M1.

C
[1]

M2. B
[1]

M3. (a) two forces shown producing tension (see examples below)
B1

(2)

(b) (i) tension / area

or force / area (perpendicular to the surface on which the force acts)

or F / A with terms defined (condone loose definition of area)

B1
(2)

(ii) extension / original length

or extension per unit length

B1
(2)

(iii) the point / stress / strain / force or extension up to which

either all energy supplied in stretching is returned when (deforming) forces are
removed

or the object returns to its original shape when (deforming forces) are removed

or beyond which further stress causes plastic deformation or permanent

deformation
B1
(2)

Page 1 of 25
 (c) (i) force on each bolt = 0.56 MN (ie total force divided by 8)

or

cross-sectional area each bolt = πr2 plus correct substitution 6.4 × 10–3 m 2
C1

stress = 8.8 × 107 or

stress / strain = Young modulus

C1

strain = 4.4 × 10–4

A1
(4)

(ii) area of steel needed = maximum force / UTS

or maximum force / elastic limit

C1

4.5 × 106 / 5.0 × 108 = 9.0 × 10–3 m 2

or 4.5 × 106 / 2.5 × 108 = 18.0 × 10–3 m 2

C1

number of bolts = 9.0 × 10–3 / area of a bolt (allow e.c.f.)

= 1.4 bolts

or = 2.8 bolts
A1

answer = 2 bolts (c.a.o.)

or answer = 3 bolts (c.a.o.)

B1
(3)
[11]

M4. (a) (i) loss of PE = gain of KE or mgh = ½mv2

allow for statement of conservation of energy

(energy can not be destroyed but can be converted from one form to another)
B1

correct height used (2.4 m or 2 × 1.2 seen in an equation)

B1

correct substitution including values for h and g (no u.p.)

B1
(3)

Page 2 of 25
 (ii) F = mv2 / r

(allow mrω2
C1

2800 N (2780 N) or

2700 N (2740 N) if using v = 6.86 m s–1

A1
(2)

(iii) (ii) + 690 (3500 N or 3460 N)

(3400 N or 3430 N if using v = 6.86 m s–1)

B1
(1)

(iv) graph shape down up down up (condone linear); minima at 90° and 270°
M1

graph starts at 690 (N); this point labelled;

maximum labelled consistent with answer to (iii),

zero at 90 and 270 (allow any shape between these points)

A1
(2)

(b) stress = F / A and strain = extension /original length and E = stress / strain

or

E = Fl / Ae
C1

correct substitution using 690 N (condone 700 N)

or substitution with e.c.f. from graph

C1

allow e.c.f. for use of g without substitution if penalised in (i)

8.9 × 10–6 – 9.1 × 10–6 m

A1

allow only 1 mark if candidate divides by 2 at any stage

(3)
[11]

M5. C
[1]

M6. B
[1]

Page 3 of 25
M7. (a) rope has to provide an upward force to balance that of the weight down
B1
(1)

(b) reasonable attempt to resolve vertical forces

T sin 5 or T cos 85 seen in a calculation but not T cos 5
or some progress in use of scale diagram
C1
2 T sin 5 = 800 or well drawn scale diagram with scale indicated
C1
T = 4590 N (4600N)
or 4500 to 4700 by scale drawing
A1
(3)

(c) UTS = maximum force / area

or force / minimum area
C1
area = 6.6 × 10–5 m 2
or their (b) / 7 × 107
C1
d = 0.0091 m
{1.35 × 10–40 × √(b)(i)}
A1
(3)
[7]

M8. C
[1]

M9. A
[1]

M10. (a) The force per unit area

B1
at which the material extends considerably / a lot / plastically /
or strain increases considerably etc
NOT doesn’t return to its original shape / permanently deformed
B1
for no (or a small) increase in) force / stress
B1
(3)

(b) (i) strain = 8.4 × 10–4 (1.3 × 10–3 / 1.55 seen) (allow if in E = FL / AΔL)
B1
–6
or area of cross section = 2.54 × 10
or π (0.9 × 10–3)2
stress = E × strain (explicit or numerically) and
stress = F / A or E = FL / AL
C1
force = 440 – 450 N(cao)
A1
(3)

Page 4 of 25
 (ii) Energy = ½ F Δ l or ½ stress × strain × volume
C1
0.29 J ecf for F from (b)(i)
A1
(2)
[8]

M11. use of mg with g = 9.8[ use of g 10 – 1]

B1
energy = ½ F l = ½ (1200 × 9.8) × 0.03
M1
= 180 J [176] [omission of g will score only 1]
A1
[3]

M12. (a) (i) 15 rev / s = 30π rad / s or v = 51 / 52 m s–1 [could appear in subst]
Bl

F = mw2r [or mv2 / r & v = ωr]

Bl

appropriate sub leading to 7.33 kN [2+sf evaluation mandatory]

Bl

(ii) to centre of rotor OWTTE

Bl

(iii) stress = F / A
Bl

correct substitution from ai

Bl

(iv) 0.55 × 2.09 × 107 / 6 ×1010 [or ε = 3.3 × 10–4 ]

Cl

= 0.192 mm
Al

(v) ½ × 7.32 × 103 × 1.92 × 10–4 [ecf]

Cl

= 0.702 J
Al

(b) (i) volume pushed down [per second] = Av [mass = ρ × volume]

Bl

Change of momentum [per second] = mass pushed down per second × v

Bl

Page 5 of 25
 (ii) Upward force = 900 N OWTTE [penalise use of 900g ]
OR area swept out by blades = π × 0.552
Cl

900 = (0.55)2 π1.3v 2

Cl

= 27 m s–1
Al
[15]

M13. (a) below yield stress material behaves elastically

or returns to original length when forces are removed
B1
above the yield stress: (condone ‘at the yield stress’)
material behaves plastically/is permanently deformed / is ductile
B1
extends considerably / has large strain / extension
B1
for very small increases in stress / force
B1
Max 2

(b) (i) Strain = 3.33 × 10–4 or seen

C1
E = stress / strain and stress = F / A;
or E = Fl / AΔl
C1

A = 2.8 × 10–4 m2 or or π(9.5 × 10–3)2 seen

C1
Stress = 7.0 × 107 Pa
C1
2 max for C marks
Force = 19.6 to 19.8 (20) kN
A1
(3)

(ii) Strain energy = ½FΔl or ½ their (b)(i) × (1.5 × 10–3)

C1
–3
condone incorrect power or no 10 for C mark
or ½ σε × volume
14.6 to 14.9 (15) J (e.c.f.)
A1
(2)
[7]

M14. (a) use of mg = k Δl (or 0.90 × 9.81 = 60Δl)(1)

Δl = 0.15 m (1)
(2)

Page 6 of 25
 (b) no tipping if moment of weight of clamp about A > moment of 0.90 kg (1)
moment of 0.90 kg about A = 0.90 g × 0.18 = 0.16 g
moment of weight of clamp about A = 1.60 g × 0.12 = 0.19 g
∴ no tipping (1)
(2)

(c) as mass vibrates tension changes (1)

maximum tension increases as amplitude increases because maximum length
increases (1)
tipping when moment of tension exceeds moment of weight of clamp (1)
(3)
[7]

M15. (a) tensile stress = (1)

tensile strain = (1)

mention of tensile and original (1)

(3)

(b) diameter of wire (1)

in several places [or repeated] (1)
using a micrometer (1)
(original) length of wire (1)
using a metre rule (or tape measure) (1)
(max 4)

(c)

(2)
[9]

M16. (a) (i) strain = 0.026 (1)

E = 6.92 × 109 Pa (1)

(ii) A = 1.96 × 10–7 (m2) (1)

stress = 230 × 108 Pa (1)

(iii) breaking strain = 0.044 (1)

5

Page 7 of 25
 (b)

shape overall (1)

(i) straight line (1)

0 to (0.026, 1.8) (1)

(ii) curve (1)

to (0.044, 2.3) (1)
max 4
[9]

M17. (a) (i) free: system displaced and left to oscillate (1)

(ii) forced: oscillation due to (external) periodic driving force [or oscillation at the
frequency of another vibrating system] (1)
2

(b) (i) k= = 6.0 × 104 Nm–1 (1)

(ii) T = 2π = 2π

giving 0.78 s (1)

3

(c) (i) t= = = 0.80 s (1)

(ii) time ≅ period of free oscillations, resonance (1)

i.e. large amplitude oscillations (1)
3
[8]

Page 8 of 25
M18. (a) appropriate discussion of energy conservation (1)
Δ p.e. = 2.5 × 10–2 × 9.8 × 1.2 (1) (= 0.29 J)

(b) F= (1) = 590 N (1)

(c) A = 3.1 × 10–6 (m2) (1)

stress = 1.9 × 108 Pa (1)

(d) strain = = 8.3 × 10–4 (1)

(e) E= (1) = 2.3 × 1011 Pa (1)

[9]

M19. (a) number of molecules in a gas is very large

duration of collision much less than time between collisions
total volume of molecules small compared with gas volume
molecules are in random motion
collisions are (perfectly) elastic
there are no forces between molecules (any four) (4)
(any 4)

(b) (i) heat (energy) transferred to gas from warmer air outside
mean kinetic energy of gas molecules increases
or molecules move faster
momentum of molecules increases
more collisions per second
each collision (with container walls) transfers more momentum
force (per unit area) on container wall increases (any four) (4)

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for the
quality of answers to this part.

(ii) T = 273 + 27 = 300K (1)

mean kinetic energy =

= 1.5 × 1.38 × 10–23 × 300 = 6.2 × 10–21 J (1)

(allow e.c.f. for incorrect T)

(6)
[10]

M20. (a) (i) diagram to show:

(long) wire fixed at one end (1)
mass / weight at other end (1)
measuring scale (1)
mark on wire, or means to measure extension (1)
max 3

Page 9 of 25
 [alternative for two vertical wires:
two wires fixed to rigid support (1)
mass / weight at end of one wire (1)
other wire kept taut (1)
spirit level and micrometer or sliding vernier scale (1)]

(ii) measurements:
length of the wire between clamp and mark (1)
diameter of the wire (1)
extension of the wire (1)
for a known mass (1)
max 3

(iii) length measured by metre rule (1)

diameter measured by micrometer (1)
at several positions and mean taken (1)
(known) mass added and extension measured
by noting movement of fixed mark against vernier scale
(or any suitable alternative) (1)
repeat readings for increasing (or decreasing) load (1)
max 5

(iv) graph of mass added / force against extension (1)

gradient gives (1)

correct use of data in where A is cross-sectional area (1)

[if no graph drawn, then mean of readings

and correct use of data to give 2max) (1)
max 2
(13)

The Quality of Written Communication marks are awarded for the quality of answers
to this question.

(b) (i) for steel (use of gives) e = (1)

e= (1)

= 5.0 × 10–3 m (1)

(ii) extension for brass would be 10 × 10-3(m) (or twice that of steel) (1)
end A is lower by 5 mm √ (allow C.E. from (i))
max 3
[16]

Page 10 of 25
M21. (a) (i) the Young modulus: tensile stress / tensile strain (1)

(ii) maximum force or load which can be applied without wire being
permanently deformed
[or point beyond which (when stress removed,) material does not
regain original length] (1)
2

(b) (i) graph: suitable scale (1)

correct points (1) (1)
best straight line followed by curve (1)

(ii) indication of region or range of Hooke’s law (1)

(iii) (use of E = )

values of F and e within range or correct gradient (1)

to give E = (1)

= 3.3(5) × 1010 Pa (1)

8

(c) (i) work done = force × distance (1)

= average force × extension (= ½Fe) (1)
[or use work done = area under graph
area = ½ base × height]

(ii) energy stored = (1)

= 13.(4) × 10-3 J (1)

4
[14]

M22. (a) (i) (35 × 9.81) = 343 N

(ii) tension in each cable = 172 N (1)

2

(b) area of cross-section (= )= = 5.36 × 10–5 (m2)

Page 11 of 25
 (c) (i) moments about T2, (cable B) gives

5.52 T1 (1) = 343 × 2.76 (1) + 196 × 4.52 (1)

T1 = (1) (= 332 N)

(ii) T1 + T2 = 343 + 196 = 539 (N) (1)

T2 = 539 – 332 = 207 N (1)

(allow C.E. for. value of T1, from (i))

[or moments about T1 gives 5.52 T2 = (343 × 2.76) + (196 × 1.) (1)

T2 =1143/5.52 = 207 N (1)

6
[12]

M23. (a) (i) X (1)

stress (force) strain (extension) for the whole length (1)

(ii) Y (1)
has lower breaking stress (or force/unit area is less) (1)

(iii) Y (1)
exhibits plastic behaviour (1)

(iv) Y (1)
for given stress, Y has greater extension
[or greater area under graph] (1)
8
QWC 2

(b) (i) (use of E = gives)

= (1)

(1) for data into correct equation, (1) for correct area

= 2.4 N (1)

(allow C.E. for incorrect area conversion)

Page 12 of 25
 (ii) (use of energy stored = ½Fe gives) energy = (1)

= 36 × 10–3 J (1)

(allow C.E. for value of F from (i))

5
[13]

M24. (a) density = (1)

1

(b) (i) volume of copper = × 0.8 ×10–3 (= 0.56 × 10–3 m 3)

(volume of zinc = 0.24 × 10–3 m 3)

m c (= ρcVc) = 8.9 × 103 × 0.56 × 10–3 = 5.0 kg (1) (4.98 kg)

mz = × 0.8 × 10–3 × 7.1 × 103 = 1.7 (kg) (1)

(allow C.E. for incorrect volumes)

(ii) m b (= 5.0 +1.7) = 6.7 (kg) (1)

(allow C.E. for values of m c and m z)

ρb = = 8.4 × 103 kg m–3 (1)

(allow C.E. for value of m b)

[or ρb = (0.7 × 8900) + (0.3 × 7100) (1) = 8.4 × 103 kg m–3 (1)]
max 4
[5]

M25. (a) maximum force (from graph) = 1840 (N) (±100 N) (1)

max stress (1)

(for correct denominator) (1)

= 3.3 × 106 N m–2 (1)

4

Page 13 of 25
 (b) using shoes without cushioning:
impact time would be less (1)
maximum impact force would be greater (1)
area under the curve the same (1)
3
[7]

M26. (a) extension proportional to the applied force (1)

up to the limit of proportionality
[or provided the extension is small] (1)
2

(b) (i) 8 × 9.81 = 78 (5) N (1)

(allow C.E. in (ii), (iii) and (iv) for incorrect value)

(ii) (use of E = gives) 2.0 x 1011 = (1)

ΔL = 3.5 × 10–3 m (1)

(iii) similar calculation (1)

to give AS = 5.6 × 10–7 m 2 (1)
[or AB = 2AS (1) and correct answer (1)]

(iv) (use of energy stored = ½ Fe gives) energy stored

= ½ × 78.5 × 3.5 × 10–3 (1)
= 0.14 J (1)
7

(c) (i) end A is lower (1)

(ii) = ½ 3.5 × 10–3 = 1.8 × 10–3 m (1) (1.75 × 10–3 m)

2
[11]

M27. (a) tensile stress: force/tension per unit cross-sectional area or

with F and A defined (1)

tensile strain: extension per unit length or with e and l defined (1)

the Young modulus: (1)

3

Page 14 of 25
 (b) (i)

(ii) = 2 (1)

F = 2FB (1)

FS + FB = 15 N (1) gives FS = 10 N

[or any alternative method]

(iii) e= = (1)

= 5.36 ×10–5m (1)

6
[9]

M28. (a) Hooke’s law: the extension is proportional to the force applied (1)
up to the limit of proportionality or elastic limit
[or for small extensions] (1)
2

(b) (i) (use of E = gives) ΔLs = (1)

= 1.3 × 10–4 (m) (1) (1.33 × 10–4 (m))

ΔLb = = 4.7 × 10–4 (m) (1) (4.66 × 10–4 (m))

total extension = 6.0 × 10–4 m (1)

(ii) m = ρ × V (1)
m s = 7.9 × 103 × 2.4 × 10–6 × 0.8 = 15.2 × 10–3 (kg) (1)
m b = 8.5 × 103 × 2.4 × 10–6 × 1.4 = 28.6 × 10–3 (kg) (1)
(to give total mass of 44 or 43.8 × 10–3 kg)
7

Page 15 of 25
 (c) (use of m = ρAl gives) l = (1)

= 2.2 m (1) (2.16 m)

(use of mass = 43.8 × 10–3 kg gives 2.14 m)

2
[11]

M29. (a) λ(=2 × 38) = 76(m)

MHz (1)
1

(b) (i) angle between cable and horizontal = (1)

T= 110 cos59° = 57N • (56.7N) (1)

(allow C.E. for value of angle)

(ii) cross-sectional area (= Π(2.0 × 10–3)2)

=1.3 × 10–5(m2) (1)

(1.26 × 10–5(m2))

stress (1)

= 4.4 × 106Pa (1)

(4.38 × 106Pa)
(use of 56.7 and 1.26 gives 4.5 × 106 Pa)
(allow C.E. for values of T and area)

(iii) breaking stress is 65 × stress

copper is ductile
copper wire could extend much more before breaking
because of plastic deformation
extension to breaking point unlikely

any three (1)(1)(1)

7
[8]

M30. (a) (i) the extension produced (by a force) in a wire is directly
proportional to the force applied (1)
applies up to the limit of proportionality (1)
Page 16 of 25
 (ii) elastic limit: the maximum amount that a material can be
stretched (by a force) and still return to its original
length (when the force is removed) (1)
[or correct use of permanent deformation]

(iii) the Young modulus: ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain (1)
unit: Pa or Nm–2 (1)
5

(b) (i) length of wire (1)

diameter (of wire) (1)

(ii) graph of force vs extension (1)

reference to gradient (1)

gradient = (1)

[or graph of stress vs strain, with both defined

reference to gradient
gradient = E]

area under the line of F vs ΔL (1)

[or energy per unit volume = area under graph of stress vs strain]
6
[11]

M31. (a) (i) k = force/extension (1)

(ii) N m-1 (1)

2

(b) (i) s = ut + ½ at2 or alt used (1)

t2 – 12/4.9 (1)

1.6 s (1)

(ii) weight × height change seen (1)

53200 J (1)

(iii) 76 – 12 = 64 m (1)
12

Page 17 of 25
 (iv) ½ kx 2 = energy stored seen (1)

k = 2 × 53200 /(64)2 (1)

25.9 N (1)

(v) T = 2π√(k/m) seen (1)

subst (1)

1.2 s (1)

(c) (i) F = kx seen (1)

= 25.9 × 64 = 1660 N (1)

(ii) 1660/700 seen (1)

2.4 g (1)

(iii) stiffer cord (1)

less elongation so longer natural length (1)

6
[20]

M32. (a) (i) the lines are not straight (owtte) (1)

(ii) there is no permanent extension (1)

(or the overall/final extension is zero or the unloading curve
returns to zero extension)

(iii) (area represents) work done (on or energy transfer to the

rubber cord) or energy (stored) (1) not heat/thermal energy
3

Page 18 of 25
(b) the mark scheme for this part of the question includes an overall
assessment for the Quality of Written Communication

QWC descriptor mark

range

good- The candidate provides a comprehensive and coherent 5-6

excellent description which includes nearly all the necessary
procedures and measurements in a logical order. The
descriptions should show awareness of how to apply a
variable force. They should know that measurements are to
be made as the force is increased then as it is decreased.
In addition, they should know how to calculate/measure the
extension of the cord. At least five different masses/’large
number’ of masses are used. Minimum 7 masses to
reach 6 marks. The diagram should be detailed.

modest- The description should include most of the necessary 3-4

adequate procedures including how to apply a variable force and
should include the necessary measurements. They may not
have described the procedures in a logical order. They may
not appreciate that measurements are also to be made as
the cord is unloaded. They should know that the extension
of the cord must be found and name a suitable measuring
instrument (or seen in diagram – label need not be
seen)/how to calculate. The diagram may lack some detail.

poor- The candidate knows that the extension or cord length is to 1-2
limited be measured for different forces – may be apparent from
the diagram. They may not appreciate that measurements
are also to be made as the cord is unloaded.
They may not state how to calculate the extension of the
cord. The diagram may not have been drawn.

incorrect,
inappropriate No answer at all or answer refers to unrelated, incorrect or
0
or no inappropriate physics.
response

Page 19 of 25
 The explanation expected in a competent answer should include
a coherent selection of the following physics ideas.

diagram showing rubber cord fixed at one end supporting a weight

at the other end or pulled by a force (1)

means of applying variable force drawn or described (eg use of standard

masses or a newtonmeter) (1)

means of measuring cord drawn or described (1)

procedure

measured force applied ( or known weights used) (1)

cord extension measured or calculated (1)

repeat for increasing then decreasing length (or force/weight) (1)

extension calculated from cord length – initial length (1)

[9]

M33. (a) (i) weight of container (= mg = 22000 × 9.8(1)) = 2.16 × 105 (N) (1)

tension (= ¼ mg) = (5.39) 5.4 × 104 (N) or divide a weight by 4 (1)

(ii) moment (= force × distance) = 22000 g × 32 (1) ecf weight in (a) (i)

= 6.9 or 7.0 × 106 (1) N m or correct base units (1) not J, nm, NM

(iii) the counterweight (1)

provides a (sufficiently large) anticlockwise moment (about Q)

or moment in opposite direction ( to that of the container to
prevent the crane toppling clockwise) (1)

or
left hand pillar pulls (down) (1)
and provides anticlockwise moment

or
the centre of mass of the crane(‘s frame and the counterweight)
is between the two pillars (1)

which prevents the crane toppling clockwise/to right (1)

7

(b) (i) (tensile) stress ecf (a) (i) (1)

= 1.4(2) × 108 (1) Pa (or N m–2) (1)

Page 20 of 25
 (ii) extension = (1)

= and (= 1.7 × 10–2 m) = 17 (mm) (1)

5
[12]

M34. (a) (i) area under graph = energy stored

B1

area = ½ base × height

B1

or quotes ½ FΔl and identifies F as Fmax and Δl as dmax

B1
2

(ii) equates ½ FΔl and ½ mv 2 clearly

M1

v 2 = Fmaxdmax/m shown

A1
2

(b) (i) √650*0.60/0.060

M1

81(80.6) (m s–1)

A1
2

(ii) max 1 from

friction between arrow and bow during release

B1

bow moves during release so absorbs some energy in

kinetic form flight feathers provide drag

B1

uneven stretch/distortion in bow during draw

B1
1

Page 21 of 25
 (c) (i) 65cos (35°) = 53.2 (m s–1)

B1
1

(ii) 0 = 53.2 – 9.8 × t seen condone sign errors

B1

t = 5.4 s to top of motion

B1

in air for 10.8/10.9 s

B1

or 0 = 53t – ½ × 9.8 × t2 seen

condone sign errors

B1

53t = ½ × 9.8 × t2
sign working must be correct

B1

in air for 10.8 s

must be from correct working

B1
3

(iii) s = 65 × cos (55°) × 10.8

C1

400 (m) 2 sf/405 (m) sf/410 m from 11 s

A1
2
[13]

M35. (a) (i) area under graph = energy stored

B1

area = ½ base × height

B1

or quotes ½ FΔl and identifies F as Fmax and Δl as dmax

B1
2

Page 22 of 25
 (ii) equates ½ FΔl and ½ mv 2 clearly

M1

v 2 = Fmaxdmax/m shown

A1
2

(b) (i) √650*0.60/0.060

M1

81(80.6) (m s–1)

A1
2

(ii) max 1 from

friction between arrow and bow during release

B1

bow moves during release so absorbs some energy in

kinetic form flight feathers provide drag

B1

uneven stretch/distortion in bow during draw

B1
1

(c) (i) 65cos (35°) = 53.2 (m s–1)

B1
1

Page 23 of 25
(ii) 0 = 53.2 – 9.8 × t seen condone sign errors

B1

t = 5.4 s to top of motion

B1

in air for 10.8/10.9 s

B1

or 0 = 53t – ½ × 9.8 × t2 seen

condone sign errors

B1

53t = ½ × 9.8 × t2
sign working must be correct

B1

in air for 10.8 s

must be from correct working

B1
3

(iii) s = 65 × cos (55°) × 10.8

C1

400 (m) 2 sf/405 (m) sf/410 m from 11 s

A1
2
[13]

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