Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Land Use Policy

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol

Novel trends in SNS customers in food and beverage patronage: An

empirical study of metropolitan cities in South Korea
Daehwan Kim a, b, Ducksu Seo c, Youngsang Kwon a, d, *
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
b
Siheung Smart City Support Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Spatial Environment System Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
d
Smart City Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Driven by the development of information and communications technology as well as the spread of social
Social network service networking services (SNS), access to spatial information has changed the way people select sites or areas. This
Social network data study determines whether new urban place selection—that is, the selection of places in a way that differs from
Food and beverage retail
the classic locational principle of land use—occurs via SNS by examining changes in the location of Food and
Place selection
Locational characteristics
Beverage(F&B) retail facilities patronized by citizens daily. More specifically, this study employs spatial and
quantitative analyses to investigate location selection of F&B customers, which respond most sensitively to place
selection, in six metropolitan cities in South Korea. The results show phenomena indicating that the place se­
lection pattern via SNS was different spatially and quantitatively from that via the established retail location
principle. The location of F&B retail facilities most commonly selected via SNS is largely shaped by small-scale
and hierarchically lower roads near existing commercial area and is unaffected by land price and distance from
public transportation. These findings sufficiently contradict the general location principle in terms of the location
characteristics of F&B retail facilities. As such, this study reveals a novel behavior pattern regarding place se­
lection based on SNS. F&B retail facilities should be prepared to adapt to changing consumer behavior. More­
over, this fact indicates that the consideration of gradual changes in the selection of urban project sites,
development of land use plans, and calculation of rent for retail is needed in light of advancements in SNS.

1. Introduction
Importance of the topic.
The success of retail, especially retail facilities, is largely determined
by a retailer’s location (Scarborough and Zimmerer, 2000; Cheng et al.,
2007; Roig-Tierno et al., 2013). This location principle is based on
geographical theories such as central place theory, the spatial interac­
tion model, and land value theory (Dawson, 2013), verified with
abundant research based on retail locations, especially concerning retail
facilities. Accordingly, urban spatial research has advanced a traditional
location principle regarding the location and distribution of retail fa­
Backgorund
cilities, which are influenced by road width (Rui et al., 2016), trans­
portation infrastructure (Erbıyık et al., 2012; Nilsson and Smirnov,
2016), public transportation services (Castillo-Manzano and
López-Valpuesta, 2009; Cervero and Kang., 2011, road accessibility (i.e.,
street networks; Hillier, 1996; Porta et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2015), and
street centrality (Hillier, 1999; Rui and Ban, 2014; Kang, 2015; Liu et al.,
2015).
Urban spatial scholars have increasingly focused on the emergence of
social media or social networking services (SNS) in conducting spatial
analyses. As SNS convey explicit and implicit information about people’s
everyday lives (Boyd and Ellison, 2007; Akhtar, 2014; Garcia-Cuerva
et al., 2016; Persia and D’Auria, 2017), several studies have analyzed the
information inherent in social network data (Mora et al., 2015; Wood
et al., 2016; Bekele et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Mora et al., 2017a,b;
Wegmann and Jiao, 2017; Liu et al., 2019). In particular, spatial big data
provided by information and communications technology (ICT),
including SNS, enable users and researchers to extract new information
and identify novel phenomena occurring within a given city (Batty,
2013; Mora et al., 2017a,b; Lim et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2020), making it
easier to determine users’ place selection as well as a city’s spatial

* Corresponding author at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
E-mail addresses: dhbit@snu.ac.kr (D. Kim), handonge@handong.edu (D. Seo), yskwon@snu.ac.kr (Y. Kwon).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105214
Received 22 April 2020; Received in revised form 18 November 2020; Accepted 27 November 2020
Available online 6 December 2020
0264-8377/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 D. Kim et al.
patterns (Ku, 2016; Alvarez et al., 2017; Hamstead et al., 2018). Extant
research also indicates that advances in ICT work influence place se­
lection and spatial structure. Consequently, the urban planning para­
digm is undergoing gradual reform (Marsal-Llacuna and Fabregat-Gesa,
2016; Scuotto et al., 2016; Bresciani et al., 2018; Mueller et al., 2018)
characterized by discussions regarding the need to supplement tradi­
tional urban planning techniques with innovative tools based on new
Solution
forms of information, including SNS data (Mora et al., 2018; Osman,
2019).
Aim of the study
In light of such remarkable expanding online social networks, this
study considers whether the selection of retail facilities via SNS—that is,
via users—has shown locational patterns that differ from that based on
traditional location principles. As a result of ICT development, people
have greater freedom in selecting places, as they have more information
and will be aware of more choice options in terms of facility location. To
this end, this study analyzes the location characteristics of F&B retail
facilities selected via SNS in six metropolitan cities in South Korea and
compares these characteristics to those of current F&B retail facilities in
Method
these cities. The study employs Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical Clus­
tering (NNHC) analysis for spatial analysis, as well as correlation and
regression analyses for quantitative examination. Further, it seeks to
verify the emergence of a new pattern of place selection based on social
network data. In doing so, the study shows that SNS data sufficiently
reflect the act of people’s place selection, as well as the development of
results
ICT affecting people’s poi(point of interest) in terms of F&B retail
facilities.
2. Related research trends
2.1. Spatial analysis using social network data
Recent studies analyzing citizen behaviors and spatial characteristics
based on social network data have used various SNS platforms as data
sources. Twitter is most commonly used in such analyses due to the
massive amounts of data created by users on a daily basis (Mora et al.,
2018). Several studies have examined the spatial distribution of Twitter
messages (Li et al., 2013; Park and Kang, 2014; Shin, 2014; Ku, 2015;
Hong, 2015a), determining the spatial distribution characteristics of the
data themselves by mining and preprocessing Twitter data with location
information. Going a step further, beyond simply identifying the dis­
tribution of data, some scholars have analyzed city boundaries (Yin
et al., 2017), outdoor activities (Tse et al., 2018), and population
mobility patterns (Aguilera, 2018) based on location data embedded in
Twitter. Others have analyzed the primary emotions and opinions of
residents in certain cities based on user posts (Xu et al., 2013; Resch
et al., 2015, 2016; Li et al., 2017).
Scholars have used location-based photo sharing platforms like
Flickr, Foursquare, and Panoramio in an attempt to address issues of
representativeness and location sparsity in social network data such as
Twitter data (Liu et al., 2014; Mislove et al., 2018). Several such studies
have examined the density and distribution of uploaded image data on
these platforms (Hong, 2015b, 2016; Ku, 2016), while others have
identified the distribution of preferred spaces based on data frequency
(Cho and Sung, 2012; Encalada et al., 2017; Martí et al., 2017; Peng and
Huang, 2017). Researchers have also assessed temporal and spatial
changes in data density by visualizing data of certain web portals and
SNS platforms (Wu et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2017).
Additionally, several studies have established the applicability of
social network data to the field of spatial information by collecting and
refining massive sets of social network big data and using them in
various types of spatial analysis. This research indicates that the
development of SNS has altered citizen participation, transforming cit­
izens from observers to active participants (Goldsmith and Crawford,
2014; Oliveira and Campolargo, 2015; Zeile et al., 2015). Such research
reaffirms the notion that SNS data can be used as a new tool in the
emerging smart cities (Marsal-Llacuna et al., 2011; De Oliveira, 2016).
2
Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214
limitations, Gaps
However, much of the existing research is limited by the fact that
these spatial analyses have failed to specifically determine the mean­
ingful phenomena of urban space beyond macroscopically deriving the
frequency or density of social network data itself on SNS platforms.
Moreover, some studies on spatial characteristics have only analyzed
specific factors of SNS data—that is, spaces with high data frequency­
—and failed to identify or investigate practical characteristics that may
prove useful in urban planning and design policy.
2.2. Locational characteristics of retail facilities
Location has been regarded as the most important element of retail
facilities (Taneja, 1999) since Huff’s seminal study in the mid-twentieth
century (Huff, 1963; Ghosh and McLafferty, 1987; Berman and Evans,
2001; Huff, 2003; Zentes et al., 2011). Several scholars have used
Geographic Information Systems (GIS; Weibull, 1976; Joseph and Phil­
lips, 1984; Luo and Wang, 2003; Wang, 2012) and network science
(Hillier and Hanson, 1984; Barabási, 2002; Batty, 2008) to develop
methodology and criteria for location and spatial network analysis. In
particular, studies grounded in space syntax theory assume that only the
physical urban grid is considered to determine ‘street centrality’ through
the mathematically calculated figures of integration, connection, and
control and that, in fact, major facilities such as retail facilities are
located on high-centrality streets. In addition, these studies have
considered ways in which ‘street centrality’ is related to socioeconomic
dynamics and structures (Hillier et al., 1993).
Various indicators representing street centrality are closely related to
land use in cities and the location patterns of retail facilities(Li and Cai,
2004; Porta et al., 2005, 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Wang, 2012), with
certain indicators exerting a greater effect on location (Chai et al., 2007;
Qi et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014). Researchers often
subdivide indicators identifying the location of retail facilities in order
to assess whether the physical and regional accessibility of facilities and
their locations serve central functions (Lee and Jung, 2014; Park et al.,
2015).
Importantly, recent studies have highlighted exceptional cases in
which the characteristics of retail facilities and the streets on which they
are located do not represent centrality. For instance, Jin et al. (2012)
observed low street centrality within the context of new coffee shops
Gap!!
located on the inner part of the block away from the main road. Others
have documented the absence of a relationship between the rent for
some retail facilities, and public transportation accessibility (Cao,
2019). Such research indicates the possibility that retail facilities can be
located in places with low street centrality.
3. Research framework
3.1. Scope of analysis
The ultimate hypothesis of this study is as follows: popular F&B retail
facilities selected by SNS users will show place selection(patronage)
patterns that are different from those based on the traditional location
principles of F&B retail facilities(near large scale and busy streets, easy-
to-access areas, etc.). Accordingly, this study analyzes the characteristics
of food and beverage(F&B) retail facilities, which accounts for the
largest proportion of social network data among commercial-related
functions, reflecting the public’s tendency to select places (Han, 2015;
Ku, 2016). It has also been demonstrated that the situation is changing,
with F&B retail facility location increasingly influenced by active con­
sumer choice (Shon and Park, 2013). In particular, due to the charac­
teristics of land use in South Korea, F&B retail facilities can be freely
located regardless of how the land is used, making it easy to examine the
differences in location characteristics.
In South Korea, a city with a population of more than 1 million is
referred to as ‘Gwangyeok-Si’ under ‘the Local Autonomy Act.’
Currently, six ‘Gwangyeok-Si’ (Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, Busan, Ulsan,
D. Kim et al. Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214

and Incheon) exist in South Korea (Fig. 1), and these cities have a clear Table 1
distinction between old and new areas; they have sufficient population Research Dataset.
size and serve as the central cities in major geopolitical areas. In order to Data Source Function
derive general characteristics of location of F&B retail facilities, the
SNS F&B retail facilities SNS crawling
study identified all six cities above as the spatial scope and called them a General F&B retail
Open local data
‘Metropolitan City.’ facilities
Base data
This study’s temporal scope is the month of June 2019, which was Bus stop Open API data
the most recent time in which data could be obtained. Urban center (old/new
Obtained by researcher
urban center)
Dependent
3.2. Study variables and social network data F&B retail density CrimeStat analysis
variable
Officially assessed land
Obtained by researcher on
This study uses retail density as a response variable when examining price
integrated maps platform
Adjacent road width Independent
the locational characteristics of regions with high densities of retail fa­
Distance from bus stop variables
cilities. Four explanatory variables derived from existing studies are Distance from urban GIS analysis
used to measure the street centrality of the facilities’ locations: 1) offi­ center
cially assessed land price (economic characteristic), 2) adjacent road
width (physical characteristic), 3) distance from urban center (accessi­
bility characteristic), and 4) distance from bus stop (accessibility char­ tied F&B retail facilities. Furthermore, the final dataset was constructed
acteristic; Hillier, 1999; Castillo-Manzano and López-Valpuesta, 2009; by excluding missing values and franchises from the obtained data. In
Porta et al., 2009; Jin et al., 2012; Lee and Jung, 2014; Wang et al., the case of ’franchise’, the independent model for location determina­
2014; Liu et al., 2015; Han, 2015; Rui et al., 2016). tion based on the ‘multi-objective approach model’ has been discussed
This study extracted social network data from ‘Dining Code,’ a South in the past to satisfy the conflicting interests of franchisor and franchisee
Korean application, in order to determine the F&B retail facilities’ se­ (Current and Storbeck, 1994; Pelegrín et al., 2012; Suárez-Vega et al.,
lection trends of actual users. Based on big data analysis, the application 2012). In addition, franchises have proven to have their own location
provides objective ranking by combining opinions and scores of all distribution characteristics in South Korea (Youn and Lee, 2016).
users, information search engines, and independent data mining. Therefore, due to the characteristics of its location based on its own
Therefore, each F&B retail facility has a ranking that combines the strategy, unlike general retail facilities, franchises are excluded from
number of searches, reviews, blog uploads, etc. of SNS users, and the SNS F&B retail facilities to ensure analytical precision. Accordingly, the
F&B retail facilities in the top rankings can be interpreted as having a dataset comprised 213 places in Busan, 204 places in Gwangju, 191
higher level of selection by users on SNS. Additionally, as we can see on places in Daegu, 164 places in Daejeon, 193 places in Incheon and 204
the Dining Code website (https://www.diningcode.com/intro.php), the places in Ulsan.
application’s number of users has been rapidly increasing, having grown For data on general F&B retail facilities, all existing facilities were
from 1 million in August 2016 to 1.8 million in February 2018, and it identified by using ‘open local data’ from each metropolitan city. Sub­
ranked first in South Korea’s F&B search application market in 2018. sequently, this study randomly extracted the same number of facilities as
Therefore, Dining Code data are preferred over other SNS platforms, that of extracted SNS F&B retail facilities in each metropolitan city, with
such as Twitter and Flickr, which do not specialize in F&B retail facilities the final dataset excluding missing values and franchises. Thus, the final
and thus cannot convey the extent to which the stores are selected via dataset comprised 187 places in Busan, 196 places in Gwangju, 192
SNS. Accordingly, this study bases its analysis on Dining Code ranking. places in Daegu, 190 places in Daejeon, 188 stores in Incheon and 189
Table 1 displays the dataset used for analysis. Information related to stores in Ulsan.
SNS F&B retail facilities were obtained by crawling data, such as the ‘Bus stop’ data were collected using an open application program­
names and addresses of ’about the top 200 F&B retail facilities’ in each ming interface (API). ‘Urban center’ data, representing old and new
metropolitan city, using Dining Code ranking. When extracting the top urban centers, were obtained through the geo-coding of the coordinates
F&B retail facilities on SNS, the number of facilities is different for each of the relevant points with reference to previous studies.
city because, in the case of a tie for 200th place, the list includes all the Data related to the ‘F&B retail density’ refer to the frequency for each

Fig. 1. The location and geographical status of six metropolitan cities in Korea.

3
D. Kim et al.
individual F&B retail facility through ‘fuzzy mode’ analysis, which is a
typical method of point location analysis (Bailey and Gatrell, 1995).
First, regarding the dataset for the calculation of density for SNS F&B
retail facilities, all data were previously crawled. In the case of general
F&B retail facilities, all data on open local data sourcs were geocoded to
make point shape files with coordinates. Then, according to the number
of F&B retail facilities (frequency) within the radius (typically using 100
m) by each F&B retail point, retail density for each F&B retail facility
was specified. Therefore, it is a continuous variable of the ratio scale.
CrimeStat (NIJ, version 3.3) was used for the analysis for each of the six
metropolitan cities.
Data reflecting ‘officially assessed land price’ and ‘adjacent road
width’ were obtained from an integrated maps platform, while ‘distance
from bus stop’ and ‘distance from urban center’ data were derived from
GIS analysis. For ‘distance from bus stop’, the nearest bus stop for each
retail facility was pre-extracted using the GIS ‘near’ tool, and distance
from the nearest bus stop was measured for each facility. For ‘distance
from urban center’, the central point of the downtown district of each
city (typically the city hall or the midpoint of the central street) was
geocoded, and the distance of each F&B retail facility from that point
was calculated. All distance variables were calculated via network
analysis using ArcGIS (ESRI, version 10.5).
3.3. Method of analysis
This study compares general F&B and SNS F&B retail facilities, with
a focus on how the location characteristics of dense areas of the latter are
differentiated from those of the former following the traditional location
principle. First, this study spatially identifies the difference in the dis­
tribution of F&B retail facilities selected via SNS and general F&B retail
facilities by using NNHC analysis. NNHC analysis is a quantitative
clustering technique that consecutively forms clusters of the closest
points by calculating the spatial distance among point features (Bailey
and Gatrell, 1995; Kang, 2009). This study employs NNHC analysis to
determine clusters with a high density of F&B retail facilities. The
datasets of SNS F&B and general F&B retail facilities used in the NNHC
analysis are the same as those of the fuzzy mode performed to derive the
dependent variable (retail density). NNHC to extract the clusters was
performed by using CrimeStat (NIJ, version 3.3). Using this method, this
study also analyzes the proportion of F&B retail facilities by land use
through four land use functions (commercial, mixed-use commercial-­
residential, residential, other areas), going beyond the identification of
the location of clusters to determine the general distribution patterns of
clusters as well.
After verifying the spatial differences in F&B clusters, this study
conducted correlation and regression analyses to compare the retail
facilities’ locational characteristics. Correlation and regression analysis
were performed for each of the six metropolitan cities, and the unit of all
samples used in the analysis was individual F&B retail facility.
Accordingly, data corresponding to the retail density and independent
variables for each F&B retail facility were collected and measured.
Correlation analysis was used to individually determine the corre­
lation between retail density and the four locational variables. The re­
sults of the correlation analysis were interpreted using Pearson’s
correlation coefficients for ‘officially assessed land price’, ‘distance from
bus stop’ and ‘distance from urban center’, which are measurement
variables. However, as the assumption of bivariate normal distribution
may not be appropriate for ‘adjacent road width’, the results of that
variable were verified using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients by
changing to a smaller value if the road is wide and has high vehicle
accessibility (more than 70 m = 1, 50 m~70 m = 2, … 8 m~10 m = 11,
less than 8 m = 12).
This study conducts regression analysis by considering all locational
variables as independent variables in order to determine the significance
and explanatory power of the regression equation for ‘retail density’, as
well as the influential factors. Regression analysis is used to verify
4
Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214
whether a significant regression equation for ‘retail density’ can be
derived when controlling for the locational variables; if significant
regression occurs, it allows a comparison of how independent variables
that affect ’retail density’ are different between general F&B and SNS
F&B retail facilities.
4. Results
4.1. NNHC analysis
NNHC analysis results demonstrate that, there are remarkably more
cases in which general F&B clusters and SNS F&B clusters do not
intersect or in which the SNS F&B cluster is formed near the general F&B
retail cluster and partially intersects it (Fig. 2). To quantify and compare
the spatial distribution characteristics of clusters, this study obtained the
differences in the proportion of the two F&B groups(general and SNS)
included in each land use area (Table 2). All values represent the dif­
ferences between the proportion of the two F&B retail groups.
The results show that ‘the difference in the proportion of F&B in
commercial-residential areas’ is positive in all six metropolitan cities
(Ulsan, +24.7 %; Daegu, +24.1 %; Daejeon, +16.7 %; Incheon, +6.7 %;
Busan, +3.6 %; Gwangju, +0.8 %), while ‘the difference in the pro­
portion of F&B in residential areas’ is consistently negative (Daegu,
–31.4 %; Daejeon, –27.0 %; Incheon, –11 %; Gwangju, –8.9 %; Busan,
–7.5 %; Incheon, –1.7 %). Therefore, we can understand that clusters of
general F&B retail facilities are more commonly located in commercial
areas in accordance with the traditional location principle, whereas
those of SNS F&B retail facilities are frequently located in what would
traditionally have been non-commercial areas (lower-rent or less
desirable locations) within or on the fringes of established retail districts
or in areas on smaller, quieter, less trafficked streets, but streets that are
still quite close to concentrations of traditional retail facilities.
4.2. Correlation analysis
The results of the correlation analysis show that in all metropolitan
cities, locational characteristics that are correlated with the density of
SNS F&B retail facilities are markedly different from those of general
F&B retail facilities (Table 3).
First, the ‘retail density’ of general F&B retail facilities is signifi­
cantly positively correlated with ‘officially assessed land price’. In other
words, in accordance with the traditional location principle, general
F&B retail facilities tend to form clusters in places that perform central
economic functions (i.e., commercial areas with high land prices and
development potential; Porta et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2014; Park et al.,
2015). Conversely, the correlation of ‘officially assessed land price’ with
‘retail density’ is not statistically significant for SNS F&B retail facilities,
and the direction of correlation is inconsistent across cities. For example,
‘officially assessed land price’ is negatively correlated with ‘retail den­
sity’ in Gwangju. This difference indicates that, unlike the general
location, F&B retail facilities selected via SNS form clusters regardless of
economic characteristics.
Furthermore, location of SNS F&B retail is unique in terms of
‘adjacent road width’, which is a physical characteristic. While retail
facilities’ location with high density was negatively correlated with
‘adjacent road width’ in the case of general F&B, a significantly positive
correlation was derived for SNS F&B retail facilities. In terms of road
characteristics, general F&B retail facilities reflect the conventional
trend of forming clusters on main roads with high street centrality (Lee
and Jung, 2014), while F&B retail facilities selected via SNS tend to
cluster on side streets or small roads on the inner part of the block with
low street centrality.
Regarding ‘distance from bus stop’, which is an accessibility char­
acteristic, general F&B clusters are negatively correlated with accessi­
bility to bus stops. The results show that, in accordance with the
traditional location principle, general F&B retail facilities are clustered
D. Kim et al. Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214

Fig. 2. NNHC analysis results.

Table 2
Differences in the proportion of two F&B groups(general and SNS) by land use.
Differences = General F&B(%) – SNS F&B(%) Busan Gwangju Daegu Daejeon Incheon Ulsan

Difference in the proportion in commercial areas − 1.4% − 3.0% + 2.2 % + 8.0 % + 2.5 % − 16.4%
Difference in the proportion in commercial-residential areas + 3.6 % + 0.8 % + 24.1 % + 16.7 % + 6.7 % + 24.7 %
Difference in the proportion in residential areas − 7.5% − 8.9% − 31.4% − 27.0% − 11.0% − 1.7%
Difference in the proportion in other areas + 5.7 % + 11.1 % + 5.1 % + 2.5 % + 1.7 % +6.6 %

in areas with high public transportation accessibility. However, the
density of F&B retail facilities selected via SNS is not correlated with the
distance from a bus stop or public transportation accessibility.
Significantly, the only characteristic shared by both general and SNS
F&B retail facilities is ‘distance from urban center’. Both groups are
negatively correlated with ‘retail density’, with SNS F&B retail facilities
showing a relatively weaker correlation. These findings imply that F&B
retail facilities selected via SNS are also impacted by the principle of
central location hierarchy due to the nature of their identity as retail.

5
D. Kim et al. Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214

Table 3
Correlation Analysis Results.
Busan Gwangju Daegu

General (n = 187) SNS (n = 213) General (n = 196) SNS (n = 204) General (n = 192) SNS (n = 191)

LAND PRICE +0.448***(0.000) +0.074 (0.283) +0.449*** (0.000) − 0.031 (0.664) +0.449*** (0.000) +0.100 (0.169)
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 0.329*** (0.000) +0.137** (0.045) − 0.281***(0.000) +0.193*** (0.006) − 0.323*** (0.000) +0.144** (0.047)
BUS DIST − 0.175*** (0.004) +0.030 (0.660) − 0.313*** (0.000) +0.050 (0.474) − 0.298*** (0.000) +0.047 (0.520)
CENTER DIST − 0.267*** (0.000) − 0.136** (0.048) − 0.190** (0.008) − 0.189*** (0.007) − 0.218*** (0.002) − 0.193*** (0.007)
Daejeon Incheon Ulsan
General (n = 190) SNS (n = 164) General (n = 188) SNS (n = 193) General (n = 189) SNS (n = 204)
LAND PRICE +0.393*** (0.000) +0.056 (0.476) +0.543*** (0.000) +0.029 (0.691) +0.455*** (0.000) +0.059 (0.402)
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 0.408*** (0.000) +0.247*** (0.001) − 0.453*** (0.000) +0.167** (0.020) − 0.408*** (0.000) +0.165** (0.019)
BUS DIST − 0.247*** (0.001) − 0.119 (0.128) − 0.226*** (0.002) +0.046 (0.524) − 0.284*** (0.000) +0.112 (0.112)
CENTER DIST − 0.315***(0.000) − 0.315*** (0.000) − 0.253*** (0.000) − 0.175** (0.015) − 0.363*** (0.000) − 0.151** (0.031)

***α < 0.01; **α < 0.05;*α < 0.1.

Response variable = Retail density.

4.3. Regression analysis 5. Conclusions and discussions

Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values—which identify correlations
between predictor variables in regression analysis—ranged from 1.032
to 2.260, indicating that there is no multicollinearity among these var­
iables for all metropolitan cities. The regression models for general F&B
retail facilities are significant at p = 0.01 for all metropolitan cities, with
approximately 0.3 explanatory power (R2), while those for SNS F&B
retail facilities are significant at p = 0.1 for all metropolitan cities, with
approximately 0.1 explanatory power (R2). Table 4 presents the
regression analysis results.
For traditional F&B retail facilities in all metropolitan cities, there is
a significant positive regression coefficient for ‘officially assessed land
price’ and a significant negative regression coefficient for ‘adjacent
road’. Additionally, there is a significantly negative regression coeffi­
cient for ‘distance from bus stop’ except for Daejeon and Incheon, and
for ‘distance from urban center’ except for Gwangju, Daegu, and
Incheon.
Meanwhile, two regression models for F&B retail facilities frequently
selected via SNS are significant at p = 0.1 (Busan and Daegu), while the
other four are significant at p = 0.01. Additionally, the explanatory
power of the four significant regression models was approximately 0.1,
exhibiting remarkably lower explanatory power compared to general
F&B retail facilities. Among the statistically significant independent
variables in the regression models, ‘adjacent road width’ is positively
correlated with ‘retail density’ except for Daegu, and ‘distance from
urban center’ has a significant negative regression coefficient except for
Busan. ‘Officially assessed land price’ and ‘distance from bus stop’ show
statistically insignificant regression coefficients in all regression equa­
tions except for Ulsan.
In sum, significant regression equations explaining ‘retail density’ in
all cities have adequate explanatory power for general F&B retail fa­
cilities, with ‘officially assessed land price’ having significant positive
impact on ‘F&B retail density’, and ‘adjacent road width’, ‘distance from
bus stop’, and ‘distance from urban center’ had significant negative
regression coefficients in most cities. In contrast, for SNS F&B retail
facilities, all regression models have low explanatory power compared
to general F&B retail. For most cities, ‘adjacent road width’ and ‘distance
from urban center’ were positively and negatively correlated with ‘retail
density’, respectively, with the remaining independent variables found
to have almost no significant effect. Therefore, the explanatory power of
the regression models is remarkably lower in the context of SNS F&B
than in that of general F&B, with positive regression coefficients for
‘adjacent road width’ variable and no influence of ‘officially assessed
land price’ and ‘distance from bus stop’ variables. These findings indi­
cate that, in accordance with the results of correlation analysis, F&B
retail facilities selected via SNS tend to possess locational characteristics
distinct from those of general retail facilities.
This study illuminates the interactions between ICT and urban space
by analyzing urban information derived from SNS data. In doing so, this
study reveals a novel behavior pattern based on the recognition that,
while cities were once managed by traditional urban planning tools, the
development of ICT has introduced successive changes to the urban
mechanism (Mora et al., 2018; Osman, 2019). This change may be re­
flected in big data produced by SNS, which have become a part of the
everyday lives of many people today (Akhtar, 2014; Garcia-Cuerva
et al., 2016; Persia and D’Auria, 2017). Furthermore, it prompts the
question of the extent to which this change in the location characteristics
of retail facilities selected by SNS users has occurred in accordance with
the traditional location principle of retail facilities. Addressing this
question in regard to F&B retail facilities, which are the most actively
accessed by SNS users, this study analyzed and compared the location
characteristics of SNS and general F&B.
Through NNHC, correlation, and regression analysis, this study
established that the location characteristics of dense spots of F&B retail
facilities selected via SNS are markedly different from those of general
F&B, both spatially and quantitatively. NNHC analysis revealed a spatial
difference in SNS F&B retail facilities in terms of spatial distribution and
cluster patterns. Using ‘retail density’ as the response variable, corre­
lation analysis demonstrated that the density of general F&B retail fa­
cilities is associated with economic, physical, and accessibility
characteristics reflecting the traditional location principle (Porta et al.,
2009; Park et al., 2015; Lee and Jung, 2014; Wang et al., 2014).
Simultaneously, the density of F&B retail facilities selected via SNS is
affected by urban center accessibility, as is the case with that of general
F&B. However, in terms of physical characteristics, SNS F&B retail fa­
cilities tend to be located on narrow roads (i.e., side streets that lack
vehicle accessibility; Jacobs, 1961). Significantly, these facilities are
flexibly located and are not affected by economic and accessibility
characteristics. The significance and explanatory power of the regres­
sion equations and the identification of statistically significant regres­
sion coefficients adds credibility to the correlation analysis results of this
study, which were consistently found for all six of the analyzed metro­
politan areas.
This study affirms that big data from SNS sufficiently reflect user
behavior in terms of the choice of urban space and that place selection
trends are changing due to or driven by SNS advancement. This change
is reflected by the fact that the spatial selection behavior trends and
locational characteristics of F&B retail facilities in SNS differ from what
the traditional principle dictates, indicating that a new patronage
pattern is occurring(Jin et al., 2012; Cao, 2019) within the context of the
selection of F&B retail facilities. Ultimately, this proves the hypothesis
that this study had.
In this way, this study is different and meaningful in that it uses SNS
data and deals in detail with the unusual patronage trend and location

6
 D. Kim et al. Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214

Table 4
Multiple Regression Analysis Results.
Busan General (N = 187) SNS (N = 213)
2
R 0.262 0.039

F(p-value) 16.163 (0.000*) 2.079 (0.085*)

B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF

(Constant) 18743.932 – 6.985 0.000 – 78.206 – 4.079 0.000* –
LAND PRICE 0.001 0.334 4.646 0.000* 1.276 7.838E-007 0.058 0.811 0.418 1.105
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 609.750 − 0.168 − 2.392 0.018* 1.220 2.979 0.127 1.833 0.068* 1.037
BUS DIST − 6.565 − 0.112 − 1.725 0.086* 1.036 0.027 0.039 0.559 0.577 1.055
CENTER DIST − 0.251 − 0.134 − 2.003 0.047* 1.102 − 0.002 − 0.115 − 1.597 0.112 1.112
Gwangju General (N = 196) SNS (N = 204)
R2 0.260 0.086
F(p-value) 16.568 (0.000*) 4.682 (0.001*)
B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF
(Constant) 9301.111 – 5.396 0.000* – 85.138 – 4.323 0.000* –
LAND PRICE 0.002 0.318 4.324 0.000* 1.384 − 2.099E-006 − 0.047 − 0.638 0.524 1.171
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 264.562 − 0.144 − 2.012 0.046* 1.302 4.526 0.210 3.002 0.003* 1.068
BUS DIST − 10.605 − 0.177 − 2.669 0.008* 1.127 − 0.000 − 0.000 0.004 0.997 1.033
CENTER DIST − 0.163 − 0.078 − 1.173 0.242 1.130 − 0.007 − 0.217 − 3.013 0.003* 1.129
Daegu General (N = 192) SNS (N = 191)
R2 0.256 0.042
F(p-value) 16.057 (0.000*) 2.019 (0.093*)
B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF
(Constant) 13099.035 – 5.912 0.000* – 99.467 – 4.227 0.000* –
LAND PRICE 0.002 0.294 3.991 0.000* 1.395 9.397E-007 0.039 0.510 0.611 1.143
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 363.674 − 0.136 − 1.900 0.059* 1.294 0.128 0.006 0.053 0.957 2.260
BUS DIST − 6.223 − 0.170 − 2.544 0.012* 1.119 0.047 0.054 0.725 0.470 1.065
CENTER DIST − 0.099 − 0.067 − 1.002 0.318 1.133 − 0.004 − 0.178 − 1.651 0.100* 2.250
Daejeon General (N = 189) SNS (N = 164)
R2 0.231 0.142
F(p-value) 13.860 (0.000*) 6.578 (0.000*)
B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF
(Constant) 10583.597 – 5.882 0.000* – 60.190 – 3.297 0.001*
LAND PRICE 0.001 0.239 3.111 0.002* 1.414 4.651E-007 0.011 0.147 0.883 1.067
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 361.117 − 0.173 − 2.215 0.028* 1474 4.027 0.197 2.654 0.009* 1.021
BUS DIST − 5.444 − 0.102 − 1.422 0.157 1.240 − 0.035 − 0.067 − 0.902 0.368 1.037
CENTER DIST − 0.286 − 0.156 − 2.190 0.030* 1.225 − 0.006 − 0.288 − 3.777 0.000* 1.074
Incheon General (N = 188) SNS (N = 193)
R2 0.329 0.072
F(p-value) 22.473 (0.000*) 3.636 (0.007*)
B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF
(Constant) 7645.291 – 4.458 0.000* – 73.913 – 4.441 0.000* –
LAND PRICE 0.002 0.426 5.835 0.000* 1.455 1.980E-007 0.007 0.087 0.931 1.144
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 250.456 − 0.131 − 1.780 0.077* 1.475 3.392 0.196 2.741 0.007* 1.032
BUS DIST − 5.920 − 0.085 − 1.340 0.182 1.094 0.036 0.050 0.684 0.495 1.095
CENTER DIST − 0.114 − 0.102 − 1.612 0.109 1.092 − 0.002 − 0.209 − 2.849 0.005* 1.086
Ulsan General (N = 189) SNS (N = 204)
R2 0.293 0.083
F(p-value) 19.076 (0.000*) 4.489 (0.002*)
B β t p-value VIF B β t p-value VIF
(Constant) 8683.498 – 6.740 0.000* – 57.814 – 3.398 0.001* –
LAND PRICE 0.001 0.267 3.394 0.001* 1614 6.235E-007 0.039 0.549 0.583 1.080
ADJACENT ROAD WIDTH − 250.283 − 0.162 − 2.141 0.034* 1.498 4.628 0.189 2.738 0.007* 1.033
BUS DIST − 8.114 − 0.157 − 2.405 0.017* 1.116 0.107 0.133 1.862 0.064* 1.104
CENTER DIST − 0.100 − 0.170 − 2.447 0.015* 1.263 − 0.002 − 0.187 − 2.581 0.011* 1.141

Response variable = Retail density.

*
α < 0.1.

characteristics of users based on that data. However, we would like to
discuss some parts that should be handled in the future as follow-up
studies in this regard.
First, the specific and direct cause factors of the change in the F&B
retail facility patronage identified by this study must be considered. As
discussed in the preceding studies, the fact that the F&B retail facility
reflects people’s patronage trends well (Han, 2015; Ku, 2016) and that
there is a change in the characteristics of those trends (Son & Park,
2013) has been fully addressed in this study. However, consideration of
the details that actually affected the patronage is still unknown. Various
causes come to mind, such as changes in trends of preferred space,
changes in perception of F&B, economic factors such as prices, and the
atmosphere of the area where F&B is located. Only when the parameters
hidden from the patronage change caused by the ripple effect of SNS are
drawn up in depth, the corresponding urban planning measures and
measures can be prepared.
Second, in addition to SNS users, a patronage on the F&B retail fa­
cility of other consumer groups could be considered. In this study, the
general F&B retail sector was defined as a control group of SNS users
who selected SNS F&B retail facilities. In other words, the entire general
F&B retail sector, which is generally chosen by the public without
relying on SNS (or regardless of SNS), is regarded as a general patronage
and compared with the results of SNS users. However, if surveys or
additional data acquisition is possible, a fine-quality study could be
produced through subdivisions of groups. For example, the difference in
the patronage by age within SNS users, it is expected that we will be able
to produce more productive results following the results of this study.
Lastly, researchers must continue exploring the applicability of

consideration, limitations
7
D. Kim et al.
urban space information embedded in SNS data for spatial analysis and
the evidence that ICT data from SNS fully reflect users’ place selection
preferences and trends in urban spaces. These findings also suggest that
ICT development may influence change in urban spaces. More generally,
this study demonstrates the need to study urban phenomena generated
by ICT using multiple perspectives and datasets to future studies.
Funding
This work was supported by the Creative-Pioneering Researchers
Program and the Integrated Research Institute of Construction and
Environmental Engineering at Seoul National University. This work was
partially supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Edu­
cation (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07048832). This work was partially sup­
ported by the Smart City R&D project of the Korea Agency for
Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded by the
Ministry of Science and ICT (Grant 20NSPS-B151375-03). This work was
partially supported by Korea Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport (MOLIT) as ‘Innovative Talent Education Program for Smart
City’.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Daehwan Kim: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation,
Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Ducksu
Seo: Writing - review & editing, Methodology. Youngsang Kwon:
Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Methodol­
ogy, Writing - original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
None.
Acknowledgment
This study was conducted by supplementing the part of an ME
research project of Daehwan Kim in the Department of Civil and Envi­
ronmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.
References
Aguilera, M., 2018. Rhythms of the collective brain: metastable synchronization and
cross-scale interactions in connected multitudes. Complexity 2018, 4212509.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4212509.
Akhtar, N., 2014. Social network analysis tools. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Fourth
International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies.
Bhopal, India, 7–9 April 2014, pp. 388–392.
Alvarez, L., Borsi, K., Rodrigues, L., 2017. The role of social network analysis on
participation and placemaking. Sustain. Cities Soc. 28, 118–126. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.017.
Bailey, T., Gatrell, A., 1995. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Prentice Hall, Harlow,
p. 432.
Barabási, A.L., 2002. Linked: The New Science of Networks. Basic Books, New York,
p. 280.
Batty, M., 2008. Whither network science? Environ. Plann. B Plann. Des. 35, 569–571.
https://doi.org/10.1068/b3504ed.
Batty, M., 2013. Big data, smart cities and city planning. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 3,
274–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820613513390.
Bekele, T.M., Wang, W., Xia, F., Liu, H., 2017. Big scholarly data: a survey. IEEE Trans.
Big Data 3, 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBDATA.2016.2641460.
Berman, B., Evans, J.R., 2001. Retail Management: A Strategic Approach, 8th ed.
Prentice Hall, Harlow, p. 708.
Boyd, D.M., Ellison, N.B., 2007. Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship.
J. Comput. Mediated. Comm. 13, 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-
6101.2007.00393.x.
Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., Del Giudice, M., 2018. The management of organizational
ambidexterity through alliances in a new context of analysis: internet of Things (IoT)
smart city projects. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 136, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.techfore.2017.03.002.
Cao, Z., 2019. Factors affecting the rent of shops in commercial complexes: a case study
of Shenzhen Shekou Sea World. J. Landscape Res. 11, 113–119. https://doi.org/
10.16785/j.issn1943-989x.2019-4.024.
8
Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214
Castillo-Manzano, J.I., López-Valpuesta, L., 2009. Urban retail fabric and the metro: a
complex relationship. Lessons from middle-sized Spanish cities. Cities 26, 141–147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.02.007.
Cervero, R., Kang, C.D., 2011. Bus rapid transit impacts on land uses and land values in
Seoul, Korea. Transp. Pol. 18, 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tranpol.2010.06.005.
Chai, Y., Shen, J., Long, T., 2007. Downtown retailing development under
suburbanization—a case study of Beijing. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 17, 1–9. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11769-007-0001-5.
Cheng, E.W.L., Heng, L., Ling, Y., 2007. A GIS approach to shopping mall location
selection. Build. Environ. 42, 884–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
buildenv.2005.10.010.
Cho, S.K., Sung, E.Y., 2012. Discovering and Analysing Urban Places Using Geo-tagged
Internet Photos for Place-oriented Spatial Planning. Architecture & Urban Research
Institute, Sejong-si.
Current, J.R., Storbeck, J.E., 1994. A multiobjective approach to design franchise outlet
networks. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 45, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.1994.8.
Dawson, J.A., 2013. Retail Geography. Halsted Press, Chicago, p. 248.
De Oliveira, A.D., 2016. The human smart cities manifesto: a global perspective. In:
Concilio, G., Rizzo, F. (Eds.), Human Smart Cities. Springer Nature, Cham,
pp. 197–202.
Encalada, L., Boavida-Portugal, I., Ferreira, C.R.C., Rocha, J., 2017. Identifying tourist
places of interest based on digital imprints: towards a sustainable smart city.
Sustainability 9, 2317. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU9122317.
Erbıyık, H., Özcan, S., Karaboğa, K., 2012. Retail store location selection problem with
multiple analytical hierarchy process of decision making an application in Turkey.
Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 58, 1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sbspro.2012.09.1125.
Garcia-Cuerva, A., Ledezma, A., Sanchis, A., Iglesias, J.A., 2016. Social network analysis:
evolving twitter mining. In: In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). Budapest, Hungary, 9–12
October 2016, pp. 1809–1814.
Ghosh, A., McLafferty, S.L., 1987. Location Strategies for Retail and Service Firms.
Lexington Books, Lanham, p. 212.
Goldsmith, S., Crawford, S., 2014. The Responsive City: Engaging Communities through
Data-Smart Governance. John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 208.
Hamstead, Z.A., Fisher, D., Ilieva, R.T., Wood, S.A., McPhearson, T., Kremer, P., 2018.
Geolocated social media as a rapid indicator of park visitation and equitable park
access. Comp. Environ. Urban Syst. 72, 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compenvurbsys.2018.01.007.
Han, J.S., 2015. A study on the effects of the usage review of the Majib smartphone
application on use intention. Culin. Sci. Hosp. Res. 21, 167–181.
Hillier, B., 1996. Space is the Machine: a Configurational Theory of Architecture.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 480.
Hillier, B., 1999. Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in
deformed grids. Urban Des. Intl. 4, 107–127.
Hillier, B., Hanson, J., 1984. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, p. 296. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237.
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., Xu, J., 1993. Natural movement: or,
configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environ. Plann. B
Plann. Des. 20, 29–66. https://doi.org/10.1068/b200029.
Hong, I.Y., 2015a. Spatial analysis of location-based social networks in Seoul, Korea.
J. Geogr. Inf. Sys. 7, 259–265. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2015.73020.
Hong, I.Y., 2015b. Spatial distribution of Korean geotweets. J. Kor. Cartogr. Assoc. 15,
93–101. https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2015.15.2.093.
Hong, I.Y., 2016. Spatial distribution of LBSN (location based social network) data in
Korea. J. Kor. Cartogr Assoc. 16, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.16879/
jkca.2016.16.2.095.
Huff, D.L., 1963. A probabilistic analysis of shopping center trade areas. Land Econ. 39,
81–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/3144521.
Huff, D.L., 2003. Parameter Estimation in the Huff Model. ArcUser, pp. 34–36.
October–December.
Jacobs, J., 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, New York,
p. 458.
Jin, C.J., Park, H.S., Kang, J.M., 2012. An empirical analysis of locational tendency of
coffee shops around Hongik University. J. Urban Des. Inst. Kor. 13, 71–82.
Joseph, A.E., Phillips, D.R., 1984. Accessibility and Utilization: Geographical
Perspectives on Health Care Delivery. Harper Row, London, p. 214.
Kang, H.J., 2009. Research Methods for Spatial Analysis. Korea Research Institute for
Human Settlements, Sejong.
Kang, C.D., 2015. The effects of spatial accessibility and centrality to land use on walking
in Seoul, Korea. Cities 46, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.006.
Ku, C.Y., 2015. The study on the mapping and spatial distribution analysis for spatial big
data: the case study on the twitted data in Seoul area? Geogr. J. Kor. 49, 349–360.
Ku, C.Y., 2016. A study on the spatial distribution of commercial space in Seoul area
using the location-based social network service data. Geogr. J. Kor. 50, 491–502.
Lee, K.M., Jung, C.M., 2014. The effect of time period pedestrian volume on store
location - focused on the Suwon’s retail facilities and restaurants. J. Archit. Inst.
Korea Plan. Des. 30 (8), 47–55.
Li, W., Cai, X., 2004. Statistical analysis of airport network of China. Phys. Rev. E 69,
046106.
Li, L., Goodchild, M.F., Xu, B., 2013. Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic patterns in
the use of Twitter and Flickr. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 40, 61–77. https://doi.org/
10.1080/15230406.2013.777139.
D. Kim et al.
Li, Z., Zhu, S., Hong, H., Li, Y., El Saddik, A., 2017. City digital pulse: a cloud based
heterogeneous data analysis platform. Multimed. Tools Appl. 76, 10893–10916.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4038-2.
Lim, C., Kim, K.J., Maglio, P.P., 2018. Smart cities with big data: reference models,
challenges, and considerations. Cities 82, 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cities.2018.04.011.
Liu, B., Yuan, Q., Cong, G., Xu, D., 2014. Where your photo is taken: geolocation
prediction for social images. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 65, 1232–1243. https://doi.
org/10.1002/asi.23050.
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Jiao, L., Liu, Y., He, J., Ai, T., 2015. Road centrality and landscape
spatial patterns in Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 25, 511–522.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-015-0749-y.
Liu, J.S., Ho, M.H.-C., Lu, L.Y.Y., 2017. Recent themes in social networking service
research. PLoS One 12 (1), e0170293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal
pone.0170293.
Liu, Y., Zhu, A.X., Wang, J., Li, W., Hu, G., Hu, Y., 2019. Land-use decision support in
brownfield redevelopment for urban renewal based on crowdsourced data and a
presence-and-background learning (PBL) method. Land Use Policy 88, 104188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104188.
Luo, W., Wang, F., 2003. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS
environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environ. Plann. B
Plann. Des. 30, 865–884. https://doi.org/10.1068/b29120.
Ma, J., Cheng, J.C.P., Jiang, F., Chen, W., Zhang, J., 2020. Analyzing driving factors of
land values in urban scale based on big data and non-linear machine learning
techniques. Land Use Policy 94, 104537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
landusepol.2020.104537.
Marsal-Llacuna, M.L., Fabregat-Gesa, R., 2016. Modeling citizens’ urban time-use using
adaptive hypermedia surveys to obtain an urban planning, citizen-centric,
methodological reinvention. Time Soc. 25, 272–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/
0961463X15577259.
Marsal-Llacuna, M.L., Leung, Y.T., Ren, G.J., 2011. Smarter urban planning: match land
use with citizen needs and financial constraints. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications. Santander, Spain, 20–23
June, pp. 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21887-3_8.
Martí, P., Serrano-Estrada, L., Nolasco-Cirugeda, A., 2017. Using locative social media
and urban cartographies to identify and locate successful urban plazas. Cities 64,
66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.02.007.
Mislove, A., Koppula, H.S., Gummadi, K.P., Druschel, P., Bhattacharjee, B., 2018. Growth
of the flickr social network. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Emerging
Technologies for Software-Defined and Reconfigurable Hardware-Accelerated Cloud
Datacenters—ETCD’17 2008. Seattle, WA, USA, 18 August 2018, p. 25. https://doi.
org/10.1145/1397735.1397742.
Mora, H.M., Pont, M.T.S., Casado, G.D.M., Iglesias, V.G., 2015. Management of social
networks in the educational process. Comput. Hum. Behav. 51, 890–895. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.010.
Mora, H., Ferrández, A., Gil, D., Peral, J., 2017a. A computational method for enabling
teaching-learning process in huge online courses and communities. Int. Rev. Res.
Open Distrib. Learn. 18, 225–246. https://doi.org/10.19173/IRRODL.V18I1.2637.
Mora, H., Gilart-Iglesias, V., Pérez-del Hoyo, R., Andújar-Montoya, M.D., 2017b.
A comprehensive system for monitoring urban accessibility in smart cities. Sensors
17, 1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081834.
Mora, H., Pérez-del Hoyo, R., Paredes-Pérez, J.F., Mollá-Sirvent, R., 2018. Analysis of
social networking service data for smart urban planning. Sustainability 10, 4732.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124732.
Mueller, J., Lu, H., Chirkin, A., Klein, B., Schmitt, G., 2018. Citizen design science: a
strategy for crowd-creative urban design. Cities 72, 181–188. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.018.
Nilsson, I.M., Smirnov, O.A., 2016. Measuring the effect of transportation infrastructure
on retail firm co-location patterns. J. Trans. Geogr. 51, 110–118. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.002.
Oliveira, A., Campolargo, M., 2015. From smart cities to human smart cities. In:
Proceedings of the 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Kauai, HI, USA, 5–8 January 2015, pp. 2336–2344.
Osman, A.M.S., 2019. A novel big data analytics framework for smart cities. Future
Gener. Comput. Syst. 91, 620–633.
Park, J.H., Kang, Y.O., 2014. An analysis of spatial characteristics of residential
satisfaction in Seoul using tweet data. J. Kor. Urban Geogr. Soc. 17, 43–56.
Park, S.M., Kil, Y.M., Park, S.O., Lee, K.M., Jung, C.M., 2015. A study on the effect of
road integration on commercial store location. Seoul Stu. 16, 37–52.
Pelegrín, B., Fernández, P., García Pérez, M.D., Cano Hernández, S., 2012. On the
location of new facilities for chain expansion under delivered pricing. Omega 40,
149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2011.04.005.
Peng, X., Huang, Z., 2017. A novel popular tourist attraction discovering approach based
on geo-tagged social media big data. Int. J. Geo-Inf. 6, 216. https://doi.org/
10.3390/ijgi6070216.
Persia, F., D’Auria, D., 2017. A survey of online social networks: challenges and
opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on
Information Reuse and Integration (IRI). San Diego, CA, USA, 4–6 August 2017,
pp. 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRI.2017.74.
9
Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214
Porta, S., Crucitti, P., Latora, V., 2005. The network analysis of urban streets: a primal
approach. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 33, 705–725. https://doi.org/
10.1068/b32045.
Porta, S., Strano, E., Iacoviello, V., Messora, R., Latora, V., Cardillo, A., Wang, F.,
Scellato, S., 2009. Street centrality and densities of retails and services in Bologna,
Italy. Environ. Plann. B Plann. Des. 36, 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1068/b34098.
Porta, S., Latora, V., Wang, F., Rueda, S., Strano, E., Scellato, S., Cardillo, A., Belli, E.,
Càrdenas, F., Cormenzana, B., Latora, L., 2012. Street centrality and the location of
economic activities in Barcelona. Urban Stud. 49, 1471–1488. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0042098011422570.
Qi, W., Fang, C., Song, J., 2008. Measurement and spatial distribution of urban
agglomeration industrial compactness in China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 18, 291–299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-008-0291-2.
Resch, B., Summa, A., Sagl, G., Zeile, P., Exner, J.P., 2015. Urban emotions: geo-semantic
emotion ex-traction from technical sensors, human sensors and crowdsourced data.
In: Garner, G., Huang, H. (Eds.), Progress in Location-Based Services 2014. Lecture
Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Cham, pp. 199–212. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11879-6_14.
Resch, B., Summa, A., Zeile, P., Strube, M., 2016. Citizen-centric urban planning through
extracting emotion information from twitter in an interdisciplinary space-time-
linguistics algorithm. Urban Plan 114–127. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i2.617.
Roig-Tierno, N., Baviera-Puig, A., Buitrago-Vera, J., Mas-Verdu, F., 2013. The retail site
location decision process using GIS and the analytical hierarchy process. Appl.
Geogr. 40 (2), 191–198.
Rui, Y., Ban, Y., 2014. Exploring the relationship between street centrality and land use
in Stockholm. Intl. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 28, 1425–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/
13658816.2014.893347.
Rui, Y., Yang, Z., Qian, T., Khalid, S., Xia, N., Wang, J., 2016. Network-constrained and
category-based point pattern analysis for Suguo retail facilities in Nanjing, China.
Intl. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 30, 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/
13658816.2015.1080829.
Scarborough, N., Zimmerer, T., 2000. Effective Small Business Management: an
Entrepreneurial Approach. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p. 506.
Scuotto, V., Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., 2016. Internet of things: applications and
challenges in smart cities: a case of IBM smart city projects. Bus. Process Manag. J.
22, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-05-2015-0074.
Shin, J.Y., 2014. Theoretical Review and Quantitative Spatial Exploration of Tweet Data
in the Context of Digital Divide : Case of King County, US. J. Kor. Cartogr. Assoc. 14
(2), 89–106.
Shon, J.K., Park, Y.A., 2013. A study on effects of service quality and usage review of
smartphone’ Majib’ application on user satisfaction and reuse intention. J. Mark.
Stud. 21 (3), 1–26.
Suárez-Vega, R., Santos-Peñate, D.R., Dorta-González, P., 2012. Location models and GIS
tools for retail site location. Appl. Geogr. 35, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apgeog.2012.04.009.
Taneja, S., 1999. Technology moves in. Chain Store Age. 75, 136–137.
Tse, R., Zhang, L.F., Lei, P., Pau, G., 2018. Social network based crowd sensing for
intelligent transportation and climate applications. Mob. Netw. Appl. 23, 177–183.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-017-0832-y.
Wang, F., 2012. Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: a
methodological review. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 102, 1104–1112. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00045608.2012.657146.
Wang, J., Jin, F., Mo, H., Wang, F., 2009. Spatiotemporal evolution of China’s railway
network in the 20th century: an accessibility approach. Trans. Res. Part A Pol. Prac.
43, 765–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.07.003.
Wang, F., Chen, C., Xiu, C., Zhang, P., 2014. Location analysis of retail facilities in
Changchun, China: a street centrality perspective. Cities 41, 54–63. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cities.2014.05.005.
Wegmann, J., Jiao, J., 2017. Taming Airbnb: toward guiding principles for local
regulation of urban vacation rentals based on empirical results from five US cities.
Land Use Policy 69, 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.025.
Weibull, J.W., 1976. An axiomatic approach to the measurement of accessibility. Reg.
Sci. Urban Econ. 6, 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(76)90031-4.
Wood, J., Kim, W., Khan, G.F., 2016. Work engagement in organizations: a social
network analysis of the domain. Scientometrics 109, 317–336. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11192-016-1974-6.
Wu, F., Zhu, M., Wang, Q., Zhao, X., Chen, W., Maciejewski, R., 2017. Spatial–temporal
visualization of city-wide crowd movement. J. Vis. 20, 183–194. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s12650-016-0368-4.
Xu, P., Wu, Y., Wei, E., Peng, T.Q., Liu, S., Zhu, J.J.H., Qu, H., 2013. Visual analysis of
topic competition on social media. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 19, 2012–2021.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2013.221.
Yin, J., Soliman, A., Yin, D., Wang, S., 2017. Depicting urban boundaries from a mobility
network of spatial interactions: a case study of Great Britain with geo-located twitter
data. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 31, 1293–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/
13658816.2017.1282615.
Youn, Y.T., Lee, D.Y., 2016. An empirical analysis of coffee franchise location strategies.
J. Kor. Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 17 (8), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.5762/
KAIS.2016.17.8.192.
D. Kim et al.
Zeile, P., Resch, B., Exner, J.P., Sagl, G., 2015. Urban emotions: benefits and risks in
using human sensory assessment for the extraction of contextual emotion
information in urban planning. In: Geertman, S., Ferreira Jr, J., Goodspeed, R.,
Stillwell, J. (Eds.), Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities. Springer, Cham,
pp. 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18368-8_11. Lecture Notes in
Geoinformation and Cartography.
Zeng, W., Fu, C.W., Arisona, S.M., Schubiger, S., Burkhard, R., Ma, K.L., 2017.
Visualizing the relationship between human mobility and points of interest. IEEE
10
Land Use Policy 101 (2021) 105214
Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 18, 2271–2284. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TITS.2016.2639320.
Zentes, J., Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., 2011. Strategic Retail Management: Text
and International Cases, 2nd ed. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, p. 468. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-658-10183-1.
Zhang, X., Huang, P., Sun, L., Wang, Z., 2013. Spatial evolution and locational
determinants of high-tech industries in Beijing. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 23, 249–260.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0581-6.