INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Oil spill is a crucial problem to our environment right now, crude oil and

petroleum products are widespread water and soil pollutants resulting from marine and

terrestrial spillagest ( Kuyukina, et al., 2018). International statistics of oil spill sizes

for all incidents indicate that the majority of oil spills are small (less than 7 tonnes).

The major accidents that happen in the oil industry contribute only a small fraction of

the total oil which enters the environment (Ившина, Ivshina et al., 2018). Furthermore,

according to Hodson et al., (2016), large amount of oil spreads at a depth of 1100–1300

m, polluting and harming deepwater habitats. Coastal oiling was decreased by reaction

actions (burning, dispersants), oil biodegradation, and ocean currents. Nevertheless,

many coastal habitats and more than 2100 kilometers of shoreline were impacted.

Despite the fact that worst-case impact scenarios did not come to pass, research

indicates that oiling has a wide range of biological impacts. In comparison to population

and community indices, biomarkers found in individual organisms provided greater

information about oiling stress (Beyer et al., 2016).

However, the oil spill poses direct threats to human health from inhalation or

dermal contact with the oil and dispersant chemicals, and indirect threats to seafood

safety and mental health. Physicians should be familiar with health effects from oil

spills to appropriately advise, diagnose, and treat patients wherever a major oil spill

occurs (Solomon, 2017). In response, according to the Governments and the Oil

Industry, they must have preparedness plans in place and understand what to do when

an oil spill happens. Equally important is conducting regular spill response training

exercises. The quicker and better prepared the reaction the less the environmental

impact. Oil spill response can be tiered so that small spills are handled at a local level,

1
larger spills are handled on a national level and major spills call on an international

response (United Nations Environment Programme, n.d.). In the same study, it is stated

that the Sri Lanka case also demonstrates the growing risks of growing global container

shipping, and the need to prepare for complex incidents involving oil, hazardous

chemical spills and other products.

Utilizing peanut shells in absorption and separation technology, the issue of

spilled oil is effectively addressed, leading to the mitigation of ecological harm

associated with oil spills. This approach not only transforms discarded peanut shells

into a valuable resource but also highlights the potential for creating a cost-effective

and efficient absorbent from our agricultural waste (Dai et al., 2022). Waste papers

based oil absorbent (mixed kraft cuttings) are capable to absorb engine oil, kerosene,

and xylene. The adsorbent had an excellent performance with a high absorbing ability

of 16 to 28 times its own weight. Up to 92.8% of the oil in the adsorbents could be

easily recycled and collected by manual squeezing. The adsorbent could be reused over

eight cycles, and the sorption capacity remained constant (Wang 2019). The study of

Zhao et al., (2020) emphasizes the critical necessity of developing a viable and

environmentally friendly separation layer to purify industrial oily wastewater,

addressing its detrimental effects on ecosystems and human well-being.

In recent years, the study of Yong et al., (2018) highlighted peanuts as a

significant source of natural biomaterials, showing their widespread growing and

economic importance globally. In terms of being natural superwetting biomaterials,

peanuts offer advantages over artificial materials, including cost-effectiveness and

strong environmental compatibility, making them an attractive option for various

applications. Compared to synthetic alternatives, peanuts as natural biomaterials

present a sustainable and economically viable choice with positive environmental

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attributes. Similarly, according to the findings of Malawade et al., (2021), the appeal of

natural biodegradable materials lies in their multitude of benefits compared to

conventional absorbing materials, including cost-effectiveness, light weight, ready

availability, eco-friendliness, and non-polluting characteristics. Therefore, these

sustainable materials offer a promising alternative for a wide range of applications,

demonstrating their practicality and environmental advantages in today's modern

context.

The researchers will conduct a study on an oil absorbent made from Peanut

(Arachis hypogaea) shells. This study will determine how effective Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) shells are in absorbing oils. Over the years, utilization of agricultural waste

such as peanut shells, has garnered significant attention in recent studies due to their

remarkable properties in addressing environmental challenges. Peanuts are plants

belonging to the Fabaceae family and are valuable food items used extensively

worldwide in various ways (Çelebi et al., 2022). The peanut shell is an agricultural

byproduct that requires immediate utilization (Gao et al., 2022). This research is

groundbreaking in its use of peanut shells as a sustainable resource in solar desalination.

Peanut shells are a type of agricultural waste containing meso- and micropores, and

were employed as an evaporator for interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). Despite

being rich in protein, fat, and fiber, peanut shells are typically thrown away after being

consumed (Arunkumar et al., 2023).

Objectives of the Study

This study intends to determine the effectiveness of processed peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) shells as an oil absorbent pad for oil spills.

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 Specifically, the researchers aim the following objectives:

1. To determine the absorption capabilities of peanut shells as oil-absorbent pads

2. To reduce the amount of agricultural waste generated by castoff peanut shells

and promote environmental sustainability.

3. To provide cost-efficient oil absorbent pads.

Statement of the Problem

Oil spills are a significant issue affecting our environment, the researchers

conducted this study to investigate the effectiveness of utilizing processed peanut shells

as a sustainable alternative oil absorbent pad for oil spills. Specifically, this study

sought to answer the following questions:

1. How may the Arachis hypogaea shells be processed and developed as an oil

absorbent pad?

2. What is the ideal grams of processed Arachis hypogaea shells are needed to

create a single sheet of pad?

a.100 grams

b.200 grams

c.300 grams

3. What assessments should be taken into account while developing an Arachis

hypogaea shell-based oil absorbent pad, primarily:

a. Absorbency

b. Cost-Effectiveness

4. How much oil will the Arachis hypogaea shells’ oil absorbent pads absorb

within the varying time (5, minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes)?

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 a. 0-25 ml

b. 25-50 ml

c. 50-75 ml

d. 75-100 ml

5. How well does the Arachis hypogaea shell-based oil absorbent pads absorb

different kinds of oils such as:

a. Gasoline (Premium)

b. Kerosene

c. Diesel

6. How does the thickness of the pads influence the speed and quantity of oil

that can be absorbed effectively?

a. 0.5 mm

b. 1 mm

c. 1.5 mm

Hypotheses

H0: The oil absorbent pads using the Arachis hypogaea shells will be effective on

absorbing most oil.

Ha: The oil absorbent pads using the Arachis hypogaea shells will not be effective on

absorbing most oil.

H0: The oil absorbent pads will quickly absorb oil.

Ha: The oil absorbent pads will absorb the oil slowly.

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Significance of the Study

This study will provide benefits as it offers a sustainable and eco-friendly

solution for cleaning up oil spills. The biodegradable nature peanut shell, coupled with

their status as a renewable resource, make them as one of the options. This approach

supports local sourcing, minimizes waste and avoids the introduction of synthetic

materials into ecosystems. Industries can benefit from using peanut shells as cost-

effective, environmentally friendly oil absorbent pads. This approach aligns with

environmental regulations, reduces the overall environmental impact, and supports

waste management through repurposing agricultural waste.

This study will also help to preserve and recycle the peanut shells that are

usually perceived as waste. This will also provide the community a product that is more

reliable and less expensive than branded absorbent pads. This research promotes peanut

shell-based oil absorbent pads to enhance environmental compliance, minimize oil spill

impact, showcase innovation in cleanup, integrate eco-friendly solutions into

emergency response plans, collaborate with industries, and raise public awareness

about sustainable practices.

Lastly, this study provides information that could guide future studies about

effectiveness of oil absorbent pads utilizing processed peanut shells. This study

provides a precise, reliable and credible set of information that could lead to deeper

understanding of the nature of peanut shells.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will be conducted to analyze the effectiveness of Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) Shells as an Oil Absorbent Pads by processing the peanut shells to create

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identical pads from peanut shell-based and traditional materials and conduct oil

absorption tests, measuring time and quantity absorbed. It will mainly involve peanut

shells as the main component of the production of the alternative absorbent papers. This

study aims to determine the absorption of Peanut Shells as an Oil Absorbent Pads. This

study is limited only to the different types of crude oils such as Kerosene, Gasoline, and

Diesel and will not cover the other types of oils such as cooking oils. The study will be

conducted in the second quarter of the second semester of the school year 2023-2024

within the vicinity of Gapan City, Nueva Ecija.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 : Conceptual Framework for the Effectiveness of Oil Absorbent Pads

Utilizing Processed Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Shells

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 This diagram outlines the systematic process of utilizing peanut shells as an oil

absorbent material and assessing their effectiveness in cleaning oil spills. The process

involves material preparation, data analysis, and weight measurements. It starts with

the occurrence of an oil spill, which prompts the need for an effective cleanup solution.

Then, peanut shells are identified as a potential natural absorbent due to their high

porosity and absorption capabilities. The amount of blended peanut shells, ranging from

100 grams to 300 grams, is determined based on their thickness.

Next, it evaluates the oil absorption capacity of the peanut shell-based absorbent

pads over different time intervals (5, 10, and 15 minutes) for various types of oils,

including gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. This evaluation involves measuring the weight

of the pads before and after exposure to oil, allowing for the calculation of the absorbed

oil volume. This conceptual framework guides the researchers through each step of the

experimental process, from material preparation to data analysis, to determine the

effectiveness of processed peanut shells as an oil absorbent material.

Definition of Terms

a. Absorbency - This refers to the capacity to soak up or take in a liquid. This

showcases the absorbent nature of peanut shells in capturing and containing oil,

thereby aiding in environmental cleanup efforts.

b. Eco-friendly - It is not harmful to the environment. Synthetic pads, commonly

used for oil absorption, can release harmful chemicals into the environment

during their manufacturing and disposal processes. In contrast, peanut shells,

being natural, pose a lower risk of causing harm.

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c. Oil absorbent pads - This refers to the pads used to absorb oil and other

hydrocarbon-based liquids. It entails converting peanut shells into oil-absorbing

pads, which may involve treating the shells to improve their absorbency and

ensure they’re appropriate for use in cleaning oil spills.

d. Oil spills - This refers to the environmental disasters that occur when crude oil

or refined petroleum products are released into the environment, typically into

bodies of water like oceans, seas, or rivers. These spills have detrimental effects

on marine and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as on human health and

livelihoods.

e. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - This refers to the data collected

from the experimental study to determine the effectiveness of peanut shells as

oil absorbent pads, considering different types of oils and time interval.

f. Peanut shells - It refers to a raw material for creating oil absorbent pads, which

were then subjected to testing to evaluate their effectiveness in absorbing

different types of oils.

g. Thickness of pads - It refers to a clear and measurable parameter for

investigating its impact on oil absorption, facilitating the assessment of the

effectiveness of peanut shell-based oil absorbent pads in the study’s objectives.

h. Waste disposal - This refers to the process of disposing of the processed peanut

shell oil absorbent pads after they have need utilized for absorbing oil.

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 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Oil Spills

Number of large oil spills have come down over the years, possibly due to an

increased awareness in society coupled with the stringent policy enforcement by

/governments. The study also found out that numerous physical countermeasures have

been developed targeting the different stages in a typical clean-up operation, and can

be categorized into the following two types based on their modes of action: active and

passive techniques. Passive measures, such as booms and barriers, entail containment

on water surface to restrain the spread of oil and to facilitate its recovery at a later stage.

Booms are the most widely used ones, although they are sensitive to water currents,

diversion, or jet flows, oscillation of individual components, and wind effects

(Bhardwaj and Bhaskarwar 2018).

Peanut Shells

The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as

are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used

mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the

production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. (Perea-Moreno et al., 2018).

Groundnuts, or peanuts, are a type of dicotyledonous plant with reticulate leaf

veins and peanut peel covering the seeds. There are more than 100 nations in the globe

where peanuts are grown, with Asia and Africa having the highest concentrations

(Akram et al., 2018). China is a major producer of peanuts, and the country has

abundant resources of peanut shells, which include lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and

other organic materials as well as trace metal elements (Duc et al., 2019).

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 According to the study of Setyawan et al (2023), the chemical composition of

peanut shells is a combination of lignin (36.1 wt%), cellulose (44.8 wt%), proteins (5.4

wt%), hemicellulose biopolymers (5.6 wt%), and other compounds such as minerals,

pectin, and tannins with several polar functional groups i.e. hydroxyl, methoxy, and

carboxyl groups on the surface.

Peanut Shells Waste Management

Agricultural waste landfilling causes a wide range of environmental issues. The

peanut processing sector contributes significantly to agro-industrial waste, primarily in

the form of waste peanut shells (Moreno et al., 2018). Most of the national peanut

production, estimated at 900,000 tons per year, is processed in several cities in the

central area of Argentina (Quaranta et al., 2018).

Peanut shells degrade slowly under natural conditions, leading them to

accumulate in the environment and pollute it. However, there are alternative strategies

for mitigating these effects. According to Yang Qu et al. (2023), one approach is to

transform peanut shells into bio-pellets that can be used as fuel, reducing reliance on

fossil fuels. Another alternative is to use peanut shells as a biosorbent in a variety of

industries, including composting, energy generation, cosmetics, and water treatment, to

help minimize waste and foster a circular economy (Novianto et al., 2020).

Furthermore, peanut shell waste can be used as a source of prebiotics, providing

a beneficial substrate for the growth of probiotic bacteria (Suwasdi et al., 2019). The

research findings illustrate the ability of peanut shell waste to be converted into valuable

resources while reducing negative environmental impacts.

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Natural Absorbent

Natural absorption refers to the process by which substances are taken in or

soaked up by another material or medium without the use of artificial or synthetic

means. Investigating natural absorbents has gained a lot of attention as a viable answer

to a number of environmental problems and waste management difficulties. Synthetic

absorbents are frequently utilized in industries and spill cleanup operations, although

they have been linked to problematic disposal and negative environmental effects

(Absorbents, GlobalSpec). Finding alternative resources that are efficient and eco-

friendly has therefore become progressively more important. Researchers are turning

their attention to natural sources as a result of Tolkou et al., (2024) emphasizing the

need for sustainable solutions. Since they were numerous, low-cost, and biodegradable,

agricultural waste products like peanut shells

Peanut shells have a great potential as natural absorbents because it is

characterized by having high porosity, which means water, oils, and other types of

products can be easily absorbed (Bobet et al., 2019). Peanut shells have a great capacity

to adsorb a wide range of contaminants, such as organic chemicals, dyes, and heavy

metals. The study of Pessôa et al., (2024) showed the usefulness of peanut shells in

environmental restoration, highlighting their capacity to minimize pollutants and

improve the health of environments. Furthermore, investigation by Chen et al., (2019)

also looked into surface modification methods to improve natural absorbents'

adsorption effectiveness. To improve the surface characteristics of peanut shells and

increase their adsorption capacity and range of applications, researchers found that by

treating peanut shells with chemicals or changing their surface, they can soak up more

and be used in more ways.

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 METHODS AND MATERIALS

Figure 2 : Flowchart of Activities

Collection of Materials

Peanut shells will be acquired from the Public Market in Gapan City, Nueva

Ecija. Upon collection, the peanut shells will be thoroughly cleaned to remove any

contaminants that may affect the outcome of the research. Subsequently, the cleaned

peanut shells will be cooked by the researchers to prepare them for the experimental

procedures. In addition to the peanut shells, various oils such as kerosene, gasoline, and

diesel will be obtained from Gapan City Gas, located at 386 Tinio Street, Gapan City,

Nueva Ecija.

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Preparation of Materials

The Peanut Shells will be thoroughly cleaned by brushing off the dirt on its

surface using a cleaning brush. The Peanut Shells will be crushed into small pieces and

put in a casserole for cooking. About 4 kilograms of caustic soda will be mixed with 16

liters of water. The cooking process will prepare a 1 set of mixtures. The mixtures will

be placed in the casserole and pre-heated for about a half hour. The 8kg Peanut Shells

and pre heated mixtures will be mixed and boiled for about two hours. The softened

raw materials will be placed in a screen or cloth and washed with water.

Paper Making

The Peanut shells will be mashed and blended. The blended Peanut shells will

be put into water. The blended Peanut shells (100, 200, and 300 g) will be set into the

screen to determine the desired measurements of the blended Peanut shell to create a

sheet of paper. Once a stack of damp sheets assembled between boards, pressing of the

entire pile would follow and will dry to cut into varying sizes.

Risk Involve

Peanuts are prone to fungal disease and farmers use pesticides to fight against

it. Exposure to pesticides can lead to a range of health issues, including respiratory

problems, skin irritation, and even cancer (Weber M, 2024). Also, according to Yeung

A.A., (2023), peanut allergies are common and can cause severe reactions. Even if

you’re not allergic to peanuts themselves, the shells could still trigger a reaction due to

cross-contamination and peanut shells are high in fiber and can be difficult to digest for

some individuals, leading to bloating, gas, or discomfort.

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Determining the Ideal Grams Needed for a Single Sheet of Oil Absorbent Pads

Absorbent pads are extensively utilized in numerous applications, and it is

necessary to assess the pads' efficacy. The primary determinants of quality are the

absorption capacity, wet back, liquid strike through time, and retention capacity of the

absorption pads (Devi et al.,2022).

Determining the Absorption of Peanut Shells Oil Absorbent Pads in Different

Type of Oils

One (1) sheet of Peanut Shells with varying sizes of (100g, 200g, 300g) will be

predetermined by its mass. To determine the starting mass, 100mL of each test oil

(Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) will be measured and placed into the three (3) transparent

containers with 1L capacity. After predetermining the weight of samples (100g, 200g,

300g), the samples will be placed into each container. The introduced samples with the

test oils will be observed by the researchers. To determine the absorbency of the peanut

shells’ oil absorbent pads, the researcher will use the formula:

Initial weight of oils in a container Final weight of oils in a container after pad

before a pad is submerge (mL) – submerged in oil (mL)

Risk Involved

Crude Oil is toxic and can cause many health complications for humans. Crude oil

contains chemicals that some people can be extremely sensitive to, it can cause eye

irritation, eye redness, diarrhea, vomiting, and even respiratory problems. Long-term

15
exposure to crude oil can increase the risk of cancer, damage blood and organs, and can

cause central nervous system issues.

Determining How Much Oil will the Peanut Shells’ Oil Absorbent Pads Absorb

Within the Varying Time

A total of nine (9) 100g thick oil absorbent pads will be used. On the three (3)

containers, each contains the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an

amount of 100ml. One 100g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each container for 5

minutes. After 5 minutes, the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads will

then be weighed for the second time to determine how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml,

c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorb from each oil . Another one 100g thick oil

absorbent pad will be put on each of the three (3) containers, each containing the sample

of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an amount of 100ml this time for 10 minutes.

After 10 minutes, the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads will then be

weighed to know how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they

absorbed from each oil. One 100g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each of the

three (3) containers, each containing the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel)

with an amount of 100ml for 15 minutes. After 10 minutes, the pads will be removed

from the containers, the pads will be weighed to know how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50

ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorbed from each oil.

Nine (9) 200g thick oil absorbent pads will be used. On the three (3) containers,

each contains the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an amount of 100ml.

One 200g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each container for 5 minutes. After 5

minutes, the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads will then be weighed

16
to determine how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorb

from each oil . Again, One 200g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each of the three

(3) containers, each containing the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an

amount of 100 ml, this time for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the pads will be removed

from the containers, the pads will be weighed to know how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50

ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorbed from each oil. And again, One 200g thick

oil absorbent pad will be put on each of the three (3) containers, each containing the

sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an amount of 100ml for 15 minutes.

After 15 minutes, the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads will then be

weighed to know how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they

absorbed from each oil.

Another total of nine (9) 300g thick oil absorbent pads will be used. On the

three (3) containers, each contains the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with

an amount of 100ml. One 300g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each container

for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads

will then be weighed to determine how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c. 50-75 ml, d.

75-100 ml) they absorbed from each oil . Then, One 300g thick oil absorbent pad will

be put on each of the three (3) containers, each containing the sample of oils (Kerosene,

Gasoline, Diesel) with an amount of 100ml, this time for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes,

the pads will be removed from the containers, the pads will be weighed to know how

much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c. 50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorbed from each oil.

Then lastly, One 300g thick oil absorbent pad will be put on each of the three (3)

containers, each containing the sample of oils (Kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel) with an

amount of 100ml for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, the pads will be removed from the

17
containers, The pads will be weighed to know how much (a. 0-25 ml, b. 25-50 ml, c.

50-75 ml, d. 75-100 ml) they absorbed from each oil.

Risk Factors

According to the Public Health England (PHE), breathing in kerosene fumes

(not vehicle exhaust) may cause dizziness, drowsiness headaches. Breathing in large

amounts can result in coma, loss of muscle control, heart and lung problems. Kerosene

can cause the skin to become irritated, dry and cracked; if the skin is exposed for a long

time then burns may develop. Also, Having exposure to gasoline or gasoline vapors in

large amounts or over an extended period of time can cause serious health

complications. Ingesting even a small quantity of gasoline can be fatal (Huizen 2023).

Direct contact with diesel fuel can cause irritation and dryness of the skin. Prolonged

or repeated contact can lead to more severe skin conditions such as dermatitis (Branson

2023).

Determining the Influence of the Thickness of the Pads to the Speed and

Quantity of Oil it can Absorb

The thickness of pads may have a direct influence on the speed and quantity of

oil. It can be faster and have more quantity that could be absorbed. The larger diameter

pad is, the more effective it is, because of the increase in thickness, although the effect

is not as pronounced as with pad height ( Luo et al., 2018). Using a larger diameter pad

focuses the speed and also increases the quantity of it to be absorbed. Based on the

study of Yang et al., (2020) from the Chemical Engineering Journal 401, it stated that

the pace of absorption is dependent on the oil's thickness. Heavy oils take longer to

18
absorb than light ones. Oil retention: A sorbent structure may droop and distort due to

the weight of recovered oil.

Risk Factors

Heavy Fuel Oil is highly concentrated in sulfur (35,000 parts per million). This

means global shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide emissions

(SO2), which is highly acidic when mixed with water making shipping a major

contributor toward acid rain and other respiratory diseases (Degnarain, 2020).

Statistical Analysis

One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used as a statistical tool to

determine the absorption capabilities of peanut shells in different oils (Kerosene,

Gasoline, Diesel) with varying time (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes) with the help

of Microsoft Excel QI Macros. Differences between treatments with a p<0.05

significance level will be examined.

Waste Disposal

Processed Peanut Shell Oil Absorbent Pads will be disposed of in biodegradable

trash bins designated for biodegradable waste, ensuring an environmentally friendly

disposal process. Various types of oils, including Kerosene, Gasoline, and Diesel,

alongside oil absorbent pads that have been soaked in these different oils, will be

carefully sealed in containers. These containers will then be disposed of properly in

specifically allocated trash bins that are intended for hazardous wastes. This approach

ensures that all materials used in our research are handled and disposed of in a manner

19
that minimizes potential environmental impact, adhering to strict environmental

protection standards.

20
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25
Type equation here.

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