q1 Science 10 Reviewer

Q1_SCIENCE 10_JOSHUA MARI C.
VELASCO
QUARTER 1_THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE
Week 1, Lesson 1_Ma’am Cuasing Material

Layers of the Earth and Tectonic Plates
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Q1_SCIENCE 10_JOSHUA MARI C. VELASCO
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Lesson 1: THROUGH THICK AND THIN_DEPED MODULES

What do you call the rigid outer part of the earth? Lithosphere
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What makes up the lithosphere? crust and the upper layer of the mantle (asthenosphere)
What is the correct order of the layer of the earth from the center? core, mantle, crust
What type of rocks is made up the oceanic crust? Basalt (silicate and magnesium)
Which crust is thicker but with lesser density? Continental crust
How would you compare the oceanic and continental crust?
- Oceanic crust is younger than continental crust.
What will happen when an oceanic crust and continental crust collide to one another?
- The oceanic crust will downward because it is denser.
What type of crust is made up of granite rocks? continental crust
Which crust is thin but with more density? oceanic crust
Brief Introduction:
Earth’s crust - the thin outermost shell of a terrestrial planet floating on magma
- outer part of the earth
magma - hot, semi-fluid rock situated on the asthenosphere
asthenosphere - upper layer of the mantle which causes the crust to crack & move
plates - refer to the pieces of crust
 Resulted when two pieces of crust/plates interact, or move apart with each other –
they create: earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, deep trenches, island chain,
create rift valleys and oceans
2 Division of Earth’s Crust:

1. Continental crust - older, thicker and less dense generally made of different granite
rocks
- thick part of the Earth’s crust located under the continent; made up
of granite rocks
- thicker because of it’s rock composition
‘Sial’ - granite rocks composed of silicate and aluminum
2. Oceanic crust - younger, denser generally made up of different kinds of basaltic rocks
- thin part of the Earth’s crust located under the oceans; made up of
basaltic rocks
- denser because of it’s rock composition
‘Sima’- basaltic rocks composed of silicate and magnesium
Conrad discontinuity - refer to the transition zone between continental crust
and oceanic crust
Plate tectonics - informed/defined the dynamic geology of Earth’s crust
Characteristics of Continental crust – thick and found under the continents

Characteristics of Oceanic crust - thin and found under the ocean
Similarities - both are made up of rocks and composes the lithosphere
Answers:
1. The mixture sinks.
2. The cooked rice represents
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continental crust.
The uncooked rice –
oceanic
crust.
3. Uncooked rice stayed at the
bottom because it is
denser.
Q&A:
1. If the cut in the folder
represents a volcano under
the
ocean, what does the colored
paper represent? magma
2. What will happen to the
colored paper if fully drawn
out from the cut? What does it
represent? It will be
flattened in the folder,
representing the ocean
floor.
3. What type of crust is formed in question no. 2? Describe the crust.
- Oceanic crust. Newly formed oceanic crust composed of denser
rocks.
Oceanic crust is said to be younger than continental crust, why do you think so?
- Oceanic crust is younger because the creation is from the hardened
magma.
What makes the oceanic crust denser than continental crust?
- Oceanic crust is denser because it is made up of basaltic rocks – silicate
and magnesium.
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LESSON 2: THE SUPERCONTINENT

What is the name of the Permian supercontinent believed to be the origin of all the continents
today? Pangea
When did Pangea begin to break apart? (mya – million years ago) about 250 mya
What are the two major land masses formed from the supercontinent? Laurasia &
Gondwanaland
What are the seven major continents we have today formed from Pangea?
Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, North America, South America
What theory explains the breakup of Pangea into several continents? Plate Tectonic
theory
What happened to Pangea? It divides into several pieces millions of years ago.
What do you call the smaller pieces the earth’s crust? plate
Plate Tectonic Theory states that the _ pieces of the earth’s crust are moving slowly.
What are the seven major continents we have today formed from Pangea?
- Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America, South America
What makes the plates move? movement of the magma under the plates.
 The lithospheric plates move from a single supercontinent called Pangea to the 7 major
continents that we have today.
 Pangea was first divide into 2 major plates after 200 million years: Laurasia &
Gondwanaland
 Tectonic Plate Theory explains that the slow but constant movement of plates made the
7 major continents in their location today.
Answers:
Oceanic crust- thin but more dense
Continental crust - thick but less dense
Asthenosphere - upper layer of the mantle made up of magma
Answers:
1. North America
2. South America
3. Antarctica
4. Asia
5. Africa
6. India
7. Australia
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Q&A:
What helps you locate the contents in the map?
- Their shape and location with reference to the equator.
Which continent is the biggest? smallest? Asia – biggest; Australia – smallest
Q&A:
How do you describe the continents 250 million years ago? It is a big, one whole piece of
supercontinent.
What are the two continents from Pangea? Laurasia and Gondwanaland
What are the 7 new continents? Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America,
South America
What do you think made these continents move?
- Movement of these continents are brought about by the slowly moving
pieces of the earth’s crust due to the movement of magma under the plates.
Q&A:
What happened to the pieces of wood as you place them in boiling water?
- The wood moves in different directions.
If the pieces of wood represent the lithospheric plates, what does the boiling water represent?
- Magma
What makes the plates move?
- The plate moves due to the presence of heat and the movement of the
magma.
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Ophiolite rock complex was exposed in Zambales in western Luzon, how does an oceanic crust
uplift in a landform like Zambales?
- Oceanic crust moves towards the continents.
If the movement of the plates continue, what do you think the plates in the globe will look like
another 10 million years from now?
- The plates and continents today may move to other locations.
QUIZLET REVIEWERS:
Note: Q#3 If based on Figure 1, the answer is North American

What is the outermost layer of the Earth? Crust
The crust and upper mantle make up Earth's, _ Lithosphere
Which statement about the Earth's crusts is CORRECT?
A. Continental and oceanic crusts have the same weight.
B. Continental crust is heavier than oceanic crust.
C. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.
D. Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust.
What do we call the continuously moving part of the earth's crust? Plate
Which theory states that the entire crust is broken and is
continuously moving? Plate Tectonics
Which of the following is NOT a result of Plate Tectonics?
A. earthquake B. fault lines C. landslides D. mountains
This earthquake type happens when the shifing of Earth's plates is
driven by the sudden release of energy within some limited region
of the rocks of Earth.
A. aftershock B. foreshock C. tectonic D. volcanic
How are tsunamis created?
A. A submarine earthquake causes a huge amount of water to be displaced.
B. Differences in temperature cause hot seawater to rise.
C. The gravitational pull of the moon causes the ocean water to rise.
D. Topography underwater causes disturbances in the oceans' current
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A landmass that projects well above its surroundings is a mountain. What do you
call a chain of mountains? mountain range
It is the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. epicenter
Plates float on the surface of the mantle. Which plate pushes the Philippine Plate
toward the Eurasian Plate? Pacific Plate
If an earthquake begins while you are in a building, the safest thing for you
to do is _ get under the strongest table, chair, or other pieces of furniture
Why is it important to be aware of places prone to earthquakes? to perform necessary precautions
Which statement does best describe the location of the majority of earthquake epicenters relative
to the location of volcanoes around the world?
A. They are far adjacent.
B. They are always 3 kilometers away from each other.
C. They are situated at the same location.
D. They are not necessarily relevant.
How will you relate the distributions of mountain ranges, earthquake epicenters, and volcanoes?
A. Mountain ranges are found in places between where volcanoes and
earthquake epicenters are also situated.
B. Mountain ranges are found in places where volcanoes and/or earthquake
epicenters are also situated.
C. Mountain ranges are found only in places where earthquake epicenters
are situated.
D. Mountain ranges are found only in places where volcanoes are situated.
Which ocean has the ring of volcanoes around it? Pacific
It is a region where all the risks are present.
A. Region 2 B. Region 3 C. Region 4 D. none
It is the safest place in the country due to its very low risk in geologic disasters.
A. Batanes B. Isabela C. Palawan D. Romblon
What is the common precursor (something that happened or existed before another event) of the
natural disasters?
A. earthquake B. landslide C. tsunami D. volcanic eruption
Which region is prone to earthquakes but not to a volcanic eruption?
A. Cagayan Valley C. Metro Manila
B. Eastern Visayas D. Northern Mindanao
In which province should people refrain from building high rise houses?
A. Agusan Del Norte B. Benguet C. Camiguin D. Davao
All of these are wise practices during an earthquake EXCEPT
A. cover your head B. duck under the table C. park your car D. run to a tall tree
Tsunami comes when you suddenly observe the ocean water moving away from the beach.
To save yourself from this calamity, you MUST,
A. call the police B. run to the nearest hill or mountain
C. stay in the middle of the beach D. take the time to pick up seashells
What can be the wORST and irreversible effect of negligence or failure to prepare for natural
geologic disasters?
A. damage to properties B. death C. disease D. poverty
Which of these phrases is FALSE about lithospheric plates?
A. have the same thickness everywhere B. include the crust and upper mantle
C. thickest in the mountain regions D. vary in thickness
A landmass that projects well above its surroundings is a _. mountain
Which is NOT TRUE about the location of the epicenter of earthquakes?
A. Some are located along the edges of the continents.
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B. Some are located in mid-continents.
C. Some are located in North Asia.
D. Some are located in oceans
Where are most volcanoes situated?
A. along fault lines C. near mountain ranges
B. concentrated on continental edges D. under the oceanic crust
* Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on the
edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges.
Based on geological hazard maps, what is the safest place in the country due to
its very low risk in geologic disasters?
A. Batanes B. Isabela C. Palawan D. Romblon
When you see that the ocean water is receding (disappearing) away from the
beach, you MUST
A. call the police C. stay in the middle of the beach
B. run to the nearest hill or mountain D. take the time to pick up seashells
What do you think is the basis of scientists in dividing Earth's lithosphere into several plates?
A. brightness of stars and formation of constellations in the sky
B. a cycle of high and low tides during full moon
C. the occurrence of earthquake, volcanism and mountain formation
D. the uneven distribution of heat in the globe
A volcano with accounts of eruption documented within 10,000 years Active volcano
A big body of land on the globe Continent
A vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy earthquake
The location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake epicenter
The exact site of the origin of an earthquake, below the epicenter focus
The liquid rock below the Earth's surface magma
A landmass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill mountain
A chain of mountains mountain range
Earthquake waves seismic wave
The first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station, these
compression waves are the fastest and travel through solids, liquids, and gases primary wave
The second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station; these
shearing waves are stronger than P-waves, but only move through solids secondary wave
The graphical record of an earthquake seismogram
A measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and
direction and durationof movements of an earthquake seismograph
A Japanese term for "big wave in the port;" generated during undersea quakes tsunami
A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which
lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gas is being or have been erupted from
the earth's crust volcano
This earthquake type happens when the shifting of Earth’s plates is driven by
the sudden release of energy within some limited region of the rocks of Earth.
A. aftershock B. foreshock C. tectonic D. volcanic
Result of plate movements earthquakes
Earthquakes may happen anytime, either on land or underwater True
Earthquakes on land cann be caused by_ tectonic plate movement or volcanic eruptions
Earthquakes under the sea can cause_ tsunami
Philippines is situated in a place where Plate Tectonics is very evident the Ring of Fire
It is a long chain of volcanoes and other tectonically active structures that
surround the Pacific Ocean the Ring of Fire
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One of the most geologically active areas on Earth and a site for frequent
earthquakes and powerful volcanic eruptions. the Ring of Fire
The crust and a part of the upper mantle make up the (continent, lithosphere). It is subdivided
into portions called plates. (Continents, Plates) are large pieces of the upper few hundred
kilometers of Earth that move as a single unit as it (floats, moves) above the mantle. 4-5. There
are two kinds of crust: (Continental, Crustal) plates which is thicker but less dense, and Oceanic
plates which are thinner but (compact, denser). 6-8. Plate Tectonics is a (law, theory) which
suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that constantly (move, rotate) and interact in
various ways, thus, producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and other (geologic, land)
features. 9. The plate that pushes the Philippine Plate towards the (Eurasian, Indo- Australian)
plate is the Pacific Plate. 10-12. The world’s earthquakes, (eruptions, volcanoes), and mountain
ranges are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. They are both situated at the same
(location, place) near the (center, edges) of the continents. 13-15. Geologic activities such as
(ethnicity, seismicity) or the occurrence of earthquake, (extravasation, volcanism), and mountain
formations are the (basis, reasons) of scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere.
Answers:
a. Volcanoes that are familiar to me
are: Mount Pinatubo in the
Philippines, Mount Fuji in
Japan, Paricutin in Mexico,
Mount St. Helens in
Washington (based on Fig. 2)
b. This area is called the Pacific Ring
of Fire because active
volcanoes, faults, and
earthquake epicenter almost
surround the Pacific Region.
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Answers:
a. 1. High-Risk in terms of earthquakes - Regions 1, 2, 3 and 11
a. 2. High-risk in terms of landslides - Regions 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 12
a. 3. High-risk in terms of volcanic eruptions - Region 5 and ARMM
a. 4. High-risk in terms of tsunamis - Regions: 1 (Pangasinan, La Union), 3 (Zambales,
Pampanga),
4 (Batangas), 5 (Albay, Masbate), 7 (Cebu, Siquijor), 12 (South Cotabato, Sarangani)
b. None, there is no region where all four risks are highly present
c. I will choose Palawan, since there is no geologic risks present in this province.
d. Those areas are high risks due to their location along the Ring of Fire, or typhoon belt – a large
Pacific Ocean where many of Earth’s volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.
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Q1: Module 2_Describe and Relate the Distribution of Active Volcanoes,
Earthquake Epicenters and Major Mountain Belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
Epicenter - location on the surface of the earth directly above the focus; a place
Focus - point within the earth where energy is released; directly below the epicenter
Magnitude - number that characterized the relative size of an earthquake
- the higher the number, the higher the magnitude
Seismic waves - energy released from an earthquake and are recorded by
seismographs;
generated by the movement of tectonic plates
- also called earthquake waves because they are waves which emanates from an
earthquake
2 Classifications/2 Main Types of Seismic Waves:
1. Body Waves - travel in the interior of the earth
2. Surface Waves - travel through earth’s crust
Types od Body Waves:
a. P Waves or Primary Waves - they are the fastest wave
- also called the longitudinal wave
longitudinal - the particles are moving and the direction of
propagation is parallel to each other
- particle is moving back and forth or moving from left to right
and the direction pf propagation is from left to right also
- can move through solid rocks and fluids
 the discovery of P Wave led to the discovery that the lower mantle is in a
liquid state
b. S Waves or the Secondary Waves - the direction of propagation is the same
with
P Wave, from left to right BUT the particle motion is up and down; they are
no longer parallel but perpendicular – called transverse wave
- comes after primary wave
- transverse
- can only move through solids
 cannot move through liquids and gases because the type of stresses set by
those waves can only be transmitted through solids
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 These 2 types of seismic waves: P Wave and S Wave are important in locating
the epicenter of earthquake
 The time difference in the arrival of P Wave and S Wave will be used in the
triangulation method
PHIVOLCS - gathers data from at least 3 seismic stations
Triangulation Method - method that uses distance information from 3
seismic stations to locate the earthquake epicenter
- circles are drawn on a map around each seismic station
- the point where the 3 circles intersect is the location of the epicenter of
an earthquake
Seismograph - a device use to detect and record the movement

of the ground during an earthquake
- consists of a ground detecting sensor called a seismometer and a
recording system
Seismograph Seismometer
Seismometer - is the internal part of the seismograph which may be a
pendulum or aweight mounted on a spring
Seismogram - is a graph output by a seismograph
- it is a record of the ground motion at a particular seismic station as a
function of time
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 The first to arrive in the seismic station is the P Wave, followed by S

Wave and the the Surface Wave
 P Wave travels faster than S Wave
How do we calculate the lag time given the p-wave and s-wave arrival
time?
Given:
p-wave arrival time = 8 s
s-wave arrival time = 15 s
Formula:
Lag time = s-wave arrival time – p-wave arrival time
= 15s – 8s = 7s
Use this hypothetical seismogram to find the lag time

 Take note that p-wave is the first wave detected by a seismograph followed by s-
wave
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Calculate the distance in km (Batangas)

d = (lag time/ 8s) x 100 km
= (26 s/8s) x 100 km
= 325 km
 Batangas seismic station is 325 km away from the epicenter of the earthquake
Calculate the distance in centimeter; convert 325 km to cm using the scale provided
in the map – Scale: 1cm = 100 km
d = 325 km x (1cm/100km)
d = 3.25 cm
Calculate the distance in km (Palawan)

= (50s/8s) x 100 km
= 625 km = 6.25 cm ( to Scale: 1cm = 100 km)
 Palawan seismic station is 625km away from the epicenter of the earthquake
Calculate the distance in km (Cagayan de Oro)

= (34s/8s) x 100 km
= 425 km = 4.25 cm (To Scale: 1cm = 100km)
 Cagayan de Oro seismic station is 425 km away from the epicenter of the
earthquake
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Take Note: P-waves and S-waves do not arrive at the same time
P-waves are faster compared to S-waves because it can travel on both
solid and liquid materials
 The time difference between the 2 waves is used to locate the epicenter of the
earthquake but the seismic location cannot identify the exact location or
direction of the detected seismic wave that is why we need 3 different seismic
stations
Another Example:
What is the importance of

determining the location of the
earthquake epicenter?
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Locating earthquake epicenters
will pinpoint which fault lines
are active.
Usually, the less active fault
line stores great amount of
potential energy that could
cause major earthquake once
released.
Therefore, places near fault
lines that remain inactive for a
long period of time are due to
experience a major earthquake.
Our planet’s crust is made up of about 12 major tectonic plates, like a giant jigsaw puzzle.
This huge land float on super heated magma and constantly bumping, grinding one another.
When friction between 2 plates violent enough, seismic shock waves will ripple through the
ground.
 The stronger the earthquake, the more violent the destruction.
 The most violent type of earthquake is born in the subduction zone where one
tectonic plate is shut beneath another while one plate is force downward into the
mantle, the other gets upward often violently. This happened in Nepal in May
2015.
 When subduction happened under the ocean, it can create giant, unstoppable waves
called tsunamis; like what happened in Japan (2011) and Indonesia.
 On average, earthquake kills 10,000 people each year, or even higher
 Earthquake in Haiti, 2010 killed about 300,00 – deadliest earthquake on record
 500,000 estimated detectable earthquakes occur every year in the world
 100,000 earthquakes are strong enough to be felt
 100 earthquakes cause damages; 0.1%
Richter Scale - measured the magnitude of an earthquake, which runs from 0-10; 10
being the strongest
- every whole number increase in the Richter scale means 10times more
ground
motion change
- in History, never experience 10 in the Richter Scale but on the average,
magnitude of 8 or higher every year
 The fact is earth’s crust is restless and always on the move. We can’t see earthquake
coming but we can prepare for them by designing stronger buildings resilient enough to
survive a direct hit by building stronger foundations, flexible structures and lighter roof.
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Stress - -is a force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or
pushes them in different directions.
Earthquake - the shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy
- occur when rocks along a fault suddenly move
2 Types of Earthquake:
1. Tectonic
2. Volcanic
Important Terms To Remember:

Focus - point inside the earth where the earthquake started
Epicenter - point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus
Magnitude - is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus
Intensity - is generally higher near the epicenter.
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Energy or Seismic Waves are Classified as:

1. Body Waves
- P-waves
- S-Waves
2. Surface Waves
- Love Waves - its side to side motion (like a snake wriggling) causes the
ground to twist from side to side; that’s why it cause most damage to the
structures
- Rayleigh Waves - it rolls along the ground (moves the ground up and
down, and forward and backward in the direction that the wave is moving).
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DepEd Module 2: Plate Boundaries

1. Plates move apart at __________ boundaries. DIVERGENT
2. Plates slide past each other at ________________. TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
3. The boundary between two plates moving toward each other is called a _________.
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
4. Seafloor spreading is located at _____________. DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
5. Plate Tectonic Theory states that continents have moved ________ to their current location.
SLOWLY and CONSTANTLY
6. The East African Rift is an example of a _____________. RIFT VALLEY
7. The Himalayan mountain range of India was formed at the __________.
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
8. Philippine plate moves toward __________. EURASIAN PLATE
9. The __________ is an example of a transform fault boundary. SAN ANDREAS FAULT
10. This is the type of plate boundary that occurs between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
11. This is the type of plate boundary that occurs between the Nazca Plate and the South
American Plate. convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
12. Base on the current position of the continents, South America is moving away from Africa in
what direction? WEST
13. At the convergent plate boundary, _______________.
the older crust is recycled by subduction
14. The force that causes the plates to move is____________________. CONVECTION
CURRENT
15. Features found at divergent plate boundaries include ____________. MID-OCEAN RIDGES
Crossword:
The break in a rock along which movement have occurred FAULT
Earth crust that is thinner but denser OCEANIC CRUST
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Mt. Pinatubo VOLCANO
Molten rocks MAGMA
The innermost layer of the earth CORE
The outermost rigid layer of the earth consists of the crust and upper mantle LITHOSPHERE
Borderline BOUNDARY
Movement of the lithospheric plate PLATE TECTONIC
The vibration of the Earth due to the release of tremendous energy EARTHQUAKE
READ ME!
Plate boundaries - the lines at the edges of the different pieces of the lithosphere
convection current - causes the movement of lithospheric plates in the Earth’s
interior
Plate Tectonic Theory - states that the Earth’s lithosphere consists of the crust and
upper mantle that move slowly and constantly over time. This movement causes
the formation of plate boundaries namely:
a. divergent boundaries - plates that separate and move apart in opposite
directions forming new lithosphere - the young seafloor
- either occurs at mid-ocean ridges (seafloor spreading) or at rifted
continental margins (rift valley).
- formed when two tectonic plates move apart from each other creating
tension
- Molten rocks called magma to rise from the Earth’s mantle to the
surface. The Earth’s surface is cool enough to solidify the magma that rose,
thus, creating new oceanic crust or seafloor.
- A divergent boundary is also known as a constructive boundary
- mid-ocean ridge is formed by the divergence between oceanic plates
while continental rift valley is formed between continental plates
- Rift valley can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where
seafloor spreading occurs
- Both the formation of mid-ocean ridge and rift valley had the
occurrence of an earthquake
b. convergent boundaries - formed when two plates move toward each

other
- oceanic plate bends downward at the subduction zone
- occurs in two oceanic plates: convergent
boundary and continental plate-oceanic plate convergent boundary
- Oceanic plate sinks because it is denser than the continental plate.
- In the case of convergence of two oceanic plates, the older plate sinks.
- Whereas in the convergence of two continental plates, they collide and
buckle up forming mountain ranges.
- No subduction occurs in this type of convergence
- This boundary has three types: Oceanic plate -Continental plate
boundary, Two Oceanic plates boundary, and Two Continental plates
boundary
1. Oceanic-Continental plates boundary - the oceanic plate bends
downward into the mantle through the process called subduction
- leading edge of the subducted plate melts in the mantle and
magma rises forming a continental volcanic arc in oceanic-continental
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plate boundary, which is parallel to the trench that is formed due to
subduction
2. Oceanic-oceanic plates boundary - the oceanic plate bends
downward into the mantle through the process called subduction
- island volcanic chain is formed parallel to the trench.
- Since the oceanic plate is destroyed at the convergent
boundary, this boundary is also called a destructive boundary.
3. Continental-Continental plates boundary - With two continental
plates converging, a compression zone is formed. Both plates collide
and buckle up causing mountain ranges such as the Himalayas
mountain ranges
- There is no subduction, no trench, and no volcanoes
formed in this type of convergent boundary
c. transform fault boundaries - plates sliding past or slipping past each
other
- also called the Strike-slip fault
- Rocks that line the boundary split into pieces as the plates slip
at each other.
- A crack is then formed creating an undersea canyon or linear
fault valley
Q1. What plate boundary is formed by the sliding of two plates?

A. Divergent B. Convergent C. Transform-fault boundary
Q2. What plate boundary is formed by the moving of two plates apart?
A. Divergent boundary B. Convergent C. Transform-fault
Q3. What plate boundary is formed by the collision of two plates?
A. Divergent B. Convergent boundary C. Transform-fault
Q4. What are the three types of convergent boundaries?
A. Oceanic-Continental C. Oceanic-Oceanic
B. Continental-Continental D. Lithosphere-Crust
For Q5. Using two arrows ( ), draw the direction of the relative motion of the three plate
boundaries below:
A. convergent boundary -
B. divergent boundary -
C. transform fault boundary - or
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Assessment 1
1. The relative motion of the plates at the transform fault boundary is ________ (moving away,
sliding past) each other.
2. The relative motion of the plates at the divergent boundary is moving ___________ (away,
toward) each other.
3. The relative motion of the plates at the convergent boundary is moving ___________ (away,
toward) each other.
4. At the convergent boundary between oceanic plate and continental plate, ___________
(tension, subduction) zone is formed.
5. ___________ (Mid-ocean ridge, Rift valley) is formed by divergence of two oceanic plates.
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Figure 5 shows two plates which are (1) OCEANIC PLATE and (2) CONTINENTAL PLATE. The
(3) OCEANIC plate subducts. Figure 6 shows that one of the two oceanic plates bends toward
the mantle at the (4) SUBDUCTION zone. Figure 7 shows the two continental plates colliding. In
this type of convergent boundary, there is (5) NO subduction zone.
 The seven major plates are African plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, Australian
plate, North American plate, Pacific plate, and South American plate. Plate boundaries are
formed between these plates.
What I Have Learned
(1) LITHOSPHERE is made of earth’s crust and upper mantle. It is subdivided into portions
called (2)PLATES that move above the mantle. The two kinds of crust are (3) CONTINENTAL
crust, which is thicker but less dense, and oceanic crust, which is thinner but (4) DENSER. A (5)
THEORY that the Earth’s crust is made up of plates moving (6) SLOWLY and interact in various
ways is Plate Tectonics. The interaction of the plates produces earthquakes, mountains,
volcanoes, and other (7) GEOLOGICAL features. (8)CONVECTION CURRENT from the Earth’s
interior makes the plates move above the mantle. This movement causes the formation of three
types of plate boundaries which are (9) TRANSFORM FAULT boundary, two plates sliding each
other; (10) DIVERGENT boundary, two plates moving away from each other and convergent
boundary which plates are moving (11) TOWARD each other. Three types of convergent
boundaries are (12) OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL convergent boundary which forms volcanic island
arc, (13) OCEANIC-OCEANIC convergent boundary forming a continental volcanic arc, and (14)
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL convergent boundary wherein there is no (15) SUBDUCTION.
30 | P a g e
1. Pacific plate and Nazca plate formed _______________ (convergent, divergent) boundary.
2. San Andreas Fault is a transform fault boundary found in ___________ (South American plate,
North American plate).
3. Philippine plate moves toward _______________ (African plate, Eurasian plate) at the
convergent boundary.
4. _______________ (Convergent, Divergent) is the type of boundary between Australian plate
and African plate.
5. The type of boundary between Pacific plate and Antarctic plate is _______________
(convergent, divergent) boundary.
ASSESSMENT:
1. Convection current causes the lithospheric plate to _. A. move slowly but constantly
2. The youngest part of the ocean floor is found at the ___________. B. divergent boundary
3. What type of plate boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate?
A. convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
4. The crust and upper mantle make up the Earth’s ____________. A. lithosphere
5. The result of plate movement can be seen at _________. B. plate boundaries
6. The theory that suggests that plates are slowly moving is called _. B. Plate Tectonic
7. Plates move apart at __________ boundaries. C. divergent
8. Plates slipping past each other at ________________. D. transform boundary
9. The boundary between two plates moving together is called a _. D. convergent boundary
31 | P a g e
10. Based on the current position of the continents, South America is moving away from Africa in
what direction? A. West
11. At the convergent plate boundary, _______________. B. the older crust is melted by
subduction
12. The East African Rift is an example of a _____________. C. divergent boundary
13. The Himalayan mountain range of India was formed at the __. B. convergent boundary
14. Philippine plate moves toward ___________. D. Eurasian plate
15. The __________ is an example of a transform fault boundary. B. San Andreas Fault
Find Me:
1. Philippine islands were originated from ______________boundary. DIVERGENT
2. What type of plate boundary occurs between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate?
CONVERGENT
3. Movement of the plate boundary causes shaking of the Earth’s surface called
___________________. EARTHQUAKE
4. It consists Earth’s crust and upper mantle. LITHOSPHERE
5. What geologic feature is formed between the diverging oceanic plates? MID-OCEANIC
RIDGE
6. It is a transform fault boundary between the Pacific plate and North American plate which
extends through California. SAN ANDREAS FAULT
7. It is the process wherein the leading edge of one plate bends downward into the mantle
beneath the other plate. SUBDUCTION
8. What type of plate boundary is formed between two plates sliding past each other?
TRANSFORM FAULT
9. Other terms for molten rocks. MAGMA
10. Convergent boundary is formed between Caribbean plate and ______plate. COCOS
Module 3: Processes and Landforms Along Plate Boundaries

PRE-TEST
1. When magma in the earth’s mantle develops a great pressure, the ground above it is pushed
upward. If this happens in the middle of an ocean, what landform is produced?
B. volcanic island
2. The tall landform created when two continental plates converge is called_______.
A. mountain range
3. It is a plate that dives down under a less dense plate during subduction.
A. subducting plate
4. Materials in the mantle flow up and down. Which of the following best describes the mantle?
B. partially liquid
5. Which of the following happens when plates diverge or move away from each other?
B. New crust is produced because magma rises, then cools off and turns into solid.
6. A rift valley is formed simultaneously with which of the following type of plate boundary?
B. Divergent
7. How do the plates move when we feel that the ground is shaking?
A. toward each other B. away from each other
C. slide past each other D. all of the above
8. It is a landform produced when two continental plates converge.
C. mountain
9. Most transform fault boundaries are found in the oceans; a few are on the continents. An
example of this type is the San Andreas Fault located in
B. California, USA
32 | P a g e
10. It is otherwise known as an underwater mountain. A. oceanic ridge
11. It is a chain of volcanoes developed parallel to a trench or a crack under the ocean.
C. volcanic island arc
12. It is formed when ocean water flips upward, sometimes up to certain meters high, due to the
great push caused by convergence of plates. B. tsunami
13. It is the point where two plates meet or collide while converging.
A. collision zone
14. The place where a subducting plate reaches the mantle during convergence.
B. subduction zone
15. The word used to refer to the shaking of the ground due to any activity in the lithosphere.
B. earthquake
WHAT IS IT?
continental crust - curves upward on top of the oceanic crust due to its lesser density
oceanic crust - due to its greater density, stays below
trench - when an oceanic crust converges with a continental crust, a crack between
the crusts underwater is formed
subduction - process by which a plate dives under a less dense plate
mantle plume - column of rising magma
 When there is volcanic activity such as an eruption, the ground moves, and so an
earthquake is felt.
 The movement of the ground may cause a disturbance in the ocean. The water may flip or
kick upwards to a few meters high. This is what we call tsunamis, a Japanese term for
harbor wave.
 The convergence of two oceanic crusts results in the formation of different islands. There
is also subduction because one plate is denser than the other. The front part of the
subducting plate becomes magma upon reaching the mantle. Then it builds up pressure
due to heat, pushes the crust above it, forming a volcano. This is a continuous process.
Since the plates are moving, the volcano will move with the plate. It becomes extinct when
it is no longer above the magma deposit in the mantle. A new volcano will then be formed.
This series of volcanoes is called volcanic island arc since it is surrounded by water.
This explains why the Philippines is mostly loaded with volcanoes.
 Converging continental crusts or plates result in a collision zone, which could cause shallow
earthquakes. At that place, a crack called fault is formed.
What’s More:
1. Plate Y is an oceanic plate. When it converges with the
continental Plate X, which of the following will most likely
happen?
 - Part of the Plate Y will turn into magma.
2. Between Plates Y and X, which one will undergo subduction?
- Plate Y
3. What will be formed on the surface of Plate X along its
convergence zone with Plate Y ?
- volcanic arc
4. When two continental crusts converge, both crusts exert a
pressure pushing each other. As the ground rises, a tall
landform
is created. Is it possible to erupt? NO
33 | P a g e
5. What process does not take place in this type of
convergence?
- Subduction
What I Have Learned

As continental plate converges with an oceanic plate, the (1) __________
(continental, oceanic) plate dives under the (2)__________(continental, oceanic) plate. The
process of diving down towards the mantle is called (3)____________(subduction, floatation).
When the leading edge of the subducting plate reaches the mantle, it melts turning
into (4)________(magma, crust) which builds up a pressure making it push the ground above it
forming at the surface a (5) _________(volcano, mountain).
At the oceanic plate, a depression called (6)_______(trench, fault) is formed
along the boundary. Parallel to it, a series of volcanoes called (7)___________(volcanic island,
volcanic island arc) may be formed.
Simultaneous with the convergence, the ground may shake, and so, we experience
an earthquake. This shaking may disturb the water surface and may make the water flip upwards
to a certain height. This event is called (8)____________(tsunami, wave).
When two oceanic plates converge, the denser plate subducts. Once its leading edge
reaches the mantle, it melts into a magma, builds up a pressure that makes it push the ground
above it, forming a (9)___________(volcanic island, mountain). At the collision zone, a crack
called (10)___________(trench, fault) is formed. This depression could be the cause of the
shaking of the ground, called an (11)_____________(earthquake, storm). At the water surface,
the overriding plate may push a big amount of water causing it to flip upwards forming a
(12)____________ (tsunami, wave).
The convergence between two continental plates results to a landform

called(13)____________(volcanic arc, mountain ranges). Since both plates have the same
densities, no plate subducts under the other. There is (14)_________________(no volcanic,
volcanic) formation. However, since the ground moves, a phenomenon called
(15)_______________(earthquake, storm) may be felt in nearby places.
Processes and Landforms Along Divergent Boundary
Q1. From the picture, where does divergence of plates usually take place inland or under bodies
of water?b UNDER BODIES OF WATER
Q2. As plates move apart, a tension zone is formed. Which between magma and water, rises to
the tension zone? MAGMA
Q3. If divergence continues, what could probably happen to the size of the space between the
splitting crusts? Will it widen or stay the same? WIDEN
Q4. As the materials at the tension zone reach the surface and cool down, will the materials form
a new crust or another layer of the mantle? NEW CRUST
34 | P a g e
Q5. If the cooked part of the egg is the crust, with what material could you compare the half-
cooked egg yolk? Why? MANTLE. IT FLOWS
Q6. If the half-cooked yolk solidifies when it cools off, what becomes of the magma when it cools
down? Why did you say so? NEW CRUST. IT IS ON TOP LAYER OF THE EARTH
Q7. The half-cooked egg yolk oozes out only when it is still hot. In the same manner, the magma
also rises because of high temperature, in the mantle, or the crust? MANTLE
Divergence of plates results to the creation of down faulted valleys called

(Q8)_____________(rift valleys, oceanic ridges) and underwater mountain ranges called
(Q9)________________(rift valleys, oceanic ridges). At the tension zone, materials from the
mantle may rise to the surface of the ocean floor, cools down and become new
(Q10)_______________(crust, mantle).
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY

Q11. As indicated by the arrows,
analyze how the two plates move
relative to each other. Do they move
towards, away, or sliding past each
other? SLIDING PAST
Q12. Due to this plate movement,
what geologic event do you think
may
happen? EARTHQUAKE
Q13. Since the two plates move, will
a fault be formed or a trench, at the
tension zone? FAULT
Different places are now designated as evacuation areas where people could seek refuge in case
the so-called “BIG ONE” strikes. The “duck, cover, and hold” safety tip is practiced in schools
among students.
Q14. The word “duck” in “duck, cover, and hold” safety tip means that you must _ C. kneel
down on one knee
Q15. During earthquakes, it is advisable to cover one’s _____________. A. head
When plates slide past each other, the geologic event that may take place is called
(Q16)________earthquake, storm). The geologic feature formed is known as (Q17)_______(fault,
trench).
ASSESSMENT
1. There is no formation of volcanoes in the convergence between __________.
A. two oceanic plates C. oceanic and continental plates
B. two continental plates D. none of these
2. When a plate is denser, it subducts toward the mantle and forms magma. This process ends up
in the formation of ______.
A. mountain range C. volcanoes
B. trenches D. faults
3. Shallow earthquakes are associated with __________.
A. volcanic eruption C. a tsunami in the ocean
B. subduction process D. mountain formation
35 | P a g e
4. In the convergence between a continental and an oceanic plate, there is subduction. Which of
the following statements does not support this fact?
A. One plate carries water along with it. B. One plate is denser.
C. The temperature in the mantle is higher than in the crust.
D. One plate overrides the other.
5. Which of the following is formed in the convergence of two oceanic or oceanic and continental
plates?
A. Volcanic island arcs C. rift valley
B. mountain range D. Oceanic ridge
6. Of the following, which event or process takes place when two continental plates converge?
A. earthquake C. tsunami
B. subduction D. magma formation
7. A crack on the ground underwater is produced when oceanic crust interacts with another crust.
What do we call this geologic feature?
A. fault C. ridge
B. trench D. crack
8. It is a phenomenon that takes place due to the movement of plates during convergence.
A. earthquake C. subduction
B. magma formation D. tsunami
9. It is the crack on the dry ground or plate caused by horizontal plate movement.
A. fault C. valley
B. trench D. ridge
10. It is an event that may take place on the water surface when a great force pushes a
significant amount of water upwards.
A. ocean wave C. tsunami
B. typhoon D. ocean tide
11. Subduction is illustrated in which of the following?
A. convergent plate boundary C. divergent plate boundary
B. transform fault boundary D. subducting plates
12. Which of the following correctly illustrates seafloor spreading? C
13. Earthquake, as an effect of plate movement, results in boundaries where plates are
a. converging b. sliding past c. diverging d. subducting
A. a only B. b only C. a and b D. a, b, and c
14. Most of the Philippine Islands were once part of island arcs. This means that along with this
boundary, there once existed two ___________.
A. converging continental plates C. converging oceanic plates
B. diverging plates D. plates sliding past each other
15. Why are volcanoes mostly found at places where continents meet the seas?
A. It is where water meets land.
B. It is where the oceanic plates subduct under the continental plate.
C. Underneath it is a subduction zone.
D. More magma is produced under the ground because of the muddy seafloor.
36 | P a g e
MODULE 4: EARTH’S MECHANISM

What I Know
1. A convection current is caused by differences in temperature resulting to variation in
___________. A. air pressure
2. It is a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance. A. volume
3. Hot molten materials in a convection cell rises near the ______________. D. mantle
4. Which of the following theory explains how the heavy plates move along the different types of
plate boundaries. B. Plate tectonic Theory
5. The motion of gas or liquid caused by differences in temperature is a _________.
C. convection current
6. A driving force for plate motion at mid-ocean ridges as a result of the rigid lithosphere sliding
down ___________. B. ridge push
7. Lithospheric plates are flowing in this area . B. asthenosphere
8. Which of the following is NOT a method of heat transfer? A. condensation
B. convection C. conduction D. radiation
9. Which of the following is NOT a driving force of tectonic plates?
A. ridge push B. slab push C. drag force D. mantle convection
10. What is the source of heat in a mantle convection current? C. the core
A layer beneath where the less dense hot molten material rises, and sinks MANTLE
A soft, weak and plastic-like layer, the upper part of the mantle where lithospheric plates float and
move ASTHENOSPHERE
Hot molten rocks formed beneath the Earth’s surface. MAGMA
Facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates. CONVECTION CURRENT
The innermost layer of the Earth, which generates heat to the mantle. CORE
CONVECTION PROCESS:
YES
NO
YES
NO
37 | P a g e
YES
Heat transfer in convection is cause by differences in TEMPERATURE and density in a fluid or
gas particle.
Magma is made of MOLTEN rock formed beneath the Earth's surface
ASTHENOSPHERE This is where lithospheric plates flow.
In the asthenosphere, there are lithospheric PLATES
The lithosphere at the DIVERGENT boundary will uplift and tear apart due to hot magma
Convection currents also happen in the MANTLE.
A convection current is a HEAT transfer process
The source of heat from the core is due to the decay of RADIOACTIVE elements.
SLAB PULL The presence of a heavier subducting plate pulls down the trailing slab to the
subduction zone
A CONVECTION current tends to move a fluid, gas particles, or molten rock.
38 | P a g e

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Q1_SCIENCE 10_JOSHUA MARI C.

Week 1, Lesson 1_Ma’am Cuasing Material

Lesson 1: THROUGH THICK AND THIN_DEPED MODULES

2 Division of Earth’s Crust:

Characteristics of Continental crust – thick and found under the continents

LESSON 2: THE SUPERCONTINENT

Note: Q#3 If based on Figure 1, the answer is North American

Seismograph - a device use to detect and record the movement

 The first to arrive in the seismic station is the P Wave, followed by S

Use this hypothetical seismogram to find the lag time

Calculate the distance in km (Batangas)

Calculate the distance in km (Palawan)

Calculate the distance in km (Cagayan de Oro)

What is the importance of

Important Terms To Remember:

Energy or Seismic Waves are Classified as:

DepEd Module 2: Plate Boundaries

b. convergent boundaries - formed when two plates move toward each

Q1. What plate boundary is formed by the sliding of two plates?

Module 3: Processes and Landforms Along Plate Boundaries

What I Have Learned

The convergence between two continental plates results to a landform

Processes and Landforms Along Divergent Boundary

Divergence of plates results to the creation of down faulted valleys called

PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY

MODULE 4: EARTH’S MECHANISM

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