Course

Ethics and Citizenship

Area of research

Assisted reproduction techniques. Moral Justification

Teacher

Garcia Rivera, Esther Paola

Members:

Célestine Pierrucci

Felix Experton

Matin Miet

Mercedes Soto

David Paraguay

Sebastian Peña

Yan Carlos Guzman

 Overview

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................3
I. Historical and Society context.....................................................................................................4
a) Overview .................................................................................................................................4
b) Impact on society and individuals and legal regulations .........................................................4
II. Ethical point of view of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.....................................................5
a) Ethical Reflection on Human Essence ....................................................................................5
b) Balancing individual rights and societal obligations ................................................................6
III. Recomendations ...........................................................................................................................7
Conclusión .........................................................................................................................................7
References.........................................................................................................................................8
 Introduction

Assisted reproduction refers to the set of techniques and treatments that facilitate pregnancy. On the
other hand, these techniques also offer help to other people to become parents, such as single men
and women and homosexual couples. This is a solution proposed by medicine for reproductive
problems in society, due to the emergence of these means to solve the problems of infertility it was
necessary the legal regulation of these techniques to guarantee in a moral and ethical way. This
scientific progress raises deep moral questions that touch the essence of what it means to be human.
The moral justification of assisted reproductive techniques thus becomes a fertile ground for ethical
reflection, where beliefs, cultural values, the views of life and human intervention in natural processes
collide.
In this essay, we aim to provide a framework for ethical dimensions that go along with the
transformative potential of ART, while upholding the autonomy of individuals in reproductive
decision-making through the integration of ethical philosophy. In this way we manage the complex
relationship that exists between morality and technological advance, promoting a deep understanding
that opens the door to the ethical and conscious incorporation of assisted reproductive technologies
into our society. This essay seeks to investigate the moral arguments that philosophically support the
use of ART. Our research aims to dissect the moral fabric that these cutting-edge reproductive
technologies have woven, with roots in the fields of ethical philosophy and moral issues in medical
practice.

With science on the verge of a new era, the central question driving this study is whether the
increasing availability and use of ART is consistent with the moral standards that guide our culture.
This investigation's core captures the conflict between people's sense of agency over their
reproductive paths and the critical examination needed to understand the profound moral
ramifications of tampering with life's origins.
 I. Historical and Society context

a) Overview
The history of assisted reproduction techniques began 70 years ago, at that time the first studies were
carried out that would bring the first babies into the world using these techniques. Before the arrival
of assisted reproduction techniques, the only choice for couples with reproductive problems was to
resign themselves or resort to other methods such as adoption, but in 1978 Louise Brown was born,
who is known as the first "test tube girl.". This was possible thanks to the knowledge of gynecologist
Patrick Steptoe and physiologist Robert Edwards, who gave a ray of hope to Leslie and John Brown,
and also to many couples with fertility problems. The reproduction technique that brought Louise
Brown to life was in vitro fertilization. In this procedure, an egg was obtained from her mother and
fertilized with sperm. Finally, the embryo generated was transferred again to the mother, who became
pregnant. . Furthermore, Louise Brown later became a mother, this shows that assisted reproductive
techniques do not result in other individuals with fertility problems. However, ART had a positive
impact since it offered couples alternatives to becoming parents, thus respecting their autonomy and
freedom in their reproductive lives. There are also arguments against it since some ART, such as
embryo selection, present ethical concerns about possible genetic manipulation and the creation of
"on-demand babies." Another argument against is the exploitation of pregnant women and in addition,
it is postulated that the donation of eggs and sperm will not allow the future child to know its
biological origins, finally in the in vivo fertilization processes it raises ethical dilemmas of what to
do with those embryos. used. Also in 1994 The United Nations proposed a new vision of sexual and
reproductive health, emphasizing choice in family planning and access to safe healthcare services:

“Reproductive health therefore entails the ability to enjoy a satisfying and safe sex life and to
procreate, and the freedom to decide to do so, when and how often. This last condition implies
the right of men and women to obtain information and family planning of their choice, as well as
other methods for regulating fertility that are not legally prohibited, and access to safe, effective,
affordable and acceptable, the right to receive adequate health care services that enable safe
pregnancies and childbirth and give couples the maximum chance of having healthy
children.”(United Nations, 1994)

The 21st century witnessed significant advancements in ART technologies. Cytoplasm

transplantation, previously discarded, was reconsidered as Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy. This
involved using a donor ovum with healthy mitochondria, addressing past issues. Advances included
ovarian transplantation, artificial ovaries, and research on gamete production from primordial cells in
animals and humans. Ethical implications included redefining biological motherhood, with debates
on applications in diverse contexts. Experimental tissue engineering for artificial uteruses raised
questions about the mother's role, while producing gametes outside the body prompted debates on
genetic manipulation's interference with natural human life.

b) Impact on society and individuals and legal regulations

Firstly, assisted reproduction techniques led society to rethink the concept of family and to diversify
family structures, since it will not necessarily be composed of a father, a mother and one or more
children, thus questioning traditional notions. of paternity and maternity.
The legal regulation of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) may vary by country and even within
states or regions of the same country. Regarding legal aspects, it seeks to guarantee that these
techniques are applied in an ethical and moral manner, addressing issues such as human dignity, the
right to life, prenatal diagnosis, genetic counseling, among others. In Colombia, although ART has
been practiced since 1985, it does not have regulations that help regulate it in a comprehensive
manner. Also in many countries they establish a limit on the number of embryos. Many countries
require assisted reproduction clinics to maintain the procedures performed and undergo regular
supervision in order to ensure compliance with regulations.

II. Ethical point of view of Assisted Reproductive Technologies

a) Ethical Reflection on Human Essence

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) represent a new frontier in human reproduction, raising
ethical questions that deepen the nature of our understanding of humanity.

The exploration of fundamental ethical questions driven by assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
goes beyond superficial considerations and delves into the core of human existence. This questioning
raises questions about identity, morality, and the very essence of life. The arrival of reproductive
technologies that allow manipulation of the natural process demands a contemplative examination of
the ethical implications inherent in such interventions. We find ourselves at crossroads where the
long-standing right to conceive and have children is encountering extraordinary complexity, as
scientific innovation becomes intertwined with moral considerations. This juncture prompts a
revision of our understanding of the human experience, challenging traditional perspectives and
necessitating a nuanced exploration of the ethical dimensions surrounding the intersection of
technology and reproduction. In navigating this complex ethical landscape, the intricate interplay
between the transformative potential of ART and the profound moral questions it raises about the
very essence of our humanity.

The traditional mosaic of human reproduction, rooted in the sanctity of natural processes, faces a
profound challenge with the advent of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). This departure
from tradition disrupts the established history, challenging preconceived notions and stretching the
boundaries of what is considered "natural" in procreation. Conception, harmonized with life's natural
rhythm, is now intricately braided with laboratory procedures, donor gametes, and surrogate
motherhood. This transformative shift forces us to grapple with ethical inquiries about the authenticity
of parenthood, the dynamic evolution of the family unit, and the far-reaching implications of
disentangling reproduction from its historical moorings. As ART reshapes the landscape of human
reproduction, it signals a reevaluation of societal norms, urging us to engage in reflective dialogue on
the ethical dimensions of navigating this uncharted territory.

The tension between scientific progress and ethical considerations reaches heightened complexity as
we navigate the intricate challenge of defining human essence within Assisted Reproductive
Technologies (ART). The accelerating capabilities of ART confer individuals with unprecedented
control over their reproductive trajectories, erasing the delineation between natural processes and
human intervention. The authority to selectively choose genetic traits, screen for potential diseases,
and manipulate the timing of conception demands a profound scrutiny of the moral consequences
entwined with reshaping the very fabric of human existence. The delicate equilibrium required in
addressing the clash between the relentless pursuit of scientific advancement and the ethical
imperative to uphold the sanctity of life underscores the need for nuanced deliberation. As we stand
at this juncture, it becomes imperative to forge a path that harmonizes technological progress with
ethical responsibilities, ensuring a conscientious integration of ART into the human experience.

In navigating this complex ethical terrain, we must recognize that the transformative potential of ART
presents both revolutionary possibilities and ethical quandaries. The ethical reflection on human
essence calls for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interplay between scientific progress
and deeply ingrained traditional values. Establishing a moral framework that upholds the dignity of
human life while acknowledging the transformative capacities of reproductive technologies becomes
paramount.

As we grapple with these ethical dilemmas, fostering a thoughtful dialogue that incorporates diverse
perspectives, cultural values, and considerations of broader societal implications is essential. Only
through such inclusive discussions can we hope to develop a robust and comprehensive ethical
framework that guides the responsible integration of assisted reproductive technologies into the fabric
of our ever-evolving society. In doing so, we pave the way for an ethically sound and conscientious
incorporation of ART, ensuring the preservation of our humanity amidst the rapid currents of
scientific progress.

b) Balancing individual rights and societal obligations

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) involve finding a balance between individual rights and
social obligations. At the heart of this ethical dilemma is the question of individual autonomy,
especially with regard to reproductive choices. The right of individuals to parent through ART is a
central principle that reflects personal freedom and self-determination. In the quest to become parents,
people often turn to these advanced reproductive techniques to overcome biological barriers,
satisfying a deep-seated desire to be parents. Examining this aspect requires a nuanced exploration of
the ethical implications of facilitating people's access to ART and recognizing their right to make
decisions about their reproductive pathways.

However, individual reproductive autonomy is not safe from ethical complications. As society
advances in manipulating the processes of conception and birth, the moral justification of such
interventions becomes a focal point. The delicate balance between the right of individuals to pursue
parenthood and the moral essence of altering the origins of life requires philosophical examination
that considers the broader implications of these choices.

The ethical discourse around ART extends beyond individual autonomy and includes social
obligations to ensure responsibility and ethical use of these technologies. As ART becomes more
widespread, society must imperatively provide regulatory frameworks that protect against potential
abuses and ethical transgressions. Social institutions, including legal and medical bodies, have the
ethical responsibility to create a solid framework that guides the application of these technologies in
a manner aligned with moral principles and social values.

The tension between individual rights and societal obligations necessitates a comprehensive ethical
framework that recognizes the transformative potential of ART while guarding against undue harm
and ethical lapses. Achieving this balance requires a thoughtful integration of ethical philosophy into
the regulatory and cultural frameworks governing assisted reproduction. Exploring these tensions
becomes not just a philosophical exercise but a practical imperative to ensure the responsible and
conscientious incorporation of assisted reproductive technologies into the fabric of our society.
III. Recomendations

Recommendations for health professionals: Healthcare professionals working in the area of assisted
reproduction should be adequately trained in the latest techniques and procedures available. This will
enable them to offer their patients the best possible care.
Information: Healthcare professionals should provide their patients with clear and complete
information about ART. This information should include the risks and benefits of each technique, as
well as the available alternatives.
Support: Health professionals should offer emotional support to their patients during the assisted
reproduction process. This support can be especially important for people facing fertility problems.

Recommendations for policy makers:

Regulation: Policy makers should establish appropriate regulation for ARTs. This regulation should
ensure that the techniques are used safely and ethically.
Access: Policy makers should ensure access to ART for all who need it. This includes public funding
of treatment where necessary.

Recommendations for society in general

Education: Society should be educated about ARTs. This will help reduce the stigmatization of people
who use these techniques and promote a greater understanding of the challenges they face.
Support: Society should offer support to families who have children through ART. This may be
especially important for families facing difficulties in conceiving.

Conclusión

In conclusion we can say that in assisted reproduction techniques ethical and moral dimensions must
be considered. They can be morally justified when the autonomy and freedom of individuals is
respected, respecting their decision to become parents. The arguments in favor of these techniques
highlight their potential to improve the lives of those seeking to form a family. This ethical debate is
not without complexities as concerns about genetic manipulation, surrogacy and other ethical
dilemmas pose significant challenges that require thoughtful attention and ethical regulation.
References
1. Assisted reproduction: Main historical milestones. (s.f.). Retrieved on November 24, 2023,
from https://nextfertility.es/noticias/la-historia-de-la-reproduccion-asistida/
2. Naciones Unidas. (1994). Informe de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el

Desarrollo. UNFPA, 37. Retrieved on November 23, 2023, from

https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/icpd_spa.pdf

3. What is the history of assisted reproduction? (s.f.). Assisted Reproduction ORG. Retrieved on

November 24, 2023, from https://www.reproduccionasistida.org/faqs/

4. ¿Cuáles son los aspectos legales y sociales de la reproducción asistida? (s. f.). Reproducción

Asistida ORG. Recuperado 24 de noviembre de 2023, de

https://www.reproduccionasistida.org/faqs/

5. Problemas éticos en reproducción asistida. (s. f.). Recuperado 24 de noviembre de 2023, de

http://www.revistafertilidad.org/rif-articulos/-problemas--eacute-ticos-en-reproducci-oacute-

n-asistida-/273

6. Gallagher, S., Kerridge, I., Newson, A. J., Attinger, S., Norman, R. J., & Lipworth, W. (2023).

Moral justification for the use of ‘add-ons’ in assisted reproductive technology (ART):

experts’ views and experiences. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 103637.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103637