1

Crown : it is fixed extra-coronal restoration that cavers , or veneers the outer

surface of the clinical crown .
Bridge :is replacement the missing teeth .
- Crown and bridge is the same meaning of fixed prosthodontics.

fixed prosthodontics :is a branch of dentistry which involves the

replacement and restoration of teeth with artificial substitutes that can't
remove by the patient .

Crown

Anatomical crown clinical crown artificial crown

Is the part of teeth that Is the part of teeth
cover by enamel, which is visible in
m occlusion surface or incisal into cementoenamel
oral cavity.junction .
Prosthodontics
Fixed artificial restoration
that covers the outer
surface of clinical crown of
reproduce the morphology
function of contour of the
damage coronal portions of
tooth

Fixed removable
Partial denature (Bridge) crown
extra – coronal restoration

it's a restoration that

cover outer surface of
clinical crown .
Types:

1- Full veneer
crown. 2- Partial
veneer
crown.
3- Laminated veneer Intra-radicular restoration
extra-intracoronal restoration.
intra- coronal restoration

2
Implant

3
1. Extracoronal restoration ECR : is the restoration that covers the outer surface
of the clinical crown .
It is types :
1 - full veneer crown
2 - partial veneer crown
3 - laminate veneer crown
● Full veneer: is ECR that cover all crown and it has many types such as full
metal ,porcelain fused with metal or ceramic, but the metal as Cr & Ni are
consider the best restoration especially in posterior teeth but for anterior teeth is
the full porcelain .

●partial veneer crown: It covers part of the crown, but not all crown and
it has four types .
A. 3\4 three quarter crown: it is ECR that cover all surface of clinical
crown except buccal surface mostly found in the maxillary
premolar .

B. 7\8 seven eight crown : it is ECR that cover all

surface except mesobuccal cusp mostly found in
upper maxillary molar.

4
 C. 1\2 half-crown : it is ECR that cover all mesial surface and leave the
distal surface mostly found in lower 6.

D. reverse 3\4 reverse three quarter : it is ECR that cover all crown
except lingual surface .

● Laminate veneer crown: it is ECR that cover the labial\ buccal surface only.

-Uses: for esthetic purpose .

-Advantage : for maintain and conservation the tooth for long time about
20 _30 years .

2. Intracoronal Restoration ICR : is a restoration that fit within anatomical

contours of clinical crown for teeth .

It has 2 types:
● Inlay :it is cast metal or ceramic restoration involves the occlosal &
proximal surface of posterior teeth.
-It may caps for one or more cusp , but not all cusps .
● Onlay : the same inlay but it involves proximal surface of posterior
teeth and caps all of the cusps .
-It caps all cusps in the tooth .

3. Intra-radicular restoration : It's a restoration constructed on endodontically

treated teeth to restore the coronal part of the anatomical crown .

Includes by post "dowel" extend into root canal.

5
 -Endodontically : is a branch of dentistry which treats diseases of dental pulp.

4- Extra intracoronal restoration : it's restoration that used when the teeth can't
be filling by restoration .

. 2) Retain
er
5. Implant : it used when there isn't root and crown .
3)
Fixed partial denture >>bridge
Components of bridge:
1) Abutment
ABUTMENT
It is part of bridge which support it on which the retainer is cemented.

*it must to be strong and sound to resist the forces of mastication

It can be ; natural tooth , root or implant.

-It's function: support the bridge on which retainer is cemented .

6
-It's type :
A . Primary abutment " ideal" : It is the main abutment which support the bridge.

B .Secondary abutment : It is adjacent to the primary abutment to give more

support and retention for bridge.

‫ ٌؼ ر كافٌه لتحمل كل القوى المسلطة‬abutment primary ‫ لمنطقة واسعة ووجد أن‬bridge ‫ًف حالة عمل‬
bridge‫علٌها والًت قد تؤدي الى حركته والتقلٌل من ثبات ال‬

‫ ٌلزٌد الثبات ٌوخفؾ‬abutment Secondary ‫ فً هذه الحالة نعمل‬recession gingival ‫أوفً حالة وجود‬
primary ‫ ومن الضروري ان تكون قوتها اقوى او تساوي ال‬abutment primary ‫من تسلٌط القوى على‬
. ‫ وال ٌصح ان تكون أضعؾ‬abutment

C .Intermediate abutment : It is the abutment which bonded by pontic from mesial

and distal sides .OR The abutment which surrounded by missing teeth.

It is also called Pier abutment , Why*?

Because it`s place between the missing teeth which make it carry all forces from both
sides ( mesial, distal), So it can be mobility.

D .Terminal abutment :It support distal extension for bridge in the end of arch.
e.g : missing in 7 lower , in this case the treatment will be:

- FPD , it is undesirables from the patient

-Implant

-Bridge
side opposite ً‫ًف بعض الحاالت قد ٌستؽنى عن السن وال ٌتم تعٌوضه ولكن بشرط عدم وجود أسنان ف‬
. over eruption ‫ألنه قد ٌحدث‬

7
 RETAINER
It is that part of bridge , which is cemented to the abutment tooth , It may be crown ( full
veneer crown , partial veneer crown , Inlay or Onlay).

PONTIC :
It is an artificial restoration that replace missing tooth. .

‫تعًن " دٌمة " أي أنها ٌلست مثل السن الطٌبًع رؼم أنها تعوض كل الوظائؾ والسبب عدم‬ pontic ‫*كلمة‬
. PDL ‫وجود الـ‬

CONNECTOR:
It is the part of bridge which connect the pontic to the retainer.

 It may be:

1- Rigid ~fixed (doesn`t move)

2.Non- rigid ~ not fixed (can little move for lowing load on abutment e.g. stress .
breaker or occlusal dovetail.

. ‫ لٌخفؾ الضؽط عٌلها‬abutment Pier ‫ٌ ستخدم هذا النوع ًف‬

☻ NOTES
*. Ideal bridge : Two abutment carry one pontic

* . High risk ridge : Two abutment carry two pontic

Support : Force of mastication and

In FPD ……abutment

In Complete Denture……ridge

Span : The space that filled by the bridge .

Saddle : area of the edentulous ridge over which the pontic will lie .

Unit : Any part of the bridge , either retainer or pontic.

8
Classification of bridge according to number of unit: -
1 . Long span bridge : It is the bridge which has more than 4 units.

2.Short span bridge : It is the bridge which has less than 4 units .

Indications of crown :
1. To restore the health of tooth .

2. To restore the esthetic of tooth : .

-Discolored tooth .

- Malformed tooth .

- Malposed tooth .

- Patient with central diastema .

- Excessive anterior fillings .

3. To restore the occlusion , function and speech such as over or under eruption .

4. To maintain periodontal health .

5. It's used as a bridge retainer .

) restoration‫* ) معيار وجاح أو فشل طبيب األسىان هى عمر الـ‬

General indications for crowns for other reasons Having established that primary
caries is not a common reason for making crowns, more common reasons are:

This mouth has been well treated in the past but the

restorations are now failing. In particular the lateral

incisor has lost two fillings, the pulp has died and the

tooth is discolored. It now needs a crown

‫خ‬ٛ‫ حًظ ٌٗ ّذ‬incisor lateral ‫ وّأالحع اي‬, ‫ٕىا فٍش د‬ٌٙٚ ‫ظدٌٗ ؼِ ٌاعح عاتمح‬ ٍ ‫ٌظسج اٌغاتمح ح‬ ٟ ‫ٌاُف‬
ٛ ‫فا‬
‫ح‬١‫ ذغط‬ٞ‫ش س‬ٚ‫ٌٔح ٌزآِ ٌاؼ‬ٛ ‫ش‬١‫ج اْل ٌآغ ذغ‬ٛ‫ف٘ زج ٌاحٌاح ال ذٕفغ ٌاحش‬ٟ ٚ ‫ف اؼٌّ ٌاعح‬
ٟ ‫ف ٌاؼظة تغثة اخطاء‬ٟ
. crown ‫شى و ًِا ب‬ ٓ ‫ٌا‬
ً ‫غت‬

9
 Wear of enamel and part of dentine .
Gross tooth wear arising from a combination of
erosion and attrition. This has passed the point where
the patient can accept the appearance, and crowns are necessary

‫عح‬١‫ؤو وْأر‬ ً ‫زا ٌار‬ٚ٘ dentine ‫ؼا ظضءِٓ اي‬٠‫ ا‬ٚenamel ٟ ‫ٌظسج اٌغاتمح ٔعذ ذآًو‬
‫ف ًوِٓ ؽثمح اي‬ ٛ ‫ف ا‬ٟ
ِٓ‫ش‬١‫ا ششب اٌىص‬ٚ ‫ف اٌّظٔاغ‬ٟ ً ‫ا اشٕاء ٌا‬١ٙ‫ح اششخ ٍػ‬١‫ائ‬١ّ١‫اد و‬ٛ ِ‫ تغثة‬ٚ‫احرىان ٌآغ ِغ تؼ ٌاثؼغ ا‬
‫ّؼ‬ ‫ٗؼ‬
. crown ‫َض اعرخذَا اي‬٠ٍٚ ‫غ‬٠‫ح ٌٍّش‬٠‫شِ ش‬١‫ظ ش غ‬ٙ‫ى ٘زا ٌّا‬ْٛ٠ ‫تٌزه‬ٚ ‫ح‬٠‫شش اخ ٌاغاص‬ ٚ‫ٌّا ت‬

NOTE:

Tooth wear: the processes of erosion , attrition and abrasion.

Erosion : is a damage from acid other than produce by bacteria and soft drink or
carbonated

attrition : is a mechanical wear of one tooth against another.

Abrasion :is a mechanical wear by extraneous agents

shaped upper lateral incisors

‫ِ*الحظح‬

‫ِٓ ٌاـ‬٠ًٛ‫ؼ ا ذحراض ذط‬ٙ‫ ؼ‬ٚ‫ ت‬،incisal ‫ ِٓ ٌاـ‬٠ًٛ‫ذط‬ٚ cervical ‫ ِٓ اٌـ‬٠ًٛ‫ٔااً تؼغ األٕعْا ذحراض ذط‬١‫أح‬
"For esthetic ". ‫ فمؾ‬incisal

Moderate degree of amelogenesis imperfecta" defects in the formation of enamel" in

a 16 year old".
1
0
 The posterior teeth are affected more than the anterior teeth but the upper incisors are
slightly discolored and are chipping away at the incisal edge.

Crowns were made for all the teeth except the lower incisors and these will be kept
under review.

‫ح‬١‫رؤشش االٕعْا ٌاٍخ ف‬٠ ‫تٌزه‬ٚ ‫ا‬١ٕ‫ ٌّا‬٠ٓ‫ى‬ٛ‫ف إشاء ذ‬

ٟ ١ٕٟ‫ظ‬
ٕ ً‫ي ٍخ‬ٚ‫عح ٔمض ا‬١‫حٔر‬١‫ٌظسج اٌغاتمح حاٌحِ شػ‬ ٛ ‫ف ا‬ٟ
‫غ االٕعا‬١‫ظ ّظ‬١‫رُ ٍذ ث‬٠ ‫ف ٖ٘ز ٌاحٌاح‬ ٟ ٚ‫ف االؽشاف ٌاماؽؼح‬ٟ ‫ذ‬٠‫ ٌارحذ‬ٚ‫ؾ ت‬١‫شى تغ‬ ً ‫ح ت‬٠ٛ ‫ماؽغ ٌاٍؼ‬ٛ‫ٌا‬ٚ ‫ اػح‬ٚ ‫تشًى‬
. ‫ ذحد ٌّاالحظح ٌاذاّئح‬ْٛ‫ ذى‬ٚ‫ح‬١ ‫م اؽغ ٌاغٍف‬ٛ‫ ِاػذا ٌا‬crown ‫ب اي‬

Typical distribution of enamel hypoplasia, in this case due to typhoid in the patient’s early
childhood. Crowns were made rather than composite restorations or veneers because the
stain was too dark to be disguised by these means.

ً ٘ٛٚ ‫غ‬٠‫ا ٌاّش‬ٙ‫ة ت‬١‫ذ اط‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ف‬١‫ ٌار‬ٝ‫ح‬

‫فغ‬٠ٕ ‫تٌزه ال‬ٚ ‫ؽف‬ ٟ ً‫خ‬
ّ ‫ا تغثة‬١ٕ‫ف ؽثمح ٌّا‬ ٛ ‫ف ا‬ٟ
ٍ ‫ٌظسج اٌغاتمح ٕ٘ان‬
crown ‫ر ا ب اي‬ٙ١‫عة ذغط‬٠ ‫ج ٌزا‬ٛ‫ش ػثش ٌاحش‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ‫ز ِّٓى ْا‬ٞ‫ ٌاغِاك ٌا‬ْٛ‫ر ا تغثة ٌٍا‬ٙ١‫ذغط‬

Note..
In this case - When the teeth are discoloration- we can use "laminate veneer , but in
some people who it's bite is strong it may be lead to broke the laminate so the best
treatment is crown .

changing the shape and size of teeth:

a- -

b-

a before, b after.)a and b Increasing the size of incisors with composite)

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 c- A large midline diastema that the patient found aesthetically unacceptable.

The same patient after the central incisors have been moved closer together orthodontically
and all four incisors crowned.

The appearance of composite restorations.:

Following trauma the right central incisor tooth requires root canal treatment.
‫ف ٌآغ تغثة ػشتح ذحراض عحة ػظة‬
ٟ ً‫ٍخ‬

Alternatives to crowns – bleaching:

A discolored, non-vital lower central

. crown ‫ر ا ب اي‬ٙ١‫عة ذغط‬٠ ْ‫ٍر‬ٛ‫ا ٌا‬١ٍٙ‫ػش ػ‬ٙ ‫ح ٌزٌه‬١‫ش ح‬١‫ح غ‬١‫عف‬
ٍ ‫لاؽؼح‬

11
 ‫ٍ اٌّشػؼاخ‬ٝ‫اً ػ‬١ٌٚ‫ ِحَش د‬tetracyclineٚ٘ٛ ‫ ٌاـ‬١ٗ‫٘ الض ف‬ٛ‫ ػ‬discoloration ًٌ ‫ظذ عثة آخش‬٠ٛ
،‫ع‬ ٟ ‫ٌ إع ْا ٌاطًف ٕتفغ‬ْٛ ْ‫ى‬ٛ٠ ‫عف‬ٛ ًِ‫ف حاٌح اعرخذِٗر اأَل ٌاحا‬ٟ ٢ٔٗ ‫األؽفاي‬ٚ ًِ‫حا‬ٛ‫ ٌا‬ٚ
ٕ ٚ‫ف ٌاؼظَا ا‬ٟ ‫ش اخ‬ٛ٘‫ؼاً ذ‬٠‫ ا‬ٚ
. ْ‫ألعا‬
stain. Tetracycline .. ‫ح‬١‫س ٌارٌا‬ٛ‫ف ٌاظ‬ٟ ‫ِػح‬ٛ ٘ٛ ‫ّو ا‬

PRINCIPLES OF THE TOOTH PREPRATION

.) ‫ يجب الحفاظ عليها عىد تحضير أي سه‬، ‫(ه ىاك خمسة مقدسات أو مبادئ أساسية أللسىان‬

1.Preservation Of The Tooth Structure

It is preserving of the remaining tooth structure when the restoration must replace the
lost tooth structure.
ٗ ٠ٛ‫عة ذؼ‬١‫ٕ ٗٔا ٕػذ فمذ ظضءِٓ ٌآغ ف‬ٝ‫ّتؼ‬
ٓ ‫ة ٌا‬١‫ا ذشاو‬٠‫ٍػ تما‬ٝ ‫حافع‬٠ ‫س‬١‫ؼ تح‬
ِٓ‫ فال ِٔاغِٓ األخز‬، ‫ح‬١ّ‫غ ٌاٍغ‬
. ‫ح فمؾ‬٠‫ش س‬ٚ‫ٓى ٌٍحاظح ٌاؼ‬ٌٚ ‫ٖش‬١‫ٌآغ ٕػ ذ ذحؼ‬
Q. Why we remove from the enamel when we preparation the tooth ?

1. To provide path of insertion , retention and resistance .

2. For esthetic purpose .

3. Protect the remaining tooth when there is caries ...act .

4. Remove the week portion .

5. To make good borders for the margin .

6. To give stable space for the restoration

12
- During the cutting or preparation we make the tooth smaller with preserving the
anatomical landmarks .

ٓ ‫ح‬١‫ح‬٠‫ ٌاؼااِل خ ٌارشش‬ٝ‫ٓى ِغ ٌاحفاظ ٍػ‬ٌٚ ‫غ‬

‫ِغ حفاظ‬ٚ ‫ٌٍغ اٌّحؼش‬ ٓ ‫شٔظغش حُع ٌا‬١‫ٕ اٗٔ إٔشاء ٌارحؼ‬ٝ‫ّتؼ‬
ٓ ‫ة ٌا‬١‫ح ذشاو‬١‫تم‬
: ‫ٌره تؤذثاع تؼغ االسشاداخ‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ّ‫غ ٌاٍغ‬

- Tooth structure conserved by employing the following Guideline :

1. Use partial veneer restoration rather than complete veneer .

‫ؼ‬ٟ ١‫ٍ تماء ظضء اوثش ِٓ ٌآغ ٌاطث‬ٝ‫حافع ػ‬٠ ‫أل‬

ٔٗ V partial ‫فًؼ اعرخذَا ٌاـ‬١‫ِا ف‬ّٙ‫ح اعرخذا‬١‫ٕ اٗٔ ارا اذ‬ٝ‫ّتؼ‬
. ‫الي‬ٚ‫ تٌزه ٔحمك ٌّاثذة ا‬ٚ
Ex. Which better used Inlay or full veneer & 7\8 or 3\4 ?
Inlay and 3\4 because it more preservation for tooth structure
. 2. preparation of the tooth with minimum taper between axial wall .
ٟ ‫ وّا‬insertion of path ً ‫غ‬ٙ١ٌ ٓ‫ى‬٠ّ ‫ى ِغرذق ٌاطشف تؤًل ِا‬ْٛ٠ ‫ ْا‬ٕٝ‫ّتؼ‬
: ً‫ف ٌاشى‬

a) Parallel : more conservable of teeth ,but path of insertion decrease .

b) Taper : The path of insertion increase , decrease retention & resistance and
taper should be uniform to receive the stability .

3-Preparation of occlusal surface ,so reduction follows the anatomical plane to give
uniform thickness of restoration.
. ‫ل ي ٌٍٓغ‬ٚ‫حمٕم ا ٌّامذط اا‬ٚ ‫ٍػ ٌآغ‬ٝ ‫ح ٍّو ا حافٕظ ا‬١‫ح‬٠‫ٍػ ؼِ ٌُا ٌآغ ٌارشش‬ٝ ‫ش ِحافع‬١‫أ ٗٔا ٍّو ا وْا ٌارحؼ‬ٞ

: ‫ف اٌشًى‬ٟ ‫وّا‬
‫ اخز‬2 . ٓ‫ٍػ ؼِ اٌُ ٌاغ‬ٝ ‫ حافع‬1
cusped ‫ظضء ِٓ اي‬

13
4. up righting tilted FPD abutment with orthodontic treatment
ً ‫ا‬ٚ َٛ‫غ ٌاذا ّػحٔم‬
‫ ٓ شُٔؼًّ اي‬ِٚ٠ُٛ‫ٔاا تٌارم‬ٙ ِ‫ ى‬٠ً‫ال ترؼذ‬ ٓ ٌٍ ‫ أحشاف‬ٚ‫اْل ا‬١ِ ‫د‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٚ ‫ف ح ٌٗا‬ٟ ٔٗ‫ٕ ا‬ٝ‫ّتؼ‬
ٓ ‫تٌزهٔفمذ ٌا‬ٚ pulp ًٌ ‫ًظ‬٠ ‫ر ستّا‬ٟ ‫غ ٌا‬
‫غ‬ ٓ ‫شِٓ ٌا‬١‫ٌغ ِاٍئح عٕؼطش ألخز ظضء وث‬ ٓ ٚ‫ػػٕا ا‬ٛ ‫أل ارا‬
ٔٗ bridge
.‫لي‬ٚ‫ك ٌّامذط اا‬١‫ف ذحم‬ ٟ ‫ ٔفًش‬ٚ

: ‫ف ٌاشًى‬ٟ ‫ّوا‬

5. Selective of a conservation margin compatible with the other Principles.

ٓ ‫ ٌا‬ٝ‫ االوصش حفاظًا ٍػ‬Margin ‫ا ْا ٔخراس ٌاـ‬ٞ
‫غ ٌسشرح‬
chamfer..˝ a than conservation less is margin Shoulder‫الحقا‬

6. Avoiding of unnecessary apical extension of the preparation ..

: ‫ِػح تٌاشًى‬ٛ ‫ش وّا‬١‫ف ٌارحؼ‬ ّٟ ‫ح اف تشًى‬ٌٛ‫عة لذس ااِلىْآِ اعرطٌاح ا‬
ٟ ‫ل‬ ٕ ‫ٔر‬

1. more extension toward apex

2. more conservation for teeth

2. Retention And Resistance Form

- Retention : It is feature of the prepared tooth that prevent movement of the final
restoration along it's path of insertion
. ‫ا‬ٙ‫ؼاخِٓ ىِ ٔا‬٠ ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫غ حشوح ٌار‬٠ّٕ ‫ز‬ٞ‫اخ "ٌّامذعاخ" ٌا‬١‫ِ٘ٓ ُ٘ا االعاع‬ٛ ‫ٌاصثاخ‬

14
 -Resistant : If the feature of the prepared tooth that tend to prevent the mount of
the final restoration by force directed in an apical or oblique direction
( occlusal surface ) .
‫ا حشوح‬َٚ‫م‬٠ restoration ‫م ؽ اي‬ٛ‫ا ع‬َٚ‫م‬٠ ← Retention
restoration ‫اي‬ ← Resistant
retention of loss ‫فزا تغثة‬ٙ ٔٗ‫عمؾ ِٓ ِىا‬ٚ crown
‫غ‬٠‫ِ صاًل ارا ٍّػٕا ٌٍّش‬
. " resistance of loss "" ‫فزا تغثة‬ٙ ‫غمؾ‬٠ ٌُ ٕٗ‫ِاا ارا ذحشن فمؾ ٌى‬
‫؟‬cement ‫فح اي‬١‫ ظ‬ٚ‫ِ ا‬
restoration ‫ٌاـ‬ ١ٓ‫غذ ٌافشاغاخ ِا ت‬٠ٚ resistance & retention ‫ادج ٌٍـ‬٠‫ٍػ ص‬ٝ ‫فمؾ‬ cement ‫ًّؼ ٌاـ‬٠
resistance & retention ‫ك اٌـ‬١‫ف ذحم‬ٟ ‫ع‬ ٓ ‫ ٌا‬ٚ
ٟ ‫ تش ًى أعا‬١ٗ‫ؼرّذ ٍػ‬٠ ُ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫غ ٌّاحؼش‬

Q. which is more dangers loss of retention and resistance ?

the loss of resistance is more harmful because
‫ا ٌاطؼا‬٠‫ ما‬ٚ‫ا ت‬٠‫ش‬١‫خي ٌاثىر‬ٛ‫ح اٌّعاي ٌذ‬١‫ر‬١ٌ cement ‫ٌا ذفرد ٌاـ‬ٝ ٞ‫ذد‬ٛ ‫ف حشوح لذ‬
ٟ ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ ٔاّا‬ٚ‫غ‬٠‫ؼ‬ٛ ‫غمؾ ٌار‬٠ ‫ال‬
ْٚ‫ تذ‬٠ً‫ح تذ‬ ٛ ‫غثة‬٠ ٚ
ً ‫ٔؤخز‬ٚ ‫غ لذ عمؾ‬٠‫ؼ‬ٛ ‫ٌار‬ٚ ‫غ‬٠‫د ٌاّش‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫ ←لذ‬retention poor‫ٓى اي‬ٌٚ ‫ ِاشاع‬ٚ ‫ذغط‬
. ‫ش‬١‫ػشس وث‬
Ex :
If we prepare tow teeth for making crown
Molar premolar
↓ ↓
More resistance More retention
Less retention Less resistance
‫شظغ ٌاغثة ٗٔا وٍّا صادخ اي‬٠ ٚ ‫اال اٗٔ اوصش شثاخ‬mastication ‫ٌٍمج‬ٛ ‫ اوصش ػشٗػ‬molar ‫ٌتاشغُ ْا‬
retention ‫ اي صاد ٍّو ا‬surface area

also the axial wall of preparation tooth must be parallel or

slightly tapper → To permit ...1) Restoration seat . 2) obtain good retention and resistant
So the angle of tapering should be 2.5° (ِ‫ٌا‬ٟ ‫(ص‬ -6.5 ° )‫ث ي‬ٛ‫) ِم‬

. ‫ وٍّا صاد ٌاصثاخ‬٠ٗٚ‫ وٍّا ٍلد ٌاضا‬-

15
resistance ٚ retention ‫ ٍّو ا ًل ٌاـ‬tapering ‫ ٍوّا صاد ٌاـ‬ٚ ‫ح‬١‫ ↑ػاللح ػىغ‬degree angle ↓ retention
: ‫ف ٌاشًى‬ٟ ‫ّوا‬

A c
B
D

A parallel "ideal "

A 1. more retention and resistance ,but less path of insertion .
2. more preservation of tooth structure
B Slightly tapper
D 1. less retention and resistant
2. more distractive of tooth structure
Retention and resistance improved by :
1) limiting the path of insertion→ In the region of the finishing line
2) Boxes → filling
3) Grooves → especially in mesial and distal surface except 3/4 crown .
4) Pinholes

PATH OF INSERTION
It is an imaginary line along which the restoration will be placed or moved or
reseated on the prepared tooth without any stress.
‫أ‬ٞ ْ ‫ذ‬ٚ‫أؼؼٗ ت‬ٚ ‫ا ٔخشٗظ‬ٚ ٍٗ‫ ٕػذِأذخ‬restoration Final ‫ٍغٗى اي‬٠ ‫ز‬ٞ ‫ ٌا‬ّٟٚ٘ ‫٘ ػثاسج ٓػ خؾ‬ٛ
.‫تح‬ٛ‫طؼ‬

16
 The technique to survey a preparation visually
Correct Incorrect
By one eye by 2 eyes
Direct
Indirect by mirror or impression which in cast.
line Finishing ‫شٕفا اي‬ٛ ‫احذج فارا‬ٚ ١ٓ‫ى تؼ‬ْٛ‫ ذ‬insertion of path ًٌ ‫حح‬١‫ح ٌاظح‬٠‫ٌاشإ‬
‫ٓى ارا‬ٌٚ ‫ح‬١‫طح‬ path of insertion ٚ‫اي‬undercut ‫دِ ٕاؽك‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٚ َ‫ؼٕ ػذ‬ٟ ٠ ‫فزا‬ٙ ‫غ االذعا٘اخ ٌٍٓغ‬١‫ِٓ ّظ‬
.‫ تٌاى ًِا‬line Finishing ‫ اي‬ٜ‫عش‬
ٕ ‫ ٔألٕا‬undercut ‫رؼح اي‬٠ ٌٚٓ ‫ِْ خاد ٗػ‬ٛ‫ ذى‬١ٕ١ٓ‫شفٕا تؼ‬

Determine the path of insertion

● Normal "natural" tooth : the teeth parallel to normal axis .

● Tilted tooth: parallel to the long axis of the normal adjacent
proximal teeth .
*In posterior full and partial veneer : crown parallel with long axis of teeth .
* In anterior three quarter crown → incisal parallel to labial surface.

3. Structural Durability

The preparation must be designed to reduce minimum amount of the tooth structure
and to have an adequate. Bulk of metal to allow the restoration to withstand the force
of occlusion.
ٝ‫تشى ِالُئ حر‬
ً ٚ‫غ‬ٓ ‫ظ حذِٓ حُع ٌا‬ٝ‫ ال‬١ً ‫ٍػ ذٍم‬ٝ ‫ٌٗ ٌامذسج‬١ٓ‫ّؼ ً تشًى ِؼ‬٠ ‫عة ْا‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ٕ ْا ٌارحؼ‬ٝ‫ّتؼ‬
.١ٗ‫لج ِغٍطح ٍػ‬ٛ ٞ‫ ػذ أ‬١ٓ‫ر‬ِٚ ‫ًؼ ٌآغ طِاذ‬٠

17
‫ح ٌرّظذ اوصش اِاَ ٌاـ‬١‫ح اٌىاف‬١ ‫ اللٗر تٌا ٓغ ٌاّحؼش ← خزِٓ ٌآغ اٌّحؼشٌاّى‬ٚ‫ ػ‬restoration ‫ زا خاص تٌاـ‬ٚ٘
.restoration

4. Marginal Integrity

‫ٍػ‬ٝ ‫ ٌاـ‬restoration
‫ف اٌـ‬ٟ margin ‫طثك ٌاـ‬٠ٕ ‫غ ٌاّحؼشج التذِٓ ْأ‬
ٓ ‫ٍػ ٌا‬ٝ restoration ‫ اي‬ٝ‫ى ذثم‬ٟ ٌ *
. ‫ف ٌآغ ٌّاحؼشج‬ٟ line finishing
*The margins of the final crown should be:
1. Extended to well-defined finishing line exactly without open, short, or over
extend margins.
finishing line ‫ٍػ‬ٝ ‫اي‬Margin of the crown ‫طثك ٌاـ‬٠ٕ ‫س‬١‫اػح تح‬ٚ ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫عة ْأ‬٠ ‫أ‬ٞ
: ‫ى‬ْٛ٠ ‫س ال‬١‫تح‬
Thick → "Overhang"
,thin → it may happen destruction for the restoration .
, long → over extend
,short →Under extend
, rough → Unsafe for the gingiva and it may cause irritation
or open .→ The most dangerous type of margins
2. Extended in an cleanable area by tooth-brushing and whenever possible.
ٟ ‫ى‬ْٛ٠ ‫ٕ ْأ‬ٟ‫ؼ‬٠ ٚ
. ‫فا‬ٙ١‫غ ٕذظ‬٠‫غ ٌاّش‬١‫غرط‬٠ ‫ف ىِ ْا‬
3. Placed on the sound tooth structure.
. enamel sound ‫ٍػ‬ٝ ‫ذػغ‬ٛ ‫ر‬ ٟ ‫٘ ٌا‬ٟ F.L . ‫اع ٌاـ‬ٛٔ‫أفًؼ أ‬
*Sound enamel: Is enamel supported with dentin
4. Smoothed and well adapted to the finishing line.
ٓ ٚ‫ ا‬margin ‫ ٌاـ‬١ٓ‫ ت‬١ّٟ‫ط‬
. ‫ٌغ ٌاّحؼشج‬ ّ ‫ ٕ٘ان ؽثاق‬ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ْأ‬ٚ ‫التذ‬
The Finishing line :It is the final margins, which separate between prepared and
the the unprepared tooth Structure .
ٓ ‫ف ٌا‬ٟ ‫ش ِح ؼش‬١‫ ظضء غ‬ٚ‫ ظضء ِح ؼش‬١ٓ‫ظ ت‬
.‫غ‬ ً ‫ف‬٠ ‫ػثاسج ػٓ خؾ‬
: ‫مالحظة‬
‫ ف‬margin open ‫ش٘ا ِاػذا اٌـ‬١‫د اػادج ذحؼ‬ْٚ ‫ا‬ٙ‫م َ تبطالح‬ٛٔٚ margin ‫ٔأ اع ٌاـ‬ٛ ‫غ‬١‫ظ‬ ٟ ‫رُ ٌارغا‬٠ ‫لذ‬
ّ ٓ‫ػ ػ‬
ٔٗ restoration .‫ش ٌاـ‬١‫ ٘ ٖز ٌاحٌاح التذ ِٓ اػادج ذحؼ‬ٞ
ٟ ‫أل‬
.‫ا ِؼاػفاخ‬ٌٙ ‫ى‬ْٛ١‫ فغ‬margin open ‫ظذ‬ٚ ٌٗ‫ف حا‬

18
pulpal carries ‫حذز‬٠ depress ← ‫حذز‬٠ٚ ‫زب‬ٚ٠ ‫ فٗٔب تؼذ فرشج‬cement ‫فارا افرشػٕا ْأ ٌاؼّ ٌاط لَا تًّؼ‬
... ‫ٌاثاسد‬ٚ ‫شؼش ت ٌُؤ ٕػذ ششتٗ اٌحاس‬٠ ‫ ؼذ فرشج‬ٚ‫ ت‬١ٓ‫ث‬٠‫سائحح غش‬ٚ ُ‫غ تطؼ‬٠‫شؼش ٌاّش‬٠ ‫ف٘ ز ٌاحٌاح‬ٟ
. acute pulpitis ‫ا‬ٚ chronic pulpitis ‫حذز‬٠ ‫غ اِا ْأ‬٠‫ارا ذغاً٘ ٌاّش‬
‫ُر اػطاء‬٠ ‫ف ٖ٘ز ٌاحٌاح‬ٟ swell ‫حذز‬٠ ‫ اأٌل ُ ٌىٓ تؼذ فرٖش‬ٟٙ‫ر‬٠ٕٚ pulp ‫خ ٌاـ‬١ّٛ‫ِذئاخ ف‬ٙ ‫غ‬٠‫ؤخز ٌاّش‬٠
ٗ‫ٌاَس ذرُ ِؼٌاعر‬ٛ ‫خف‬٠ ‫ ؼذ ْا‬ٚ‫غ ػالض ت‬٠‫ٌاّش‬
ٚ ‫ى‬ْٛ‫ ذ‬granuloma ‫ا‬ٚ cyst ‫ ِاا‬apical lesion ‫ى‬ْٛ‫ فرر‬antibiotic ‫غ‬٠‫غرخَذ ٌّاش‬٠ ‫ْا‬١‫ تؼغ االح‬ٚ
‫د‬ٞ‫ذئ‬ٚ ‫ذلف ّػً ٌاٍم ة‬ٛ ‫ٍط د ٌّظَا ٌاٍم ة لذ‬ٚ ‫ ارا‬, microorganisms‫ٔأ اع ٌاـ‬ٛ ‫ذ ٌاعُغ ت ًى‬٠‫ٌرض‬ ٚ ‫ِ ظذس‬
. ‫ٌٍ فاج‬ٛ
‫ؼا خاطح ارا ؤاد‬٠‫ ا‬periodentum ، subgingiva ‫رؤشش ٌاـ‬٠ ٓ‫ ى‬ٌٚ‫غ فمؾ‬ ٓ ‫رؤشش ٌا‬٠ ‫ ال‬margin open ‫ف اي‬ٟ ‫ؼًا‬٠‫ ا‬ٚ
restoration .‫ٌٌزه التذِٓ اػادج ّػً ٌاـ‬

Types of finishing line

According to location According design

Supragingival finishing Feather-edge or knife-edge

line Chisel-edge
Subgingival finishing Chamfer
line Heavy Chamfer ( deep chamfer)
With the gingival margin Shoulder
Radial Shoulder
Shoulder with bevel
Advantages and disadvantages of different margin designs ‫ال م ل ز م ة مه‬

. .. ‫ل ت ى ض ي خ‬
A .Feather-edge Or Knife-edge
ٓ ‫ف ٌا‬ٟ ‫ؼشف‬٠ُ *
. ‫ ؼٌّ ح‬١ٗ‫ظذ ف‬ٛ‫س ٗٔأ ال ذ‬١‫ ح‬،enamel ‫غ ِٓ خالي ٌّؼح ٌاـ‬
19
 ‫* ارا ِشٔس ا ٌاـ ‪ probe‬ال ٔشؼش ٗت ‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
 ‫ألعف ٗٔا‬ٌٚ ‫ش سج‬ٚ‫ٌاؼ‬
ٟ ‫غرخذَ اال‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫اػح‬ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ ٌغثة ٗٔأ غ‬ٚ‫ ا‬line Finishing ‫عأ اٌـ‬
‫ف حاالخ‬ ٛ ‫ؼرثش ِٓ أ‬٠ُ *
. ً‫اوصشا اعرخذِاا‬
٘ ِٓ
. ‫ فمؾ‬metal ‫غرخذَ ِؼٗ اٌـ‬٠ُ *
B .Chisel-edge
. ‫ ظذًا‬١ً‫ٔشؼش تٔاخفاع ٍل‬probe ‫اراِ شٔسا اي‬ٚ knife-edge ‫اًل ِٓ اٌـ‬١‫ػح ٍل‬ٚ‫ا‬
C .Chamfer
‫ا شٗث ٌاىرف‬ٞ
*It is the choice of ( full - metal )
D .Heavy Chamfer Or Deep Chamfer
ٓ ‫ؤخز ِٓ ٌا‬٠ٚ ‫* أوصش ّػمًا‬
. ‫غ أوصش‬
porcelain fused metal or porcelain , metal . ‫ح اف‬ٛ‫ى ٌا‬ْٛ‫غرخَذ ٕػِذ ا ذ‬٠ *
E .Shoulder
* °09 ‫ى‬ْٛ٠ *
‫اػح‬ٚ margin ‫ى ٌاـ‬ْٛ٠
It is the choice of ( full-porcelain ) .
‫د ا‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫ ٌاغثة‬ٚ ‫غٔف ٗغ‬ ٓ ‫ف ٌا‬ٟ ‫وغش‬ ً ‫ح‬٠ Finishing line ‫ٍّٕػ ا ٘زا ٌاـ‬ٚ ‫ح ب ػظٗث‬ٛ‫*ارا وْا ٌآغ ِغ‬
‫ظ‬
‫ٌا‬ٝ ‫ح ي‬ٛ‫ذ‬ٚ ‫ح‬٠ ‫ا‬ٚ‫ٌ ٌاض‬ٙ round or Rotation ‫ٍّػ‬ٛ
‫ٖز‬ ٍ ٝ‫ثم‬٠ crown ‫ح أِا ٌاـ‬٠‫ا‬ٚ‫ف٘ ٖز ٌاض‬
‫ ٌٌزه ا‬، ١ُ‫ع‬ ٟ ٜٛ‫ذّع غ ٌام‬
. radial shoulder
F - Radial Shoulder Or Round Shoulder
It is the choice of all ceramic crown
ٓ ‫ؤخزِٓ ٌا‬٠ ‫ٗت ٗٔأ‬١ٛ‫*ِٓ ػ‬
ّٝ ٠ ً‫ * ػادج‬. ‫غ أوصش‬
‫غ‬
Shoulder‫تٌاـ‬
ّٝ ٠ٚ ، ‫ٍػ ٌآغ‬ٝ conservative ‫ذ اٌـ‬٠‫ض‬٠ ‫أل‬
‫ح‬ ٔٗ Shoulder Radial ‫ ٌاـ‬line Finishing٘ٛ ‫اع ٌاـ‬ٛٔ‫* أفًؼ أ‬
. ‫ٌآغ ِٓ ٌاىغش‬
G .Shoulder with bevel Or beveld shoulder
.Shoulder with ‫ظثح‬٠ shoulder ‫ح ٌٍـ‬١‫ح ٌاخاسظ‬٠ٚ‫ارا ٍّػٕا شطة ٌٍضا‬
bevel

21
‫‪ٌٍ margin‬غد االٕع ْا ‪subgingival‬‬ ‫ٌار ‪ٟ‬اٌ‪ ..‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ظ سج ‪ٚ‬‬
‫اال‪ ٌٝ‬اي‬ ‫‪ٟ‬ف اٌشًى‬

‫‪21‬‬
 supragingival Later ٚ canine ًٌ margin ‫ح اي‬١ٔ‫ظ سج ٌاصا‬ٌٛ‫ِاا ا‬

: ‫ٍػ‬ٝ location ‫ حغة ٌاـ‬١ُ‫ؼّرذ اٌرمغ‬٠

1- The position of the tooth, anterior or posterior
. supragingival ْٛ‫ح ذى‬١‫ ٌٍخ ف‬ٚ‫ ا‬subgingival ‫ى‬ْٛ‫ح ذ‬١ِ ‫األع ْا اااِل‬
ٕ ‫ف‬
2- Type of restoration , ceramic Or porcelain .
3- Presence or absent of caries and restoration as filling.
subgingival ‫ى‬٠ ‫ف٘ ٖز ٌاحٌاح‬
ٟ area cervical ‫ف اٌـ‬ٟ ‫غط‬ ٛ ‫ظذ ذ‬٠ٛ ً٘ ‫ِ صاًل‬
4- Length of the natural crown.
if the crown is short we will use " subgingival finishing line " .
5- Degree of the oral hygiene
. subgingival ٌُٙ َ‫غرخذ‬٠ hygiene oral bad ُ٘٠ٓ‫االشخاص ٌاز‬
* Advantages of supragingival margins:
1. Easier to prepare accurately without trauma to the soft tissues.
subgingival ‫ٍػ ػىظ ٌاـ‬ٝ ‫ ٌأٔلغعح‬trauma ‫ا‬ٞ ْ ‫ذ‬ٚ‫ ت‬١‫ً ذحؼ‬ٙ‫ِٓ ٌاغ‬
‫ٖش‬
2. They can usually be situated on hard enamel, whereas subgingival margins
are often on dentin or cementum .
hard ‫ذػغ‬ٛ ‫ٌا لذ‬ٟ marginٟ٘ ‫اع ٌاـ‬ٛ‫*ِٓ أفؼً ٔأ‬
enamel
3. The visibility of the margins is excellent.
subgingival ‫ػىظ ٌاـ‬، ‫ٗر‬٠‫ٓى سإ‬٠ّ
4. Impressions are more easily made, and the gingival retruction is not
necessary.
5. The patient can clean the crown margins efficiently.

21
 * Disadvantages of supragingival margins:
1. The retention will be decreased .
crown ‫اٌغثة طغش ِغاحح ٌاـ‬retentionٚ ‫ًم ٌاـ‬٠
2. More susceptible to caries in a high caries index patient.
hygine oral bad ‫ظطًا ٕػذ اٌـ‬ ٛ ‫غ ٌارؤششٌٍ ر‬٠‫عش‬
ٛ ‫غط خ‬
3. Esthetic problem, particularly if the margin is metal.
* Indications of subgingival margins:
: ‫ح‬١‫ٌارٌا‬
ٟ ‫ ٌره‬ٚ
‫ف اٌحاالخ‬ subgingival ‫ى‬ْٛ٠ %09 ‫ٌا‬ٟ ‫ح‬
ٛ ‫ ٌٓى‬ٚ supragingival ‫ ٌاـ‬ٛ٘ ‫ؼ‬
ً ‫األف‬
1. Dental caries, cervical erosion, or restorations extend
subgingivally, and the crown lengthening procedure is not indicated .
2. The proximal contact area extends to the gingival crest.
‫غ‬ٌٙٛٗ
. ‫ت‬
prop ‫اٗٔل التذِٓ ْا ّذغٗى ٌاـ‬third cervical ‫ف‬ٟ ‫ ٌاـ‬contact area ‫ف حٌاح ؤاد ٌاـ‬ٟ
3.Additional retention is needed.
. ‫ اوصش‬retention ‫ارا احرٕع ا ٌـ‬
4.If the margins are metal
(unesthetic.)
5. Root sensitivity cannot be controlled by more conservative
procedures.
. ‫ش ف‬ٛ‫ ِى‬dentine ‫ارا وْا ٕ٘ان‬
6. Modification of the axial contour is indicated.
margin subgingivalْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ٌا التذ ْا‬ٟ ‫ى ٔؼذٌٗ تٌار‬ٟ ٌ crown ‫ف٘ ٖز ٌاحٌاحًّٔؼ‬ٟ ‫ارا وْا ٌآغ ِاًئ‬

* Margin adaptation:
ٓ ‫ تٌا‬restoration ‫ؼٕ ٌارظاق ٌاـ‬ٟ ٠ ٚ
,‫غ‬
The acceptable margin fits should be to within : .
10 Mm of metal
50 Mm of porcelain .

22
H.W what is the important for nonfunctional cusped ?
1. to lock or confine the food to grind it by upper functional
cusped " support the functional cusped
2.to protect the cheek from bite .
3.to protect the tough during biting .

.) ‫( أي انه ٌحجز الطعام ٌلمكن طحنه ٌوح ًم الخد واللسان اثناء العض‬

5.preservation of the peridontium

1. subgingival margins should be avoided as possible.

‫اضطر ا‬
ٌ‫ن‬ ‫حالة‬ ً‫قدر االمكان ألنه من اهم العوامل المرضٌة للفم ولكن ف‬ gingival sub ‫تجنب عمل ال‬
‫ كلما حققنا هذا المقدس‬supragingival ‫ أي انه كلما استخدمانا ال‬، ‫عمله فننزل بشكل مناسب وبسٌط‬
..‫للمحافظة بقدر اكبر على االسنان‬

2. finishing line should be smooth placed in an area where the margins

of restoration .
‫وبٌح ث ٌستٌطع الطٌبب رٌؤ ته‬ restoration ‫ناعم عند حافة تثٌبت ال‬ Finishing ‫ٌ كون خط ال‬
. ‫مرض تنٌظفه‬
ٌ ‫ٌوسهل لل‬

3. finishing line should be placed in enamel

sound ‫او ما تسمى‬area supporting ‫ الذي ٌكون على‬line Finishing ‫افضل انواع ال‬
area
enamel ‫مثل‬

4. finshing line should be supragingival whenever possible.

F.l supra← ‫نفس النقطة االولى ولكن بمعنى حاولو ان تعملو ال‬

‫ االن نتعرف على االدوات المستخدمة فً التحضٌر‬، ‫ضر للمحافظة على االسنان‬
ٌ ‫بعد معرفتنا اساٌس ات التح‬

23
 Instrumentations

1. water –air cooling: which is in handpiece , we have 2 types

A. low speed which used for make groove or preparation of root canal

B. high speed it power around 500-5000 circle \ min, which used for preparation the
teeth .
pulp ‫ درجة مئٌوة لل‬1.4 ‫بسبب هذا السرعة العالٌة تولد حرارة فمجرد وصول حرارة بمقدار‬
.. ‫ضر‬
ٌ ‫لتبرد السن اثناء التح‬
ٌ ‫تؤدي الى موته لذلك من الواجب استخدام الماء‬

‫فتظهر بعد مرور وقت سنة او سنٌتن وذلك لكون‬، ‫ ال تظهر بشكل سرٌع‬pulp ‫ اعراض موت ال‬:‫مالحظة‬
‫ مع الوقت نت تشر الٌمكروبات ٌاله عن طرٌق‬،‫ بحالته المعقمة خال من اي ٌمكروبات ال تؤثر‬pulp ‫موت ال‬
. ‫ا لثة او الدم او االطقم فتؤثر عٌله وتسبب الم وامراض‬

2. Armamentarium

. ‫ٌبرات التحضٌر صنفت لثالث ٌبرات أساٌسة كما موضح بالجدول‬

Name Diamond Carbids or Twist drills

stones tungsten burs
Shape Numerous small, Similar cylinder tell with end mill
irregularly ,sharp steel metal with
edged diamond end cut
chips
Uses Remove tooth Finishing a To make big hole
structure for ,smoothing or enlargement
preparation And polishing root canal

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 : ‫هناك عدة اشكال واحجام لكل نوع كما ًف الجدول االًت‬

Shape Silhouette Use

-round – end Used for several places
Tapered in general :
Diamond - Depth orientation
-Grooves
-Occlusal surface
-Reduction functional
cusp bevel
It is ideal for chamfer
specially preparation
for full ceramic crown
Flatend Axial reduction
Tapered ( buccal and lingual
Diamond surface in fall ceramic
crown ).
It is ideal for shoulder
crown
Torpedo diamond bur - For axial reduction .
or chamfer -Chamfer finishing line
Diamond bur .

Short needle diamond Reduction the

bur proximal contact in
posterior teeth

Long needle diamond Reduction the

bur proximal contact in
interior teeth
Flame diamond bur . Used for preparation
Short flame – diamond the occlusal surface
bur . which preservation
cusped and anther
anatomical
landmarks of teeth

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 Flame diamond bur Cusp and other
Short flame diamond landmarks of teeth in
bur anterior teeth

Small wheel diamond For preservation the

bur lingual concave over
cingulum

Chamfer carbide bur Preparation for

chamfer crown

Flame carbid bur Finishing and bolishing

the occlusal surface in
posterior teeth , in
anterior teeth

Note 1 :
1. round end taper diamnd bur: used for general in several places also for
preparation on full ceramic

‫الٌبرات المخصصة‬ ‫جب استخدام‬

ٌ ٌ‫حضر مًثال ف‬
ٌ ‫بمعًن انها قد تستخدم بشكل عام ألي ؼرض ولكن اذا اردنا ت‬
‫لكل عمل‬

2. long then' needle' diamnd pur: used for removing the proximal
contact area for anterior teeth only .

True or false:-the long needle bur used to remove proximal contact surface "F"

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 3. short then' needle 'diamnd bur : used for removing the proximal contact
area for posterior teeth .

NOTE 2 :
1. subgingival used about 80%although the supragingival is more conservative
for teeth.

‫امة بالرؼم‬
ٌ ‫ ٌؽ ًط السن كامل خاصة لألسنان االم‬، ‫ألنه ال ٌترك فراغ‬ sub ‫اؼلب المرضى ٌفضلوا ال‬
. ‫اكثر حفاظُا على السن لبعده عن ا لثة‬supra‫ان ال‬

2. more problems occur because margin .

‫ ًفف حاله عدم مالئمته ٌسبب مشاكل وامراض وٌأثر على‬margin ‫اؼلب المشاكل الناتجة تكون بسبب ال‬
margin open ‫ا لثة واخطرها ال‬

3. there are 3 types of finishing line which is most common

● knife or feather edge

● chamfer full metal

●shoulder→ for full porcelain

‫مع تمنٌاتنا لكم بالتوٌفق والنجاح‬

02 ‫اللجنة العلٌم ة بالدفعة‬

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