the lower class limit and upper class limit is called as
class interval.
10. Open ended class:
A class which has either no lower class limit or no upper class limit is called as
open ended class. For example, ‘Below 5’and’ 25 and above’ are open ended class.
11. Cumulative Frequency:
This is the number of observation corresponding to less than or equal to a
specified value.
Table 2.1:

Classes f c.f
10-14 5 5
15-19 7 5+7 = 12
20-24 3 12+3=15
25-29 4 15+4=19
30-34 1 19+1=20
35-39 4 20+4=24
Total 24

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 12. Relative Frequency:
The frequency of the class is divided by the total frequency is called the
relative frequency of that class. It is generally expressed as a percentage.
Table 2.2:

Classes f r.f
10-14 5 5/24=0.21
15-19 7 7/24=0.29
20-24 3 3/24=0.12
25-29 4 4/24=0.17
30-34 1 1/24=0.04
35-39 4 4/24=0.17
Total 24 1

Total value of relative frequency is equal to one or nearest to one.

13. Graphical Representation of data :

The data can be effectively presented by means of graph is known as graphical
representation of data. They provide a very good method of showing fluctuations and
trends in statistical data.
13.1: Important rule for drawing Graphs:

I. Select a suitable scale so that the graph gives the true impression of the
data to be represented.
II. Every graph must have a clear and comprehensive title.
III. The classes should always be taken along (X-axis) and the frequency
along the (Y-axis).
13.2: Histogram:
A histogram depends on the Class boundaries, by taking the class
boundaries along X-axis and the corresponding frequencies along Y-axis. If the class
interval sizes are equal then the heights of the rectangles are also proportional to the
class frequencies and are taken numerically equal to the class frequencies if the interval
are not equal then the heights of the rectangles have to be adjusted.

Prepared By: Prof. Rashid Mehmood (M.Phil. Statistics) Composed By: Arslan Imran. Page 3
 To draw a histogram for equal class interval, Class boundaries are marked along X-axis
and the frequencies are along on Y-axis .

Classes Class boundaries

05-09 4.5 - 9.5
10-14 9.5 - 14.5
15-19 14.5 -19.5
20-24 19.5 - 24.5
25-29 24.5 – 29.5

Prepared By: Prof. Rashid Mehmood (M.Phil. Statistics) Composed By: Arslan Imran. Page 4
 To draw a histogram for equal class interval, Class boundaries are marked along X-axis
and the frequencies are along on Y-axis.

Classes Class boundaries

05-07 4.5 - 7.5
08-14 7.5 - 14.5
15-18 14.5 -18.5
19-24 18.5 - 24.5
25-26 24.5 - 26.5

13.3: Pie Chart:

A pie chart consists of a circle subdivided into various sectors. The

only on difference between component chart and pie chart is that , in the component
chart the length of the bars are used while in a pie chart the area of the sector of a
circle is used.

Prepared By: Prof. Rashid Mehmood (M.Phil. Statistics) Composed By: Arslan Imran. Page 5
 To construct a pie chart, we draw a circle with some suitable radius. We know
that a circle consist of 360֯. The circle is divided into different sector by constructing
angles. We calculate the angles for each sector by the formula:

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕
Ϧ= 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥
x 360

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr

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