Chapter 5

Work, Energy and power

Mrs. Nor Asyikin Mohd Bajuri

Learning outcomes
3

5.1.1 Work and energy

In physics, the work done by a force is defined Th e work done by a force d e p e n d s o n th e
as : a n g le b e twe e n th e fo rc e a n d th e d is ta n c e it
m o ve s .
The product of the force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force
(M2018_V22_Q2).

𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠

w h e re 𝑠𝑠 is th e d is ta n c e m o ve d in th e d ire c tio n
o f th e fo rc e .
wo rk d o n e = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠

o r s im p ly:

𝑠𝑠 wo rk d o n e = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 cos 𝜃𝜃
4

Energy transferred Unit of work

● Doing work is a wa y of One joule ( 1J) is d e fin e d a s th e wo rk
transferring energy . d o n e b y a c o n s ta n t fo rc e o f o n e
n e wto n ( 1 N) o n a n o b je c t wh e n th e
● Fo r b o th e n e rg y a n d wo rk th e o b je c t m o ve s o n e m e tre ( 1 m ) in
c o rre c t SI u n it is th e jo u le ( J ) . th e d ire c tio n o f th e fo rc e .

● Th e a m o u n t o f wo rk d o n e
c a lc u la te d u s in g W = F × s shows
the amount of energy transferred :
Work done = energy transferred
1 jo u le = 1 n e wto n x 1 m e tre
1J = 1 Nm
Th e u n it Ne wto n m e tre ( Nm ) is
u s u a lly u s e d fo r m o m e n t, wh ile
J o u le ( J ) is u s u a lly fo r wo rk.
5

Forces that do no work

Work is n o t d o n e w h e n a fo rc e is e xe rte d o n a n o b je c t b u t th e o b je c t does not move .

In s h o rt, wo rk is n o t d o n e w h e n :
1. Th e d ire c tio n o f m o tio n is p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e d ire c tio n o f th e fo rc e e xe rte d .
2. Fo rc e is e xe rte d o n th e o b je c t b u t th e o b je c t d o e s n o t m o ve .
 Examples
In figure below . Calculate the work
done to start the car moving .
F = 300 N and s = 5.0 m .
Answer = 1500 J
A man pulls a box along horizontal
ground using a rope . The force
provided by the rope is 200 N, at
an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal .
Calculate the work done if the box
moves 5.0 m along the ground .
Answer = 866 J
 Past year questions
S2017_V12_Q17
 Past year questions
W2013_V11_Q17
10

5.1.2 The Principle of Conservation of Energy

The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that :

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,

it can only change from one form to another

 Th is m e a n s th e to ta l a m o u n t o f e n e rg y in a c lo s e d s ys te m re m a in s
constant , a lth o u g h h o w m u c h o f e a c h fo rm th e re is m a y c h a n g e .

 C o m m o n e xa m p le s o f e n e rg y tra n s fe rs a re :

1. A b a tte ry: c h e m ic a l e n e rg y ➝ e le c tric a l e n e rg y ➝ lig h t e n e rg y

( if c o n n e c te d to a b u lb )
2. Ho rizo n ta l m a s s o n a s p rin g : e la s tic p o te n tia l e n e rg y ➝ kin e tic e n e rg y
 Energy dissipation
● When energy is transferred from one form to another, not all the energy w ill end up in the
desired form (or place).
● Dissipation is used to describe w ays in w hich energy is w asted.
● Any energy not transferred to useful energy stores is w asted because it is lost to the
surroundings.
● These are commonly in the form of thermal (heat), light or sound energy.
● W hat counts as wasted energy depends on the system
● For example, in a television :

Electrical energy light energy + sound energy + thermal energy

○ Light and sound energy are useful energy transfers w hereas thermal energy
(from the heating up of w ires) is w asted.
12
12

g.p.e - k.e transformations:

• A m o to r p ro vid e s a fo rc e to p u ll th e ro lle r c o a s te r c a r to th e to p o f th e h ill.
• It tra n s fe r e n e rg y to th e c a r.
• As th e c a r ru n s a lo n g th e ro lle r- c o a s te r tra c k, its e n e rg y c h a n g e s .
1. At the top of the hill, it has the most 4. At th e b o tto m o f th e h ill, a ll o f its g .p .e . h a s
g .p .e. b e e n c h a n g e d to k.e . a n d h e a t a n d s o u n d
2. When an objects falls, it speed up . e n e rg y.
3. Its g .p .e decreases and its k.e increases . 5. As it ru n s b a c k u p h ill, th e fo rc e o f g ra vity
s lo ws it d o w n k.e . is b e in g c h a n g e d to
g .p .e .

Runs downhill
 Energy changes
When an objects falls, it speed up.

Its g.p.e. decreases and its k.e. increases

Energy is being transformed from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy.

Some energy is likely to be lost, usually as heat because of air resistance

However, if no energy is lost in the process, we have.

Decrease in g.p.e = gain in k.e
12
14

Worked example
A pendulum consists of a brass sphere Loss in g .p .e as the sphere falls
of mass 5.0 kg hanging from a long from its highest position,
string .
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The sphere is pulled to the side so that
it is 0.15 m above its lowest position . It is = 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 9.81 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 0.15 𝑚𝑚
then released . = 7.36 𝐽𝐽
How fast will it be moving when it
passes through the lowest point along 1
its path? 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 = 7.36 𝐽𝐽
2
−1
𝑣𝑣 = 1.7𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠
 Past year question
S2002 & W2011_V11_Q18 & W2020_V11_Q15
16

5.1.3 Efficiency
● The c o n s e rva tio n o f e n e rg y s ta te s th a t th e to ta l e n e rg y in a n y s ys te m is
c o n s ta n t.
● Th is m e a n s th a t:

to ta l e n e rg y in p u t = to ta l e n e rg y o u tp u t

● Ho we ve r, n o t a ll th e e n e rg y o u tp u t is u s e fu l b e c a u s e p a rt o f it is u s u a lly lo s t
a s fric tio n o r h e a t lo s s to th e s u rro u n d in g s .
● In g e n e ra l,
Multiplying th is ra tio b y 10 0 g ive s th e • In th e c a s e o f a c a r e n g in e , we wa n t
e ffic ie n c y as a p e rc e n ta g e : it to p ro vid e kin e tic e n e rg y to tu rn
th e wh e e ls .
Efficiency equation in terms of
energy

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Efficiency equation in terms of

power
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
• In p ra c tic e , 8 0 % o f th e e n e rg y is
tra n s fo rm e d in to h e a t: th e e n g in e
𝑥𝑥 100 g e ts h o t, a n d h e a t e s c a p e s in to th e
s u rro u n d in g s .
• So th e c a r e n g in e is o n ly 20 %
e ffic ie n t.
 Worked example
• A man lifts weight of 480 N
through a vertical distance of
3.5 m using a rope and some
pulleys .
• The man pulls on the rope
with a force of 200 n and a
length of 10.5 m of rope
passes through his hands .
• Calculate the efficiency of the
pulley system .
• Solution :
Work done by man = 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑
= 200 𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 10.5 𝑚𝑚 = 2100 𝐽𝐽
Wo rk d o n e liftin g lo a d
= 480 𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 3.5 𝑚𝑚 = 1680 𝐽𝐽
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1680
= 𝑥𝑥 100 = 80 %
2100
 Past year question
S2017_V13_Q15
 Past year question
S2014_V13_Q16
 Past year question
S2019_V11_Q15
22

5.1.4 Power
● Power is the rate of work done . ● Po we r c a n a ls o b e writte n a s :

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑃𝑃 = = = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

● 1 Wa tt ( W) = 1 jo u le p e r s e c o n d ( J s ⁻¹)
● It is a s c a la r q u a n tity.
● Th is e q u a tio n is u s e d wh e n
a constant force m o ve s a
b o d y a t constant velocity .
● Th e fo rc e m u s t b e a p p lie d in
th e same d ire c tio n a s th e
ve lo c ity.
 Examples
1. A small electric motor is used to 2. A person who weighs 500 N runs
lift a weight of 1.5 N through a up a flight of stairs in 5.0 s. Their
vertical distance 1200 cm in 2.7 s. gain in height is 3.0 m . Calculate
calculate the useful power the rate at which work is done
output of the motor . against the force of gravity .
Solution: Answer = 300 W
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 1.5 𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 12 𝑚𝑚
= 18 𝐽𝐽

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 18 𝐽𝐽
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = = = 6.67 W
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2.7 𝑠𝑠
 Past year question
S2017_V13_Q17
 Past year question
S2017_V11_Q19
Learning outcomes
27

5.2.1 Potential Energy

● The potential energy of a body is the energy stored
in the body by reason of its position or shape .

● Potential energy can be classified into other forms

such as :

1. gravitational potential energy .

2. electric potential energy when it is placed
in an electric field (chapter 17) .
3. elastic potential energy when it is stretched
squashed or twisted (chapter 6) .
28

Gravitational potential Energy

● Gravitational p o te n tia l e n e rg y ( g .p .e ) is energy s to re d in a
mass due to its position in a g ra vita tio n a l fie ld
( S20 16 _ V23_ Q3) .
● Wh e n a h e a vy o b je c t is lifte d , wo rk is d o n e s in c e th e o b je c t is
p ro vid e d with a n u p wa rd fo rc e a g a in s t th e d o wn wa rd fo rc e o f
g ra vity th e re fo re e n e rg y is tra n s fe rre d to th e o b je c t.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

∆𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆ℎ
𝑔𝑔 = a c c e le ra tio n o f fre e fa ll o r g ra vita tio n a l fie ld s tre n g th
29

Elastic potential Energy

● Elastic p o te n tia l e n e rg y is th e e n e rg y s to re d a s a re s u lt o f d e fo rm a tio n
o f a n e la s tic o b je c t.
● Fo r e xa m p le wh e n s tre tc h e d o r c o m p re s s e d a s p rin g g a in s p o te n tia l
e n e rg y.
30

Electric potential Energy

● Electric p o te n tia l e n e rg y is p o te n tia l e n e rg y a s s o c ia te d with a charge
due to its position in an electric field .
● A c h a rg e in a n e le c tric fie ld b e h a ve s s im ila rly to a m a s s in a
g ra vita tio n a l fie ld .
● Wo rk d o n e b y g ra vity:
𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∆ℎ

● Wo rk done by
c o n s ta n t e le c tric fo rc e :
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑞𝑞∆𝑉𝑉
 Worked Example
A weight - lifter raises weights Solution:
the downward force on the weights is their
with a mass of 200 kg from the weight . An equal, upward force F is re q u ire d
ground to a height of 1.5 m . to lift th e m .
Calculate how much work he
does . By how much does the 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑
g .p .e. of the weights increase? = 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 9.81 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −2 𝑥𝑥 1.5 𝑚𝑚
= 2940 𝐽𝐽

No te :
th a t th e d is ta n c e m o ve d is in th e s a m e
d ire c tio n a s th e fo rc e . So th e w o rk d o n e o n
th e we ig h ts is a b o u t 29 4 0 J .

Th is is a ls o th e va lu e o f th e in c re a s e in th e ir
g .p .e .
 Worked Example
A shop assistant stacks a shelf with 25 tins of beans, each of mass
460 g . Each tin has to be raised through a distance of 1.8 m .
Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the tins of
beans, given that the acceleration of free fall is 9.81 ms ⁻².

An s we r = 20 0 J
 Past year question
S2012_V11_Q16

S2017_V12_Q15
Past year question
W2012_V13_Q21 & S2015_V12_Q16
35

5.2.2 Kinetic Energy

● Kinetic energy is the energy object has due to
its motion . (M 2018_V 22)

● When an object is falling, it is gaining kinetic

energy since it is gaining speed .

● This energy transferred from the gravitational

potential energy it is losing .

● An object will maintain this kinetic energy

unless its speed changes
36

Derivation of kinetic energy

Consider an object of mass 𝑚𝑚 b e in g Fro m kin e m a tic s , 𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
a c c e le ra te d fro m re s t 𝑢𝑢 = 0 to Sin c e 𝑢𝑢 = 0 h e n c e 𝑣𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
ve lo c ity 𝑣𝑣.
To g ive it a c c e le ra tio n 𝑎𝑎, it is p u s h e d 1
Mu ltip lyin g b o th s id e s b y 𝑚𝑚 g ive s :
b y a fo rc e 𝐹𝐹 fo r a d is ta n c e 𝑠𝑠. 2
u v 1
F 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2
m m
s By Ne wto n ’s la w, 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1
𝐹𝐹 = re s u lta n t c o n s ta n t fo rc e 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
2
= 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐹𝐹
 Worked Example
Calculate the increase in kinetic So lu tio n :
energy of a car of mass 800 kg
1 1 1
when it accelerates from 20 ms ⁻¹ 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑢2
2 2 2
to 30 m s ⁻¹ .
1
= 800 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⁻¹)2 −
2
1
800 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⁻¹)2
2

= 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

No te : Yo u c a n ’t c a lc u la te th e
c h a n g e in 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 b y s q u a re th e
c h a n g e in s p e e d .
 Past year question
S2016_V11_Q19

W2019_V11_Q19
“Success seems to be
connected with action.
Successful people keep
moving. They make mistakes,
but they don’t quit.”
— Conrad Hilton