Abe 22 Prelim

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND ENGINEERING
SELF – PACED LEARNING MODULE
IN
ABE 22 (MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR ABE)
BY:
ANALINDA S. CORDOVA
Assistant Professor I
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MODULE 1
Topic 1
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Learning Objectives:
After reading this lesson, you must be able to:
1. identify hazards and risks;
2. evaluate hazards and risks;
3. control hazards and risks; and
4. maintain occupational health and safety awareness.
Definition of Terms
Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance
Control – means to direct or determine
First Aid – as it implies includes all forms of remedies given immediately to

humans in order to minimize or prevent casualties or fatalities caused by
accidents or normal course of time
Hazard – involves unforeseen incident that is physically unfavorable to humans

or animals
Occupation – is an activity in which one is engaged in
Safety – state of being out of danger, uninjured, not involving risk
Sanitize – to maintain high standard of housekeeping
Self-Discipline – refers to doing things spontaneously without being told or

ordered
Signs – generally refer to objects made by flat sheet metal or wood suspended by
a stand or nailed on the post or wall which are located strategically
Sort – to take out unnecessary items and dispose the same
Sweep – means to clean the workshop
Symbols – are generally common illustrations printed on the signs which

sometimes carry a descriptive word or few words
Systematize – means to arrange necessary items in good order for use
Toxic – deadly, harmful and poisonous
Acronyms
OHSP – Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards and Risks Identification Control
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Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards
 Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

 Survey the workplace to identify hazards
 This survey must be in writing and must be available to all workers
 Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective Equipment
 Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can produce
hazards.
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed to avoid accidents.
 Any reassessment must be written and must be available to workers upon
request.
Working conditions that can produce hazards
 Falling objects
 Objects that can puncture skin
 Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
 Toxic chemicals
 Heat
 Radiation
Signs, Signals and Barricades
 Signs, signals and barricades are important, if not critical, to the safety of
the construction workers
Accident Prevention Signs and Tags
 General. Signs and symbols required shall be visible at all times when work
is being performed, and shall be removed or covered promptly when the
hazard does not exist anymore.
 Danger Signs. Danger signs shall be used only where an immediate hazard
exists. Danger signs should be read as the predominating color for the
upper panel; outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for additional
sign wording.
 Caution Signs. Caution signs shall be used only to warn against or caution
against practices. Caution sign shall have yellow as the predominating
color; black upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of “caution” on the
black panel; and the lower yellow panel for the additional sign wording.
Black lettering shall be used for additional wording. Standard color of the
background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Any
letter used against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall
be those of opaque glossy samples.
 Exit Signs. Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in legible red letters,
not less than 6 inches high, on a white field and the principal stroke of the
letters shall be at least three-fourths in width.
 Safety Instructions Signs. Safety instruction signs, when used, shall be
with green upper panel with white letters to convey the principal message.
Any additional wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white
background.
 Directional Signs. Directional signs, other than automotive traffic signs
specified in the paragraph below, shall be white with a black panel and
white directional symbol. Any wording on the sign shall be black letters on
the white background.
 Traffic Signs. Construction areas shall be posted with legible traffic signs
at point hazard. All traffic control signs or devices used for protection of
construction workers shall conform to Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) standards.
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 Accidental Prevention Tags. Accident prevention tags shall be used as
temporary means of warning of an existing hazard such as defected tools,
equipments, etc. They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for,
accident prevention signs. Specifications for accident prevention tags
similar as shown below shall apply.
Control hazards and risks
Signs and their location:
1. Danger Signs – are used only where immediate hazards exist. They are printed in
red as the predominating color.
2. Caution Signs – are used to warn against potential hazards.
3. Exit Signs – are printed in legible red letters for exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs
5. Accidental Prevention Tags – are used as temporary means of warning to existing
hazards, such as defection, tools and equipment.
6. Barricades – are used for protection of employees.
Different Hazard Symbols
1. Compressed gas
 A compressed gas is a material which is a gas at normal room
temperature (20 C) and pressure but is packaged as a pressured
gas, dissolved gas or gas liquified by compression or refrigeration.
Acetylene and oxygen are examples of compressed gases.
2. Flammable or combustible materials

 Flammable or combustible materials will ignite and continue
to burn if exposed to a flame or source of ignition. Acetylene and
oxygen are examples of compressed gases.
3. Oxidizing material
 An oxidizing material may or may not burn itself, but will
release oxygen or another oxidizing substance, and thereby causes
or contributes to the combustion of another material.
4. Poisonous and infectious material

 These materials may be classified as toxic or very toxic based
on information. Examples: Styrene and hydrogen cyanide are
very toxic substances.
5. Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects
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 A pure substance or mixture that may be any one of the
following: a carcinogen, teratogen, reproductive toxin, respiratory
tract sensitizer, irritant or chronic toxic hazard. Examples:
Asbestos causes cancer, ammonia is an irritant.
6. Biohazardous infectious material

 This classification includes any organisms and the toxins
produced by these organisms that have been shown to cause
disease or are believed to cause disease in either humans or
animals. For example, a blood sample containing the Hepatitis B
virus is a biohazardous infectious material. It may cause hepatitis
in persons exposed to it.
7. Corrosive material
 Corrosive materials can attack (corrode) metals or cause
permanent damage to human tissues such as the skin and eyes
on contact. Burning, scarring, and blindness may result from
skin or eye contact. Ammonia, fluorine, and hydrochloric acid are
examples of corrosive substances.
8. Dangerously reactive materials
Dangerously reactive materials may undergo vigorous
polymerization, decomposition or condensation. They may
react violently under conditions of shock or an increase in
pressure or temperature. They may also react vigorously with
water to release a toxic gas. Ozone, hydrazine, and benzoyl
peroxide are examples of dangerously reactive materials.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for safety
purposes:
1. Face protection - Goggles and face protection
must be used when at risk from flying
particles, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic
liquids and chemical gases. There are various
goggles for face protection with certain design
criteria for safety.
Googles
2. Foot Protection - Safety shoes with impact

protection are used in work areas where heavy
objects or tools could be accidentally dropped on
the feet. Safety shoes with puncture protection
are required when working around nails, wire
tacks, scrap metals and other objects that could
fierce the feet.
Safety shoes
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3. Hand Protection Gloves - are required to protect
your hands from cuts, scrapes, punctures,
burns, chemical absorption, and exhaust
temperatures. It is crucial that the type of glove
being used is the right one for the job.
Gloves
4. Hearing Protection - Appropriate ear muffs or

ear plugs must be made available as a last
resort if it is not possible to make the workplace
less noisy. The requirement is a small part of
the occupational noise exposure standard
which requires employers to ensure that
workers are exposed to less than 90 decibels of
noise over an 8-hour period.
Hearing Protection
5. Respirators - Appropriate respirators must be
worn as a last resort if it is not possible
Respirator
Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for controlling hazards and risks.
1. Conduct a hazard assessment like
 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

 Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective Equipment.
 Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed
2. Select appropriate equipment. Ensure that all Personal Protective Equipment used
is the right kind of equipment for the job, and is maintained properly
3. Have knowledge on the following:
 Which PPE is necessary

 How to identify if it fits properly
 How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
 The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and Emergencies.
A. Dealing with Accidents
 Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

 Report immediately to your teacher
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 Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a physician
 Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital
B. Dealing with Fire
 Do not panic, stay calm.

 Call the attention of everybody.
 Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
 Call the office or the fire station
C. Dealing with Emergencies
 Stay calm and study the situation.

 Call the attention of your teacher.
Maintain occupational health and safety awareness
What is an Ideal Workplace?
Figure 1. Workstation 1 Figure 2. Workstation

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What is 5S?
The 5Ss are Japanese words that start with letter S. But in the Philippines,
some thought of 5 English words that all begin with letter S which is equivalent to
these Japanese words; it is therefore necessary to remember the Japanese’ 5Ss. What
is important aside from retaining this into our minds is to make it part of our daily
habit.
Below are the 5Ss and their English equivalent:
Japanese English Brief Explanation

SEIRI SORT Take out unnecessary items and dispose
SEITON SYSTEMATIZE Arrange necessary items in good order for use
SEISO SWEEP Clean your workshop
SEIKETSU SANITIZE Maintain high standard of housekeeping
SHITSU SELF- Do things spontaneously without being told or
DISCIPLINE ordered
5Ss is not simply a list of action items. It is an integrated concept of action, condition
and culture. The nature and implication of each S needs to be understood as follows:
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1. SEIRI (SORT) is an Action to identify and eliminate all unnecessary items from
your workplace.
2. SEITON(SYSTEMATIZE) is an ACTION to put every necessary items in good
order.
3. SEISO (SWEEP) is an ACTION to clean your workplace thoroughly.
4. SIEKETSU (SANITIZE) is a CONDITION where high standard of good
housekeeping is maintained so that there is no dust and rust anywhere.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) is a CONDITION where all members practice
accordingly. It is a CULTURE.
How to practice 5Ss?
1. SEIRI (SORT) means “take out unnecessary items and dispose’
 Step 1 – Look around your
workplace. Discover and identify
items which are unnecessary to
your work. Then, dispose all
unnecessary items. “NEVER
KEEP ANYTHING WHICH IS
UNNECESSARY TO YOUR
WORK.”
 Step 2 – If you cannot decide whether an item is necessary or not, put “DISPOSAL
NOTICE” with the data on the item and set item aside.
 Step 3 – After a period, say two months, check if someone has the item or not. If
no one needed the item, that means the item is not needed for your work.
Note: Disposal can be done in either of the following ways:
1. Sell it to outside of the workplace.
2. Move to other department/section where the item is needed.
3. Throw it away, dispose as garbage.
4. In disposing the belongings, it is better to make people know who has the
authority for disposal.
5. It is also better to make people know where to return excessive stock of
materials and supplies.
6. While looking around for unnecessary items in your workplace, look at every
nook like when you are looking for cockroaches. It will be a bonus to you if you
find some useful items.
2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE) means “Arrange necessary items in good order to use”
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 Step 1.Make sure that all unnecessary items are eliminated from your workplace.
 Step 2.Decide with your workmates which things to put when taking into account
the flow of your work. The principle is to put most frequently needed items close
to the user so as to minimize the movement of the person. Things which are not
so often used could not be placed slightly further away.
 Step 3. It is necessary to make sure
that everyone at your workplace
knows what is kept for efficient use.
Make a list of things with location
and put it in a locker or cabinet.
Label each drawer/cabinet to show
what is kept inside.
Note: The object of SEITON (SYSTEMATIZED) is to make your workplace a safe and
efficient place to work in.
3. SEISO (SWEEP) means “Clean your workplace”. There is a very strong correlation
between quality of products and cleanliness of the workplace where products are
manufactured. Accordingly, SEISO (SWEEP) should be practiced every day, and
sometimes, even during the day.
The following are suggested for your SEISO (SWEEP) operation:
 Do not wait until things get dirty. Clean your workplace, including machines,
equipment, tools and furniture regularly so that they do not have chance to get
dirty.
 Put things inside for 3 minutes every day.
 You and your workmates should be responsible for the dirty works around you.
The janitors or sweepers will look after the common areas only.
 Never throw anything and make it your habit.
 Cleaning is also checking.
4. SEIKETSU (SANITIZE) means” Maintain high standard of housekeeping”. So as not
to waste your effort, do not stop after implementing initial 3Ss.
The following are suggested for your SEIKETSU(SANITIZE) operation:
 Create a maintenance system for
housekeeping. Make a schedule of cleaning for
your workplace.
 Interdepartmental competition is a very effective
means of sustaining and enhancing people’s interest
on 5Ss.
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Note:
1. Indicate the names of the persons responsible for the work area and for the
machine.
2. Regular inspection and evaluation on the level of 4Ss by each work are necessary.
3. Do not criticize poor cases, but also praise and commend good practices or good
performances.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) means “Do things spontaneously without being
told or ordered.” It is to make every one practice 4Ss spontaneously and willingly as
habit or way of life. There is no other way to foster such culture than practicing 4Ss
regularly until such time when everyone becomes fond of 5Ss.
To help such corporate culture conducive to 5Ss, the following need to be emphasized:
 Treat your workplace as your own home.
 You are spending most of your “WAKING TIME” at your
workplace than at home.
 Your workplace is an important place where to make
income for yourself and your family.
 Make your workplace as clean and comfortable as
your home.
Note: In enhancing SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) of workers in a workplace, the

rules of management are very important. People with managerial duties should be
worthy of respect and emulation.
What can an individual gain from the 5Ss?
1. The 5Ss makes your workplace more pleasant. In practicing 5Ss, you have to
start from discussing and agreeing what to put for efficient use by everyone. With
your workmates, you have to clean the workplace. Such human relation and
working environment will make you and your workplace pleasant.
2. The 5Ss makes your work more efficient. If you have to look for something and
take so much time finding it, you are not only wasting your time but also wasting
your energy and moral. On the other hand, if everything at your workplace is
arranged in proper order and readily available for use; your work flow will always
be very smooth. It improves not only your efficiency but also improves the rhythm
of your work and the more you will enjoy it. If you have a work, better to enjoy it.
3. The 5Ss improves your safety. A clear and tidy working environment where
everything is properly placed, where clear instructions are readily available, and
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where no one throws anything is safer place to work in. Practicing 5Ss improves
your own safety. You can enjoy your work more with less risk.
4. The 5Ss improves quality of your work and your products. People affect
environment. On the other hand, the environment also affects people. If you are
accustomed to work in a clear and tidy environment, you can develop your
sensitivity so that you can feel and identify any defect in work. On the contrary,
messy and untidy environment will adversely affect your sensitivity. Therefore,
good environment will improve the quality of your work. It is quite natural that
quality products come only from clean and well-organized workplace.
5. The 5Ss makes a quality life of people. The process of 5Ss requires people to
think, consult and agree with others and cooperate with each other.
At the same time, practicing the 5Ss gives people satisfaction of being creative, friendly
with others and seeing chances better
In summary:
 5Ss improves CREATIVITY of people
 5Ss improves COMMUNICATION
 5Ss improves HUMAN RELATION among people
 5Ss enhances COMRADERSHIP among people
 5Ss gives VITALITY to people
Vitality of the people is the locomotion to move the company forward.
A Healthy Shop Is a Safe Shop
The shop should be pleasant place where you will enjoy your work. Large
manufacturing companies have learned that the shop accidents are greatly reduced
when the shop itself is welllighted and well-ventilated. The introduction of ventilating
and blower systems, which free the air of dust and particles of dirt, have gone a long
way toward reducing accidents. Good lighting, both natural and artificial, likewise
safeguards the worker. The healthy shop is a safe shop. After all, the protection of
health is the first rule of “Safety First in the Shop”.
Safe Procedures
1. Control measures should be regularly reviewed through:
 workplace communication and consultation;
 safety and health committee meetings;
 regular equipment and work safety checks;
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 incident, accident and near-miss records;
 injury and lost time records; and
 repair and maintenance reports
2. Workers should be continuously trained specifically on information and instruction
on:
 workplace safety and health;
 hazards and risks associated with work activities;
 safe work practices and procedures, safe handling (including lifting and moving),
safe operation of equipment and the control measures in place;
 safe use of plant and associated equipment, electrical safety, safety in confined
spaces and other training required under hazard-specific regulations;
 safe use of hazardous substances relevant to the work to be performed;
 correct use, fit and care of PPE , tools and equipment and why the equipment is
needed
> emergency and first aid procedures;
> sun protection to prevent skin cancer;
> fire protection;
> information on dust, fumes and air quality; and
> recognition of poorly ventilated areas and confined spaces.
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Comprehension check
Name:
True or False
Direction: Write T if the state is correct and F if the statement is false. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.
1. High powered tools, machines, and other equipment can be operated by

anyone.
2. Report all incidents to the supervisor to prevent recurrence.
3. Adhere to all safety requirements, rules and regulations when working.
4. In pesticide application, safety procedures should be followed in accordance

with the health and safety protocols.
5. Horseplay is always allowed in any workplace.
6. When you hear the alarm, do not leave your work area and wait for the
alarm to stop.
7. Familiarize yourself with work instructions, procedures and guidelines

related to your work before starting any operation.
8. In case of bleeding, stop the bleeding by covering the wound with clean
cloth and adding slight pressure on it until first aiders arrive.
9. Occupational health and safety management system provides general safety

and guidelines and preventive measures.
10. Turn on lights ventilation and other electrical equipment before leaving the
work place.
Detach this paper from your module
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Enrichment Activity
Activity 1. Perform Post Operation activity conforming with the occupational health
and safety guidelines.
Activity No.1
Perform Post – Operation Activities Date:
_________________
Materials: Safety shoes, working gloves, one unit of farm equipment (any available
farm machine and/or equipment)
General Instruction: Given the necessary tools, materials, and equipment, you are
required to perform post operation activity.
Specific Instruction:
1. Perform post operation activity for any machine or equipment used in the field
in compliance with the occupational health and safety guidelines.
2. Record your activity using video recorder or camera from your smartphone with
a maximum of 5 minutes.
3. Wear appropriate PPE’s
4. Bring the machine/equipment to the cleaning area using proper handling
procedure.
5. Arrange your working area in a manner that provides ergonomics and
unobstructed for movement
6. Conduct proper care and maintenance based on the operation manual of the
equipment.
7. Clean spills at ones properly, dispose of your waste in designated segregation
bins, and put everything in its proper place.
8. Submit your output with the following email address:
surilanalinda@gmail.com. Format of the file name should be your course
code, surname and activity no i.e. ABE 22_CORDOVA_A1.
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Topic 2
TOOLS AND THEIR USES

Competency: Identify different kinds of tools and their uses in the design and
fabrication of ABE projects.
Systems of Units
Basic units
English units- foot-pound-second as base units
Metric Units- meter- kilogram- second as base units

International System of Units
Also called the SI Sytstem, French system, or systeme international D’ Unites
Derived and extended from the metric system of units (e.g. units for force,
energy, power, electric current, luminous intensity, amount of substance and
thermodynamic temperature).
Some points to consider

In our present time, it would be helpful to still master and the English units because
almost all construction materials are still sold based on the English system.
Memorizing measurements of parts of your body as reference during estimation would

prove to be useful in your careers.
Hand tools and their Uses

Major Classifications of Tools
The major classification of tools according to use or function are:
layout tools holding tools

cutting tools turning tools
boring tools digging tools
driving tools other tools
Major Classifications of Tools
Layout tools
Tools used to measure, mark and test wood, metal and other materials.
(squares, rules, levels, calipers, tapes and lines
Cutting tools
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Tools used to cut, chop, saw or otherwise remove materials. (saws, chisel,
planes, axes and wedges, cutters, files, taps and dies)
Boring tools
Used to make holes or change the size or shape of holes. (drillbits, cutters,
drivers)
Driving tools
Tools used to move other tools or objects. They rely on their weight and speed to
provide force to move an object. (hammers and punches)
Holding tools
Tools used to hold materials while other tools are used to cut, shape, modify or
turn threaded items like screws. Holding tools are also used to grip objects such as
bolts or pieces of wire.
They are even used to bend or shape objects and in fastening and gluing.
(clamps, pliers, vises)
Turning tools
Tools used to turn nuts, bolts, or screws. (screwdrivers and bits, wrenches,
socket and drivers)
Digging tools
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Any device used to turn up, loosen or remove earth
Other tools
Tools that do not fit in the standard categories
Power Machine
Woodworking power machines
1. Band saw
A power tool with saw teeth on a continuous blade or band. It can cut
different materials in a straight or curved line.
2. Jig saw
Also known as scroll saw. It is designed for sawing curves. The saw cuts
with the reciprocating action of the blade.
3. Table saw
Also known as the bench saw, it has a circular blade and its arbor or its
table could be tilted for bevel cuts.
4. Radial arm saw
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It is a power circular saw, which rolls along a horizontal arm. The blade
could be raised or lowered and the arm could be rotated up to 45 degrees in
both directions.
5. Cut-off saw
It has a motor driven circular blade that may be adjusted for angle cuts
and is fed down into the material being cut.
6. Jointer
It is a machine with rotating knives used to straighten, smoothen edges
of boards and make bevel surfaces.
7. Sanders
They have either belts or disks that are used as sanding surfaces. The
material to be finished is fed against the sanding surfaces.
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Metalworking power machines
1. Drill press
It is used to make holes in metals and other materials. Its design and
structure permits it to drive large drill bits and apply heavy pressure on bits.
2. Grinder
It removes metal by abrasive action. they are used to sharpen tools, shape
metals, prepare metals for welding, and remove undesirable metals.
3. Metal cutting power saw

Includes reciprocating power hacksaws, band saws, or thin grinding type
wheels that cut metals.
4. Power shear
Includes sheet metal shears, bench metal shears, multiple x-section power
shears. Generally, shearing is done with two moveable blades that are made to
move by maximized leverage.
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5. Metal benders
Includes sheet metal benders, metal rollers, and hand metal bender.
Portable Power Tools
1. Portable power drills

Used for drilling holes, fastening, sanding, polishing and enlarging holes.
Classified based on either chuck size, power rating, or duty cycle.
2. Portable sanders
Does the same work as hand sanders. However, they remove wood and
other materials much easier and faster. Portable sanders include belt sanders,
disc sanders, and finishing sanders.
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3. Portable saws
Portable saws include the sabre saw, reciprocating saw and circular saw.
The action of reciprocating and sabre saw is back and forth or up and down. They
are compact, portable and useful for cutting curves on plywood, paneling,
drywall, and other sheet materials.
The circular saw is generally known as

the power handsaw. It has a circular blade and
is used exclusively for cutoff work.
4. Portable routers
Used to cut grooves and ornamental shapes on faces and edges of wood
and other soft materials. It is also useful in making various wood joints.
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Comprehension check
Name:
True or False
1. High powered tools, machines, and other equipment can be operated by

anyone.
2. Report all incidents to the supervisor to prevent recurrence.
3. Adhere to all safety requirements, rules and regulations when working.
4. In pesticide application, safety procedures should be followed in accordance

with the health and safety protocols.
5. Horseplay is always allowed in any workplace.
6. When you hear the alarm, do not leave your work area and wait for the
alarm to stop.
7. Familiarize yourself with work instructions, procedures and guidelines

related to your work before starting any operation.
8. In case of bleeding, stop the bleeding by covering the wound with clean
cloth and adding slight pressure on it until first aiders arrive.
9. Occupational health and safety management system provides general safety
and guidelines and preventive measures.
10. Turn on lights ventilation and other electrical equipment before leaving the
work place.
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Enrichment Activity
Activity 1. Perform Post Operation activity conforming with the occupational health
and safety guidelines.
Activity No.1
Perform Post – Operation Activities Date:
_________________
Materials: Safety shoes, working gloves, one unit of farm equipment (any available
farm machine and/or equipment)
General Instruction: Given the necessary tools, materials, and equipment, you are
required to perform post operation activity.
Specific Instruction:
9. Perform post operation activity for any machine or equipment used in the field
in compliance with the occupational health and safety guidelines.
10. Record your activity using video recorder or camera from your smartphone with
a maximum of 5 minutes.
11. Wear appropriate PPE’s
12. Bring the machine/equipment to the cleaning area using proper handling
procedure.
13. Arrange your working area in a manner that provides ergonomics and
unobstructed for movement
14. Conduct proper care and maintenance based on the operation manual of the
equipment.
15. Clean spills at ones properly, dispose of your waste in designated segregation
bins, and put everything in its proper place.
16. Submit your output with the following email address:
surilanalinda@gmail.com. Format of the file name should be your course
code, surname and activity no i.e. ABE 22_CORDOVA_A1.
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References:
Paras, J.O. (2000). Engineering Shop. Agricultural machinery Division- Institute of

Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology,
University of the Philippines-Los Baños
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MODULE 2
Topic 3
Construction Materials
Competency: Identify common construction materials used in ABE applications;
Material Selection
Materials are selected based on:

1. Type and function of the building or structure and the specific characteristics
required of the materials.
2. Economic aspects of the building/structure in terms of original investment and
annual cost of maintenance.
3. Availability of materials in the area
4. Availability of skilled labor required to install some types of materials
5. Quality and durability of different types of materials
6. Transportation costs
7. Selection of materials with compatible properties, dimensions and means of
installation.
8. Cultural acceptability or personal preference
Wood
Commonly used construction material in many parts of the world because of its
reasonable cost, ease of working, attractive appearance and adequate life if protected
from moisture and insects.
-Available from many different species with widely varying characteristics.
 small poles
 sawn timber (lumber in many countries)
Hardwood vs Softwood
 Hardwood- wood cut from deciduous trees (which drop their leaves sometime
during the year)
 Softwood- wood cut from coniferous (needle bearing) trees
Timber
Wood prepared for use in building and carpentry
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 Wooden poles
Uses in small building construction, such as columns for the loadbearing
structure, rafters, trusses and purlins.
Sticks and thin poles are often used as wall material or as a framework in mud walls
 Sawn Timber (Lumber)

 Refers to wood that has been processed in the sawmill and cut from logs into
different shapes and sizes.
 Common sawn timber products include solid timber beams and more
rectangular timber sections
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 Plywood
Produced by gluing together three to seven veneers that have been peeled from
logs the grain of each successive veneer is angled at 90 degrees from the previous one,
resulting in a board that has considerable strength and rigidity in all direction
 Blackboards
 Made of strips of wood between 8mm and 25mm wide, glued together and
covered with one or more veneers on each side
 atleast one pair of corresponding veneers will have the grain at right angles to
the grain of the core.
Particleboards
 Formed by pressing chips or flakes of wood between pairs of heated platens so
that the particles lie in random fashion with their longer dimension’s parallel to
the surface of the board
 these boards are variously known as particleboard, chipboard or waferboard
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Softboards
 Made from uncompressed woodchips or sugarcane fibers mixed with water and
glue or resins, giving a density of less than 350 kg/m3
 inexpensive and can be used for wall or ceiling surfaces that are not subject to
high moisture conditions
 2400 mm by 1200 mm size is most common in thicknesses of 6.4 mm to 25 mm
Mediumboards
 With density ranging from 350 kg/m3 to 800 kg/m3, are used for paneling, in
particular those with a density at the higher end of the range.
 -most common size is 2400 mm by 1200 mm, and thicknesses range from 6.4
mm to 19.0 mm
Softboards
 Inexpensive and can be used for wall or ceiling surfaces that are not subject to
high-moisture conditions
 2400 mm by 1200 mm size is most common in thicknesses of 6.4 mm to 25 mm
Hardboards
 Made of wood fibers compressed to more than 800 kg/m 3 and usually smooth on
one surface and textured on the other
 most common size is 2400 mm by 1200 mm size in thicknesses of 3 mm to
12.7mm
 oil-treated grade labelled tempered has good resistance to moisture
Woodwool slabs
 Consist of long wood shavings, mixed with cement, and forms into slabs 25-100
mm thick with high proportion of thermal insulating voids
 they are not easily ignited and provided good sound
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Shingles
Cut from clear rot-free timber logs. Made about 2 mm thick at the top end and
10 mm thick at the bottom, and usually about 400 mm long
Sawdust
By-product from sawmills. Good natural insulating material, and also a good
bedding material for use in animal housing
Wicker
Made from shrubs, bushes
and trees is used either directly, for
fencing or wall cladding, or sealed by
smearing on mud, plaster, etc.
Wood shaving
 Used for bedding since they are not soft, extraordinarily absorbent and
economical.
 Reduce smell as it reduces the ammonia in the air that comes out of the poultry
droppings.
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Metals
 Solid material that are generally hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, ductile, and have
good electrical and thermal conductivity
 Commonly used in the construction industry due to their durability and strength
to form structural components, pipework, cladding materials and other
components.
Classification of Metal
Pure metal
 Single element that are not combined with any other chemical element
 too soft, low and strength, or low in some other desired property to be used in
any commercial applications
Alloys
 mixture of two or more metal to produce new metal
 example is stainless steel, bronze, etc.
Ferrous Metals
 those containing iron
 useful in the construction of farm building and other rural structures
Non-ferrous Metals
 corrosion-resistant metals such as aluminum, copper and brass
Ferrous Metal
Steel
 made by adding iron to carbon which hardens the iron
 made by heating and melting iron ore in furnaces
 widely used in the construction and manufacturing industries.
Carbon steel
 has higher carbon content in comparison to other types of steel making it
exceptionally hard
 commonly used in the manufacturing of machine tools, drills, blades, taps, and
springs.
 it can keep a sharp cutting edge
Low-carbon steel
 mild steel
 contain 0.05 to 0.25% of carbon
 used for pipes, nails, screws, wire, screening, fencing and corrugated roof sheets
Medium-carbon steel
 used for structural members such as I-beams, reinforcing bars and implement
frames.
Hgh-carbon steel
 used for tools with cutting edges
 tool steel
Alloy steel
 incorporate elements such as chromium, nickel and titanium
 stainless steel contains at least 11% chromium
 used in construction, machine tools, and electrical components
Cast iron
 an alloy made from iron, carbon, and silicon
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 used in water pipes, machine tools, automobile engines
Wrought iron
 alloy with so little carbon content it’s almost pure iron
 excellent resistance to corrosion and oxidation but low in hardness and fatigue
strength
 used for fencing and railings, agricultural implements, nails, barbed wire, chains,
and various ornaments
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminum
 Lightweight, soft and low strength
 easily cast, forged, machined and welded
 not suitable for high temperature environments
 most commonly used for corrugated roofing
sheets, gutters and the accompanying nails
Copper
 red in color, highly ductile, malleable and has high conductivity for electricity and
heat
 used for electric wire, tubing for water supply and for flashing, and to make brass
(an alloy of copper and zinc)
Lead
 a soft, heavy, malleable metal with a low melting point and low tensile strength
 can withstand corrosion from moisture and many acids
 widely used in electrical power cables, batteries, building construction and
soldering
Tin
 used to make tin cans hold food
Zinc
 a medium to low strength metal with a very low melting point
 most widely used in galvanizing, the process of applying a protective zinc coating
or steel to prevent rust.
Brass
 corrosion-resistant alloy of copper and zinc used extensively for building
hardware
Ceramics
 Inorganic and non-metallic materials, often porous and crystalline in structure

 brittle and weak in shearing and tension
 have been used in buildings since at least 3000BC when fired bricks were used
to build cities in the early Indus Valley civilization
 poor electrical conductors
Types of Ceramics
Ceramic products for the construction sector include
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1. cements and cement-based materials
2. interior and exterior tiles
3. sanitary ware
4. non-refractory bricks
5. more complex shapes such as drainage, sewer, and chimney pipes and
linings
Polymers
 Very long molecules typically made up of many thousands of repeat units
 they include plastics, rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, adhesives, foams,
paints and sealants.
Examples of polymer materials in construction applications:

 Epoxy resins:
-solid resin, Terrazzo flooring, anchor fixing and adhesives
 Ethylenetetraflouroethylene (ETFE)
-Fabric structures
 Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA)

-solar panel encapsulants
 Polypropylene (PP): sound insulation, and pipes
 Polyurethane(PU): sealants and concrete jointing
 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) sealants, concrete jointing and fabric structures
 Rubber: Bridge bearings and flooring
Composites
 also called a composition material
 a material made from two or more different materials that, when combined, are
stronger than those individual materials by themselves
Examples of composites
Typical engineered composite materials include:

1. Reinforced concrete and masonry
2. Composite wood such as plywood
3. Reinforced plastics, such as fiber-reinforced polymer or fiberglass
4. Ceramic matrix composited (composite ceramic and metal matrices)
5. Metal matrix composites (e.g. cermet)
6. Advanced composite materials (e.g metal components in many aerospace
industry)
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Composite materials
Concrete- consist of loose stones held with a matrix cement
Reinforced concrete- a composite material

in which concrete’s relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are compensated for
by inclusion of reinforcement.
Fibre-reinforced polymers- include carbon fiber reinforced polymer and glass-reinforced

plastic.
Shape memory polymer- formulated using fiber or fabric reinforcement and shape
memory polymer resin as the matrix.
Sandwich-structured composite- fabricated by attaching two thin but stiff skins to a

lightweight but thick core.
Wood- a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibers in a lignin and

hemicellulose matrix
Engineered wood- different products such as wood fiber board, plywood, oriented strand
board, wood plastic composite (recycled wood fiber in polyethylene matrix), Pykrete
(sawdust in ice matrix) etc.
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Comprehension check
Name:
True or False
1. Composite is a material made from two or more different materials that,

when combined, are stronger than those individual materials by
themselves.
2. Ceramics is a very long molecule typically made up of many thousands of
repeat units.
3. In material selection, availability of unskilled labor is required to install
some types of materials
4. Personal preference is not required in material selection
5. Softwood is wood cut from coniferous trees.
6. Particle boards are often used on ceiling for house building.
7. Cut from clear rot-free timber logs are called shingles.
8. Wicker are often used for plaster.

9. Wood are commonly used to form structural components.
10. Alloys are mixture of two or more metal to produce new metal.
Enrichment Activity
1. Make a compilation of different construction materials used in agricultural

structure. Collect as many as you can. Include description for each photo.
2. Select one agricultural structure in your area. Indicate the area, location and
purpose of the structure. Make a list of all the materials used in building the
structure. Attached some photo documentation.
References:
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Paras, J.O. (2000). Engineering Shop. Agricultural machinery Division- Institute of
Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology,
University of the Philippines-Los Baños
35

Abe 22 Prelim

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Abe 22 Prelim

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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

SELF – PACED LEARNING MODULE

ABE 22 (MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR ABE)

After reading this lesson, you must be able to:

1. identify hazards and risks;

2. evaluate hazards and risks;

3. control hazards and risks; and

4. maintain occupational health and safety awareness.

Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance

Control – means to direct or determine

First Aid – as it implies includes all forms of remedies given immediately to

Hazard – involves unforeseen incident that is physically unfavorable to humans

Occupation – is an activity in which one is engaged in

Safety – state of being out of danger, uninjured, not involving risk

Sanitize – to maintain high standard of housekeeping

Self-Discipline – refers to doing things spontaneously without being told or

Sort – to take out unnecessary items and dispose the same

Sweep – means to clean the workshop

Symbols – are generally common illustrations printed on the signs which

Systematize – means to arrange necessary items in good order for use

Toxic – deadly, harmful and poisonous

OHSP – Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

Hazards and Risks Identification Control

 Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

Control hazards and risks

Signs and their location:

Different Hazard Symbols

2. Flammable or combustible materials

4. Poisonous and infectious material

5. Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects

6. Biohazardous infectious material

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

2. Foot Protection - Safety shoes with impact

4. Hearing Protection - Appropriate ear muffs or

1. Conduct a hazard assessment like

 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

3. Have knowledge on the following:

 Which PPE is necessary

A. Dealing with Accidents

 Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

 Do not panic, stay calm.

C. Dealing with Emergencies

 Stay calm and study the situation.

Maintain occupational health and safety awareness

What is an Ideal Workplace?

Figure 1. Workstation 1 Figure 2. Workstation

Below are the 5Ss and their English equivalent:

Japanese English Brief Explanation

2. SEITON(SYSTEMATIZE) is an ACTION to put every necessary items in good

3. SEISO (SWEEP) is an ACTION to clean your workplace thoroughly.

4. SIEKETSU (SANITIZE) is a CONDITION where high standard of good

housekeeping is maintained so that there is no dust and rust anywhere.

5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) is a CONDITION where all members practice

How to practice 5Ss?

1. SEIRI (SORT) means “take out unnecessary items and dispose’

 Step 1 – Look around your

workplace. Discover and identify

items which are unnecessary to

your work. Then, dispose all

unnecessary items. “NEVER

KEEP ANYTHING WHICH IS

Note: Disposal can be done in either of the following ways: