) Current into Curren out of page Fat int o ee the iron core is not showa in. Sette as enation enced tose heap Nke Bate pat for cary Example 7-t, Figure 7-6 shows a simple rotating loop between curved pole faces connected a battery and a resistor through a switch, The resistor shown models the total resistanee of the battery and the wire in the machine. The physical dimensions and charac teristics ofthis machine are r= 05m P= Lom R= 030 B= 0257 Vp = 120V (a) What happens when the switeh is closed? (0) What is the machine's maximum starting current? What is its steady-state angu- lar velocity at no toad? (©) Suppose a load is attached tothe Loop, and the resulting load torque is 10 N * m. ‘What would the new steady-state speed be? How much power is supplied to the shaft ofthe machine? How much power is being supplied by the battery? Is this ‘machine a motor or a generator?414 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS (4) Suppose the machine is again unloaded, and a torque of 7.5 N © m is applied to the shaft in the direction of rotation, What is the new steady-state speed? Is this, machine now a motor ora generator? (2) Suppose the machine is running unloaded. What would the final steady-state speed of the rotor be if the lux density were reduced to 0.20? Solution (a) When the switch in Figure 7-6 is closed, a current will flow in the loop. Since the loop is initially stationary, ej = 0. Therefore, the current will be given by a Rg "R This current flows through the rotor loop, producing a torque. t= hoi COW This induced torque produces an angular acceleration ina counterclockwise di- reetion, $0 the rotor ofthe machine begins fo tur, But a the rotor begins 0 tum, an induced voltage i produced inthe motor, given by oa = 2 dey sothe current falls. AS the coment fill, Yg = (2/ mpi creases, and the ma chine winds up in steady state with “py = 0, and the batery voltage Vo = eu “This isthe same sor of staring behavior seen earlier in he linear de machine. (6) staring conditions, the machine's eurent is \, Me _ 120 _ R703) = 4004 At no-load steady-state conditions, the induced torque Taj must be 2er0, But plies that curren must equal 2er0, since ty = (2-7) qi, and the hx A means thatthe Battery volage Vp ~ eye: There is nonzero. The fact that { fore, the speed of the rotor is, = 240, Ye °° Glayg * 2B = yoy = FOS aK 1. 0mpeOaST) ~ 480 rad/s If 8 load torque of 10 N + m is applied to the shaft ofthe machine, it will begin to slow down, But as w decreases, @y = (2/77)¢ al decreases and the rotor cur- rent increases {i = (Vp ~ eag LVR). As the rotor current increases, |g i creases (00, until |isgl = [jeadl at a lower speed w. At steady state, [Tal (Qmm)qi. Therefore, tint = Zs Gig = 2a (o) Nem BOFmaomoasT = 4%DC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS 415, By Kirchhafl's voltage In, eas ena = 120 V ~ (40 AYO3 0) = 108V Finally, the speed of the shaft is fy i, 30 Sing _ Find © Giayp ~ TB Los. 432 rad/s ‘The power supplied to the shaft is Pe ty = (JON « my(432 rad/s) = 4320 W ‘The power out of the battery is P= pi = (120 V)(40 A) = 4800 W “This machine is operating as a motor, converting electsc power to mechanical power. (4) Ira torque is applied inthe dicetion of motion, the rotor accelerates. AS the speed increases, the internal voltage egg increases and exceeds Vso the current flows out of the top of the bar and ino the batery. Tis machine i now a gen- eraxor. This cutent eauses an induced torque opposite tthe direction of mo- tion. The induced torque opposes the external applied torque, ad eventually Ira = [ala higher speed ty “The curren inthe rotor willbe in cist, = Za Ging ~ 2B 15N-m BOS mio myozsT) = 7A The induced voltage eis Gan = Vo ti = 120V + G0Ax03% = 19v Finally, the speed of the shafts = fist Set Bing * BiB - ev BOF mK 1.0 myeOIS TH {e) Since the machine is initially unloaded at the original conditions, the speed ‘oy, = 480 radi. Ifthe flux decreases, there is a transient. However, afer the transient is over, the machine must again have zer0 torque, since there is still no load on its shaft. If tyy = 0, then the current in the rolor must be zero, and = 516 rad/s Vp = en The shalt speed is thus Braye ~ 2B 416 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS 120 FOS mK = 600 rad/s O20) Notice that whew the fluc in the machine is decreased, its speed ineveases. This is the same behavior seen in the linear machine aad the same way that real de motors behave,A cuplex lap-wound armature is used in a six-pole de machine with six brush sets, each spanning two commutatar segiments, There ae 72 coils on the arma, ture, each containing 12 curns. The flux per pole in the machine is 0.039 Wb, and the ma, chine spins at 400 t/min, (a) How many current paths are theve in this machine? (0) What is its induced volinge E,? Solution (a) The number of current paths in this machine is 9 = mP = 2(6) = 12curent paths 7-26) (8) The induced voltage in the machine is Kdny aan) and (7-42) ‘The number of conductors in this machine is Z = 20Ne 22) = 207212) = 1728 conductors ‘Therefore, the constant Kis wn a Ne = aa and the voltage E, is Ex = Kon, = (14.4(0.039 WD)E400 r/min) = 246 Example 7-4, A 12-pole de generator has a simplex wave-wound armature con: 'aining 144 coils of 1O.ums each. The resistance of each tum is 0.011 O. Its flux per pole is 0.05 Wb, anc it is tuming ata speed of 200 simin, (a) How many current paths are there in this machine? {b) What is the induced armature voltage of this machine? (c) What is the effective armature resistance ofthis machine? (l) IE2 1-KO resistor is connected to the terminals of this generator, what isthe ve- sulting induced countertorque on the shaft of the machine? (Ignore the internal armature resistance of the machine.) Solution (a) There are 2 current paths inthis winding. . (b) There are 2(144X(10} = 2880 conductors on this generator’s rotor ‘Therefore, ZP._ (28801112) _ ag 0 ~ (602) * “Therefore, the induced voltage is Ex = KG Ig (288)(0.05 Wb)(200 sin) = 2880.V {c) There ave two parallel paths through the rotor ofthis machine, each one consist- ing of Z2 = 1440 conductors, oF 720 twens. Therefore, the resistance in each ‘current path is Resistance/path = (720 «uens)(0.011 Maen) = 7.92.0 Since there ave two parallel paths, the effective armature resistance is = 22. 5960 Ry (d) tf 1000-9 load is connected to the terminals ofthe generator, and if Ry is ig- noved, then a current of f = 2880 V/1000 0 = 2,88 A flows. The constant Kis siven by 80x12 (Omi) zz 27502 “Therefore, the countertorque on the shat of the generator is Kahl, = (2750.20.05 WbY2.88 A)The induced voltage &, %= E+ HQ, oy = Kbw,, so = Kea, + 14R, 6-4) Since Tyg = Kobl,, current 4, can be expressed as 4 5) Combining Equations (8~4) and (8-5) produces Koby + EER 6) Finally, solving forthe motor's speed wields (7) TALS, 472. ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMEN? | @ [oe with ar TO NoaR o Toxuenpesd shorter of san or epiely exci de motor wh competing ‘windings to eliminate amature rection, (b) Trque-speed characteris ofthe motor with armature tion, (b} Torque-speed ch indi inate seaction present.Example $1. A 50-hp, 250-V, 1200 t/min de shunt motor with compensating windings has an armature resistance (including the brushes, compensating windings. and Me= 1200 ws FIGURES? ‘The shunt motor ia Example 8 interpotes) of 0,06 ©. fs field ciccuit has a total resistance Ryy + Rr of 50.0, which pro~ duces a no-load speed of 1200 e/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on the shunt field wind- ing (see Figure 8-7) (a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is {00 A. (b) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 200 A. (e) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 300 A. {l) Plac the torque-speed characteristic of this motor. Solution ‘The internal generated voltage of a de machine with its speed expressed in revolutions per minute is given by E, Kon, ay Since the field cwrrent in the machine is constant (because Vp and the field resistance are both constant), and since there are no armature reaction effects, she fie i this motor is constant, The relationship between the speeds and internal generated voltages of the motor attwo different load conditions is thus Fan Ex Kb Rb “The constant k” cancels, since itis constant for any given machine, and the flux ¢ ean cels as described above. Therefore, 8) 2a = Ba lot oo ‘At no load, the armatuse curtent is 2e10, 80 Eq, = Vr = 250 V, while the speed ity, 1200 w/min, (f we can calculate the internal generated voltage at any other load, it will be possible to determine the motor speed at that load from Equation (8-9).(0) UE 1, = 100 A, then the armature current in the motor is 250 oo. ~ SY ‘Therefore, Ey at this load will be Ey = Vy ~ LR = 250V ~ (95 AN0.06 £ ‘The resulting speed! of the motor is 2443V SAS 1200 win = 1173 ein (0) Uff, = 200 A, then the armature current in the motor is ‘Therefore, E, at this load will be By = Vr Laks = 250V ~ (195 AN0.06 9) = 238.3 V ‘The resulting speed of the motoris 18.3V 250 1200 r/min = 114 efmin 250 500 = 300A - = 205A ‘Therefore, Ey at this load will be Ex = Vr ~ laa 250.V ~ (295 40.06 ) = 232.3 V "The resulting spect! of the motor is 3V 250.V 1200 e/min = 1115 min {d) To plot the output characteristic of this motor, itis necessary to find the torque corresponding to each value of speed. At no load, the induced torque: Ti is clearly zero. The induced torque for any other load can be found from the fact that power converted in ade motor is Bowe = Eada = Fd (7-55, 1-36) From this equation, the induced! torque in a matar is Esl (8-10) ‘Therefore, the induced torque when J, = LODAis - (244.3. VOSA Fad = (TTT e7miny( minv60s)(Za vad) ~ 190 N «mr “The induced torque when 1, = 200 Ais . 238.3 VY95 Ad . Tot = (TTad eFminy( | mvin/60s\(2r adi ~ 398 ‘The induced torque when f, = 300A is 232.3 VV(295 AY EST Font = TETTS wrmviny(T minAOs}(2ar racy ‘The resulting torque-speed characteristic For this motor is plotted in Figure 8-81200] Lu 1099 700 030 wo «60000 cm Rein FIGURES “The torque-speed characteristic ofthe motor in Example 8-1Qo 102030 408330 6070-80 90100 Feld euvent, A FIGURE S-9 ‘The magnetization curve af a ypical 250-V de motor, aken ata sped of 1200 w/in, Example 8-2. A 50-bp, 250-V, 1200 sfmin de shunt motor withour compensating windings has an armature resistance (Including the brushes and interpotes) of 0.06 ©. Its Field circuit has a total resistance Re + Ryo of 50-0, which produces a no-load speed of 1200 r/min, There are 1200 turns ger pole on the shunt field winding, and the armature re action produces a demagnetizing magnetomotive force of 840 A = tums ata lond current of 200 A. The magnetization curve ofthis machine is shown in Figure 8-9, (a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 200 A. {b) This motor is essentially identical co the one in Example 8-1 except for the ab- sence of compensating windings. How does its speed compare to that ofthe pre- vious motor at a load current of 200 A? fc} Calculate and plot the torque-speed characteristic for this moto Solution fa) If}, = 200, then the armature curreat of the motor is478 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS ‘Therefore, the internal generated voltage of the machine is Ey = Ve LR, 250V ~ (195 AN0.06.) = 238.3 At /, = 200 A, the demagnetizing magnetomotive force due to armature rene. tion is 840 A » tums, so the effective shunt field current af the motor is 12) = 50a — MOA+1ins = 3.08 — “S00 tums 3A From the magnetization curve thi sectve eld curem would produce ann. tema generated vlige By of 233 Vat a speed ny of 20D san We know thatthe inerealgeerted valine Ey would be 233 Vat a speed of 1200 ini, Since the ata nema generated Voliage fi 238 V. thee tual operating speed ofthe motor must be Bee e139) Ey, 2383 Pig = Bg = BERS 1200 mim 7 vii & ‘At200 A of load in Example 8-1, the motor’s speed was my = 114 r/min, In this example, the motor's speed is 1227 tlmin. Novice that the speed of the mo. ‘or with armature reaction is higher shart the speed of the motor with no armen ture reaction. This relative increase in speed is due to the flux weakening in the machine with armature reaction. (©) To derive the torque-speed characteristic of this motor, we must calculate the ‘orque and speed for many different conditions of load. Unfortunately, he de_ ‘magnetizing armature reaction magnetomotive force is only given for one con. ition of load (200 A). Since no addtional information is available, we will as. ‘sume thatthe strength of Faq varies linearly with load current, ‘A MATLAB M-file which automates this calculation and plots the resulting ‘orque-speed characteristic is shown below. Kt performs the seme steps as part a to determine the speed for each load current, and then calculates the induced ‘orque at that speed. Note that it reads the magnetization curve from a file called £ig8_9.mat. This file and the other magnetization curves in this chapter are available for download from the book's World Wide Web site (see Preface for details)CHANGING THE FIELD RESISTANCE, To understand what happens when the [cid resistor ofa de motors changed, assume that the field resister inereenas nd Observe the response. Ifthe field resistance increases, then the field current se Greases (Ur = Vs /Ry 7), and as the field current decreases. the flux ¢ decrease wwth it A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease in the internal gener- ated voltage E,(= Keble), which causes a large increase in the machine'Soreny (ure current, since ‘The induced torque ina motor is given by tay = Kil Since the fx in this machine decreases while the current J, increases, which way does the apltcca Fats change? The easiest way to answer this question ist look at an exomole Figure 811 shows a shunt de motor with an internal resistance of 00s 's curently operating with a terminal vollage of 250 V and an internal genexed “ollage of 245 V. Therefore, the armature current flow is /, = (050. V = ay=0250, vp=250V © eyes Vb, FIGURE 8-11 A250-V shunt de motor with «ypieal values of E, and Ry, 245 Vyv0.25 0 = 20.4. What happens in this motor if there is a I percent decrease in flux? Uthe flux decreases by | percent, then E, must decrease by | percent too, because E, = Kebuy,. Therefore, E, will drop to Eq. = 0.99 Ey, = 0.99(245 V) = ‘The armature current must then rise to _ 250 55V ty Thus a I percent decrease in flux produced a 49 percent increase in armature current, So to get back to the original discussion, the increase in current predomi- dates over the decrease in flux, and the induced torque rises: it Tina = KO, Since tas > Tiga the motor speeds up. However, as the motor speeds up, the internal generated voltage E, rises, causing [, to fall. As /, falls, the induced torque ti falls to0, and finally ty again equals Tigo at @ higher steady-state speed than originally To summarize the cause-and-effect behavior involved in this method of speed control: 1 Increasing Ry causes [¢(= Vp /Rp 1) to decrease. 2. Decreasing [-decteases ¢, 3. Decreasing g lowers E, (= Kila), 4, Decreasing E, increases /,(= Vy ~ By LVR, 5. Increasing /, increases Tag(= KepL/,0), with the change in f, dominant over the change in flux’). Increasing tay makes Tyg > gun and the speed «, increases. . Increasing a, increases Ey = Kevioy? again, ae8. Increasing E, decreases /, 9. Decreasing J, decreases tig ntl Tyg wa At a higher speed dy ‘The effect of increasing the field resistance on the output characteristic of a shunt ‘motor is shown in Figure 8-12a, Notice that as the flux in the machine decreases, the no-load speed of the motor increases, while the slope of the torque-speed curve becomes steeper. Naturally, decreasing Rr would reverse the whole process, and the speed of the motor would drop, 482 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS rae Rey Re a ® fi Br> Ret FIGURE 8-12 ‘The effect of field resistance speed contro on a shunt motors ronque-speed characteristic: {) over the motor's normal ‘operating range; (b) over the entire range rom s9-1oad to stall ) conditions Rpee ee eee aera ironies ings lege pple ote fl. Aconmectonsimiato hat mn Fawe 8-13 tener for spe ot coiol nee, he motor ust be separ aia are aie xd, then the armature current in the motor must Yotage Vis neeasd, then th ote eC se E,MR,). As Ly increases, the induced Pee ol Crease aking Fu Ty ade speed ofthe motor incre DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS 483 Variable voltage contoier Vy isconstant is variable FIGURE 3-13 oe [Armature voltage contol ofa shun (or separately excited) de FiGuRE 8-14 “The effect of armature volinge speed contol ona shunt motors torque-speedcharseerstic, But asthe speed «increases, the internal generated voltage E,(= Kebuy.t) \Mereases, causing the armature current to decrease, This decrease in, decreases the induced torque, causing gto equal Zu a higher rotational speed ws Ts summarize the cause-and-effect behavior in this method of speed control: 1. An increase in V, increases /, (V4.7 ~ ER 2. Increasing J, increases ty (= K¢l,1), 3. Increasing ry makes Tuy > Tay increasing dy 4, Increasing w, increases E,(= Ke), 5. Increasing E, decreases 1, [= (V, T ~ Ey/Ry) 6. Decreasing /, decreases ty until yg jogs At A Higher 6, ‘The effect of an increase in V, on the torque-speed characteristic of rately excited motor is shown in Figure 8-1 motor is shifted by mains constant a sepa 14, Notice that the no-load speed of the {his method of speed control, but the slope of the curve se-INSERTING A RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH THE ARMATURE CIRCUIT. 7 Rar < Ras < Ray < Rug PICURE 8-15 ‘The elfect of scmature resistance speed control ona shunt motors torque-speed characteristica ets with pe 83, Fige-1T0showsa [Dip 250,120 rmin shunt de or i se 0 icld resistance of 41.67 (2. The motor has compen- an armature resistance of 003 2 anda fi asa windings, 50 armature reaction canbe ignored, Mechanical and core losses may e 35> aan oe nesligibe forthe porpses ofthis problem. The motor i assumed to be Giving R,=0030 _ I 4 2s0v @ Vp=250V o FIGURE 8.17 (a) The shunt motor in Example $3. (b) The separately excited de motor in Example 8. load witha fine current of 126 A and an intial speed of 1103 vfmin. To simplify the prob- Jem, assume thatthe amount of armature current drawn by the motor remains constant (a) Ifthe machine's magnetization curve is shown in Figure 8-9, what is the mo- to's speed ifthe field resistance is eaised to 50.0? {b) Calculate and plot the speed of this motor as a function of the field resistance Rp assuming a constant-current load. Solution {a) The motor has an initial line current of 126 A, so the intial armature current is 150V_ = py ater = 0A ‘Therefore, the internal generated voltage is, Egy = Vpm Tai Ry = 250 V ~ (120 AN0.03.9) = 2464 V ‘After the field resistance is increased to 50 02 the field current will become HY _ 54 fe Be = SON ~488 ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS The ratio ofthe internal generated voltage al one speed tothe internal generated voltage at another speed is given by the ratio of Equation (741) atthe wo speed Kb Eo Ex Mut aed Beco te rie caen is asa emt, Ey = Bsc esa 5 cont y= Eg, and sean ~ ten bm or -4 a= Bis em netizaion eure a plot of, vers For given sped, Sine the vab- eso Exon the crv are dec proportionate the Man, the ai of he ne fl eee aged cae equ ie ft te win ie machine At p= 8A, Eq = 29, wheat, = GA. ig 268 Thy fore. the ratio of fluxes is given by 2EN Te 187 vimin Example 8-4, ‘The motor in Example 8-3 is now connected separately excited, as shown in Figure 8-17b, The motor is initially runaing with V, = 250 V, 4, = 120 A, and n= 1103 eimin, while supplying a constant-torgue load. What will the speed of this motor be if Vis reduced to 200 V? Solution “The motor has an initial fine eurent of 120A and an armature voltage Vq of 250 V. so the internal generated voltage E, is Ey = Vp ~ [Ry = 250V ~ (120 AN0.03.9) = 246.4 By applying Equation (8-16) and realizing thatthe flux qb is constant, the motor’s speed can be expressed as B16) To find E,, use Kirehholt’s voltage law: Ey = Vr ~ taRe Since the torque is constant and the Mux is constant, J, is constant. This yields a voltage of Ex = 20V = (120AN0.03 2) = 1964 V ‘The final speed of the motor is thus 196.4 V Nn = ea 879 w/in 1103 r/min