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ICU Final Year Project Report
Surveying and Geo-informatics (Yaba College of Technology)
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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF FEDERAL COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION (TECHICAL) AKOKA, LAGOS USING
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE U.A.V (DRONE)
BY
IGWE CLETUS UDE
F/HD/18/3560007
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND

GEOINFORMATICS, SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES, YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY.
IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING
AND GEOINFORMATICS.
SUPERVISED BY
SURV. ALADEOKIN .O.O
AUGUST, 2021

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to almighty God my creator, my strong pillar, my source of inspiration,
wisdom, knowledge and understanding.

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CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that all the information given in this project report was as a result of observation
and measurement made by I and my group members in accordance to survey rules and
regulations and departmental instructions in fulfillment of the award of Higher National Diploma
in Surveying and Geo-informatics at Yaba College of Technology.
Candidate’s Name: IGWE CLETUS UDE
Signature: ………………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………………..

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that IGWE CLETUS UDE as satisfactory carried out the survey duties
contained in this project under my instructions and supervision.
I hereby declare that he has conducted himself with diligence, honesty and sobriety on the said
duties and accept liability on my attestation for any false information discovered in this project.
……………………………………… …………………………………...
Mr. O.O. ALADEOKIN DATE
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)
………………………………………. …………………………………
SURV. E.O. OLADIBOYE DATE
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to almighty God for sparing my life and making it possible for me to
successfully complete this project. I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. O.O
Aladeokin, for his enthusiasm, patience, insightful comments, helpful information, practical
advice and unceasing ideas in the planning and execution of this project.
I also extend my gratitude to the department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, the H.O.D,
Surv. Oladiboye, Surv. (Dr) Ajibola, Surv. (Dr) Olawole O.T, for their impacts in my career
development.
I also extend my gratitude to the college for the permission to carry out this project in the of
Federal College Of Education (Technical) Akoka.
My sincere gratitude to my colleagues from Surveying and Geo-informatics department, who
gave their support throughout the execution of the project. Last but not the least, I would like to
thank my parents and my mentors who supported me in every means possible in the successful
completion of this project.

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ABSTARCT
This study considered topographical mapping of Federal College of Education (Technical) FCT
Akoka, sited along St. Fine bars Road Akoka, besides University of Lagos Way, Lagos State. DJI
Phantom 4 Pro consumer UAV was flown at an altitude of 150m in a 3D flight mode. Real Time
Kinematic (RTK) GPS was used to coordinate a reflective-marked Ground Control Point (GCP).
Geo-referencing the orthophoto was done using the GCP. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was
generated from the processed orthophotos after which contours at 5 m interval were generated.
The accuracy of the topographic map is below 5 cm and confirms the suitability of using
consumer grade UAVs for topographical mapping of inaccessible areas in a cost-effective
manner. Thus, the integration of RTK technology with the UAV and GIS is a feasible and
appropriately accurate solution for mapping inaccessible areas.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATE.................................................................................................................................3
CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................4
ABSTARCT.....................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................9
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................9
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND CONTEXT....................................................9
1.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING.......................................................................................9
1.3 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV).....................................................................11
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................12
1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT...............................................................................................12
1.6 AIM OF PROJECT..........................................................................................................12
1.7 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT..........................................................................................12
1.8 SCOPE OF PROJECT.....................................................................................................13
1.9 PROJECT CONTRIBUTIONS & SIGNIFICANCE.......................................................13
1.10 SITE LOCATION.........................................................................................................13
1.11 PERSONNEL’S INVOLVED........................................................................................14
1.12 INSTRUMENTATION.................................................................................................14
1.13 SOFTWARE.................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................15
LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................15
2.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................15
2.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING.................................................................................15
2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS............................................................................................18
2.3 THE DEFINITION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)...............................20
2.3.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV).....................20
• Orthomosaic maps...............................................................................................................27
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................29
3.1 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................29

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3.2 DATA COLLECTION.....................................................................................................30

3.3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY.....................................................................................30
3.4 GPS- RTK SURVEY.......................................................................................................32
3.5 SELECTION OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS.........................................................33
3.5.1 ESTABLISHED GROUND CONTROL POINTS.......................................................33
3.6 FLIGHT PLANNING......................................................................................................34
3.7 CONTROL CHECKS AND GROUND TRUTHING.....................................................35
3.8 DATA COLLECTION WITH UAV USING SINGLE GRID..........................................35
3.9 DATA DOWNLOADING AND PROCESSING.............................................................36
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................43
4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS...........................................................................................43
4.1 RESULTS.........................................................................................................................43
4.2 DRONE REPORT............................................................................................................44
4.3 SURVEY DATA...............................................................................................................45
4.4 CAMERA CALIBRATION.............................................................................................46
4.5 CAMERA LOCATIONS.................................................................................................47
4.6 GROUND CONTROL POINTS......................................................................................48
4.7 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL....................................................................................49
4.8 PROCESSING PARAMETERS......................................................................................50
4.9 ANALYSIS......................................................................................................................53
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................55
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.................................................................................55
5.1 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................55
5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED......................................................................................55
5.4 RECOMMENDATION....................................................................................................56
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................57
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................58

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND CONTEXT

The definition of surveying is the process of analyzing, measuring, and recording the
characteristics of a land area for; helping to design a plan or create a map for construction. With
the current advancement of technology, the map produced by the Surveyor today will most likely
be available in digital data format compared to maps put together by Surveyors a few decades
ago where it was all on physical paper.
1.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING
Topographical mapping is mostly required by Engineers and Architects to aid in infrastructural

designs and construction. Topographical maps are used for planning, monitoring and
development of infrastructure. Geomatic Engineers are professionally required to undertake the
topographic surveying in accordance with the code of ethics of the Nigerian Institution of
Surveyors (NIS). Due to the high cost of topographical surveying, unprofessional Surveyors are
either hired or even not involved in infrastructural development and planning. This is evident in
the haphazard infrastructural development in Nigeria resulting in persistent flooding after rainfall
and collapse of buildings especially in the urban areas like Lagos and Abuja. Professional land
Surveyors in Nigeria are constantly researching on cost effective methods of surveying in order
to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). To undertake a topographical survey,
considerations must be made on the purpose, map use, scale, size and terrain involved, cost,
equipment to be used, duration and surveyor’s experience. General mapping surveying is done
by either ground and photogrammetric methods or both. The most common survey instruments
in Nigeria are the Total Station and Global Positioning System (GPS). Topographical mapping of
water bodies, waterlogged areas or land areas without land cover using traditional methods of
surveying in Nigeria is time consuming and challenging. To map out swampy areas, flooded
areas or any area without getting in contact with the land surface have been daunting tasks with

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high cost of operation and risk to the surveyor. Photogrammetry methods, remote sensing data,
scanners and LiDAR mapping have been the available accurate way of mapping such areas
(Jalayer et al., 2015; Lato et al., 2015; Lim et al., 2003; Tang & Shao, 2015). These surveying
methods are, however, very expensive to undertake. The Land Surveying profession is constantly
searching for fast and cost-effective ways of surveying inaccessible area for years (Casagli et al.,
2017; Malehmir et al., 2016; Quaye-Ballard et al., 2013). In recent times, the use of UAVs in
surveying is being practiced worldwide (Christiansen et al., 2017; Gonzalez et al., 2016; Turner
et al., 2016). UAVs, specially built with on board high accuracy GPS and specifically built for
mapping are available, but at a high cost.
However, consumer grade UAVs which are cheaper, simple to use and easily available with
multiple uses including photography, delivery, agriculture and surveillance, are being used with
the aid of GPS and Ground Control Point (GCP) for topographical surveying (Aleshin et al.,
2019). UAVs survey uses photogrammetry methods with an output of orthophotos which are
georeferenced and further processed for geographic data with the aid of software. UAVs also
used for vegetation cover estimation (e.g. Chen et al., 2016; Ghazal et al., 2015; Torres Sánchez
et al., 2014) as well as river topography and vegetation (Watanabe & Kawahara, 2016).
Orthophotos give a pictorial view of the site which makes planning and analysis easier, unlike
conventional surveying methods where sketches and pictures are taken in addition. This type of
UAVs for land surveying has proved to be accurate for topographical survey worldwide. For
example, Chi et al. (2016) studied High Accuracy Topographic Mapping via UAV-based Images
and identified the integration ability of high accuracy topographic map via the image of quad-
rotors UAV and ground control points (GCPs) in Taiwan. Chi et al. concluded that UAV-based
surveying may be good to replace current GPS and total station in the future. Sadikin et al.
(2019) worked on “Topographic Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technology-
Photogrammetry Method” in Indonesia and concluded that the produced topographic map meets
the needs of a 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively.
Watanabe et al. (2016), evaluated the accuracy of Digital Surface Model (DSM) of river-channel
morphology derived from the imagery acquired with a low-cost digital camera on board an
unmanned multi-copter. The study concluded that DSM from UAV based photogrammetry
technique reproduces the ground elevation very well with the maximum error of 4 cm over a
floodway where the vegetation height and density are low and that the DSM reasonably captures

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the thick vegetation cover over sandbars. Obanawa et al. (2015) in “High-resolution topographic
survey using small UAV and SfM-MVS technologies in hardly accessible area” in Japan
concluded that it is possible to survey the inaccessible area like free face and deep gorge in
detail. Fitzpatrick (2015) found that using UAVs for volumetric calculation and topographic
mapping is as accurate as traditional survey methods and mostly cost and time effective when
mapping areas 10 to 200 acres in size at locations with little or no vegetation. Aleshin et al.
(2019) used Phantom 4 UAV in creating DTM and presented the qualitative comparison of DТM
that were generated using different engineering equipment and various processing methods. The
analysis of the results was based on the least squares method.
The study concluded that the use of the photos from the UAVs is effective for the DТM
generation.
Taddia et al. (2019) conducted research in Italy by using DJI phantom 4 Real Time Kinematic
(RTK) UAV for topographic mapping of coastal areas and confirmed that the onboard RTK
approach really speeds up the precise mapping of coastal regions and that a single GCP may be
needed to make a reliable estimation of the focal length. This study examines the suitability and
accuracy of a topographical survey conducted with the combination of DGPS instrument and a
consumer grade UAV at an inaccessible tailings dam at FEDERAL COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION (FCE) AKOKA as the study area to produce a complete topographical map of the
study area.
1.3 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unscrewed aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is
an aircraft without any human pilot, crew or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an
unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which include additionally a ground-based controller and a
system of communications with the UAV. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control
by a human operator, as remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of autonomy,
such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human
intervention. UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military
missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous “for humans. As control technologies improved and costs
fall, their use in the twenty-first century is rapidly finding many more applications. These include

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aerial photography, product deliveries, agriculture, policing and surveillance, infrastructure

inspections, science, smuggling, and drone racing.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
How would an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) assist in carryingout topographic surveying,
rather than traditional survey method?
1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Due to the rapid developments, the existing map Federal College of Education (Technical)
Akoka remains outdated, the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems helps to
produce the topographic map of Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka; cheaply,
quickly and also to get the map up to date.
1.6 AIM OF PROJECT

The aim of this project is to carry out a topographic mapping with Federal College Of Education
(Technical) Akoka as our study area using an unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone).
1.7 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The objectives of this project is to carry out the followings:
1. Flight Planning for the image acquisition.
2. Image Data acquisition using the DJI phantom 4 pro UAV
3. The processing of the images with the acquired software’s
4. Generation of Orthophoto, Digital Surface Model, Digital Terrain Model, Point

cloud, Contour using the required software’s
1.8 SCOPE OF PROJECT
The scope of this project is to produce a detailed topographical map of the study area (Federal
College of Education (Technical) Akoka) with the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) drone
imagery, showing the existing physical features present within the study area.

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1.9 PROJECT CONTRIBUTIONS & SIGNIFICANCE

There are two significant contributions of this research; firstly, is to provide the build
environment with the information and data needed in order to migrate towards UAV technology.
Secondly is to provide knowledge towards the Production of a detailed topographic map of the
study with the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) drone for future UAV researches.
1.10 SITE LOCATION
The area under study is Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka Campus. It is located on
the western part of the Lagos metropolis in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State.
The institution is geographically located between Northings 721000N and 718500N, and Easting
542000E and 545000E and has an approximate area of (104494.105 Sqmts). The institution is
bordered on the North and North-West by Bariga (Shomolu Local Government Area); on the
Western and South-West by Iwaya community and Akoka village respectively; on the Eastern
flank, it is bordered by St finbars, it has a canal which is non-navigable because of debris that is
found in it, is located along the western flank stretching northwards and southwards. Figure 1.1
and Figure 1.2 shows an extent image of the study area Federal College of Education (Technical)
Akoka respectively.

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Figure 1: Extent Image of the study area connecting Nigerian Map and Lagos State Map
1.11 PERSONNEL’S INVOLVED
1. IGWE CLETUS UDE F/HD/18/3560007

2. OLUDIPE KEHINDE F/HD/18/3560006
3. ORJI ANTHONY ONYEKACHI F/HD/18/3560022
4. THOMSON GIFT UCHECHI F/HD/18/35600024
5. OLOTU MOSES AYO F/HD/18/3560030
6. ZUAMO MICHEAL F/HD/18/3560036
7. EZECHI BRIGHT F/HD/17/3560038
1.12 INSTRUMENTATION
 Drone, DJI Phantom 3 Professional with accessories
 South Differential Global Positioning System
 Android phone
 HP Laptop
1.13 SOFTWARE
 AutoCAD Civil 3D 2010 /2007
 ArcGIS 10.2
 Drone deploy
 Google Earth
 Global mapper
 Microsoft Excel 2010
 Note Pad
 Agisoft Metashap Professional

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The literature review of this research report was conducted on several key aspects prior to the
dissertation topic being Topographic Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle U.A.V (Drone)
The key aspects include;
 The definition, development of Topographical Mapping, and the capabilities of a UAV,
 The applications of Topographic UAV in the surveying industry,
 The accuracy that UAVs can achieve in Topographic land surveying
2.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING
If maps serve to clarify the role of space and place in the human journey, maps created for
providing observations of topography – the shape and character of the Earth's surface – were
amongst the first to be made. They symbolized landscapes long before the introduction of
scientific methods to cartography, when the idea of drawing to a fixed scale revolutionized
topographical mapping in the sixteenth century (Harvey, 1980: 14). Topographic maps thereafter
became increasingly useful tools for exploring, understanding, and controlling the environment,
with, for example, the systematic Carte Géometrique de la France prepared by different
generations of the Cassini family at a scale of 1:86 400 from 1750 to 1815, serving as a model
and inspiration for other European states (Hodgkiss, 1981: 170). The relevance of topographic
information provided the motivation for many initiatives in state map-making, particularly for
military and cadastral purposes. Gradually, methods of survey developed to incorporate
photogrammetry and cartographic production improved with color lithographic printing to enable
topographic maps to be regarded as the ‘supreme achievement of the modern age of cartography’
(Jervis, 1936: 171).
Today, topographic maps maintain their unique position of authority amongst cartographic
products. This authority is, of course, in part derived from the apparent scientific accuracy with

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which symbols on the map correspond to features in the real world, but is also a reflection of
state authorship and production. Governmental organizations, such as the military and/or
National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs), are usually responsible for maintaining the
complete and detailed topographic mapping of national territory. This includes ensuring that
standards of cartographic accuracy are upheld in their portrayal of natural and cultural features,
such as relief, water, vegetation, transportation, urban areas, and toponomy. National topographic
map series store and offer topographic information from large to small scales and provide a
spatial reference framework for other data about the Earth and its resources. They serve multiple
purposes, such as infrastructure planning and management, resource, exploitation, demographic
analysis, recreational activities, and military planning. Topographic map series have a nationally
consistent range of map scales, geodetic base information (e.g., ellipsoid and height datum),
projection, symbology, content, and sheet design. Due to their comprehensive description of the
landscape and the wide range of uses and users, topographic maps are highly complex maps with
numerous map features related to each other (Robinson et al., 1995; Bollmann et al., 2002;
Vereshchaka 2002; Buckley et al., 2005).
The growth and use of GIS have fundamentally changed the cartographic production technology
of topographic maps as well as their use. To meet these increasing demands, National Mapping
and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs) have established national topographic databases based on their
traditional topographic map series. The content of topographic maps evolved into topographic
reference data that were structured into themes and feature types. These databases provide
seamless, object-structured reference data on the national level to be used in NSDI (National
Spatial Data Infrastructure) services, in GIS applications for spatial analysis and modelling, and
to generate cartographic products. Nevertheless, a pressing issue, raised by Morrison (2006: 10)
about the future of cartography, concerns the inevitable delay that is initiated by new
technologies between user expectations and the capability to deliver these associated products.
New display technologies raise the expectation that one day it will no longer be necessary to
establish different design concepts for different output media. Some believe that the development
of a large, flexible, and portable display, with increased graphic capabilities and a pixel size
comparable to the resolution of a printed paper map, may eventually lead to the final replacement
of the printed topographic map (Hopfstock, 2010: 146).

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Until web map servers gathered pace in the first decade of the new millennium, topographic
maps were often the most common form of detailed mapping available. Growth in the mapping
initiatives of technology giants, such as Apple Maps, Bing (Microsoft) and Google Maps, and the
dramatic success of Open Street Map (OSM) since its foundation in 2004 – from a user-
generated source of digital mapping to a global counter map – began to challenge the long-held
position of National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs) as the exclusive and official
providers of national topographic mapping products. Moving beyond the initial perspective of
mutual competition, today many National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs) have a
different view and in many cases OSM and NMCAs have begun to exchange information;
National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs) data are integrated into OSM making it
more reliable, while OSM provides crowd-sourced updates and additional content for the
National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs). Mapping from the private sector also relies
on geodata from the National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs) as they purchase
national mapping products and develop them further according to their needs (even if this is
often a one-way transaction, since national mapping products are often bought once; updates and
changes are undertaken by the private companies themselves).
2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
A topographic map is one which shows with practical accuracy all the drainage, culture, and
relief features which the scale of representation will permit. Such scale may be so large and the
area represented on a given map sheet be so small that the control for the field surveys will be
procured by means of plane and not of geodetic surveying. On the other hand, the scale may be
so small and the area represented on the given map sheet so large as to require control by
geodetic methods. The mistake is often made of assuming that a topographic map is special and
not general. It is general, as it is not made for the purpose of constructing roads and highways,
though it becomes a very valuable aid in their projection; nor is it made for the purposes of
reclaiming swamp-land or " irrigating arid land, but it furnishes general information essential to a
preliminary study and plan for their improvement. The outcome of a topographic survey being a
topo graphic map, it should be judged by the map, and the map should be judged by the manner
in which it serves the gen eral purpose. Above all, of two maps or works of any kind made for the

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same purpose and serving that purpose equally well, that the cheaper one is the better is a well-
recognized principle of engineering. In the prosecution of a general topographic survey only such
primary points should be determined geodetically as are essential to the making of the map.
About one such point per one hundred square miles is a fair average for a one-mile to one-inch
map. Such spirit-level bench-marks should be set and recorded as are obtained in carrying bases
for levels over the area under survey. On the above scale about one bench to five square miles is
a fair average.
2.2.1 FEATURES SHOWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.

The features exhibited on topographic maps may be conveniently grouped under the three
following heads:
1. The hydrography, or water features, as ponds, streams, lakes.
2. The hypsography, or relief of surface forms, as hills, valleys, plains.
3. The culture, or features constructed by man, as cities, roads, villages, and the names printed
upon the map. In order that these various features may be readily distinguishable and thus give
legibility to the map, it is usual to represent the hydrography in blue, the relief in brown, and the
culture in black. In addition to this, wooded areas may be indicated in a green tint. The object of
a topographic survey is the production of a topographic map. Hence the aim of the survey should
be to produce only the map; neither time nor money should be wastefully expended in the
erection or refined location of monuments; the demarcation of public or private boundary lines;
or the establishment of bench-marks beyond such as are incidental to the work of obtaining field
data from which to make the map. The erection, location, and description of boundary marks is
the special work of a property or cadastral survey. The erection, description, and determination of
monuments and bench-marks as primary reference points is the work of a geodetic survey. The
determination of many unmarked stations for map-making purposes is the work of a topographic
survey.
2.2.2 DEGREE OF ACCURACY DESIRABLE IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING.

It is difficult to set any standard for the amount of de tail which the topographer must sketch on
his map, or the amount of control which must be obtained for the checking of this detail. A
topographic map may be so made as to serve many useful purposes and yet be almost wholly a

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sketch, scarcely controlled by mathematical locations. The same territory may be mapped on the
same scale with little improvement in the quality of representation of topographic form and yet
the work be done with such detail and accuracy and such amount of control as to make it useful
for all practical purposes to which its scale adapts it. With these facts clearly in view, it is evident
that explicit instructions to the topographer are a practical necessity. Un like any other surveyor
the topographer must use his own judgment or be guided by instructions regarding the amount of
time and money to be spent in obtaining detail and control, since the latitude permissible in
mapping the same territory on the same scale varies greatly according to the uses to which the
map is to be put. Such instructions should interpret the significance of scale and contour interval,
and should cover the technical details of operations as found applicable to conditions and locality
(Art. 7). They should also fix the method of making and preserving field-notes. There are a
variety of methods of survey, of instruments, and of records which are generally applicable to
any case, yet to the expert topographer there is practically only one best way for each, and this
can be decided only after he has inspected the country or has otherwise acquired knowledge of its
characteristics.
2.2.3 BENEFITS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

• It helps in achieving an in-depth and accurate picture of the building, land, and other
structures of the land.
• For geographical experts, topography mapping can help in showing the terrain and forms
of earth surface orientation and monuments along with terrestrial phenomena.
• For engineers, topographic maps can help in checking the appropriate corridors or road
construction, and selection of appropriate sites. Moreover, the mapping also helps in large
projects, pipe laying, construction, and others.
2.3 THE DEFINITION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are any form of aerial vehicle not being piloted by anyone on
board, and not inevitably needed to be controlled remotely in any way (Oxford Online
Dictionaries, 2019). Another synonymous term to UAV are ‘drones’, but a drone is a UAV that is
continuously being controlled remotely either by a person and/or a computer program (Oxford

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Online Dictionaries, 2019). These broad categorisation places UAV in the same group as air
balloons, fixed wing vehicles, airships, kites, and even carrier pigeons.
2.3.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) technology started innocently back to the early 1800s in the
form of blimps and hot air balloons, and their sole purpose is acquiring data on the earth upper
atmosphere for weather predictions (Eisenbein, 2009). Then in the mid-1800s, the military
industry recorded their first use of a significant adaptation of UAV technology by launching
approximately 200 unmanned airships infused with self-detonating timer bombs over the city of
Republic of San Marco, Venice, ending The First Italian War of Independence (Flagg, 1853). A
few decades later, UAV evolved into the form of pigeons where it was used to convey messages
from headquarters to soldiers in the front line of World War I (Newhall, 1969). Soon after, UAV
was utilized to spy on enemy basses by strapping a Hasselblad 400FL camera and an interval
meter onto kites, rockets, and miniature hot air balloons (Newhall, 1970).
As the World Wars ended, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) was utilized for other than military
purposes such as land surveying, environmental surveillance, rice paddy spraying, photography,
and infrastructure maintenance works. Przybilla and Webber-Ebbinghaus (1979) became the first
few people to begin experimenting with fixed wing and quadcopters UAVs for land surveying.
Soon after, as technology evolved, UAVs had become more and more commercially available to
the public.
2.3.2 DRONE MAPPING

Drone mapping is the process of surveying an area of land with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV). An operator flies the drone over an area of land, taking hundreds of pictures as it moves.
Then, with the help of computer software, they stitch and layer the images, creating a model of
the site. This process is also how drone photogrammetry works, and the end result is an accurate
3D representation of the area. Photogrammetry combines images that contain the same point on
the ground from multiple vantage points to yield detailed 2D and 3D maps, from this data, a
photogrammetry software can create geo-referenced orthomosaics, elevation models or 3D

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models of the project area. These maps can also be used to extract information such as highly-
accurate distances or volumetric measurements.
Figure 3: image of how a drone captures images (Source: https://wingtra.com/drone-

mappingapplications/surveying-gis/)
Drones are being used more frequently by surveyors and engineers for terrain assessments and
mapping. The notion of using photogrammetry for this industry is not entirely new, but the
concept of drone implementation has made inspections and mapping much more cost effective.
Accuracy is a critical factor during drone use within this industry. One of the most important
considerations when using drones in surveying and mapping are the tools needed for proper
accuracy.
Accuracy is divided into two categories; relative and absolute. As an example, a single ‘flown’
project may involve 200 photos processed and stitched together using a separate software
package. In this case the final image output is very large, with all individual photo elements
relative and accurate within the entire image. Though the image is not an exact scale, each image
part is proportional to the whole photo, although a side-by-side comparison to an element outside
the photo would reveal an incorrect proportion. To achieve accurate proportioning inside and
outside the image, accurate ground control must be set.
Ground control setting involves the measurement of points seen within a photo with a very
accurate piece of equipment. This measurement then allows a proper adjustment of the photo to

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match specified coordinates. This process is usually completed with a survey grade GPS system.
Start by collecting the coordinates of each ground control point by determining the X, Y and Z
axis. The geo-location of the project will be corrected once that data is input to the processing
software, delivering absolute accuracy. Objects both outside and inside the project are now
accurate to one another, along with proper scaling of the project. This provides a 3D
representation of the project, which can also be used to measure areas within the image.
2.3.3 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAV) MAPPING AREAS

The following list contains areas that drones are being used in mapping and surveying:
 Topography
 Contour Elevations
 Alta-surveys
 Volume Measurements
 Site Development
 Progression Monitoring
 Utility Line Measurement
 Railroad Track Measurement
2.3.4 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAV) APPLICATION IN THE SURVEYING

INDUSTRY
As reported by Taib (2011) and supported by JUPEM (2012), commercial UAV for land
surveying is increasing popularity among the industry in Malaysia. Subsequently, the four main
categories of UAV application in the industry are;
 Photogrammetric Surveying
Used to create a digital representation of objects, buildings, and the ground surface by capturing
multiple aerial photographs to be generated into one huge map.

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 LiDAR Mapping
Used to create a digital representation of objects, buildings, and the ground surface. LiDAR
cameras are mounted onto the UAV instead of a standard digital camera. Traditional LiDAR
cameras are large and heavy but technological advancement have overcome that problem.
 Cadastral Mapping
Used to establish property boundaries that consist of land and buildings by the UAV generating a
big image from capturing multiple images at different locations.
 Automated Mapping
Used to map a specific location by the UAVs flying autonomously within the flight path that is
programmed based on the established Ground Control Points (GCP).
2.3.5 ADVANCEMENT OF DRONES IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Drone mapping is now within everyone’s reach, government regulators are making it easier to
get certified to fly a drone for commercial use. And drones’ increasing affordability means
complete a survey in less than an hour can be the norm. Data turnaround happens in 24 hours.
Drone data is already being used in many land development projects. From the early stages of
planning and designing land subdivisions, through to preconstruction assessments, it’s also
helping with progress tracking and final as-builts. Civil contractors are among the earliest
adopters of drones. They say that drone-captured data, when used with ground control systems
like AeroPoints and processing software like Propeller, provides a quicker, easier, and safer way
to produce digital terrain models and aerial site maps than previous methods
Figure 4: image of a Drone (Source: https://www.propelleraero.com/blog/drones-changinggame-

topographic-surveying

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2.3.6 DRONE MAPPING VISUAL DATASETS

Unlike traditional topographic survey data which is basically a set of line work—drone surveys
include an orthophoto, contour map, digital terrain model, and dense point cloud. The result is a
highly accurate, visual dataset. All ready for analysis.
Figure 5 A sample of conventional topographic survey. Source: accuratemapssurvey.com

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Figure 6 Various drone survey visuals. From top left: an orthophoto, point cloud, digital terrain
model, and contour map.
2.3.7 DRONE DATA COLLECTION

Drone technology is literally changing the landscape of earthwork.
Propeller has paired the best in drone data collection software and hardware to create a reliable,
fully integrated solution for surveying your worksite—minus the hassle, risk, and complication
of traditional workflows.
Drones collect detailed information on worksites from thousands of 2D aerial photos. Onboard
GPS units, combined with the reliability of post-processed data, deliver spatial accuracy up to
1/10 foot (3 cm).
No need for complex surveying equipment or manual ground control. Simply place a single
AeroPoint (Propeller’s “smart” ground control point) on-site, and Propeller takes care of the rest.
Drone data collection provides the consistent results and the confidence you need to map,
measure, and manage your worksite.

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2.3.8 THE USE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAV) FOR SURVEY DATA
COLLECTION
Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), meaning a human pilot operates them while
they’re firmly on the ground. In construction, aggregates, mining, waste management, and other
forms of earthwork, drones have become a vital tool for capturing image data efficiently and
safely. Using the science of photogrammetry, geotagged images are converted to highly accurate
3D maps of a worksite, useful in tracking and measuring every stage of a project.
2.3.9 THE ADVANTAGES OF DATA COLLECTION WITH DRONES
 Accessibility
 Safety
 Real-time monitoring
 Competitive edge
Drones are small, lightweight, and easy to operate with a Part 107 license. They can fly over
areas that are difficult and even dangerous to survey on foot with a base and rover. With the
Propeller Platform, the data collected is accessible too, and easily shared with anyone who needs
it.
2.3.10 RESULTS THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH DRONE MAPPING:
• Orthomosaic maps
Drone images are corrected for image distortion and stitched together during post-processing to
create a highly-accurate orthomosaic map. Each pixel contains 2D Geo-information (X, Y) and
can directly procure accurate measurements, such as horizontal distances and surfaces. File
formats: geoTIFF (.tiff), .jpg, .png, Google tiles (.kml, .html)

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Figure 7: study area orthomosaic map (FCE) AKOKA
 3D point cloud:
A densified point cloud can be generated from drone images. Each point contains geospatial
(X, Y, Z) and color information. It provides a very accurate model for distance (slant and
horizontal), area and volume measurements. File formats: .las, .laz, .ply, .xyz
Figure 8: sample of a 3D point cloud (https://wingtra.com/drone-mappingapplications/surveying-

gis/)

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 Digital surface models (DSM):

Drone images can also be used to create DSM models of the area. Each pixel contains 2D
information (X, Y) and the altitude (Z value) of the highest point for this position. File
formats: GeoTiff (.tif),.xyz, .las, .laz
 Digital terrain model (DTM):

After filtering objects such as buildings, the drone images can be used to create DTMs with each
pixel containing 2.5D information (X, Y, and Z value of the highest altitude). File formats:
GeoTiff (.tif)
 3D textured mesh:
The 3D textured mesh is a reproduction of the edges, faces, vertices and texture of the area shot
by the drone. This model is most useful for visual inspection or for when external stakeholders
or public involvement is essential for a project. File formats: .ply, .fbx, .dxf, .obj, .pdf
Figure 9: sample of a 3D textured mesh (https://wingtra.com/drone

mappingapplications/surveying-gis/)
 Contour lines:
Depending on the project requirements, either the DTM or DSM model, with custom
contour intervals, can be used to create a contour lines map, giving you a better
understanding of the surface of the area shot by the drone. File formats: .shp, .dxf, .pdf

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHODOLOGY
The following sections present the tools and techniques adopted in achieving the aim and
objectives of the project work. This runs from reconnaissance to data acquisition data processing
with appropriate software, data analysis and personnel involved.
RECCONANSSANCE
SELECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT

OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS
DATA ACQUISITION USING DGPS
DATA ACQUISITION USING UAV
DATA PROCESSING
ORTHOMOSAIC, DEGITAL ELEVATION MODEL,

DENSE CLOUD, CONTOURS
DIGITIZING
CREATION OF DATABASE
EXPORTING OF RESULT
DATA PRESENTATION
Fig 3.1 WORK FLOW

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3.2 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection involves collection of data on field using UAV for image capturing and DGPS in
obtaining the coordinates of reference points of each points, it involves test of instruments to
ascertain it working condition, checking of reliability of the control stations and field
observation.
3.3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
This is a fundamental part of preparation in Surveying. It includes review by primer assessment

of the Campus. It is an interaction wherein examination of the accessible data concerning the
zone to be overviewed (reports like geographical guide, airborne photo, plans, and so on) was
made. It includes choosing the motivation behind the review, deciding the exactness anticipated,
the appropriate instrument to be utilized and building up the strategy to be utilized, plan of work
was done to achieve the undertaking in the most limited conceivable time just as to proficiently
utilize the accessible assets.

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figure3.2 RECCE diagram of the study area.

Reconnaissance survey includes two different ways primer (office) recce and field recce.

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3.3.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE

This involves research for necessary information regarding to the project site before going to the
site, this information is of great important to the Surveyor. In this project we made research for
existing materials containing some require information of great value to the project site, and a
visit was made to the department surveying and geoinformatics (University of Lagos) to
ascertain the required coordinates for the existing controls closer to the study area before visiting
site. Other materials include; the Google Earth Aerial Photograph of the site, past project work
on this topic, textbooks and various write up. Theses aspect enabled us to determine the cost of
the project, make assumption of time to execute the project, search for control station in the
campus, assume a suitable scale to be use, decide the methodology to be adopted.
3.3.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
The field reconnaissance for this study entails carrying out field reconnaissance survey at the
project site, and during this survey, we were able to locate some existing controls closer to the
study area from the University of Lagos school gate. The second order existing control used in
this study is stated below.
Stations Northings Eastings Height Location
YTT 28/186 720377.028 542633.513 6.197 At Educational Garden
Table 3.1 Unilag Control point
We then moved along the boundary line to check for inter-visibility. At the end of our visit on the
site, a sketch was drawn (figure3.2) which was used as a working tool (Site Plan) on the day of
proper Survey

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3.4 GPS- RTK SURVEY

RTK-DGPS survey was carried out in a semi-kinematic or the stop-and-go mode to improve the
accuracy of data of geographic details at locations that were easily accessible by the team.
Control of the UAV operator’s location within the square was performed using the RTK-GNSS
receiver Trimble Geoexplorer 6000, using the same receiver the positioning of ground control
points (GCP), was performed. The basic configuration of Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 includes a
built-in GNSS-receiver and a sensitive antenna that can receive and process up to 200 channels
of GPS and GLONASS at L1 C/A, L2C, L2E and L1 CT, L1 VT, L2 CT, L2 VT frequencies,
respectively. The accuracy of coordinate measurement using an external antenna reaches 4 cm in
the field (real-time kinematics (RTK)) and 1 cm in the post-processing mode (post-processing
kinematics (PPK).
3.5 SELECTION OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS
Almost all phases of drone survey depend on ground control points of known position and
elevation with identifiable images of the points on the photograph, they are usually measured
with traditional survey method as their values should be established precisely. They are used to
georeference photos, which means to calculate the scale, orientation and absolute position of the
site in its preferred coordinate system. The project area contains 9 evenly distributed ground
control points marks just before the flight with the use of paint which make them distinguish
from any features, measurement of the points was carried out using DGPS in a real time kinetics
(RTK) in other to obtain reliable results. The coordinate system is in Minna UTM zone 31N,
which if officially used in Lagos state, the height of the ground control point was established
with reference to mean sea level which is a reference system of heights. The table below shows
the GCP established in the subject site.

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3.5.1 ESTABLISHED GROUND CONTROL POINTS
ID EASTING NORTHING HEIGHT
Gcp1 542517.2 720925.6 4.529
Gcp2 542539.4 720718.5 3.973
Gcp3 542512 720653.4 3.349
Gcp4 542572.8 720623 3.537
Gcp5 542528.2 721048.5 4.96
Gcp6 542324.2 721060.4 3.336
Gcp7 542403 721127.9 3.615
Gcp8 542630.9 721040.4 5.889
Gcp9 542634.3 720925.1 4.822
Table 3. Control points.
3.6 FLIGHT PLANNING
The process of organizing flights in the field was performed according to the known scheme.
Capturing was carried out in an automated mode: the control of the flight, the set overlap of
images, the height of the flight, the shutter response time of the camera was carried out in the
mobile software Pix4D Capture. Takeoff was performed within the perimeter of the
corresponding square.

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Figure 3.6 flight plan of the study area
3.7 CONTROL CHECKS AND GROUND TRUTHING
The controls were situated and we also ensured that the controls were not covered by features,
existing controls were re-coordinated and marked with white paint.
3.8 DATA COLLECTION WITH UAV USING SINGLE GRID
3.8.1 Launching The UAV.

UAV is the acronym of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and refers to a class of aircraft that can fly
without the onboard presence of pilot. The class and type of UAV used in this study is Micro and
DJI Phantom 4 Pro respectively. The main amount of work related to the field collection of
information was carried out between july 10 and 16, 2021. Until 20th, flights of UAVs up to 30
kg carried out over the territory of the Federal College of Education Akoka which did require
mandatory approval; however, to ensure airspace safety, altitude restrictions were adopted for the
work, equal to 150 m above the point of takeoff. A DJI Phantom 4 UAV was used for mapping
the study area (Table 1). A special methodology was developed for mapping such area in terms
of altitude characteristics. Since the amplitude of heights as well as the area coverage does not
allow capturing the whole object from one point in several flights, this fact determined the
necessity of moving the takeoff points.
Taking into account the maximum altitude above the take-off point, as well as the operating time
of the UAV from one battery in the survey mode, the size of the corresponding “survey squares”

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is 750 by 750 m. The entire study area was divided into 14 such squares, which were surveyed
sequentially. The placement of the squares was based on the need to ensure 70% longitudinal
and transverse overlap of the outermost images of the adjacent squares. In fact, this means that
the borders of the squares were docked to each other, with a reserve making it possible to
achieve the necessary overlap, even taking into account the changes in the height of the takeoff
point.The process of organizing flights in the field was performed according to the known
scheme. Capturing was carried out in an automated mode: the control of the flight, the set
overlap of images, the height of the flight, the shutter response time of the camera was carried
out in the mobile software Pix4D Capture. Takeoff was performed within the perimeter of the
corresponding square.
3.8.2 Monitiring The UAV.

While in the air capturing the specified area, it was necessary that the aircraft was within range
of visual contact as any other aerial object must be avoided (Gustafsson, 2017). Changing
weather conditions was also monitored. Once the unmanned aircraft had passed its first
waypoint, the second waypoint was initiated. Subsequently, the unmanned aircraft followed the
preprogrammed flight path.
3.8.3 Landing The UAV.

After passing the last waypoint on the flight lines, the UAV terminates its flight plan and initiates
return home sequence. It finally landed on the take-off position.
3.9 DATA DOWNLOADING AND PROCESSING
After landing, the flight was ended on the Tablet. The flight Log file was downloaded into the
tablet where it was saved as a part of the mission file. The accuracy in the number of images
acquired was confirmed by comparing the number of shutter count and the number of images
present in the camera. If consistent, we proceeded with copying the images from the camera on
board to a disk drive in a format recognized by Pix4 Mapper software for processing.

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3.9.1 DATA PROCESSING

Data processing involves presentation of the processed data as result. This process includes
downloading of UAV images, processing of the images, downloading of DGPS observation,
sorting of data, estimation of vertical difference.
The field results were processed using Agisoft Metashape software. This software has a user-
friendly interface with rich functionality and the ability to process large data sets using NVIDIA
CUDA cores.
Processing of images with AGISOFT METASHAPE includes the following main Steps:
 Loading Images into Agisoft Metashape and convert to a coordinate system
 Import the required Control Ground Point CGP
 Aligning photos;
 Geo-referencing
 Building Dense Point Cloud;
 Building Mesh (3d Polygonal Model);
 Generating Texture;
 Building Tiled Model;
 Building Digital Elevation Model (Dem);
 Building Orthomosaic;
 Exporting Results
 Generating Report.

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The following images are the screen shot obtained during the above mentioned steps
Figure 3.9 : Adding photos and converting to a coordinate system (Agisoft environment)
Figure 3.9: Import the required Control Ground Point (CGP)

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Figure 3.9: Build Dense Cloud dialog
Metashape supports several reconstruction methods and settings, which help to produce optimal
reconstructions for a given data set.
Figure 3.9: Build Texture dialog
3.9.2 Building Digital Elevation Model

Metashape allows to generate and visualize a digital elevation model (DEM). A DEM represents
a surface model as a regular grid of height values.

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Figure 3.9 Build DEM dialog

3.9.3 BUILDING ORTHOMOSAIC
Orthomosaic is generated based on aerial or satellite imagery. Orthomosaic is obtained by
orthorefication of the original images. Metashape enables to perform orthomosaic seam line
editing for better visual results). Build Orthomosaic procedure can be performed only for
projects saved in .PSX format for chunks with the existing mesh or DEM.
Figure 3.9: Build Orthomosaic dialog

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3.9.4 ORTHOMOSAIC EXPORT
To Export Orthomosaic
 Select Export Orthomosaic command from the File menu.
 In the Export Orthomosaic dialog box specify coordinate system for the Orthomosaic to
be saved in.
 Check Write KML file and / or Write World file options to create files needed to
georeference the orthomosaic in the Google Earth and / or a GIS.
 Click Export... button to start export.
 Browse the destination folder, choose the file type, and print in the file name. Click Save
button.
 The progress dialog box will appear displaying the current processing status. To cancel
processing click Cancel button.
3.9.5 EXPORT GROUND CONTROL POINTS COORDINATES

 You can export ground control points (GCP) to a text file or to a new or existing segment
in the image file.
 Click on files, then export your save files which contain your GCP and then save in a
shape files format
3.9.6 GENERATE UAV PROCESSING REPORT.

The UAV report was generated using the AGISOFT software that is used in processing the UAV
images.
 Click file on the menu bar.
 Click on export, it pops up different options.
 Click on Generate report.
 Save it with the name of your choice and the folder of your choice.

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 Click on OK, the report is being generated automatically.
Figure 3.9 Digitizing orthomosaic with ArcGIS

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Figure3.9: processing contour map in AutoCAD
Figure 3.9: generating 3D surface and 3D wire frame with Surfer

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The result of this project focuses on all deliverables obtained in the course of the project. On the
other hand, the Analysis entails the investigatory processes embarked upon to reach useful
inferences and conclusions.
4.1 RESULTS
The result of most survey works is an imagery, map or plan. The achieved results after proper
execution of the project were presented in figures below
Figure 4. Orthomosaic in Agisoft Photoscan Professional

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4.2 DRONE REPORT

Topographic Survey using Drone Technology

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4.3 SURVEY DATA
Fig. 4. Camera locations and image overlap.
Number of 110 Camera stations: 110

images: 141 m Tie points: 124,946
Flying altitude: 6.43 cm/pix Projections: 397,756
Ground 0.614 km² Reprojection 1.45 pix
resolution: error:
Coverage area:
Camera Resolution Focal Pixel Size Precalibrated
Model Length
FC330 4000 x 3000 3.61 mm 1.56 x 1.56 No
(3.61mm) μm
Table 4.3 Cameras.

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4.4 CAMERA CALIBRATION
Fig. 4.4. Image residuals for FC330 (3.61mm). FC330 (3.61mm) 110 images
Type Resolution Focal Length Pixel Size

Frame 4000 x 3000 3.61 mm 1.56 x 1.56 μm
Value Error F Cx Cy B1 B2 K1 K2 K3 K4 P1 P2
F 1802.61 3.8 1.00 -0.48 -0.51 0.09 -0.20 0.78 -0.58 0.18 -0.02 0.00 -0.02
C -6.89778 0.26 1.00 0.28 -0.05 0.16 -0.38 0.28 -0.08 0.00 -0.01 -0.02
x
C -16.91 0.21 1.00 -0.10 0.17 -0.40 0.30 -0.09 0.01 0.03 0.24
y
B 5.78916 0.1 1.00 0.02 0.09 -0.04 -0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.04
1
B -12.093 0.1 1.00 -0.15 0.11 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.02
2
K 0.0738043 0.0004 1.00 -0.95 0.70 -0.56 -0.01 -0.02
1
K -0.0461574 0.00066 1.00 -0.89 0.79 -0.00 0.01
2
K 0.00710617 0.00048 1.00 -0.98 0.00 -0.00
3
K -0.000322251 0.00014 1.00 -0.01 -0.00
4
P1 -0.000467607 1.1e-05 1.00 0.00
P2 -9.08869e-05 1.3e-05 1.00
Table 4. Calibration coefficients and correlation matrix.

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4.5 CAMERA LOCATIONS
Fig. 3. Camera locations and error estimates.

Z error is represented by ellipse color. X,Y errors are represented by ellipse shape.
Estimated camera locations are marked with a black dot.
X error (m) Y error (m) Z error (m) XY error (m) Total error (m)
80.63 111.498 4.26919 137.598 137.664
Table 3. Average camera location error.
X - Easting, Y - Northing, Z - Altitude.

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4.6 GROUND CONTROL POINTS
1.7 cm
1.36 cm
1.02 cm
0.68 cm
Gcp7 0.34 cm
0 cm
Gcp6 Gcp5 -0.34 cm
Gcp8
-0.68 cm
-1.02 cm
-1.36 cm
Gcp1 Gcp9 -1.7 cm
x 1000
Gcp2
Gcp3
Gcp4
Control points Check points

200 m
Fig. 4.6 GCP locations and error estimates.
Z error is represented by ellipse color. X,Y errors are represented by ellipse shape.
Estimated GCP locations are marked with a dot or crossing.
Count X error (cm) Y error (cm) Z error (cm) XY error (cm) Total (cm)
9 2.44846 0.594624 0.835418 2.51963 2.65452
Table 4. Control points RMSE.
X - Easting, Y - Northing, Z - Altitude.
Label X error (cm) Y error (cm) Z error (cm) Total (cm) Image (pix)

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Gcp1 -2.28601 -0.926612 -0.550697 2.52739 5.278 (3)

Gcp2 -1.0522 -0.375508 -0.250868 1.14502 3.552 (2)
Gcp3 -0.412517 -0.489547 -0.102498 0.648331 4.137 (2)
Gcp4 0.707165 0.715293 -0.173005 1.02062 3.232 (2)
Gcp5 -0.796987 -0.446432 -0.31087 0.964951 1.977 (4)
Gcp6 4.6585 0.919856 1.60269 5.01162 31.326 (5)
Gcp7 -4.16205 -0.384028 -1.41722 4.41346 13.986 (2)
Gcp8 1.09841 0.281897 0.106323 1.13898 2.780 (3)
Gcp9 2.46686 0.398628 1.09068 2.72652 8.083 (2)
Total 2.44846 0.594624 0.835418 2.65452 15.008
Table 5. Control points. X - Easting, Y -
Northing, Z - Altitude.
4.7 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
2
8m
-
2m
3
2
0m
Fig. 5. Reconstructed digital
0 elevation model.
Resolution: 25.7 cm/pix
Point density: 15.1 points/m²
4.8 PROCESSING PARAMETERS

General

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Cameras 110
Aligned cameras 110
Markers 9
Coordinate system Minna / UTM zone 31N
(EPSG::26331)
Rotation angles Yaw, Pitch, Roll
Point Cloud
Points 124,946 of 133,522
RMS reprojection error 0.213396 (1.44804 pix)
Max reprojection error 6.10131 (35.5712 pix)
Mean key point size 7.55911 pix
Point colors 3 bands, uint8
Key points No
Average tie point multiplicity 3.32876
Alignment parameters
Accuracy Medium
Generic preselection No
Reference preselection Source
Key point limit 40,000
Tie point limit 4,000
Guided image matching No
Adaptive camera model fitting Yes
Matching time 7 minutes 57 seconds
Matching memory usage 207.44 MB
Alignment time 1 minutes 6 seconds
Alignment memory usage 62.78 MB
Optimization parameters
Parameters f, b1, b2, cx, cy, k1-k4, p1,
p2
Adaptive camera model fitting No
Optimization time 3 seconds
Software version 1.6.4.10928
File size 10.04 MB
Depth Maps
Count 110
Depth maps generation parameters
Quality Medium
Filtering mode Mild
Processing time 15 minutes 59 seconds
Memory usage 278.05 MB
File size 114.48 MB

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Dense Point Cloud

Points 12,249,210
Point colors 3 bands, uint8
Quality Medium
Filtering mode Mild
Dense cloud generation parameters

Memory usage 2.81 GB
File size 160.51 MB
Model
Faces 599,950
Vertices 300,106
Vertex colors 3 bands, uint8
Texture 4,096 x 4,096, 4 bands,
Depth maps generation parameters uint8
Quality Medium
Filtering mode Mild
Reconstruction parameters
Surface type Arbitrary
Source data Depth maps
Interpolation Enabled
Strict volumetric masks No
Texturing parameters
Mapping mode Generic
Blending mode Average
Texture size 4,096
Enable hole filling Yes
Enable ghosting filter Yes
UV mapping time 3 minutes 11 seconds
UV mapping memory usage 578.41 MB
Blending time 10 seconds
Blending memory usage 1.73 GB
File size 47.82 MB

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
Tiled Model
Texture 3 bands, uint8
Quality Medium
Filtering mode Mild
Source data Dense cloud
Tile size 256
Face count Low
Enable ghosting filter No
File size 129.55 MB
DEM
Size 3,394 x 5,272
Coordinate system Minna / UTM zone
Reconstruction parameters 31N (EPSG::26331)
Source data Dense cloud
Interpolation Enabled
Processing time 20 seconds

File size 49.10 MB
Orthomosaic
Size 10,575 x 16,915
Coordinate system Minna / UTM zone 31N
(EPSG::26331)
Colors 3 bands, uint8
Blending mode Mosaic
Surface DEM
Enable hole filling Yes
File size 954.26 MB
System
Software name Agisoft Metashape Professional

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
Software version 1.6.4 build 10928

OS Windows 64 bit
RAM 15.74 GB
CPU Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8750H
CPU @ 2.20GHz
GPU(s) None
4.9 ANALYSIS
The orthophoto map generated has shown the top view of federal college of education(technical)
akoka as shown in Fig. 4. AutoCAD is used to edit the output of the processed images into an
orthophoto map by adding legend, scale and needed information and it is printed into A3 size to
be viewed more clearly. Orthophoto map produced through UAV flight can be an alternative way
of collecting data in an area instead of tacheometry using total station and aerial photogrammetry
which is time consuming and not economical for a relatively small area. Using UAV can use a
short amount of time to capture images to produce orthophoto map and it assures the latest
information about small areas can still be updated from time to time.
The UAV produces a higher resolution orthophoto map with low cost. The images acquired can
give useful information for different applications, such as; engineering and tourism purpose,
archaeological documentation, geological studies, environmental modeling and monitoring,
emergency assessment and so on. Orthophoto are useful for mapping, volume computation,
displacement analyses, erosion and flood management, Oil & Gas, Disaster Analysis, Agriculture
& Forestry, visualization, map generation, etc.
The generated DTM can allow quick multi-temporal volumes estimations, without problems of
occlusion that can be faced by using terrestrial acquisitions. The elevations data obtained can be
used for cut and fill calculation and development of new structure. The contour plan obtained
can be used for further engineering design of Yaba College of technology like; sand filling of the
swampy area (Land Reclamation), construction of bridges and good drainage system etc.

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
The use of UAVs enables getting close to an object without having to be stuck on the ground.
The work environment also profits from this since dangerous and difficult areas can be accessed
from distance which provides more safety for those involved. Depending on the project area and
the amount of data required, the UAV data can be collected faster, quicker, cheaper and more
frequently compared to other methods. This project is strictly meant to produce the topographic

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
map of FUTA main campus residential staff quarters using unmanned aerial vehicle, Accuracy of
the data produced by the images captured by DRONE need to be ascertain before the production
of the Topographic map. The survival of any construction work e.g. Buildings, Schools, Lecture
rooms, roads etc. Depends on the acquisition and effective use of information derived from the
topographical nature of such area which describes clearly the terrain features within the
perimeter of the area which might be useful in various decision making process. The drone data
was processed using Agisofte Metashape, and digital surface model, digital terrain model was
generated, digitizing of the orthomosaic using ArcGIS 10.7
5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

 Lack of enough knowledge about flying and processing drone data delayed the work.
 High cost of renting the instrument used (i.e. drone and DGPS), also delayed the work.
 Delay in data processing due to the Capacity of the Laptop.
 poor weather condition.
 Delay in project approval of the study area.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for data acquisition has rapidly evolved in recent
years. The integration of UAV with Digital Global Positioning System (DGPS) have reduced
time and cost in acquiring data for inaccessible land areas. Topographical mapping of large areas
with heavy plantation and built up areas using traditional methods of surveying is time
consuming and
challenging. This study considered topographical mapping of FUTA main campus residential
staff quarters using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). DJI Phantom 4 Pro consumer UAV was
flown at an altitude of 140m in a 3D flight mode. Static mode GPS was used to coordinate a
reflective marked Ground Control Point (GCP). Geo-referencing the Orthophoto was done using
the GCP. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was generated from the processed orthophotos after
which contours at 2 m interval were generated. At the end of this project the required standard of
accuracy was achieved, it can be clearly concluded that the aim and objectives of this project
was achieved.

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
5.4 RECOMMENDATION
Having considered various stages undergone in this project, my recommendations are as follows
 There should be mass public enlightens on the need to have topographic map in digital
format since this is easier to review and update.
 Selection and marking of GCP’s should be done in a less vegetation area and
where tall buildings are situated in order to obtain higher accuracy during georeferencing.
 The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (DRONE) should be encouraged for survey jobs as it
enables fast and accurate job delivery.
 Another group can carry out the topographical mapping of the same study area using another
instrument in the future for comparism of both outputs
REFERENCES
1. Agisoft Community (2012-2018). Forum Agisoft Metashape http://www.agisoft.com/forum/,
consulted at 30 of July 2018. Agisoft (2018).
2. Agisoft Metashape User Manual. http://www.agisoft.com/PDF/photoscan-pro_1_4_en.pdf,
consulted at 30 of July 2018.
3. Agisoft Metashape. Available online: http://www.agisoft.com/about/ (accessed on 7
February 2018).
4. Bouaziz, M.; Wijaya, A.; Gloaguen, R. Remote Gully Erosion Mapping Using Agisoft
metashape and Geomorphologic Analysis in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geo Spat. Inf. Sci.
2011, 14, 246–254. [CrossRef]

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5. Chang, H.-C.; Ge, L.; Rizos, C.; Milne, T. Validation of DEMs Derived from Radar
Interferometry, Airborne Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry by Using GPS-RTK. In
Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,
Anchorage, AK, USA, 20–24 September 2004; Volume 5, pp. 2815–2818.
6. Drăgu¸t, L.; Eisank, C. Automated Object-Based Classification of Topography from
SRTM Data. Geomorphology 2012, 141, 21–33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Fritz, A.; Kattenborn, T.; Koch, B. UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds—Tree
Stem Mapping in Open Stands in Comparison to Terrestrial Laser Scanner Point Clouds.
ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2013, 40, 141–146. [CrossRef]
8. Gafurov, A.M. Possible Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Soil Erosion Assessment.
Uchenye Zap. Kazan. Univ. Seriya Estestv. Nauki 2017, 159, 654–667.
9. Gafurov, A.M. Small Catchments DEM Creation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. IOP
Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2018, 107, 012005. [CrossRef]
10. Gerke, M.; Przybilla, H.-J. (2016). Accuracy Analysis of Photogrammetric UAV Image
Blocks: Influence of Onboard RTKGNSS and Cross Flight Patterns. Photogrammetrie –
Fernerkundung – Geoinformation (PFG): Volume 2016 (1), pp. 17-30.
11. Gesch, D.; Oimoen, M.; Danielson, J.; Meyer, D. Validation of the aster global digital
elevation model version 3 over the conterminous united states. ISPRS Int. Arch.
Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2016, 41, 143–148. [CrossRef]
12. Ludwig, R.; Schneider, P. Validation of Digital Elevation Models from SRTM X-SAR for
Applications in Hydrologic Modeling. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2006, 60,
339–358. [CrossRef]
13. Mancini, F.; Dubbini, M.; Gattelli, M.; Stecchi, F.; Fabbri, S.; Gabbianelli, G. Using
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for High Resolution Reconstruction of Topography:
The Structure from Motion Approach on Coastal Environments. Remote Sens. 2013, 5,
6880–6898. [CrossRef]
14. OpenCV Library. Available online: https://opencv.org/ (accessed on 7 February 2018).
15. Suwandana, E.; Kawamura, K.; Sakuno, Y.; Kustiyanto, E.; Raharjo, B. Evaluation of
ASTER GDEM2 in Comparison with GDEM1, SRTM DEM and Topographic-Map
Derived DEM Using Inundation Area Analysis and RTK-DGPS Data. Remote Sens. 2012,

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4, 2419–2431. [CrossRef]
16. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Monitoring Soil Erosion in Morocco. Remote Sens.
2012, 4, 3390–3416. [CrossRef] Drones 2021, 5, 7 16 of 17
17. Vasuki, Y.; Holden, E.-J.; Kovesi, P.; Micklethwaite, S. Semi-Automatic Mapping of
Geological Structures Using UAV-Based Photogrammetric Data: An Image Analysis
Approach. Comput. Geosci. 2014, 69, 22–32. [CrossRef]
18. Walter, M.; Niethammer, U.; Rothmund, S.; Joswig, M. Joint Analysis of the Super-Sauze
(French Alps) Mudslide by Nanoseismic Monitoring and UAV-Based Remote Sensing.
Surf. Geosci. 2009, 27, 53–60.

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SPOT HEIGHT DATA
APPENDIX
ID EAS NORT HEI S 5423 721 0.4
TIN HING GH P 30.8 048 24
GS S T 39 .3
S 5422 72107 2.71 S 5423 721 0.2
P 70.8 8.3 6 P 30.8 078 34
1 40 .3
S 5422 72108 3.55 S 5423 721 2.9
P 70.8 8.3 5 P 30.8 108 32
2 41 .3
S 5422 72109 - S 5423 721 0.3
P 80.8 8.3 0.97 P 30.8 058 79
3 8 42 .3
S 5422 72108 3.56 S 5423 721 0.7
P 80.8 8.3 8 P 30.8 068 68
4 43 .3
S 5422 721118 2.24 S 5423 721 2.2
P 80.8 .3 5 P 40.8 018 71
5 44 .3
S 5422 721108 - S 5423 721 4.0
P 80.8 .3 0.63 P 40.8 028 16
6 8 45 .3
S 5422 72109 - S 5423 720 -
P 90.8 8.3 1.77 P 40.8 978 0.1
7 2 46 .3 44
S 5422 72108 0.00 S 5423 720 2.3
P 90.8 8.3 7 P 40.8 988 87
8 47 .3
S 5422 721108 - S 5423 721 0.6
P 90.8 .3 1.66 P 40.8 048 4
9 5 48 .3
S 5422 721128 0.86 S 5423 721 0.5
P 90.8 .3 1 P 40.8 078 61
10 49 .3
S 5422 721118 0.56 S 5423 721 3.2
P1 90.8 .3 4 P 40.8 108 01
1 50 .3
S 5423 72105 6.49 S 721
P 00.8 8.3 6 P 5423 058 0.4
12 51 40.8 .3 46
S 5423 72104 4.48 S 721
P 00.8 8.3 P 5423 068 0.6
13 52 40.8 .3 21
S 5423 72103 0.73 S 720
P 00.8 8.3 7 P 5423 988 3.0
14 53 50.8 .3 62
S 5423 72106 4.00 S 721
P 00.8 8.3 8 P 5423 018 1.9
15 54 50.8 .3 15

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
S 5423 721118 0.28 S 720 -

P 00.8 .3 P 5423 978 0.0
16 55 50.8 .3 44
S 5423 721108 - S 5423 720 1.0
P 00.8 .3 1.36 P 50.8 958 83
17 9 56 .3
S 5423 72109 - S 5423 720 0.3
P 00.8 8.3 1.20 P 50.8 968 66
18 1 57 .3
S 5423 72103 - S 5423 721 1.8
P 10.8 8.3 0.08 P 50.8 078 31
19 8 58 .3
S 5423 72102 - S 5423 721 3.7
P 10.8 8.3 0.30 P 50.8 108 32
20 2 59 .3
S 5423 72101 - S 5423 721 1.9
P 10.8 8.3 0.85 P 50.8 068 71
21 1 60 .3
S 5423 72104 0.46 S 5423 721 1.1
P 10.8 8.3 7 P 50.8 048 43
22 61 .3
S 5423 72109 0.61 S 5423 721 1.4
P 10.8 8.3 9 P 50.8 058 87
23 62 .3
S 5423 72108 4.51 S 5423 720 0.8
P 10.8 8.3 3 P 60.8 978 79
24 63 .3
S 5423 72105 1.97 S 5423 720 1.2
P 10.8 8.3 4 P 60.8 968 53
25 64 .3
S 5423 72102 2.38 S 5423 720 1.0
P 20.8 8.3 6 P 60.8 948 91
26 65 .3
S 5423 72103 1.54 S 5423 720 2.5
P 20.8 8.3 P 60.8 988 08
27 66 .3
S 5423 72100 - S 5423 721 2.7
P 20.8 8.3 0.16 P 60.8 108 22
28 5 67 .3
S 5423 72101 0.95 S 5423 721 4.5
P 20.8 8.3 P 60.8 078 63
29 68 .3
S 5423 72104 0.04 S 5423 721 2.4
P 20.8 8.3 4 P 60.8 048 36
30 69 .3
S 5423 72108 0.85 S 5423 720 2.6
P 20.8 8.3 1 P 70.8 998 77
31 70 .3
S 5423 72109 1.42 S 5423 721 2.2
P 20.8 8.3 9 P 70.8 008 53

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
32 71 .3
S 5423 72105 1.04 S 721
P 20.8 8.3 4 P 5423 018 2.3
33 72 70.8 .3 59
S 5423 72107 1.25 S 720
P 20.8 8.3 2 P 5423 988 2.6
34 73 70.8 .3 79
S 5423 72100 1.39 S 720
P 30.8 8.3 1 P 5423 938 2.8
35 74 70.8 .3 31
S 5423 72101 2.78 S 720
P 30.8 8.3 8 P 5423 948 4.0
36 75 70.8 .3 74
S 5423 72098 0.68 S 720
P 30.8 8.3 5 P 5423 958 2.6
37 76 70.8 .3 55
S 5423 72099 2.08 S 721
P 30.8 8.3 P 5423 108 2.0
38 77 70.8 .3 09
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 11 5424 948 9.9
8 10.8 .3 52
S
S P 721
P 5423 721118 2.05 11 5424 068 4.2
78 70.8 .3 8 9 10.8 .3 48
S
S P 721
P 5423 721128 1.91 12 5424 078 3.2
79 70.8 .3 4 0 10.8 .3 34
S
S P 721
P 5423 72107 6.63 12 5424 088 4.4
80 70.8 8.3 8 1 10.8 .3 46
S
S P 721
P 5423 72102 2.28 12 5424 038 3.5
81 70.8 8.3 3 2 10.8 .3 59
S
S P 721
P 5423 72103 2.02 12 5424 048 3.5
82 70.8 8.3 2 3 10.8 .3 4
S
S P 721
P 5423 72104 3.65 12 5424 058 4.5
83 70.8 8.3 6 4 10.8 .3 02
S 5423 72094 7.91 S 5424 720 3.6
P 80.8 8.3 7 P 20.8 988 07
84 12 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
5
S
S P 720
P 5423 72093 4.70 12 5424 998 2.5
85 80.8 8.3 5 6 20.8 .3 97
S
S P 721
P 5423 72092 2.54 12 5424 008 3.4
86 80.8 8.3 5 7 20.8 .3 04
S
S P 720
P 5423 72103 2.38 12 5424 928 3.5
87 80.8 8.3 8 8 20.8 .3 62
S
S P 720
P 5423 721128 2.45 12 5424 938 5.8
88 80.8 .3 8 9 20.8 .3 81
S
S P 720
P 5423 72107 5.53 13 5424 948 10.
89 80.8 8.3 3 0 20.8 .3 382
S
S P 721
P 5423 72104 3.38 13 5424 068 5.8
90 80.8 8.3 2 1 20.8 .3 7
S
S P 721
P 5423 72094 9.58 13 5424 078 4.0
91 90.8 8.3 5 2 20.8 .3 69
S
S P 721
P 5423 72103 13 5424 088 4.7
92 90.8 8.3 2.88 3 20.8 .3 89
S
S P 721
P 5423 72092 3.65 13 5424 038 4.4
93 90.8 8.3 6 4 20.8 .3 32
S
S P 721
P 5423 72093 5.47 13 5424 048 5.5
94 90.8 8.3 7 5 20.8 .3 1
S
S P 721
P 5423 72104 2.33 13 5424 058 7.3
95 90.8 8.3 4 6 20.8 .3 09
S
S P 720
P 5423 72107 2.98 13 5424 948 9.2
96 90.8 8.3 2 7 30.8 .3 26
S 5423 721128 3.16 S 5424 720 6.2

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P
P 13 978
97 90.8 .3 5 8 30.8 .3 46
S
S P 720
P 5423 72105 2.70 13 5424 938 5.5
98 90.8 8.3 7 9 30.8 .3 31
S
S P 720
P 5423 72106 14 5424 918 4.4
99 90.8 8.3 2.92 0 30.8 .3 14
S S
P P 720
10 5424 72101 14 5424 928 4.8
0 00.8 8.3 5.37 1 30.8 .3 92
S S
P P 721
10 5424 72102 4.51 14 5424 058 9.3
1 00.8 8.3 2 2 30.8 .3 91
S S
P P 721
10 5424 72103 2.96 14 5424 068 8.3
2 00.8 8.3 9 3 30.8 .3 25
S S
P P 721
10 5424 72092 3.87 14 5424 048 6.9
3 00.8 8.3 6 4 30.8 .3 21
S S
P P 721
10 5424 72093 14 5424 018 6.1
4 00.8 8.3 5.54 5 30.8 .3 27
S S
P P 721
10 5424 72094 9.96 14 5424 038 5.4
5 00.8 8.3 2 6 30.8 .3 32
S S
P P 720
10 5424 72104 2.70 14 5424 938 3.7
6 00.8 8.3 7 7 40.8 .3 13
S S
P P 720
10 5424 72108 14 5424 948 5.9
7 00.8 8.3 3.78 8 40.8 .3 95
S S
P P 720
10 5424 721118 3.39 14 5424 928 3.1
8 00.8 .3 6 9 40.8 .3 88
S 5424 721128 2.81 S 5424 720 2.6
P 00.8 .3 9 P 40.8 908 57
10 15 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
9 0
S
S P 720
P1 5424 72105 2.86 15 5424 918 2.9
10 00.8 8.3 2 1 40.8 .3 25
S
S P 720
P1 5424 72106 2.85 15 5424 978 11.
11 00.8 8.3 5 2 40.8 .3 316
S
S P 721
P1 5424 72107 2.74 15 5424 058 8.0
12 00.8 8.3 7 3 40.8 .3 04
S
S P 721
P1 5424 72098 3.47 15 5424 068 7.5
13 10.8 8.3 9 4 40.8 .3 9
S
S P 721
P1 5424 72099 2.21 15 5424 048 6.2
14 10.8 8.3 7 5 40.8 .3 93
S
S P 721
P1 5424 72100 3.10 15 5424 018 6.7
15 10.8 8.3 4 6 40.8 .3 82
S
S P 721
P1 5424 72092 2.62 15 5424 038 5.6
16 10.8 8.3 7 7 40.8 .3 42
S
S P 720
P1 5424 72093 5.45 15 5424 938 3.6
17 10.8 8.3 5 8 50.8 .3 6
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 19 5424 948 7.5
9 70.8 .3 43
S S
P P 721
15 5424 72092 2.92 20 5424 068 4.0
9 50.8 8.3 1 0 70.8 .3 05
S S
P P 721
16 5424 72097 9.33 20 5424 058 6.7
0 50.8 8.3 5 1 70.8 .3 41
S S
P P 721
16 5424 72094 5.74 20 5424 088 5.5
1 50.8 8.3 6 2 70.8 .3 78
S 5424 72089 4.00 S 5424 721 3.9

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
16 20 078
2 50.8 8.3 2 3 70.8 .3 31
S S
P P 721
16 5424 72088 3.34 20 5424 008 5.1
3 50.8 8.3 7 4 70.8 .3 51
S S
P P 720
16 5424 72091 3.21 20 5424 978 4.6
4 50.8 8.3 3 5 70.8 .3 76
S S
P P 721
16 5424 72090 4.25 20 5424 048 6.4
5 50.8 8.3 3 6 70.8 .3 53
S S
P P 721
16 5424 72104 4.79 20 5424 018 6.2
6 50.8 8.3 5 7 70.8 .3 85
S S
P P 720
16 5424 72103 5.32 20 5424 878 9.2
7 50.8 8.3 8 8 80.8 .3 28
S S
P P 720
16 5424 72106 5.43 20 5424 868 8.9
8 50.8 8.3 7 9 80.8 .3 64
S S
P P 720
16 5424 72105 5.69 21 5424 858 6.7
9 50.8 8.3 3 0 80.8 .3 17
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72099 7.01 21 5424 938 5.6
0 50.8 8.3 5 1 80.8 .3 97
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72098 8.42 21 5424 928 4.8
1 50.8 8.3 7 2 80.8 .3 67
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72101 6.58 21 5424 888 7.3
2 50.8 8.3 4 3 80.8 .3 17
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72100 6.04 21 5424 848 5.8
3 50.8 8.3 1 4 80.8 .3 38
S 5424 72089 6.95 S 5424 720 3.3
P 60.8 8.3 6 P 80.8 628 6
17 21 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
4 5
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72088 3.80 21 5424 618 3.4
5 60.8 8.3 9 6 80.8 .3 61
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72093 5.48 21 5424 608 3.3
6 60.8 8.3 1 7 80.8 .3 5
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72092 5.22 21 5424 838 5.2
7 60.8 8.3 8 8 80.8 .3 52
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72085 3.87 21 5424 828 4.9
8 60.8 8.3 7 9 80.8 .3 8
S S
P P 720
17 5424 72084 4.07 22 5424 818 5.9
9 60.8 8.3 4 0 80.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
18 5424 72087 4.87 22 5424 948 6.6
0 60.8 8.3 1 1 80.8 .3 1
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72086 5.24 22 5424 058 5.9
1 60.8 8.3 8 2 80.8 .3 25
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72094 7.39 22 5424 048 5.9
2 60.8 8.3 1 3 80.8 .3 09
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72106 4.13 22 5424 038 7.5
3 60.8 8.3 5 4 80.8 .3 27
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72105 5.64 22 5424 088 5.7
4 60.8 8.3 7 5 80.8 .3 01
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72108 5.72 22 5424 078 4.1
5 60.8 8.3 5 6 80.8 .3 35
S S
P P 721
18 5424 72107 4.18 22 5424 068 4.1
6 60.8 8.3 5 7 80.8 .3 22
S 5424 72100 5.18 S 5424 721 8.9

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
18 22 028
7 60.8 8.3 7 8 80.8 .3 04
S S
P P 720
18 5424 72097 5.66 22 5424 988 7.1
8 60.8 8.3 6 9 80.8 .3 28
S S
P P 720
18 5424 72104 5.23 23 5424 978 5.3
9 60.8 8.3 4 0 80.8 .3 95
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72101 6.01 23 5424 968 4.8
0 60.8 8.3 5 1 80.8 .3 47
S S
P P 721
19 5424 72087 7.08 23 5424 018 7.2
1 70.8 8.3 5 2 80.8 .3 34
S S
P P 721
19 5424 72086 6.38 23 5424 008 6.2
2 70.8 8.3 9 3 80.8 .3 81
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72093 6.12 23 5424 998 7.1
3 70.8 8.3 3 4 80.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72092 5.81 23 5424 708 3.9
4 70.8 8.3 5 5 90.8 .3 44
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72083 3.43 23 5424 698 3.6
5 70.8 8.3 8 6 90.8 .3 45
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72082 3.30 23 5424 688 3.8
6 70.8 8.3 1 7 90.8 .3 67
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72085 4.23 23 5424 728 5.7
7 70.8 8.3 5 8 90.8 .3 22
S S
P P 720
19 5424 72084 4.09 23 5424 878 7.9
8 70.8 8.3 2 9 90.8 .3 88
ID EAS NORT HE S 5425 720 8.2
TIN HING IG P 00.8 858 5
GS S HT 28 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
0
S S
P P 721
24 5424 72078 5.07 28 5425 008 8.8
0 90.8 8.3 5 1 00.8 .3 02
S S
P P 720
24 5424 72073 4.59 28 5425 998 12.
1 90.8 8.3 1 2 00.8 .3 285
S S
P P 720
24 5424 72067 4.36 28 5425 988 10.
2 90.8 8.3 1 3 00.8 .3 573
S S
P P 721
24 5424 72062 4.40 28 5425 018 9.7
3 90.8 8.3 1 4 00.8 .3 55
S S
P P 721
24 5424 72061 4.03 28 5425 058 5.8
4 90.8 8.3 6 5 00.8 .3 04
S S
P P 721
24 5424 72060 3.49 28 5425 048 4.9
5 90.8 8.3 8 6 00.8 .3 27
S S
P P 721
24 5424 72063 4.42 28 5425 038 8.6
6 90.8 8.3 1 7 00.8 .3 59
S S
P P 720
24 5424 72066 28 5425 918 4.4
7 90.8 8.3 4.77 8 00.8 .3 37
S S
P P 720
24 5424 72065 4.46 28 5425 908 4.8
8 90.8 8.3 6 9 00.8 .3 58
S S
P P 720
24 5424 72064 4.33 29 5425 888 4.7
9 90.8 8.3 9 0 00.8 .3 63
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72088 6.21 29 5425 928 4.4
0 90.8 8.3 9 1 00.8 .3 24
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72103 8.21 29 5425 968 7.0
1 90.8 8.3 5 2 00.8 .3 4
S 5424 72101 9.08 S 5425 720 6.4

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
25 29 948
2 90.8 8.3 2 3 00.8 .3 01
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72100 8.24 29 5425 938 5.3
3 90.8 8.3 3 4 00.8 .3 59
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72104 4.92 29 5425 838 9.7
4 90.8 8.3 7 5 10.8 .3 73
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72108 6.01 29 5425 818 6.6
5 90.8 8.3 3 6 10.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72107 4.74 29 5425 808 7.4
6 90.8 8.3 2 7 10.8 .3 49
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72105 4.95 29 5425 858 9.2
7 90.8 8.3 2 8 10.8 .3 72
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72099 11.0 29 5425 898 4.2
8 90.8 8.3 76 9 10.8 .3 42
S S
P P 720
25 5424 72092 4.37 30 5425 888 4.8
9 90.8 8.3 3 0 10.8 .3 71
S S
P P 720
26 5424 72091 5.54 30 5425 878 6.7
0 90.8 8.3 3 1 10.8 .3 13
S S
P P 720
26 5424 72090 8.14 30 5425 668 4.0
1 90.8 8.3 1 2 10.8 .3 24
S S
P P 720
26 5424 72093 5.44 30 5425 658 3.1
2 90.8 8.3 9 3 10.8 .3 46
S S
P P 720
26 5424 72098 9.88 30 5425 648 3.2
3 90.8 8.3 5 4 10.8 .3 41
S 5424 72096 4.74 S 5425 720 5.3
P 90.8 8.3 4 P 10.8 678 24
26 30 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
4 5
S S
P P 720
26 5424 72094 6.37 30 5425 788 4.8
5 90.8 8.3 5 6 10.8 .3 48
S S
P P 720
26 5425 72072 6.98 30 5425 728 8.1
6 00.8 8.3 3 7 10.8 .3 65
S S
P P 720
26 5425 72070 3.52 30 5425 688 4.8
7 00.8 8.3 3 8 10.8 .3 83
S S
P P 720
26 5425 72069 3.35 30 5425 998 9.0
8 00.8 8.3 5 9 10.8 .3 09
S S
P P 720
26 5425 72078 5.32 31 5425 988 8.0
9 00.8 8.3 4 0 10.8 .3 63
S S
P P 720
27 5425 72083 9.11 31 5425 978 7.6
0 00.8 8.3 7 1 10.8 .3 3
S S
P P 721
27 5425 72081 7.76 31 5425 008 7.2
1 00.8 8.3 3 2 10.8 .3 72
S S
P P 721
27 5425 72080 8.30 31 5425 048 5.4
2 00.8 8.3 3 3 10.8 .3 84
S S
P P 721
27 5425 72062 5.38 31 5425 038 7.9
3 00.8 8.3 1 4 10.8 .3 87
S S
P P 721
27 5425 72061 5.25 31 5425 018 7.9
4 00.8 8.3 7 5 10.8 .3 35
S S
P P 720
27 5425 72060 4.54 31 5425 928 4.3
5 00.8 8.3 1 6 10.8 .3 92
S S
P P 720
27 5425 72063 4.78 31 5425 918 4.4
6 00.8 8.3 3 7 10.8 .3 09
S 5425 72066 4.62 S 5425 720 4.3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
27 31 908
7 00.8 8.3 8 8 10.8 .3 52
S S
P P 720
27 5425 72065 31 5425 938 4.9
8 00.8 8.3 4.01 9 10.8 .3 19
S S
P P 720
27 5425 72064 4.10 32 5425 968
9 00.8 8.3 7 0 10.8 .3 8.9
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 36 5425 718 4.5
1 30.8 .3 97
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72095 6.39 36 5425 618 5.8
1 10.8 8.3 1 2 30.8 .3 55
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72094 5.65 36 5425 628 5.1
2 10.8 8.3 2 3 30.8 .3 96
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72088 5.28 36 5425 598 5.2
3 20.8 8.3 5 4 30.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72087 7.19 36 5425 608 5.7
4 20.8 8.3 2 5 30.8 .3 68
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72086 8.98 36 5425 638 4.0
5 20.8 8.3 5 6 30.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72089 4.48 36 5425 698 6.0
6 20.8 8.3 3 7 30.8 .3 72
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72092 4.42 36 5425 708 3.5
7 20.8 8.3 6 8 30.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
32 5425 72091 4.51 36 5425 648 3.3
8 20.8 8.3 4 9 30.8 .3 36
S 5425 72090 4.50 S 5425 720 5.4
P 20.8 8.3 6 P 30.8 658 15
32 37 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
9 0
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72065 4.02 37 5425 938 6.3
0 20.8 8.3 2 1 30.8 .3 1
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72064 37 5425 978 5.1
1 20.8 8.3 3.05 2 30.8 .3 32
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72059 6.03 37 5425 918 4.6
2 20.8 8.3 2 3 30.8 .3 36
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72069 4.50 37 5425 928 5.0
3 20.8 8.3 1 4 30.8 .3 88
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72078 4.53 37 5425 988 6.0
4 20.8 8.3 5 5 30.8 .3 32
S S
P P 721
33 5425 72072 8.25 37 5425 048 6.1
5 20.8 8.3 7 6 30.8 .3 58
S S
P P 721
33 5425 72071 5.17 37 5425 058 9.0
6 20.8 8.3 3 7 30.8 .3 93
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72093 4.90 37 5425 998 5.6
7 20.8 8.3 1 8 30.8 .3 69
S S
P P 721
33 5425 72103 7.29 37 5425 008 5.4
8 20.8 8.3 8 9 30.8 .3 21
S S
P P 720
33 5425 72102 8.41 38 5425 908 4.5
9 20.8 8.3 1 0 30.8 .3 05
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72101 6.43 38 5425 838 6.0
0 20.8 8.3 8 1 30.8 .3 78
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72104 5.86 38 5425 848 6.0
1 20.8 8.3 4 2 30.8 .3 77
S 5425 72108 7.91 S 5425 720 6.5

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
34 38 818
2 20.8 8.3 5 3 30.8 .3 02
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72107 9.01 38 5425 828 6.3
3 20.8 8.3 5 4 30.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72105 8.67 38 5425 858 5.8
4 20.8 8.3 7 5 30.8 .3 08
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72096 7.44 38 5425 888 4.7
5 20.8 8.3 1 6 30.8 .3 48
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72095 5.84 38 5425 898 4.5
6 20.8 8.3 9 7 30.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72094 5.75 38 5425 868 5.2
7 20.8 8.3 3 8 30.8 .3 97
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72097 5.92 38 5425 878 5.0
8 20.8 8.3 8 9 30.8 .3 08
S S
P P 720
34 5425 72100 5.62 39 5425 708 4.2
9 20.8 8.3 8 0 40.8 .3 44
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72099 5.54 39 5425 698 6.0
0 20.8 8.3 3 1 40.8 .3 16
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72098 5.51 39 5425 688 7.9
1 20.8 8.3 1 2 40.8 .3 23
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72074 8.04 39 5425 718 4.3
2 30.8 8.3 5 3 40.8 .3 46
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72075 7.87 39 5425 778 5.0
3 30.8 8.3 6 4 40.8 .3 12
S 5425 72072 6.84 S 5425 720 4.3
P 30.8 8.3 5 P 40.8 768 5
35 39 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
4 5
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72073 7.92 39 5425 758 4.1
5 30.8 8.3 9 6 40.8 .3 1
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72076 39 5425 678 8.3
6 30.8 8.3 7.52 7 40.8 .3 84
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72079 5.79 39 5425 628 6.0
7 30.8 8.3 6 8 40.8 .3 21
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72080 6.95 39 5425 618 5.7
8 30.8 8.3 8 9 40.8 .3 91
S S
P P 720
35 5425 72077 5.84 40 5425 608 5.7
9 30.8 8.3 8 0 40.8 .3 5
S S
P P 720
36 5425 72078 4.44 40 5425 638 5.5
0 30.8 8.3 8 1 40.8 .3 15
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 44 5425 858 6.6
2 50.8 .3 57
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72066 7.13 44 5425 848 7.9
2 40.8 8.3 8 3 50.8 .3 76
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72065 4.47 44 5425 838 7.2
3 40.8 8.3 2 4 50.8 .3 81
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72064 4.29 44 5425 868 7.0
4 40.8 8.3 9 5 50.8 .3 83
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72095 6.94 44 5425 908 4.8
5 40.8 8.3 7 6 50.8 .3 66
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72093 8.09 44 5425 898 4.6
6 40.8 8.3 2 7 50.8 .3 46
S 5425 72092 7.02 S 5425 720 5.0

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
40 44 888
7 40.8 8.3 9 8 50.8 .3 52
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72097 5.78 44 5425 778 11.
8 40.8 8.3 5 9 60.8 .3 759
S S
P P 720
40 5425 72105 10.1 45 5425 768 7.1
9 40.8 8.3 96 0 60.8 .3 34
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72104 6.83 45 5425 758 5.2
0 40.8 8.3 8 1 60.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72100 6.31 45 5425 788 12.
1 40.8 8.3 3 2 60.8 .3 553
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72091 5.69 45 5425 828 4.0
2 40.8 8.3 3 3 60.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72080 4.64 45 5425 808 5.3
3 40.8 8.3 3 4 60.8 .3 17
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72079 4.55 45 5425 798 7.6
4 40.8 8.3 8 5 60.8 .3 79
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72078 5.15 45 5425 648 5.4
5 40.8 8.3 9 6 60.8 .3 28
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72087 5.86 45 5425 608 6.6
6 40.8 8.3 3 7 60.8 .3 75
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72090 45 5425 588 5.5
7 40.8 8.3 4.92 8 60.8 .3 06
S S
P P 720
41 5425 72089 5.08 45 5425 658 3.9
8 40.8 8.3 2 9 60.8 .3 42
S 5425 72088 5.46 S 5425 720 8.4
P 40.8 8.3 P 60.8 718 6
41 46 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
9 0
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72076 5.39 46 5425 678 6.6
0 50.8 8.3 7 1 60.8 .3 81
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72075 4.55 46 5425 668 4.4
1 50.8 8.3 4 2 60.8 .3 09
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72071 5.80 46 5425 938 9.7
2 50.8 8.3 3 3 60.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72077 8.03 46 5425 928 8.8
3 50.8 8.3 4 4 60.8 .3 63
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72080 4.88 46 5425 918 6.6
4 50.8 8.3 4 5 60.8 .3 52
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72079 5.36 46 5425 978 6.1
5 50.8 8.3 8 6 60.8 .3 52
S S
P P 721
42 5425 72078 8.45 46 5425 088 9.3
6 50.8 8.3 1 7 60.8 .3 71
S S
P P 721
42 5425 72066 3.49 46 5425 048 7.5
7 50.8 8.3 4 8 60.8 .3 21
S S
P P 721
42 5425 72065 3.49 46 5425 008 6.3
8 50.8 8.3 9 9 60.8 .3 59
S S
P P 720
42 5425 72064 5.78 47 5425 858 6.1
9 50.8 8.3 6 0 60.8 .3 91
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72067 47 5425 848 8.1
0 50.8 8.3 4.42 1 60.8 .3 03
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72070 5.96 47 5425 838 6.3
1 50.8 8.3 5 2 60.8 .3 49
S 5425 72069 7.26 S 5425 720 7.1

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
43 47 868
2 50.8 8.3 2 3 60.8 .3 22
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72068 6.45 47 5425 908 5.0
3 50.8 8.3 2 4 60.8 .3 07
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72082 6.17 47 5425 898 4.7
4 50.8 8.3 6 5 60.8 .3 59
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72093 9.75 47 5425 888 5.1
5 50.8 8.3 1 6 60.8 .3 82
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72092 9.22 47 5425 718 9.4
6 50.8 8.3 9 7 70.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72091 6.76 47 5425 678 6.9
7 50.8 8.3 9 8 70.8 .3 02
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72097 6.02 47 5425 668 4.6
8 50.8 8.3 9 9 70.8 .3 69
S S
P P 720
43 5425 72108 9.56 48 5425 728 10.
9 50.8 8.3 9 0 70.8 .3 029
S S
P P 720
44 5425 72104 7.75 48 5425 788 9.7
0 50.8 8.3 6 1 70.8 .3 86
S S
P P 720
44 5425 72100 6.09 48 5425 768 6.6
1 50.8 8.3 4 2 70.8 .3 23
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 52 5425 978 9.8
3 80.8 .3 02
S S
P P 721
48 5425 72075 5.50 52 5425 088 8.7
3 70.8 8.3 9 4 80.8 .3 91
S 5425 72061 4.15 S 5425 721 7.8
P 70.8 8.3 7 P 80.8 048 87
48 52 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
4 5
S S
P P 721
48 5425 72060 52 5425 008 6.1
5 70.8 8.3 3.99 6 80.8 .3 13
S S
P P 720
48 5425 72059 4.15 52 5425 838 8.0
6 70.8 8.3 4 7 80.8 .3 53
S S
P P 720
48 5425 72062 4.84 52 5425 828 5.6
7 70.8 8.3 6 8 80.8 .3 36
S S
P P 720
48 5425 72065 3.99 52 5425 818 6.0
8 70.8 8.3 9 9 80.8 .3 4
S S
P P 720
48 5425 72064 4.21 53 5425 848 7.7
9 70.8 8.3 8 0 80.8 .3 3
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72063 4.88 53 5425 908 5.2
0 70.8 8.3 1 1 80.8 .3 59
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72082 4.52 53 5425 898 4.8
1 70.8 8.3 9 2 80.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72093 10.4 53 5425 888 5.4
2 70.8 8.3 39 3 80.8 .3 64
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72092 10.0 53 5425 748 7.8
3 70.8 8.3 7 4 90.8 .3 93
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72091 7.41 53 5425 728 10.
4 70.8 8.3 8 5 90.8 .3 698
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72097 7.20 53 5425 768 6.5
5 70.8 8.3 5 6 90.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72108 9.11 53 5425 838 8.2
6 70.8 8.3 2 7 90.8 .3 39
S 5425 72104 7.89 S 5425 720 7.5

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
49 53 788
7 70.8 8.3 8 90.8 .3 76
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72100 6.57 53 5425 688 5.5
8 70.8 8.3 2 9 90.8 .3 2
S S
P P 720
49 5425 72085 5.48 54 5425 678 4.6
9 70.8 8.3 7 0 90.8 .3 84
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72084 6.44 54 5425 698 6.3
0 70.8 8.3 3 1 90.8 .3 48
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72083 6.10 54 5425 718 8.9
1 70.8 8.3 2 2 90.8 .3 41
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72086 7.19 54 5425 708 8.7
2 70.8 8.3 7 3 90.8 .3 81
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72090 5.25 54 5425 848 7.3
3 70.8 8.3 3 4 90.8 .3 21
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72089 4.87 54 5425 938 11.
4 70.8 8.3 4 5 90.8 .3 342
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72088 54 5425 928 10.
5 70.8 8.3 5.26 6 90.8 .3 88
S S
P P 720
50 5425 72072 12.6 54 5425 978 8.5
6 80.8 8.3 67 7 90.8 .3 31
S S
P P 721
50 5425 72071 9.07 54 5425 088 8.0
7 80.8 8.3 7 8 90.8 .3 45
S S
P P 721
50 5425 72070 9.07 54 5425 048 8.7
8 80.8 8.3 3 9 90.8 .3 25
S 5425 72074 6.57 S 5425 720 5.4
P 80.8 8.3 8 P 90.8 888 18
50 55 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
9 0
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72078 55 5425 878 6.3
0 80.8 8.3 7.36 1 90.8 .3 93
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72076 6.46 55 5425 898 4.9
1 80.8 8.3 2 2 90.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72075 4.93 55 5425 918 7.7
2 80.8 8.3 4 3 90.8 .3 86
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72065 4.02 55 5425 908 5.3
3 80.8 8.3 4 4 90.8 .3 08
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72064 5.48 55 5426 858 5.3
4 80.8 8.3 1 5 00.8 .3 05
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72063 7.15 55 5426 848 6.3
5 80.8 8.3 4 6 00.8 .3 91
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72066 4.26 55 5426 878 5.4
6 80.8 8.3 7 7 00.8 .3 96
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72069 6.94 55 5426 868 5.5
7 80.8 8.3 8 8 00.8 .3 17
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72068 6.51 55 5426 838 7.8
8 80.8 8.3 7 9 00.8 .3 4
S S
P P 720
51 5425 72067 5.07 56 5426 728 7.0
9 80.8 8.3 6 0 00.8 .3 93
S S
P P 720
52 5425 72093 11.0 56 5426 718 6.3
0 80.8 8.3 62 1 00.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
52 5425 72092 10.9 56 5426 788 8.5
1 80.8 8.3 65 2 00.8 .3 8
S 5425 72091 7.85 S 5426 720 6.7

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
52 56 768
2 80.8 8.3 7 3 00.8 .3 63
ID EAS NORT HE S
TIN HING IG P 720
GS S HT 60 5426 968 11.
4 20.8 .3 708
S S
P P 721
56 5426 72088 5.23 60 5426 088 9.3
4 00.8 8.3 3 5 20.8 .3 72
S S
P P 721
56 5426 72104 10.4 60 5426 058 8.0
5 00.8 8.3 02 6 20.8 .3 13
S S
P P 720
56 5426 72097 7.47 60 5426 938 8.7
6 00.8 8.3 1 7 20.8 .3 34
S S
P P 720
56 5426 72108 7.29 60 5426 908 5.8
7 00.8 8.3 7 8 20.8 .3 65
S S
P P 720
56 5426 72105 9.44 60 5426 898 5.2
8 00.8 8.3 6 9 20.8 .3 51
S S
P P 720
56 5426 72093 11.6 61 5426 928 11.
9 00.8 8.3 99 0 20.8 .3 539
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72090 5.36 61 5426 918 9.0
0 00.8 8.3 5 1 20.8 .3 01
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72089 5.05 61 5426 878 6.2
1 00.8 8.3 2 2 30.8 .3 27
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72092 11.2 61 5426 868 6.3
2 00.8 8.3 88 3 30.8 .3 66
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72091 7.96 61 5426 888 5.6
3 00.8 8.3 5 4 30.8 .3 27
S 5426 72085 4.99 S 5426 720 5.8
P 10.8 8.3 1 P 30.8 908 1
57 61 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
4 5
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72084 6.28 61 5426 898 5.4
5 10.8 8.3 5 6 30.8 .3 03
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72088 5.31 61 5426 828 7.8
6 10.8 8.3 9 7 30.8 .3 68
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72086 5.28 61 5426 818 6.0
7 10.8 8.3 1 8 30.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72083 8.05 61 5426 838 8.9
8 10.8 8.3 8 9 30.8 .3 33
S S
P P 720
57 5426 72075 5.63 62 5426 858 5.3
9 10.8 8.3 2 0 30.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
58 5426 72074 6.27 62 5426 848 6.5
0 10.8 8.3 2 1 30.8 .3 59
S S
P P 721
58 5426 72078 8.78 62 5426 038 8.1
1 10.8 8.3 2 2 30.8 .3 74
S S
P P 721
58 5426 72076 6.28 62 5426 028 8.8
2 10.8 8.3 4 3 30.8 .3 03
S S
P P 721
58 5426 72089 5.13 62 5426 048 7.9
3 10.8 8.3 5 4 30.8 .3 32
S S
P P 721
58 5426 72105 8.61 62 5426 068 7.0
4 10.8 8.3 8 5 30.8 .3 18
S S
P P 721
58 5426 72097 8.33 62 5426 058 7.1
5 10.8 8.3 4 6 30.8 .3 84
S S
P P 720
58 5426 72108 8.12 62 5426 968 12.
6 10.8 8.3 8 7 30.8 .3 069
S 5426 72106 8.34 S 5426 720 7.5

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
P P
58 62 918
7 10.8 8.3 2 8 30.8 .3 73
S S
P P 720
58 5426 72096 8.29 62 5426 978 11.
8 10.8 8.3 6 9 30.8 .3 1
S S
P P 720
58 5426 72091 8.66 63 5426 998 7.0
9 10.8 8.3 6 0 30.8 .3 47
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72090 5.62 63 5426 988 8.9
0 10.8 8.3 8 1 30.8 .3 74
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72093 10.6 61 5426 898 5.4
1 10.8 8.3 45 6 30.8 .3 03
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72092 11.8 61 5426 828 7.8
2 10.8 8.3 12 7 30.8 .3 68
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72084 6.76 61 5426 818 6.0
3 20.8 8.3 7 8 30.8 .3 89
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72083 9.39 61 5426 838 8.9
4 20.8 8.3 8 9 30.8 .3 33
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72086 5.85 62 5426 858 5.3
5 20.8 8.3 8 0 30.8 .3 31
S S
P P 720
59 5426 72085 5.18 62 5426 848 6.5
6 20.8 8.3 3 1 30.8 .3 59
S S
P P 721
59 5426 72082 9.30 62 5426 038 8.1
7 20.8 8.3 7 2 30.8 .3 74
S S
P P 721
59 5426 72079 7.81 62 5426 028 8.8
8 20.8 8.3 7 3 30.8 .3 03
S 5426 72078 6.95 S 5426 721 7.9
P 20.8 8.3 1 P 30.8 048 32
59 62 .3

lOMoARcPSD|40544849
SPOT HEIGHT DATA
9 4
S S
P P 721
60 5426 72081 8.31 62 5426 068 7.0
0 20.8 8.3 1 5 30.8 .3 18
S S
P P 721
60 5426 72080 7.95 62 5426 058 7.1
1 20.8 8.3 3 6 30.8 .3 84
S S
P P 720
60 5426 72088 5.50 62 5426 968 12.
2 20.8 8.3 3 7 30.8 .3 069
S S
P P 720
60 5426 72097 11.5 62 5426 918 7.5
3 20.8 8.3 22 8 30.8 .3 73
ID EASTINGS NORTHINGS HEIGHT
SP629 542630.8 720978.3 11.1
SP630 542630.8 720998.3 7.047
SP631 542630.8 720988.3 8.974

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lOMoARcPSD|40544849

ICU Final Year Project Report

Surveying and Geo-informatics (Yaba College of Technology)

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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF FEDERAL COLLEGE OF

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND

IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

SURV. ALADEOKIN .O.O

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Candidate’s Name: IGWE CLETUS UDE

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3.2 DATA COLLECTION.....................................................................................................30

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1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND CONTEXT

1.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

Topographical mapping is mostly required by Engineers and Architects to aid in infrastructural

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1.3 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)

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aerial photography, product deliveries, agriculture, policing and surveillance, infrastructure

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.6 AIM OF PROJECT

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The objectives of this project is to carry out the followings:

1. Flight Planning for the image acquisition.

2. Image Data acquisition using the DJI phantom 4 pro UAV

3. The processing of the images with the acquired software’s

4. Generation of Orthophoto, Digital Surface Model, Digital Terrain Model, Point

1.8 SCOPE OF PROJECT

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1.9 PROJECT CONTRIBUTIONS & SIGNIFICANCE

1.10 SITE LOCATION

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1.11 PERSONNEL’S INVOLVED

1. IGWE CLETUS UDE F/HD/18/3560007

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 The definition, development of Topographical Mapping, and the capabilities of a UAV,

 The applications of Topographic UAV in the surveying industry,

 The accuracy that UAVs can achieve in Topographic land surveying

2.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

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2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

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2.2.1 FEATURES SHOWN ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.

1. The hydrography, or water features, as ponds, streams, lakes.

2. The hypsography, or relief of surface forms, as hills, valleys, plains.

2.2.2 DEGREE OF ACCURACY DESIRABLE IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING.

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2.2.3 BENEFITS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

2.3 THE DEFINITION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)

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2.3.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)

2.3.2 DRONE MAPPING

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Figure 3: image of how a drone captures images (Source: https://wingtra.com/drone-