BASIC

INTRODUCTION
toENGLISH
pronunciation
Ngo Nguyen Thien Ton
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IPA ......................................................................................................................5
Vowel sounds ......................................................................................................5
Short vowel sounds ............................................................................................5
Long vowel sounds .............................................................................................6
Diphthongs .........................................................................................................6
Triphthongs ........................................................................................................6
Notice and Practice ............................................................................................7
/i/ and /ɪ/ .......................................................................................................7
/ɪ/ ..................................................................................................................8
/e/ and /æ/ ...................................................................................................10
/a:/ & /æ/ ....................................................................................................11
/æ/ ...............................................................................................................13
/ə/ & /ɜ:/ .....................................................................................................14
/ʌ/ .........................................................................................................................16
/ʌ/ & /ɒ/ .............................................................................................................. 20
/ʊ/ & /u:/ .............................................................................................................21
/ɔ:/ & /aʊ/ ............................................................................................................24
/ɒ/ & /əʊ/ ............................................................................................................26
Vowel-sound Overview .............................................................................................31
Consonant Sounds ....................................................................................................32
Fricatives ...................................................................................................................32
Plosives .......................................................................................................................32
Affricates ...................................................................................................................32
Nasals .........................................................................................................................33
Glides and Lateral ....................................................................................................33
Common Initial Consonant Cluster Sounds ..........................................................33
Common Final Consonant Cluster Sounds ............................................................34
/r/ ................................................................................................................34
Tongue Twisters .........................................................................................39
Transcription Challenge .............................................................................40
/l/ ................................................................................................................41
/r/ & /l/ .......................................................................................................43
/n/ & /ŋ/ - /n/ & /ŋk/ ...................................................................................45
/dʒ/ .............................................................................................................48
/dʒ/ & /ʒ/ ....................................................................................................49
/b/ - /v/ - /w/ ...............................................................................................53
/ð/ ...............................................................................................................61
/θ/ ...............................................................................................................62
/ð/ & /θ/ ......................................................................................................63

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
/θ/ - /ð/ - /t/ - /d/ ..........................................................................................65
Syllables and Stress .........................................................................................67
Syllables ............................................................................................................67
Word Stress ......................................................................................................68
Some Word Stress Rules .................................................................................69
Rule 1 .........................................................................................................69
Rule 2 .........................................................................................................70
Rule 3 .........................................................................................................71
Rule 3.1 ......................................................................................................71
Rule 4 .........................................................................................................72
Rule 4.1 ......................................................................................................73
Rule 5 .........................................................................................................73
Rule 6 .........................................................................................................74
Rule 6.1 ......................................................................................................74
Check-up on Word Stress Rules .................................................................75
Sentence Stress .................................................................................................78
Connected Speech ............................................................................................82
Contractions .....................................................................................................86
Pronouncing -S/ES endings ............................................................................87
Pronouncing -ED ending .................................................................................89

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IPA
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system where
each symbol is associated with a particular English sound. The
IPA allows you to recognize exactly how to pronounce a
certain word in English. Learners of English all over the world
will certainly find the IPA helpful to improve pronunciation
and feel more confident speaking in English, whether they are
learning English on their own or with a specialist.

Vowel sounds
A - Short vowels sounds
IPA symbol Word examples

1 ɪ thin, sin, sit, rich, kick, hit, give, twin, whisper, imagine, individuality

2 e vet, pet, rest, messy, bear, hair, scary, elevate, treadmill, echo, contemporary

3 æ add, fact, plan, stampede, damage, language, tranquil, agriculture, circumstance

4 ɒ cop, cloth, cost, strong, plot, broth, floss, beyond, column, sovereignty, solitary

5 ʊ good, bookmark, cookbook, sugar, footstep, wouldn’t, insurance, tourism

6 ʌ enough, luscious, brunch, constructive, tongue, wonderful, pronunciation

7 ə after, anchor, concert, figure, odor, persuade, jeopardize, bachelor, mediocre

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B - Long vowels sounds

IPA symbol Word examples

1 i: eat, reading, heat, meet-up, easy, feeling, achievement, machine, completely

2 ɜ: heard, firm, skirt, burn, urge, yearn, journey, journalist, dessert, diverse

3 a: alarm, glass, half, car, arch, hard, answer, bathroom, afternoon, card, bartender

4 ɔ: all, always, albeit, wallflower, haunted, cauterize, inauguration, awesome

5 u: stew, used, school, solution, shoelace, room, improvement, blueish, foodie

C - Diphthongs
IPA symbol Word examples

1 ɪə here, near, ear, clear, cheer, weird, hero, severe, disappear, endearment

2 eə air, there, where, careless, square, bear, wear, upstairs, fairness, billionaire

3 ʊə pure, cure, tour, sure, endure, allure, coiffure, couture, brochure, caricature

4 eɪ rage, came, rain, play, grey, interface, spacious, break, greater, eighty, vague

5 ɔɪ joy, boy, oily, spoiler, oyster, coin, point, employee, voiceless, android, void

6 aɪ myself, lifeless, highly, righteous, widen, lie, buy, brighten, timelessness

7 əʊ know, toe, glow, stone, hole, speedboat, slower, coating, loneliness, vogue

8 aʊ household, brownie, mouthful, couch, how, now, cloudy, sound, accountant,

D - Triphthongs
IPA symbol Word examples

1 eɪə mayor, mind-flayer, layer, multiplayer, soothsayer, tax stayer, bricklayer

2 aɪə fire, wildfire, tired, tire, wire, wireless, hire, hiring, desire, admire, exile

3 ɔɪə loyal, loyalty, royal, royalty

4 əʊə lower, churchgoer, slower, lawn mower,

5 aʊə hour, hourly, power, powerless, powerful, towering

Critical thinking questions

1. Do you think we can remember all of the above symbols and representations of sounds
after merely one time of learning?
2. What symbol(s) of sound(s) impress(es) you the most? Why?
3. If you were to choose one of the above sound to learn by heart now, which would be your
pick? What would you do to remember it for quite a long time?
4. What symbols or representations of sounds above you find the most troublesome? Why?
What would you do to overcome this/these problem/problems?
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NOTICE and PRACTICE

* The easily recognized /i/ sound in English is spelled with e, ea, ee, ei, and ie, as in the words be, eat,
see, receive, and chief. Final y in English words use the /I/ sound, as in happy and country.
* The /ɪ/ sound is almost always spelled with i, as in the words in, with, and his, or with medial y, as in
myth and syllable.

/ɪ/ and /i/ in phrases & sentences /i/ and /ɪ/

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/ɪ/ and /i/

/ɪ/ in phrases

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/ɪ/

/ɪ/ in sentences

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• an a spelling is pronounced with /ɒ/ in British

English, but with /æ/ in American English.
• There is a slight different between /e/ and /æ/

/e/ and /æ/ in phrases and sentences

/æ/
&
/e/

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/æ/
&
/e/

/a:/ and /æ/ in phrases and sentences

/a:/
&
/æ/

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/a:/
&
/æ/

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/æ/ in phrases /æ/

/æ/ in sentences

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r / er / or / ur / ir are those spellings that represent /ə/ and /ɜ:/

Can you tell the difference between the two sounds /ə/ and /ɜ:/?
/ə/
&
/ɜ:/

/ə/ and /ɜ:/

/ə/ and /ɜ:/ in phrases

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/ə/ and /ɜ:/ in

sentences

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u and o spellings that represent /ʌ/

/ʌ/ with o, oe, oo, or ou spelling

/ʌ/

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/ʌ/ with u spelling

/ʌ/

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/ʌ/ with u spelling

/ʌ/
/ʌ/ in phrases

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/ʌ/ in sentences

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/ʌ/ and /ɒ/ should be differentiated. Let’s practice pronouncing /ʌ/ and /ɒ/ in phrases.

How about practicing pronouncing /ʌ/ and /ɒ/ in sentences?

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/ʊ/ and /u:/

Can you tell the difference between the two sounds /ʊ/ and /u:/?
/ʊ/ and /u:/

It takes, normally, 21 days

to form a new habit. You do
need to learn this again and
again in 21 days
continuously or more.

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Let’s practice pronouncing /ʊ/ and /u:/ in phrases.

It’s important to practice pronouncing /ʊ/ and /u:/ in phrases.

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It’s important to practice pronouncing /ʊ/ and /u:/ in phrases.

Correct REPETITION is the

MOTHER of SKILLS
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/ɔ:/ and /aʊ/ Can you tell the difference between /ɔ:/ and /aʊ/?
Let’s practice 20 phrase items that include /ɔ:/ and /aʊ/

Let’s practice saying 20 sentences that include /ɔ:/ and /aʊ/

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Let’s practice saying 20 sentences that include /ɔ:/ and /aʊ/

/ɔ:/
&
/aʊ/

Do you think improving your own pronunciation can lead you to your success?

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/ɒ/ and /əʊ/

=
Let’s practice 15 phrase items that include /ɒ/

Can you tell the difference?

ɒ
Let’s practice 15 phrase items that include / /

/ɒ/

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Let’s practice 15 phrase items that include /əʊ/

/əʊ/

Let’s practice 15 sentences that include /əʊ/

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 Let’s practice 15 phrases that include both /ɒ/ and /əʊ/.
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/əʊ/
/əʊ/

Let’s practice 15 phrases that include both /ɒ/ and /əʊ/.

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/əʊ/

Correct REPETITION is the

MOTHER of SKILLS

How do you say this word?

DILIGENCE

Determination is vital

What’s your motivation for

improving your pronunciation?
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Let’s practice reading out loud the following passages.

Practice: VILLAGE OR HEAVEN?

In this very little town, everybody is cheerful and nothing is weird here.
This place is well-known for making beautiful earrings. However, there is a
special brown bear in a fair, wearing artificial hair. He likes climbing up the
stairs in the health care square. Every year, a big number of tourists visit
this town to cure themselves from the stress of work. The clouds usually
turn grey, leading to light rain at the break of dawn. In the evenings, people
gather together at the town’s theater to watch plays performed by great
entertainers. Looking at their faces, it seems that the locals never age. The
boys like flying kites and playing with toys. Young girls are joyful as they
show visitors their beautiful singing voices. The life here is undeniably
peaceful. Employment is high and there is no lie. Houses are attractively
decorated with flowers and plants. No one is alone now. Do you want to
spend the rest of your life time right here at this place?

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OVERVIEW chữ W kéo dài 😝

No. IPA Spelling Patterns Example words

1 i: e, ea, ee, ei, ey, ie, y be, heat, see, receive, key, chief, happy
2 ɪ i, y (except in nal position) it, hit, miss, since, myth
3 e e, ea jet, mess, dread, head
4 æ a ask, man, thanks, jazz
5 ɜ: ear, er, ir, or, ur rehearsal, person, stir, worst, purpose
6 ə er, or (unstressed syllables) singer, mother, actor, comfort
7 ʌ o, u other, love, cup, judge, must
8 ʊ o, oo, ou, u woman, good, book, should, push
9 u: ew, o, oe, oo, u, ue stew, who, shoe, food, u, blue
10 ɒ a, o father, doctor, stop, body
11 ɔ: a(l), au, aw, oad, ough all, August, law, broad, thought
12 eɪ a, ai, ay, ei, ey date, grain, day, freight, weigh, they
13 ɔɪ oi, oy boil, oil, joy, boy, annoy
14 aɪ i, y time, might, fright, I, sigh, y
15 əʊ o, oa, ow go, home, phone, ago, load, know
16 aʊ ou, ow about, out, how, now, downtown
17 ɪə ear, eer, ere clear, fear, steer, cheer, mere
18 eə air, are hair, fair, stairs, dare, aware
19 ʊə oor, our, ure poor, tour, yours, cure, sure
20 ɔ:ə oor, or, ore, our door, oor, or, more, four, pour
21 a:ə ar dark, star, far, car, park, stark
22 aɪə ire, yer re, retire, tired, buyer, yer
23 aʊə our, ower our, hour, scour, power, tower

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Consonant Sounds
A. Fricatives
IPA symbol Word examples

1 f full, fool, far, Friday, fish, knife, laugh, foul, beautiful, faculty, coffee, confiscate

2 v vest, vast, unveil, village, travel, every, leave, arrive, various, Vivian, vintages

3 θ think, thought, Thursday, earth, healthy, thirsty, theater, south, enthusiasm, theme

4 ð those, brothers, either, weather, without, breathe, together, bathe, youths, rhythm

5 s sight, six, silence, sun, kiss, class, science, peace, circle, pencil, reconcile, searing

6 ʃ ocean, machine, credential, social, sugar, Russia, international, shyness, negotiate

7 z zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose, close (v), gives, sisters, easy, scissors, jazz, zombie

8 ʒ pleasure, treasure, measure, closure

9 h high, help, hold, hello, house, hitchhike, helicopter, head, hot, housing, hue, home

B. Plosives
IPA symbol Word examples

1 p pin, cap, purpose, pause, piece, paper, stop, help, deep, sleep, grasp, crispy, paste

2 b bag, baby, bubble, build, robe, big, business, bake, bread, library, bumpy, baggy

3 t tea, time, train, tow, late, twenty, complete, light, tight, better, Thai, Thomas, taste

4 d door, mode, drive, down, feed, ladder, middle, address, ready, condemnation, dean

5 k kiss, cash, killer, chaos, think, viking, relax, cake, cool, pocket, ache, crisis, car

6 g goes, gout, gigs, google, gauge, ground, girl, gasoline, dog, gambling, longer, gap

C. Affricates
IPA symbol Word examples

1 ʈʃ choose, cheese, church, watch, chips, catch, question, suggestion, bachelor, jeans

2 dʒ joy, juggle, juice, stage, large, fridge, jacket, jeans, general, jurisdiction, jar

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D. Nasals
IPA symbol Word examples

1 m room, mother, mad, more, summer, autumn, sometimes, climb, master, mist

2 n now, unique, turn, dinner, sunny, knife, knew, component, know, close-knit

3 ŋ king, thing, ink, song, swimming, evening, long, thinking, sink, shrink

E. Glides and Lateral

IPA symbol Word examples

1 r road, rose, river, ring, ride, wrap, write, wrist, wrong, ferry, rusty, rumor, rummage

2 j yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard, young, yield, union, Europe, few, building

3 w wall, way, walk, wine, world, one, won, language, won’t, whining, wimpy, whip

4 l law, lots, leap, pill, cold, chill, melt, language, lovely, yellow, listen, laughter, lap

Common Initial Consonant Cluster Sounds

IPA symbol Word examples

1 bl/br blood, blue, blast, bloom, bless, blame/ brown, brink, breast, brisk, breath

2 pl/pr please, plot, plastic, player, plus/ prism, prick, printer, pretty, provider

3 tr/dr trimming, treadmill, truthful, trashing /dreadful, drool, drowning, drastically

4 θr/ ʃr through, threefold, thriller, throat, threaten /shrink, shredder, shroud, shroom

5 kl/kr clean, classroom, clusters, clumsy, clueless/ creamy, chronic, Christ, chrome

6 gl/gr gluttony, glue, gleam, glasses, glamorous/ green, grooming, grasshopper

7 fl/ fr flew, phlegmatic, fluid, flour, flagrant, fleet/ frown, frypan, phrasal, fruitful

8 sk/skr skimming, scanty, skirt, skateboard, skeleton/ scream, scroll, screen, scram

9 sl/sm/sn sleek, sleepless, slang, slain/ smasher, smokeless, small/ snap, sniff, snarl

10 sp/spl/spr spinner, spotless, sporty, spatial/ splash, split/ spring, sprawl, spread, spray

11 st/str steady, stool, stingy, stampede, station/ striking, street, structure, straight

12 sw/tw/dw swimmer, swipe, swallow, Swiss/ twilight, twist, twiddle/ dwarf, dwindle

13 kw/s kw/ gw queen, quite, quote quadrillion, quadruplet/ square, squirrel, squeeze/ Gwen

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Common Final Consonant Cluster Sounds

IPA symbol Word examples

1 ft /k t drift, gift, lift, shift, left, camshaft, raft / act, fact, perfect, depict, effect, attract

2 lt/ld belt, dealt, guilt, fault, bolt, salt, asphalt/ bold, fold, sold, build, world, child

3 lf/lv elf, engulf, golf, wolf, Rudolph / solve, involve, revolve, valve, salve, twelve

4 p s / pt perhaps, lapse, collapse, ellipse / crept, accept, attempt, contempt, abrupt, opt

5 sk/sp/st risk, flask, mask, task, tusk / crisp, wasp / paste, coast, most, ghost, host, cost

It’s time to
PRACTICE!

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rs
ste
Clu
/r/

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/r/ & /l/ in the same word

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Let’s practice saying the following phrases that contain r

How about practicing these sentences containing r

Cactus

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How many words containing the sound /r/ do you think you can name? List
them here 😝

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Can you say the following

TONGUE TWISTERS without fillers?

1/ Classical blood from plastic brothers is now broken

2/ Please treat the trees with drinks that drill the drums
3/ The shrine shrank and shrieked as people threw thrilling threads
4/ The crane climbed the grass to glue the globe and the glare in a gleeful and clean way
5/ The flea flipped and froze to skip school that is scary and scratchy
6/ The snake sneezed and slept in a slum that smell like snow
7/ The splendid spoon split into two, spun and sprayed the speed sprouts
8/ The sweet steel statue was stolen by the strong twin dwarves at twelve twice
9/ The queen quickly quoted that the squirrels were Gwen’s and squeezed the square squid

1/ Tell Tom the ticket taker to take the ticket to the ticket wicket
2/ She snapped a selfie with Sophie's silver cell phone

3/ Washing the washing machine while watching the washing machine washing

4/ Quick queens quack quick quacks quicker than quacking quails

5/ I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen

6/ How many bears could Bear Grills grill if Bear grills could grill bears?

7/ If blue bugs bleed blue blood, and black bugs bleed black blood, do blue-black bugs bleed
blue-black blood?

8/ How many cookies could a good cook cook If a good cook could cook cookies? A good
cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies

9/ There those thousand thinkers were thinking how the other three thieves broke through

10/ She sells seashells by the seashore

11/ You know New York, you need New York, you know you need unique New York

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I bet you can’t nish the table completely. If you do, you deserve to be the
best English learner!

Transcription Word Transcription Word

1 ʌd 14 pəˈzeʃən

2 tæks 15 ˈkʌlʧərəl

3 ˈjʌŋɪst 16 θəˈmɒmɪtə

4 ʤuːs 17 ˈsʌnzɪnlɔː

5 həʊst 18 ˈbɪznɪsɪz

6 ˈbɪskɪt 19 ˈvɔɪəʤə

7 briːð 20 ˈplætɪnəm

8 ˈʤʌʤ 21 ˈresɪpɪ

9 ˈriːˈsɜːfɪs 22 ˈmʌtn

10 ˈpresɪdənt 23 ˈɑːʧˈbɪʃəp

11 ˈfɒrɪd 24 ləˈbɒrətərɪ

12 juːθs 25 məˈtɪərɪəlɪzm

13 ˈbʊdɪzm 26 ˈkrɪsməs

/ðeəz nəʊ dinner' hiː sed ˈverɪ ˈæŋgrɪlɪ/

/ðə ˈkɪʧɪn stɑːf həv daʊnd tuːlz ənd gɒn ɒn ə straɪk/

/ðə ʧiːf kʊk bɪˈlɒŋz tə ðə ˈjuːnjən əv ʃefs ənd ˈʌðə ˌemplɔɪˈiːz/

/ənd æz suːn æz ðeɪ hɜːd əv ɪz ˈsʌmərɪ dɪsˈmɪsəl ət ə ˈməʊmənts ˈnəʊtɪs ðeɪ strʌk
wɜːk ənd wɜː ɪnˈfjʊərɪeɪtɪd/

/ðeɪ dɪˈmɑːndɪd ɪz ˈɪnstənt ˈriːɪnˈsteɪtmənt ənd ən əˈpɒləʤɪ tə ðə ˈjuːnjən/

/aɪ meɪ æd ðæt ðeɪ ə ˈverɪ fɜːm/

/aɪv biːn əˈblaɪʤd ˈiːvən tə hænd bæk ðə ˈdɪnə rəʊlz ðæt wɜː ɔːlˈredɪ ɒn ðə ˈteɪbl/

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Let’s practice saying the following phrases and sentences that contain /l/

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I know
that you have tried hard.
You can still do it and make it to the end.
You are the BEST! Try harder!

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Let’s practice saying phrases and sentences that include r/l

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Did you know that we all have to take BABY STEPS

before being able to WALK or RUN?

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n&ŋ n & ŋk

and phrases and sentences that include ŋg / ŋk

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ŋg

and phrases and sentences that include ŋk / ŋg / n

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and phrases and sentences that include ŋk / ŋg / n

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Is particularly the rst sound you would produce

when you say letter G.

phrases and sentences that include dʒ

dʒ

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It’s also important to be able to pronounce dʒ & ʒ

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Sentences that include dʒ & ʒ

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dʒ

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dʒ

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We have noticed that you want to practice more, don’t you?

b/v/w

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b and v in
the same
word

b ending

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V
More practice is available next page!

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v&w
in the
same
words

W
W

W
W

W
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/w/ not only is presented by w spelling but QU

Have you practiced yet?

Do you think it is enough?
Should you continue?
Why are you practicing?

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It came to my attention that

your thirst for more practice
actually exists.

The following items are phrases and

sentences that /b/ and /v/ sound occur.

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b SENTENCES that v
contain b / v

v PHRASES that w
contain v / w

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Sentences that contain /w/ and /v/

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Can you distinguish between t/d and θ/ð?

This Christmas
tree

That Thursday

INITIAL ð MEDIAL ð

FINAL ð

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Let’s practice saying phrases including θ/ð

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Let’s practice saying sentences including θ/ð

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Can you distinguish θ/ð/t/d?

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Do you remember Repetition is the mother of skills?

Here are more sentences for you to practice!

Lotus

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Syllables and Stress

Syllables
According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 10th edition, syllable is any of the unit into
which a word is divided, containing a vowel sound and usually one or more
consonants.
e.g.
- up - /ʌp/: This preposition has one syllable
- honest - /ˈɒnɪst/: This adjective has two syllables
- beautiful - /ˈbjuː-tɪ-fl/: This adjective has three syllables.
- geography - /ʤɪˈɒgrəfɪ/: This noun has four syllables
- congratulation - /kənˌɡrætʃuˈleɪʃn/: This noun has five syllables.
- physiotherapy - /ˌfɪzɪəˈθerəpɪ/: This noun has six syllables
- conceptualization - /kənˈsepʧuəlɪˌzeɪʃən/: This noun has seven syllables
- nanobiotechnology - /ˌnænaʊbaɪɒtekˈnɒləʤɪ/: This noun has eight syllables

Answer the following questions.

1. Which day of the week has 3 syllables?
2. How many syllables do the other days of the week have?
3. Which numbers between 1 and 20 have three syllables?
4. Which letter of the alphabet has more than 1 syllable?
5. Which months have only one syllable?
6. How many syllables does the word ‘bridge’ have?
7. How many syllables does the word ‘oysters’ have?
8. How many syllables does the word ‘intelligently’ have?
9. How many syllables does the word ‘academically’ have?
10. How many syllables does the word ‘initiative’ have?

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Word Stress
When a word has more than one syllable, not all syllables are pronounced with
the same degree of force. The syllable which is pronounced with greater force is
called the stressed syllable.
When speaking, it is important to put the stress on the correct syllable.
Otherwise, it would sound unnatural, and might even be difficult to
understand!

So you think you can match?

Try to say the words with stress.

action bəˈlɪstɪk
ballistic ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪ
cricket ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən
genetic ˈvæləntaɪn
variety ˈ ːnɪks
interpretation vəˈraɪətɪ
animation ˌænɪˈmeɪʃən
opportunity ˈkrɪkɪt
valentine ʤɪˈnetɪk
phoenix ˈækʃən

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STRESS
RULES
SOME WORD

There are always a few exceptions to the following rules!!!

RULE
1
In most TWO-SYLLABLE NOUNS and ADJECTIVES

the stress usually goes on the FIRST SYLLABLE

NOUNS ADJECTIVES

Sample Handsome
Carton Able
Purple Hostile
Table Playful
Armchair Crazy
Tablet Careless

Spot the odds. Which words do not follow the above rule?
Collapse Water Alive Decline
Contact River Wireless Recent
Laptop Award Lightning Annual
Lightbulb Idea Design Advice
Police Remote Staple Latter
Result Router Certain Ideal
Speaker Cable Event Nuclear
Towel Aware public Formal
Mirror Circuit Alone Desire
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RULE
2
In most TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

the stress usually goes on the SECOND SYLLABLE

VERBS PREPOSITIONS

Provide Between
Include Behind
Accept Upon
Explain Above
Receive Below
Avoid Beside
Collide Across

Spot the odds. Which words do not follow the above rule?
Become Visit Beware Prefer
Escape Rely Swallow Worry
Assess Manage Locate Admire
Supply Explore Contract Struggle
Reflect Deny Believe Defend
Borrow Versus After Cancel
Adopt Wonder Inspect Feature
Differ Obtain Hurry Allow
Advise During Vary Over
Arrive Emerge Transfer Consult
Object Marry Before Restore
Support Resist Combine Under
Handle Pursue Minus Adjust
Collect Afford Embrace Control
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RULE
3
In COMPOUND NOUNS (two nouns blended together)

the stress usually goes on the FIRST SYLLABLE

Aircraft Marketplace Elsewhere Crackpot. Background.

Firefly. Cutthroat. Baseball. Pancake. Flashback. Billboard.
Rainbow. Fourteen. Drawbridge. Breakfast. Sailboat.
Grasshopper. Driveway. Buttercup. Tapeworm. Heartbeat.

Can you tell what the elements of the each word are?
Chopsticks Earache Earring Chairman
Undermine Inland Wallpaper Kneecap
Eyeball Countdown Yourself Eyelid
Ladybug Workshop Clockwork Earthquake
Eardrum Household Teardrop Drumstick
Greenhouse Scarecrow Briefcase Drawstring
Grapefruit Bulldog Seashell Hallway
Dustpan Catfish Teaspoon Iceberg
Earphone Cheesecloth Waistline Keyhole

RULE
3.1
In PHRASAL VERBS (a verb and a preposition)

the stress usually goes on the PREPOSITION

Get UP. Get DOWN. Watch OUT. Go OUT. Break IN.

Stand OUT. Wake UP. Let GO. Make UP. Give IN.
Finish UP. Give AWAY. Stand UP. Step ASIDE. Look INTO.

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RULE Suffix Spellings

4 -tion / -sion / -cian / -tian
-cean / -ic / -ics / -ical
-cial / -tial / -ity / -ety
-ify / -graphy / -logy / -cracy
-ual / -ious / -eous / -ery / -able / -ible

the stress usually goes on the syllable RIGHT BEFORE the

above suffixes

Suffix Example Word Suffix Example Word

-tion proMOtion, converSAtion -cean cruSTAcean, ceTAcean
-sion comPASsion, ocCAsion -ic homoPHObic, straTEgic
-cian muSIcian, beauTIcian -ics ecoNOmics, matheMAtics
-tian EGYPtian, dalMAtian -ical ilLOgical, iDENtical
-cial beneFIcial, fiNANcial -ify soLIDify, LIquify
-tial influENtial, circumSTANtial -graphy geOgraphy, phoTOgraphy
-ity natioNAlity, reAlity -logy entoMOlogy, onCOlogy
-ety soCIety, enTIRety, naIvety -cracy deMOcracy, meriTOcracy
-ual indiVIdual, audioLINGual -ery BAkery, aDULtery
-ious auSPIcious, senSOrious -eous couRAgeous, GORgeous
-able irrePLACEable, PRObable -ible comBUStible, Edible

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RULE
4.1 Suffix Spellings
-graph / -crat / -ate / -ar / -ize

the stress usually goes on the SECOND syllable BEFORE

the above suffixes

Suffix Example Word Suffix Example Word

-graph CHOreograph, TElegraph -ar triANgular, REgular
-crat DEmocrat, aRIStocrat -ize MOdernize, GLObalize
-ate CONfiscate, doMESticate

RULE Old-French Suffix Spellings

5 -ade / -eur, -euse / -air, -aire / -eer / -ette
-ese / -esque / -ee / -ique / -oon

the stress usually goes on THE SUFFIX ITSELF

Suffix Example Word Suffix Example Word

-ade lemoNADE, marmaLADE -ette bruNETTE, cigaRETTE
-eur masSEUR, chasSEUR -ese VietnaMESE, motheRESE
-euse chanTEUSE, charTREUSE -esque pictuRESQUE
-air deboNAIR -ee adopTEE, emploYEE
-aire doctriNAIRE, billionAIRE -ique anTIQUE, criTIQUE
-eer auctioNEER, caREER -oon draGOON, balLOON

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RULE
6
If a number is a multiple of TEN

the stress usually goes on the FIRST syllable

RULE
6.1
If a number is 13 to 19

the stress usually goes on BOTH the SYLLABLES

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LET’S CHECK IF YOU REMEMBER THE RULES OF STRESSING!

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LET’S CHECK IF YOU REMEMBER THE RULES OF STRESSING!

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LET’S CHECK IF YOU REMEMBER THE RULES OF STRESSING!

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Sentence Stress
Native speakers of English know which words to emphasize and which to
“throw away,” and therefore have little trouble guring out how to make even
the most complex of sentences uent. Nonnative speakers of English have a far
more arduous task: An English sentence often contains many small words that
do not carry the essential meaning of the idea or thought. A common mistake
made by nonnative speakers is to pronounce every word with equal stress,
creating a very stilted rhythm that does not match that of native English
speakers.

To understand the rhythm of English speech, it is useful to differentiate between

operative and inoperative words.

Operative words
Operative words carry the meaning of a sentence and therefore conjure an image
in the listener’s mind. There are four categories of these words.

Nouns She
Verbs Looks
Adjectives Gorgeous
Adverbs In that dress

Inoperative words
Inoperative words are largely responsible for the syntax, or structure, of
sentences; they don’t carry the key meaning of the thought being communicated
and are therefore “thrown away”—that is, pronounced with very little emphasis.
In some of these words, the vowel can be reduced to the weak form of the
schwa /ə/. There are several categories of these words.

Articles
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Pronouns (Although they are often the subject of a sentence, pronouns refer to a
noun mentioned earlier in the discourse.)
Auxiliary verbs
The verb to be in all its forms
The rst word of in nitives, as in to look (The word to is reduced to the weak

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Common phrases to ask how someone is:

1. What’s up?
2. What’s new? PRACTICE
3. What have you been up to lately?
4. How’s it going? MAKES
5. How are things?
6. How’s life? PERFECT
Common phrases to say how you are:
1. I’m fine, thanks. How about you?
2. Pretty good.
3. Same as always
4. Not so great.
5. Could be better
6. cant complain
Common phrases to say thank you:
1. I really appreciate it.
2. I’m really grateful
3. That’s so kind of you.
4. I owe you one. (this means you want/need to do a favor for the other
person in the future)
Common phrases to respond to thank you:
1. No problem.
2. No worries.
3. Don’t mention it.
4. My pleasure.
5. Anytime.
Common phrases to end a conversation politely:
1. It was nice chatting with you.
2. Anyway, I should get going.
Common phrases to ask for information:
1. Do you have any idea…?
2. Would you happen to know…? (when you’re not sure if the other person
has the information.)
3. I don’t suppose you (would) know…? (when you’re not sure if the other
person has the information.)
Common phrases to say I don’t know:
1. I have no idea/clue.
2. I can’t help you there.
3. (informal) Beats me.
4. I’m not really sure.
5. I’ve been wondering that, too.

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Common phrases for not having an opinion:

1. I’ve never given it much thought.
2. I don’t have strong feelings either way. PRACTICE
3. It doesn’t make any difference to me.
4. I have no opinion on the matter. MAKES
Common phrases for agreeing:
1. Exactly. PERFECT
2. Absolutely.
3. That’s so true.
4. That’s for sure.
5. I agree 100%
6. I couldn’t agree with you more.
7. (informal) Tell me about it! / You’re telling me!
8. (informal) I’ll say!
9. I suppose so. (use this phrase for weak agreement – you agree, but
reluctantly)
Common phrases for disagreeing:
1. I’m not so sure about that.
2. That’s not how I see it.
3. Not necessarily
Common phrases to respond to great news:
1. That’s great!
2. How wonderful!
3. Awesome!
Common phrases to respond to bad news:
1. Oh no…
2. That’s terrible.
3. Poor you. (Use this to respond to bad situations that are not too serious)
4. I’m so sorry to hear that.
Common phrases to invite someone somewhere:
1. Are you free… [Saturday night?]
2. Are you doing anything… [Saturday night?]
3. (informal) Do you wanna… [see a movie?]
4. (formal)Would you like to… [join me for dinner?]
Common phrases for food:
1. I’m starving! (= I’m very hungry)
2. Let’s grab a bite to eat.
3. How about eating out tonight? (eat out = eat at a restaurant)
4. I’ll have… (use this phrase for ordering in a restaurant)

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Common phrases for price:

1. It cost a fortune.
2. It cost an arm and a leg.
3. That’s a rip-off. (= overpriced; far more expensive than it should be)
4. That’s a bit pricey.
5. That’s quite reasonable. (= it’s a good price)
6. That’s a good deal. (= a good value for the amount of money)
7. It was a real bargain.
8. It was dirt cheap. (= extremely inexpensive)
Common phrases for weather:
1. It’s a little chilly.
2. It’s freezing. (= extremely cold)
3. Make sure to bundle up. (bundle up = put on warm clothes for protection
against the cold)
Common phrases for hot weather:
1. It’s absolutely boiling! (boiling = extremely hot)
2. it scorching hot outside
Common phrases for being tired:
1. I’m exhausted.
2. I’m dead tired.
3. I’m beat
4. I can hardly keep my eyes open
5. I’m gonna hit the sack. (hit the sack = go to bed)

PRACTICE
MAKES
PERFECT

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Connected Speech
When we speak naturally we do not pronounce a word, stop, then say the next
word in the sentence. Fluent speech ows with a rhythm and the words bump
into each other. To make speech ow smoothly the way we pronounce the end
and beginning of some words can change depending on the sounds at the
beginning and end of those words

Let’s learn the 5 most common types of connected speech

CATENATION OR LINKING
Linking happens when the end of one word blends into another. When the last
sound of a word is a consonant and the first sound of the next word is a vowel,
you get linking.
For example:
I want this orange –> thisorange
I want that orange –> thadorange
This afternoon –> thisafternoon
Is he busy? –> Isi busy?
Cats or dogs? –> Catserdogs?

INTRUSION
Intrusion means an additional sound “intrudes” or inserts itself between others.
It is often is a /j/ or /w/ or /r/ sound between two other vowel sounds.

For example:
He asked –> Heyasked
She answered –> Sheyanswered
Do it –> Dewit
Go out –> Gowout
Shoe on –> Shoewon

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ELISION
Elision means when a sound disappears. Basically, a sound is eaten by other
stronger or similar sounds next to it. This often happens with a /t/ or /d/ sound.

For example:
Next door –> Nexdoor
Dad take –> Datake
Most common –> Moscommon

ASSIMILATION
Assimilation means two sounds blend together, forming a new sound altogether.
This often happens with /t/ and /j/ which make /ʧ/ and with /d/ and /j/ which
make /ʤ /.

For example:
Don’t you — donʧu
Won’t you — wonʧu
Meet you — meeʧu
Did you — diʤu
Would you — wuʤu
GEMINATES
Finally, geminates are like twins — two same sounds back-to-back. Often when
one word ends with the same letter as the beginning of the next word, you
should connect the two words in your speech.

For example:
Social life –> socialife
Pet turtle –> Peturtle

Try learning the International Phonetic Alphabet so that you can take notes
about how words sound together. Or, you could keep an audio journal on your
smart phone where you record how words and phrases sound with connected
speech.
Keep in mind that sometimes real life pronunciation will be different because of
variations.
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Contractions
Contractions show the way we normally speak. In the sentence ‘It’s raining
again!’, the most important word is raining; the word is is unstressed and we use
the contraction it’s. But in the sentence ‘Yes, it is!’, the word is is the most
important word, and we use the full form, not the contraction.

List of common contractions How do you say these following sentences in the most
natural way?
1. Are not – aren’t 1. What do you want to do tomorrow?
2. Is not – isn’t
2. She is an architect.
3. Do not – don’t
4. Does not – doesn’t
3. They are not playing the game tonight.
5. Did not – didn’t 4. We will just have to wait and see.
6. Could not – couldn’t 5. I was late because I did not get up early.
7. Would not – wouldn’t 6. She will bring them all to the party.
8. Will not – won’t 7. I have not seen him for ages.
9. Must not – mustn’t 8. You must not make noise here.
10. Have not – haven’t 9. Ron has been in love with Maria for a year.
11. Has not – hasn’t 10. I am not your guard dog. I do not have to do
12. Was not – wasn’t whatever you want.
13. Were not – weren’t 11. They were not happy with the results.
14. I will – I’ll 12. The phone number I called was not right.
15. She will – she’ll 13. The light is not bright enough.
16. He will – he’ll 14. We have stayed here for eight years.
17. They will – they’ll 15. I want to visit my grandma at Christmas.
18. We will – we’ll 16. You just do not listen to me.
19. Going to – gonna
17. I would not play the piano when I am at the
20. Want to – wanna
21. Have to – hafta
party.
22. Got to – gotta 18. He does not have to repair the photocopier
23. I have – I’ve today.
24. They have – they’ve 19. Alex would have got a better result if he had
25. We have – we’ve concentrated more on his strategy.
26. He has – he’s 20. She must have been on her way to her
27. She has – she’s grandma’s house now.
28. Let me – lemme 21. Let me introduce to you briefly the
29. Would have - would’ve international phonetic alphabet.
30. Must have - must’ve 22. You should have told me the information.
31. Could have - could’ve

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Pronouncing -S/ES endings

We use –s or –es endings in four different ways.

-In plural nouns: Why have you got three phones on your desk?
-In verbs: She calls him every day.
-In possessives: Do you have Maria’s phone number?
-In the contraction of is and has: The phone’s ringing. The film’s started.

Pronouncing –s or –es endings correctly helps the conversation or talk be more

natural.

/ɪz/ /s/ /z/

/s/ Kisses, places, mixes /p/ Helps, escapes /b/ Subscribes, describes
/z/ Closes, buzzes /k/ Clocks, aches /g/ Bugs, befogs, jogs
/ʈʃ/ Teaches, watches /t/ Lights, pets /d/ Boards, accords
dʒ Changes, garages /θ/ Months, thoughts /ð/ Bathes, breathes
/ʃ/ Bashes, ashes /f/ Laughs, graphs /v/ Lives, arrives, strives
/ʒ/ Cages, camouflages /l/ Spoils, files, hills
/r/ Roars, ankers, harbors
/m/ Bombs, climbs, hums
/n/ Mountains, vans
/ŋ/ Sings, songs, kings

Are you going fast towards your success

by practicing every day?

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LET’S PRACTICE SAYING THE FOLLOWING NOUNS, VERBS &

SENTENCES WITH /s/, /z/ and /ɪz/ endings
crops interactions wires plants
comes plumbs cookies newspapers
dives hotdogs pictures mugs
fames eggs photos valves
flees pages screens communities
erasers branches types tires
knees leaves helps spaces
phones ourselves runs numbers
calls bookshelves climbs lightbulbs
washes branches roses catches
cases octopuses laughs interacts
plugs speakers likes cues
clippers glues faces enhances

1. She goes to work by bus every day and finishes work at 6 PM.
2. Jack receives many phone calls from his clients during his time at work.
3. Josh likes playing with balls and toys, especially toy cars.
4. They just cared about themselves as they ate all the chocolates and sandwiches.
5. Every morning the cows are fed by Thomas and Lucy collects the eggs.
6. Nobody loves Alex’s cat because it does not like humans around.
7. It is so kind of Ariana that she helps all the residents fetch water from the well.
8. How many watches do you have in your collection?
9. Do you have many friends at school and are they from different countries?
10. The doctor said he has to stay in bed for several days and, if possible, relax by
reading books or watching movies.
11. The robbers were arrested two days after the bank robbery happened on Apple
Street.
12. Walter has written hundreds of articles and last year he received two awards of
journalist of the year and working bees.
13. If you want to build 10 models, you need a lot of materials and 150 nails and
several boards as well as some tubes of glue.
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Pronouncing -ED ending

Regular verbs in the simple past all end in 'ed'. These two small letters can be
pronounced in three different ways.

-/ɪd/ if the ending spelling is TED or DED

-/t/ if the sounds before ED are voiceless sounds /p, k, θ, ʃ, ʈʃ, s, f/
-/d/ if the sounds before ED are voiced sounds /m, n, l, r, g, v, z, b, ð, ʒ, dʒ/

/ɪd/ /t/ /d/

Upgraded, Subscribed,
Helped, escaped,
/d/ uploaded, /p/ /b/ described,
trapped, stopped
bombarded prescribed
Wanted, updated,
Kicked, ached, Bugged,
/t/ debated, /k/ /g/
baked, locked befogged, jogged
distracted
Approached, Closed, abused,
/ʈʃ/ /z/
botched, bleached advised, buzzed
Bathed, breathed,
/θ/ Frothed /ð/
mouthed
Received,
Coughed,
/f/ /v/ archived,
laughed, furlough
involved
Abolished,
Spoiled, filed,
/ʃ/ accomplished, /l/
unveiled, revealed
finished
Aired, anchored,
Missed, kissed,
/s/ /r/ angered,
assessed, blessed
answered
Climbed, combed,
/m/ claimed, aimed,
alarmed, beamed
Abandoned,
/n/ functioned,
auctioned
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1. When we were 10, we usually finished our meals before the others.
2. You pronounced the name wrong. It’s called ‘RE-CI-PE’.
3. I added a bit of onion to the dish and that made it even more delicious.
4. I liked those people but they stayed too long.
5. She wanted her phone to be updated to the latest firmware.
6. We sat down and talked for hours and hours on the phone.
7. I passed the math examination but I failed my Chinese and physics.
8. They lived by the sea and always sailed to the sea to catch fish.
9. They thanked him for the tea and gave him an adorable gift.
10. Unfortunately, your car is severely damaged and cannot be repaired.
11. We helped them clear the path and they smiled at us as a token of appreciation.
12. I rented a small apartment and managed to establish our business from scratch.
13. Jon walked for miles and, miraculously, he arrived just in time.
14. She never wanted to hurt you, but you betrayed us.
15. The dog had recovered from food poisoning.
16. The police arrested the killer and the court sentenced him in jail for the rest of
his life.
17. It rained very heavily last night. However, it stopped at 3 in the morning.
18. I stopped listening ten minutes ago and attended my own business.

accept amuse applaud attach branch boil

How would you say these verbs in simple past tense?

add analyse appreciat attack breathe bolt

admire (BrE) e attempt bruise bomb
admit analyze approve attend brush book
advise (AmE) argue attract bubble bore
afford announce arrange avoid bump borrow
agree annoy arrest burn bounce
alert answer arrive bury bow
allow apologise ask buzz box
appear brake

back beg calculate choke compare cough

bake behave call chop compete count
balanc belong camp claim complain cover
e bleach care clap complete crack
ban bless carry clean concentrate crash
bang blind carve clear concern crawl
bare blink cause clip confess cross
bat blot challenge close confuse crush
bathe blush change coach connect cry
battle boast charge coil consider cure
beam chase collect consist curl
cheat colour contain curve
check comb continue cycle
cheer command copy
chew communicate correct

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How would you say these verbs in simple past tense?

dam deliver disapprove dress earn end
damage depend disarm drip educate enjoy
dance describe discover drop embarrass enter
dare desert dislike drown employ entertain
decay deserve divide drum empty escape
deceive destroy double dry encourage examine
decide detect doubt dust
decorate develop drag
delay disagree drain
delight disappear dream

excite explain face fetch flash force

excuse explode fade file float form
exercise extend fail fill flood found
exist fancy film flow frame
expand fasten fire flower frighten
expect fax fit fold fry
fear fix follow
fence flap fool

gather grab grin guard hammer harm

gaze grate grip guess hand hate
glow grease groan guide handle haunt
glue greet guarantee hang head
happen heal
harass heap

heat hug identify increase intend invite

help hum ignore influence interest irritate
hook hunt imagine inform interfere itch
hop hurry impress inject interrupt
hope improve injure introduce
hover include instruct invent

jail jog joke juggle kick kiss

jam join judge jump kill kneel

knit knot label learn lighten load

knock land level like lock
last license list long
laugh lick listen look
launch lie live love

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man matter milk move nail number

manage measure mine muddle name question
march meddle miss mug need queue
mark melt mix multiply nest obey
marry memorise moan murder nod object
match mend moor nod note observe
mate mess up mourn note notice obtain

occur pack phone possess prevent race

offend paddle pick post prick radiate
offer paint pinch pour print rain
open park pine practise produce raise
order part place (BrE) program reach
overflow pass plan practice promise realise
owe paste plant (AmE) protect receive
own pat play pray provide recognise
relax pause please preach pull record
release peck plug precede pump reduce
rely pedal point prefer punch reflect
remain peel poke prepare puncture refuse
remember peep polish present punish regret
remind perform pop preserve push reign
permit press reject
pretend rejoice

remove rhyme sack shiver soothe stop

repair rinse sail shock sound store
repeat risk satisfy shop spare strap
How would you say these verbs in simple past tense?

replace rob save shrug spark strengthe

reply rock saw sigh sparkle n
report roll scare sign spell stretch
reproduce rot scatter signal spill strip
request rub scold sin spoil stroke
rescue ruin scorch sip spot stuff
retire rule scrape ski spray subtract
return rush scratch skip sprout succeed
scream slap squash suck
screw slip squeak suffer
scribble slow squeal suggest
scrub smash squeeze suit
seal smell stain supply
search smile stamp support
separate smoke stare suppose
serve snatch start surprise
settle sneeze stay surround
shade sniff steer suspect
share snore step suspend
shave snow stir switch
shelter soak stitch zoom

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How would you say these verbs in simple past tense?

talk thaw trace trot undress wail

tame tick trade trouble unfasten wait
tap tickle train trust unite walk
taste tie transport try unlock wander
tease time trap tug unpack want
telephone tip travel tumble untidy warm
tempt tire treat turn use warn
terrify touch tremble twist visit wash
test tour trick type vanish
thank tow trip yawn x-ray

waste whirl work

watch whisper worry
water whistle wrap
wave wink wreck
weigh wipe wrestle
welcome wish wriggle
whine wobble yell
whip wonder zip

PRACTICE MAKES
PERFECT! SEE?

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