Faculty of Engineering: Mechanical Engineering Department Master Engineering Programme

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Master Engineering programme
ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Fourth Edition, Daryl L. Logan 1
Introduction
 This chapter develops the equations and methods for solution of plane
frames analysis.
 We will develop the stiffness matrix for a beam element arbitrarily

oriented in a plane.
 We will include the axial nodal displacement degree of freedom in the

local beam element stiffness matrix.
 Then we will combine these results to develop the stiffness matrix for an
arbitrarily oriented beam element.

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Axial effects in local coordinates,
𝑓1𝑥 𝐴𝐸 −𝐴𝐸 𝑑1𝑥

𝐿 𝐿
= −𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑓2𝑥 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑2𝑥
Shear and bending moment effects in local coordinates,

12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 −12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝑑1𝑦
𝑓1𝑦 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2
6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑚1 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 ∅1
= −12𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼
𝑓2𝑦 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝑑2𝑦
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝑚2 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 ∅2

Combining the axial effects with the shear and principal bending moment
effects, we have, in local coordinates,
𝑓1𝑥 𝐴𝐸
𝐿 0 0 𝐴𝐸
𝐿 0 0 𝑑1𝑥
0 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 0 −12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝑑1𝑦
𝑓1𝑦 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2
0 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 0 −6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑚1 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 ∅1
= −𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑓2𝑥 𝐿 0 0 𝐿 0 0 𝑑2𝑥
0 −12𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼 0 12𝐸𝐼 −6𝐸𝐼
𝑓2𝑦 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2 𝑑2𝑦
0 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 0 −6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝑚2 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿 ∅2

Combining the axial effects with the shear and principal bending moment
effects, we have, in local coordinates,

Recall that we can relate local displacements to global displacements by
using:
In matrix form:
Where: C = cos θ
S = sin θ
We now relate local nodal to global by the transformation matrix:
TRANSFORMATION MATRIX T
Substitute and in we get:

The general transformed global stiffness matrix for a beam element that
includes axial force, shear force, and bending moment effects is:
GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION MATRIX FOR RIGID PLANE FRAME

Rigid Plane Frame Examples
Example 5.1
Solve the simple frame shown in Figure below. The frame is fixed at nodes
1 and 4 and subjected to a positive horizontal force of 10,000 lb applied at
node 2 and to a positive moment of 5000 lb-in. applied at node 3. The
global-coordinate axes and the element lengths are shown in Figure. Let
E=30x106 psi and A=10 in2 for all elements and let I=200 in4 for elements 1
and 3, and I=100 in4 for element 2.

Example 5.1
Element 1:

Example 5.1
Element 2:

Example 5.1
Element 3:

Example 5.1
Superposition of Eqs. of Elements 1, 2, and 3 and application of external
force, moment, and the boundary conditions, at nodes 1 and 4 yield the
reduced set of equations as:

Example 5.1
Solving Eqs. for the displacements and rotations, we get:
The results indicate that the top of the frame moves to the right with negligible
vertical displacement and small rotations of elements at nodes 2 and 3.

Example 5.1
The element forces can now be obtained for element 1 as an illustration:

Example 5.1
Then using in local coordinates,
We obtain the local forces and moments

acting on element 1 as:

Example 5.1
Obtain element forces and moments for element 2 and element 3.

Example 5.2
To illustrate the procedure for solving frames subjected to distributed loads,
solve the rigid plane frame shown in Figure below. The frame is fixed at
nodes 1 and 3 and subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 1000 lb/ft
applied downward over element 2. The global-coordinate axes have been
established at node 1. The element lengths are shown in the figure. Let
E=30x106 psi, A=100 in2, and I=1000 in4 for both elements of the frame.

Example 5.2
We begin by replacing the distributed load acting on element 2 by nodal
forces and moments acting at nodes 2 and 3. Using Appendix D, the
equivalent nodal forces and moments are calculated as:

Example 5.2
Note: Because node 1 is fixed only the stiffness

matrix associated with node 2 was included.
Example 5.2
Note: Because node 3 is fixed only the stiffness

matrix associated with node 2 was included.
Example 5.2
Superposition of Eqs. of Elements 1 and 2, application of external forces and
moments, and application of the boundary conditions, at nodes 1 and 3
reduced the set of equations to:
Solving for the displacements and the rotation at node 2, we obtain:
The results indicate that node 2 moves to the right (.00033 in.) and down
(0.0097 in.) and the rotation of the joint is clockwise (0.0033 rad).
Example 5.2
The element forces can now be obtained for element 1 as:

Example 5.2
We obtain the local forces and moments acting on element 1 as:

Example 5.2
The element forces can now be obtained for element 2 as:

Example 5.2

Example 5.2
To obtain the actual element local nodal forces, we must subtract the equivalent
nodal forces to yield:
We obtain the local forces and moments acting on element 2 as:

Thank you
28

Faculty of Engineering: Mechanical Engineering Department Master Engineering Programme

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Mechanical Engineering Department

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

 We will develop the stiffness matrix for a beam element arbitrarily

 We will include the axial nodal displacement degree of freedom in the

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

𝑓1𝑥 𝐴𝐸 −𝐴𝐸 𝑑1𝑥

Shear and bending moment effects in local coordinates,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

Substitute and in we get:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION MATRIX FOR RIGID PLANE FRAME

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

We obtain the local forces and moments

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

Note: Because node 1 is fixed only the stiffness

Note: Because node 3 is fixed only the stiffness

Solving for the displacements and the rotation at node 2, we obtain:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

We obtain the local forces and moments acting on element 1 as:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

We obtain the local forces and moments acting on element 2 as:

ME 646, Dr. Hafeth Bu Jldain,

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