UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE BUKAVU

FACULTY OF SCIENCES

Lecturer: Jacques FERUZI TCHEUPE

TECHNICAL ENGLISH DESIGNED FOR SECOND YEAR

BACCALAUREATE STUDENTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCES

LOAD : 3 CREDITS

Lecturer : Jacques FERUZI TCHEUPE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-2023

1
Table of contents
0. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
1. Course objectives.............................................................................................................................4
Course requirements.................................................................................................................................5
Students assessment..................................................................................................................................5
Methodology..............................................................................................................................................5
UNIT 1 : TECHNIQUE OF CONVERSATION AND GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE.....................................8
I) TECHNIQUES OF CONVERSATION..............................................................................................8
1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................8
1.1.2. Greetings.....................................................................................................................................8
Greeting someone and answering them back.................................................................................8
1.2. Asking If someone is sure about something......................................................................14
1.3. Asking for Information.........................................................................................................15
1 .4. Asking If someone knows about something.........................................................................16
1.5 Saying you know about something...........................................................................................16
1.6. Saying you do not know.............................................................................................................16
UNIT 2: THE WAY WE LIVE.....................................................................................................................17
2.1. Present Simple............................................................................................................................18
2.2. Present Continuous....................................................................................................................18
2.3. Present Simple and Continuous...............................................................................................19
2.4. HAVE / HAVE GOT........................................................................................................................19
2.5. Physical Parts of Computer...................................................................................................22
2.6. Letter Writing.........................................................................................................................27
2.6.1. Informal Letter Writing................................................................................................27
2.6.2. How Do You Write an Informal Letter?......................................................................27
Body.................................................................................................................................................29
Closing..............................................................................................................................................30
Signature.........................................................................................................................................30
Informal Letter Examples.............................................................................................................32
2.7.1. What is a Formal Letter?...................................................................................................32
2.7.2. How to write formal letters?........................................................................................33
Date:..................................................................................................................................................33

2
 Salutation or greeting:.....................................................................................................................33
Ending a letter:...............................................................................................................................34
UNIT 3: WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?.........................................................................................................36
3.1. 'Yes / No' Questions with 'Be'......................................................................................................37
3.2. 'Wh' Questions with 'Be'..........................................................................................................38
The Past Simple (Simple Past) with Other Verbs...............................................................................38
3.3. Spelling of regular verbs.......................................................................................................40
3.4. PAST CONTINUOUS................................................................................................................41
PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS.......................................................................................................41
3.6. PREPOSITIONS IN TIME EXPRESSIONS..................................................................................42
ADVERBS.............................................................................................................................................45
3.8. DAYS OF THE WEEK...............................................................................................................48
MONTHS OF THE YEAR.......................................................................................................................49
3.10. UNITS OF TIME.....................................................................................................................50
TELLING THE TIME.............................................................................................................................51
Asking the time....................................................................................................................................51
Telling the time....................................................................................................................................51
3.11. WRITING THE DATE................................................................................................................53
CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS..............................................................................................56
Cardinal Numbers..............................................................................................................................56
Ordinal Numbers...............................................................................................................................56
UNIT 4 : MUCH/ MANY , SOME/ ANY / A FEW / A LITTLE / A LOT OF...............................................59
4.1. Expressions of quantity.............................................................................................................59
4.2. Much and Many......................................................................................................................60
4.3. Some and Any.........................................................................................................................61
4.4. A FEW AND A LITTLE.............................................................................................................61
4.5. A LOT / LOTS OF......................................................................................................................62
UNIT 6: TEXT READING: TELEWORKING..............................................................................................65
6.1. Reading for comprehension.....................................................................................................68
6.2. DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................................68
6.3. TEXT READING 2:........................................................................................................................69
Computers.......................................................................................................................................69

3
 6.4. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS..................................................................................................70
UNIT 7: ARTICLES – A AND THE.............................................................................................................72
7.1. Indefinite Article........................................................................................................................72
7.2. Definite Article............................................................................................................................73
7.3. No Article.....................................................................................................................................73
UNIT 8: DO’S AND DON’TS......................................................................................................................77
8.1. Have to.....................................................................................................................................77
8.2. Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs...............................................................................78
8.2. SHOULD....................................................................................................................................79
8.3. MUST.........................................................................................................................................80
UNIT 9: WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO?..................................................................................................85
9.1. VERB PATTERNS....................................................................................................................85
9.2. FUTURE FORMS.......................................................................................................................86
9.3. ED/ ING ADJECTIVES..............................................................................................................88
UNIT 10: PLACES AND THINGS...............................................................................................................91
10.1. What…. like? comparative and superlatives.................................................................91
10.2. Comparative and superlative adjectives.......................................................................92
UNIT 11: PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR, WORD ENDING, DEBATING...........................96
11.1. Present Perfect.........................................................................................................................96
11.2. Present Perfect and Past Simple............................................................................................98
10.3. WORD ENDINGS........................................................................................................................99
11.4. CLASS DEBATE........................................................................................................................102
11.4.1. TOPIC DEBATING: THEORY AND PRACTICE.......................................................102
UNIT 12: THINGS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD................................................................................105
A PHOTOGRAPH THAT CHANGED THE WORLD..........................................................................105
A PHOTOGRAPH THAT CHANGED THE WORLD..........................................................................105
UNIT 13 : LISTENING.............................................................................................................................110

4
 i

5
 0. INTRODUCTION

Technical English is a course that is designed for the second-year

baccalaureate computer sciences students studying English as a
foreign Language. The students in question ultimately have
computer sciences as their main fields of interests. That is why the
course is designed and conceived in such a way that every attendant
can find out his way and be interested to learn the materials that
have a correlation with their domain of study in English.
Besides, it has been realized that a lot of materials found in most of
the written sources intended to promote communicative
competence in the field of study of the students often cause
problems to learners whose language of education is not English. In
fact, those books are made for advanced level students who have no
difficulty to comprehend high proficiency English. This is why we
attempt to make the materials as simple as possible in order to
make them both accessible and easy to digest.
For reasons of effectiveness, both theory and practice are combined.
The students will first have to internalize the key theoretical
materials introduced before engaging in practice. We are going to
encourage the students to develop their speaking skills and revise
some of the grammar lessons studied in the previous classes. We
are going to introduce some notions of technical terms used in the
field of computer sciences in order to embark the students in the
wide field of computer engineering.

6
 ii
1. Course objectives
This course in technical English in Bac two aims at the following
objectives:

- To develop the students competencies in speaking English by

giving it a scientific tone based on the field of computer
sciences
- To remind the notions of grammar which are very important in
language acquisition process
- To equip the students with specialized vocabulary used in field
of Computer Sciences
- To give them some knowledge on writing business letters
- To develop the students reading skills through texts reading
and analysis
- To improve the listening skills by making discussions through
some TED videos

7
 iii

Course requirements

- Have an English dictionary (much better oriented in the field of

Computer Sciences)
- Regularly attend class sessions on time
- Come to class well prepared psychologically
- Submit only typed assignments and on time
- Take active part in class conversations and discussions
- Help each other in class in an authorize way

Students assessment

Students will be assessed as follow:

- Class attendance 5%
- Home / Class assignments 45%
- Final exam ( oral or written ) 50%
- Total 100%
Note: If a student misses a work (home/class assignment) he/she
must bring a justification ahead of time to avoid any inconvenience.

Methodology

The communicative approach will be used. That is the approach

encouraging interaction between the lecturer and the students in a
very fruitful way.

Iv

8
9
10
UNIT 1 : TECHNIQUE OF CONVERSATION AND GETTING TO KNOW
PEOPLE

I) TECHNIQUES OF CONVERSATION
1.1. Introduction

Holding a conversation is quite a useful skill that some people do

naturally but the rest of us need to work at. Here are some
methods and ideas you can use to initiate and sustain a sparkling
conversation!
 Opening the Conversation: How to get things going.
If you want to get things going on well, you should ask your
interlocutors easy questions.
e.g : what is your name
who are you?
What are you?
Where are you from?
Where are you coming from? etc.
Also, you should be careful in the exchange because we need both
sides to talk and look at each other.
1.1.2. Greetings

Greeting someone and answering them back

Greeting someone How to answer them

How are you? Fine, thanks. And you?
11
 How have you been? Very well. And you?

How are things? Not too bad, thanks.

How is your girlfriend? She’s fine.

The following are the questions that may be put to someone If you
want to get to know them:
- Where do you come from?
- Where do you live?
- Who do you live with?
- Where does your father work?
- What are you studying at university?
- How many children do you have in your family?
Sometimes, these two sentences are very confusing. What can be
the difference between them?
She works at the Trust Merchant Bank (TMB)
She is working at the Trust Merchant Bank for a month.
Auxiliary verbs
Present continuous
The present continuous uses the auxiliary verb to be in the positive,
questions, and negatives.
Positive
I’m studying Computer Sciences
She’s living at home
Negative
I’m not studying Computer Sciences
He is not studying C.S
Question
Are you Enjoying the course in Technical English?
Present Simple and Past Simple
The present Simple and the past Simple use the auxiliary verb do in
questions and negatives. There is no auxiliary verb in the positive.
Positive
12
She works at Beach connection
We went to the cyber café last night
Negative
I don’t work at Beach connection
I didn’t go to Kampala to study Engineering
Question
Where does he work?
Who did you see yesterday?
QUESTIONS
1) YES/NO questions have no question word.
Are you sick?
Does he smoke?
Are you a Computer Engineer?
Question can also begin with a question word .

What , where , which , how , who , when , why , whose

Where is the computer?

Why are you laughing?
Whose is this coat?
How does he go to work?
- What, which, and whose can be followed by a noun.
What time is it?
Which coat is yours?
Whose book is this?
- Which is generally used when there is a limited choice.
Which is your pen? The black one or the blue one?
This rule is not always true
What) newspaper do you read?
Which)
- How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb.
How big is his new car?

13
How fast does it go?
How can also be followed by much or many
How much is this syringe?
How many brothers and sisters have you got?
EXERCISES
Write the verbs in brackets in the correct tense .
1. The student…………………..( not repair) in the lap top yesterday
2. Last year we ……………. ( visit) Paris
3…………… you………………………..( go) out yesterday?
4. My sister …………. (speak) three languages
5. I like the shirt you ………………( wear)
6. They………………. ( not / see) the film last night.
7. ……………….you ………………. (know) my brother?
8. They……………….( arrive) at 11:00 PM tomorrow
9. Vicky …………………..( enjoy) meeting new people
10. I …………………………( not / like) working late at night.
2. Complete the sentences with a verb form from the box

Don’t , Do , ‘s , doesn’t , ‘m , didn’t , aren’t (x2)

1) I………………………. really enjoying this software.

2) …………………………… you always walk to work?
3) Why …………….. come to school yesterday ?
4) He ………………………….. going to study Computer engineering next year
5) Jo…………………….. eat meat. She’s a vegetarian.
6) They ……………………… coming by bus , they’ve got a car.
7) Sorry , I …………………….. understand.
8) We ………………………………… working tonight. We’re going out .
3.Choose the correct question word

Which , whose , who , why , where , when , what , how

1………………….. is the bank?

2. …………………are you smiling?

14
3. ………………….. time is it?
4. …………………………. Do I open this?
5. ………………………. computers are these?
6. …………………… do you live with ?
7. …………………. Is yours – this one or that one ?
8. ……………….. did you last see Peter?
4.Write questions for these answers.
1.They’re watching the news ……………………………………………………………
2. James arrived yesterday………………………………………………………………..
3. She lives in Uvira ……………………………………………………………………………
4. Birindwa comes from Mudaka…………………………………………………………..
5. Yes , I can drive ………………………………………………………………………………..
6. I like blues and rock(n) roll…………………………………………………………
7. It costs 25 Euros…………………………………………………………………………..
8. No, he didn’t enjoy the film…………………………………………………………..
9. They’re coming at 3 PM………………………………………………………………..
Match the questions and answers
Where were you born? A year ago
What do you do? Three times a week
Are you married ? In Mexico
Why are you learning English ? Because I need it for my job
When did you start learning I’m a teacher
English? No, I’m single
How often do you have English
classes?
SPEAKING EXERCISE
BEST FRIENDS
DISCUSS THE QUESTIONS IN PAIRS
- How many good friends do you have ?
- Do you have a best friend?
- Why is he /she your best friend?
CORRECTING COMMON MISTAKES
1.Look at the symbols often used to correct mistakes in writing.
Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Compare your answer
with a partner.

15
SP : spelling 1.I’m enjoing the party
Ww: wrong word 2. My brother has a good
Wo: word order work
Gr : grammar 3. I have two brothers
T: tense younger
P: punctuation 4. She’s got some new reds
7 word missing shoes
Prep: preposition 5. He arrive yesterday
6. They arent coming
7. She’s 7doctor
8. They went in Italy on
holiday
In each of the sentences below there is one mistake.
1.I like Rome because is a beautiful city.
2. There aren’t any milk
3. She studied for three years psychology
4. He’s speaking French, German and Spanish
5. I watched TV than I went to bed
6. Did you by any bread at the supermarket?
7. I lost my all money
8. What did you last night
9. He always wears jeans
10. My town is quite at the weekend.
11. I want that I pass the exam.
12. They arrived at London.

1.2. Asking If someone is sure about something

Are you sure about …. ?

16
e.g : Are you sure about the faculty of Computer Sciences at UCB?
Are you sure you will succeed in the second baccalaureate
Computer Sciences at UCB?
There are three useful phrases which may occur. First, phrases
that can be used to ask if someone is sure about something. Second,
phrases that are used to express if we are sure. And the last, we also
can express if we are not sure about something. Please learn and
practice the dialogues by using useful phrases below.

Asking if someone Saying you are Saying you

is sure about sure are not sure
something
Are you (quite) sure I don’t think there I can’t decide.
(about) …? can be any doubt
about …
Are you certain I’m a hundred I can’t say for
(about) …? percent certain. certain.
Are you sure? I’m sure/ certain.
I’m in two
minds (about)
…
Is there any doubt I’ve no doubt Sorry, I’m not
about …? (about) … sure …
Perhaps I There can’t be There’s still an
misunderstand. But, any doubt … element of
are you sure …? doubt.
Really? There is no doubt There’s surely
in my mind … some doubt
about …
Etc. Etc. Etc.

1.3. Asking for Information

17
There are several questions that may be asked If we want to ask for
information
a) Could you tell me ….( please) ?
b) Can you tell me …… ( please) ?
c) I wonder If you could tell me where the dean’s office is please

d) I'd like to know...

e) D'you know...
f) (Got / Have you) any idea...?
g) Could anyone tell me...?
h) (Do / Would) you happen to know...?
i) I don't suppose you (would) know...?
j) I wonder if you could tell me...?
k) I wonder if someone could tell me...?
l) I was wondering…
m) Happen to know ….. ?
n) ( Got ) any idea… ?
o) Any clue … ?
p) I hope you don’t mind my asking , but…. ?
q) I should be interested to know ….
1 .4. Asking If someone knows about something
- Excuse me , do you know anything about ….?
- (can you help me ?) do you know about giving an injection to a
patient ?
18
 - Do you happen to know anything about the faculty of computer
sciences at UCB?
- Sorry to bother you, but do you know anything about the
computer hard ware ?
- Have you got any idea about painting an image in a computer?
- I wonder If you could let me know ….?
1.5 Saying you know about something
- ( Yes) , I know ………, thanks
- Yes , in fact , I did know about that ,( thanks).
- Yes , I heard ( have heard) about ….
- I’ve been told about …
- I gather ….
- Someone told / has told me ….I
- I am quite aware / fully aware of ….
- I have it on good authority …..
1.6. Saying you do not know
( I’m sorry) I don’t know…….
Oh , I see , never mind. I’ll ask an assistant.
( I’m afraid ) I don’t know much about it….
( I’m afraid ) I don’t know
I’m sorry , I really don’t know …..
I’m sorry , I can’t help you there
I’m afraid. I couldn’t say.

19
I’m afraid , I’ve no idea ?
Don’t ask me …
I wish I knew …
I haven’t got the faintest idea about …
( I am afraid ) I have to say I know very little about …
I have to admit I don’t know a great deal about …..
I’m sorry to say that …is not something I know very much about.
Eg : Do you know when this modem brand was made ?

UNIT 2: THE WAY WE LIVE

What’s your morning routine?

I always …………………………..
I often ……………………………..
Sometimes I …………………….
I usually ………………………….
I don’t …………………………. Very often
I never …………………………
Adverbs of frequency
1.These adverbs usually come before the main verb.
- She never eats meat
2.1. Present Simple
Form

Positive and Negative Question

20
I/we/ Live Do I/We/you
you/They Wher
Don’t live they
e
He/ she / it Lives does Live?
He/she/it
Doesn’t live

Do you like Peter? Yes, I do.

Does he speak French ? No, he doesn’t.
Use
The Present Simple is used to express :
1.A habit
I get up at 7:30
He smokes too much.
2.A fact which is always true.
Vegetarians don’t eat meat.
We come from Spain.
3.A fact which is true for a long time.
I live in Oxford
She works in a Bank
2.2. Present Continuous
Form
Am/ is/ are + -ing ( present participle)
Use:
The Present continuous is used to express :
1.An activity happening now.
They’re playing football in the garden.
She can’t talk now because she’s washing her hair.
2.An activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment
of speaking.
She’s studying Medicine at University.

21
I’m reading a good book by Henry James
3.A planned future arrangement
I’m meeting Jane at 10:00 tomorrow
What are you doing this evening?
2.3. Present Simple and Continuous
1.Look at the right and wrong sentences
Hans comes from Germany
Not : He is coming from Germany
It’s a great party. Everyone is having fun
NOT: It’s a great party. Everyone has fun.
2.Some verbs express a state, not an activity, and are usually used in
the present simple.
I like Coke
NOT : I’m liking Coke
I know what you mean
NOT : I’m knowing what you mean.
Similar verbs are think , agree , understand , love .
2.4. HAVE / HAVE GOT
Form
Positive
I Have Any
Have got money
Negative
She Doesn’t Any
have money
Hasn’t got
Question
Do they have A new car
Have they got
Do you have a camera ? yes , I do. No , I don’t.
22
USE
1.Have and have got mean the same
Have got is informal. We use it more when we speak than when we
write
‘Have got a light?
England has a population of 60 million.
2. When have expresses an activity or a habit , have ( not have got
) is used.
I have a shower every day.
NOT I’ve got a shower every day.
What time do you have Lunch ?
NOT : What time have you got Lunch ?
We don’t have wine with our meals
NOT: We haven’t got wine with our meals .
3. In the past tense , we use had ( with did and didn’t)
I had a bicycle when I was young
Did you have a nice weekend ?
They didn’t have any money
EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the present simple form of
the verbs in the brackets
(forget, not eat, go, live, play, have, finish, not speak)
1) My cousin …………….. in the states
2) I ………. French or Spanish
3) Bill often………………. People’s
4) The exam………………. At 12.30 exactly
5) Nadia…………………….. very healthly food.
6) ………… shopping for clothes every weekend.
7) My Dad ………………. The guitar
8) We ………………………… a Karate lesson on Friday afternoon.
23
 2. Complete the sentences with the Present Continuous form
of the verbs in brackets
1) He………………. (study) biology at college.
2) We……………….. ( not/go) away this Summer.
3) Sue ……………… ( not /enjoy)the meal
4) …………….. you………………… (see) the doctor tomorrow?
5) Where………………you……………………..( go) on holiday?
6) Why ………………….they………………………(laugh)?
7) Everyone ………………………..( have) a great time.
8) You…………………………… ( not /listen) a great time.
9) You ………………………… ( not/ listen) to me .
3. Complete the sentences with the Present simple or
Continuous form of the verbs in brackets .
a) Alex…………………….( go) to the gym three times a week.
b) I…………………..( think) he’s really fit .
c) We………………..( meet) Hanna at 9 o’ clock tonight.
d) What………………. You……………. (do) now?
e) Amanda always …………………..( look) beautiful!
f) …………… you……………………..( come)? The film is starting.
4. Write two sentences , one with a form of have and one with
a form of have got
1. I / Six Cousins.
…………………………………………………………………….
2. We/ any milk?
……………………………………………………………………..
3. He / not / a car
…………………………………………………………………….
4. My Car / a CD player
…………………………………………………………….
2.5. Physical Parts of Computer
24
Hardware is a physical part of computer system or electronic device.
Hardware, we can touch and feel. Hardware is only one part of a
computer system. Hardware can be often categorized in to input,
output, and storage or processing components. Devices which are
not an integral part of the CPU are known as peripherals. Peripherals
are used for input, storage or output. Peripherals devices such as a
hard disk, keyboard or printer.
Hardware devices examples are monitor, keyboard, CPU and mouse
and It also includes all the parts inside the computer such as the hard
disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.
The concept of hardware resources includes all physical devices and
materials used in information processing. Specifically, it includes not
only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all
data media, that is, tangible objects on which data are recorded, from
sheets of paper to magnetic or optical disks. Examples of hardware
in computer-based information systems are:
Computer systems, which consist of central processing units
containing micro-processors and a variety of interconnected
peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, monitors, and so on.
Examples are handheld, laptop, tablet, or desktop microcomputer
systems, mid-range computer systems, and large mainframe
computer systems.

Computer peripherals, which are devices such as a keyboard,

electronic mouse, trackball, or stylus for the input of data and
commands, a video screen or printer for the output of information,
and magnetic or optical disk drives for the storage of data resources.

25
26
EXERCISES
A. Match the verbs with the nouns.

1) Richarge a) Digital Photos

2) Click on b) Faxes

3) Dial c) A number in your mobile

phone

4) Give d) A presentation

5) Move e) Something with the

mouse

6) Print out f) The battery

7) Send and g) The mouse

receive

8) Take some h) Twenty pages

B. Choose the best verb.

1) To turn on the computer , ……………… the start button
a) Touch
b) Press
c) Switch
2) The printer has ……………. Of ink .
a) Finish
b) Ended
c) Run out
3) Unfortunately, my scanner isn’t ……………………….
a) Plugged
b) Plugged in
c) Plugged into
4) Please ………………….. the CD ROM
a) Insert
b) Introduce
27
c) Inject
5) The projector isn't working because it isn't …….
a) Plugged
b) Plugged in
c) Plugged into
6) The batteries in my digital camera are nearly dead. They need ………
a) to change
b) Exchanging
c) Changing
7) I have to ……….. a computer screen for eight hours a day.
a) See
b) Look at
c) Watch
8) Switch off your computer, and ……………….. it from the wall
socket.
a) de-plug
b) unplugs
c) non-plug
9) I turned off the photocopier and ……… the plug.
a) Pulled out
b) Extracted
c) took away
10) ………………………… any key to continue
a) Kick
b) Smash
c) Hit
C. Rearrange the letters to make things which can be part of a
workstation
1) Tucmepor ………………. 5) hacir ……………………
2) Trirpen ………………….. 6) nopelethe …………….
28
 3) Nasecnr …………………
4) Kesd ………………………………………….
D. The keyboard
1) To go back one space, hit the ………………………………………………
2) To change to capital letters, press the …………………………………….
3) To change the capital letters permanently, hit the …………………
4) To insert a tabulation, press the ……………………………………………
5) To activate the "Ctrl" functions, press the ………………………………
6) To activate the "alt" functions, hit the
………………………………………
7) To stop the computer doing something, you can press the……….
8) Select the text you want to remove, and hit the ………………………

2.6. Letter Writing

2.6.1. Informal Letter Writing

An informal letter is a non-official letter that we usually use to write

to our friends, family or relatives. These letters are personal letters
that are not used for official purposes. There could be many reasons
for which we write these letters to our family and friends. For
example, if we want to inform them about our achievement in school
or college, then we write them a letter to spread our personal news.

Since, the letter is informal thus the salutation is usually given by

‘Dear’, such as Dear (name of friend/name of uncle or aunty) or Dear
Father/Mother, etc. Unlike formal letters, you don’t have to mention
the subject line for informal letters.

2.6.2. How Do You Write an Informal Letter?

An informal letter can be written in nearly any way you choose, but
there are a few organizational guidelines you can follow if you are

29
unsure of what to write or how to format your letter. The perfect
informal letter consists of three sections:
1. Opening
2. Body text
3. Closing
There is one final part of an informal letter that doesn't need to be
listed here: the signature, which consists of no more than a farewell
remark and your name.

Opening

The first step is addressing to your reader. But how do you address
someone in English?
This is fairly straightforward and is usually not as important as it
would be with a business or formal letter. There are still a few
things that you should know in terms of addressing someone
properly in an informal latter.
First, British English does not employ the use of a period after
abbreviated titles, but American English does.
 Mr Johnson (British English)
 Mr. Johnson (American English)
Secondly, if you are sending a letter to a married woman, the correct
abbreviation is "Mrs," and if you are sending a letter to a non-
married woman, the correct abbreviation is "Ms."
 Mrs. Johnson is the wife of Mr. Johnson
 Ms. Johnson and her fiancé will be married this summer
Choosing whether or not to use a title depends on how well you
know the person to which the letter is addressed. If you are on very

30
friendly terms, simply use their first name. The way in which you
greet your reader is up to you. The examples below showcase some
common greetings.
 Dear Richard,
 Richard,
 Hi Richard,
Be sure to never forget the comma after the name.
Examples of Opening Sentences
Finally, you've reached the part of the letter where you begin to
write. Here, let your imagination run free. If you need some ideas to
get started, some sample opening sentences are included below.
Your opening should be casual and not as stiff as it would be if you
were writing a professional or formal letter.
 How are you?
 How have you been?
 How is life treating you?
 How are the kids?
 I hope you are doing well.
 I hope you, Mike, and the kids are having a great time in
(location).

Body
The contents of your letter should be written in a personal and
friendly tone. However, it's important to adjust your use of language
to the person you are writing to. A good way of assessing how you
should write is to think about how you would interact with the
person you are writing to in real life. Also, keep in mind that the
people of England and America are fond of exchanging social
niceties.

31
For example, they like asking a few polite questions "How are you?"
or "How was your holiday?" In general, they are not as direct as
most Europeans.
Subjects to Include in the Body
 State your reason for writing
 Expand on what you mentioned in the first paragraph
 Ask about the person you are writing to
 Make some concluding remarks
 Invite the person to write back
Closing

The closing is where you summarize your letter and say goodbye to
the reader. The examples below offer some ideas of what to write in
the closing section of your informal letter.

Examples of Closing Sentences

 I am looking forward to seeing you.

 I can't wait to see you soon.
 I can't wait to hear from you.
 I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
 I hope to hear from you soon.
 See you soon.
 Send my love to...
 I hope you are doing well.
 Give my regards to...
Signature

In terms of signing off, the choice is yours and you have a lot of
freedom here. Below are some commonly used sign-offs that
32
maintain a friendly, informal tone. After you've chosen one that fits
the overall tone of your letter, simply sign your name.

Examples of Signatures

 Best wishes,
 Best,
 Kindly,
 Kind regards,
 Best regards,
 Lots of love,
 Love,

33
 Informal Letter Examples
There could be many topics to write informal letters. Let us see here
some of them:

 Inviting a friend for a ceremony say for a birthday

 Calling a friend for a trip or holiday
 Asking sorry or apologizing to someone for mistakes you
have done
 Congratulating a friend for his success or achievement
 Writing just to ask for the well-being of a person
 Invitation for a mariage
 Asking help from someone
 Informing about someone’s demise in family or friends


2.7. FORMAL LETTER

A formal letter is a way of communicating with organizations,

officials, reps, informing them of specific needs, information and
existing issues. With a formal letter, one can communicate with an
organization, management and expect to get a reply from such office
if need be.
2.7.1. What is a Formal Letter?
A formal letter (also known as an official letter), is a concise and
specific document written professionally for a company, business
professional or officer in an organization. Formal letters are used
when issuing a complaint, applying for jobs, indicating one’s interest
for a job position or expressing appreciation for someone.

34
When writing a formal letter, you are expected to use direct and
simple sentences with an official greeting and signature appended.
Unlike many other types of letter writing, writing a formal letter
requires following specific structures and formats.
It is generally known that a letter which carries official messages
and information is known as formal letter. Formal letters are
typically written for passing various official information such as
regulations, rules, procedures, actions, orders, opinions and
reactions from one organization to the other, one department to the
other and from one individual to the other.
2.7.2. How to write formal letters?
When writing a formal letter, you have to respect the following:
1) Your Address
The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of
the letter.

2) The Address of the person you are writing to

The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your
address.

Date:

Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can
write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you
are writing to. Write the month as a word

Salutation or greeting:

1) Dear Sir or Madam,

If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use
this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name.

2) Dear Mr Jenkins,
If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and

35
the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if
she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and
single women.

Ending a letter:

1) Yours faithfully
If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way.

2) Yours sincerely
If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way.

3) Your signature
Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think
the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male
of female, put you title in brackets after your name.

Content of a formal letter

First paragraph
The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the
letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc.

The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should

contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter.
Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to
the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical
manner rather than expanding too much.

36
Last Paragraph
The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you
expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc.

Abbreviations used in letter writing

The following abbreviations are widely used in letters:

 asap = as soon as possible

 cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than
one person, you use this abbreviation to let them know)
 enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your
letter)
 pp = per procurationem (A Latin phrase meaning that you are
signing the letter on somebody else's behalf; if they are not there
to sign it themselves, etc)
 ps = postscript (when you want to add something after you've
finished and signed it)
 pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other
person knows the letter continues on the other side of the page)

RSVP = please reply

37
Class Assignment number 01

1. Write an invitation card to your friend as you have a

big farewell party in your family. Indeed you have been
granted a scholarship to go and study to Belgium.
Make a good design of it to prove that you are a
prospective IT engineer.
2. Write a good inquiry letter to UCL about how is like
doing the Bachelors degree there in Computer
programmations. Inquire about three important
elements that can facilitate you to make it. Use the full-
block form format.
3. Write a recommandation letter in favor of Byakabaka
Kalaku in order to facilitate him to be Hired at
INTERNET COMPANY Sarl, PO BOX 122 BUKAVU, which
is looking of the Senior Information Manager(SIM).

UNIT 3: WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

( PAST TENSES/ ADVERBS/ TIME EXPRESSIONS)

It's similar to the present simple because it has different rules for
the verb 'be', which becomes 'was' or 'were':

The Past Simple with 'be'

Here's how to make the positive:

Positive with 'be'

I was cold
you were tired
he was in the garden
she was late
38
it was sunny
we were on holiday
they were hungry
To make the negative with 'be', just add 'not':

Negative with 'be' Negative Short Form

I was not sleepy I wasn't sleepy
you were not on the bus you weren't on the bus
he was not at school he wasn't at school
she was not beautiful she wasn't beautiful
it was not cold it wasn't cold
we were not at work we weren't at work
they were not tired they weren't tired
To make a question, just like the present simple, we change the
position of 'was / were' and the subject.

Here are the past simple 'yes / no' questions with 'be':

3.1. 'Yes / No' Questions with 'Be'

was I sleepy?
were you late?
was he at the cinema?
was she kind?
was it hot?
were we hungry?
were they at work?

39
And the 'wh' questions with 'be' (the question word just goes at the
beginning, everything else is the same):

3.2. 'Wh' Questions with 'Be'

why was I sleepy?

where were you?
when was he at the cinema?
how was she?
how was it?
why were we hungry?
when were they at work?
The Past Simple (Simple Past) with Other Verbs
We make the past simple just like the present simple except we use
'did' instead of 'do / does'. It's really easy because 'did' doesn't
change, even with 'he / she / it'.

The positive:

We usually make the positive by adding '-ed' to the infinitive. For

example, 'play' becomes 'played'. However, there are
some irregular verbs, for example 'go' becomes 'went' and 'run'
becomes 'ran'.

(Here's some help if you are not sure how to pronounce '-ed' at the
end of a verb).

Positive with Other Verbs

I walked (regular)
you played (regular)
40
he cooked (regular)
she listened (regular)
it rained (regular)
we ate (irregular)
they drank (irregular)

In the negative there aren't any irregular verbs. All verbs use 'did
not (didn't) + infinitive':

Negative Negative Short Form

I did not walk I didn't walk
you did not play you didn't play
he did not cook he didn't cook
she did not listen she didn't listen
it did not rain it didn't rain
we did not eat we didn't eat
they did not drink they didn't drink
Questions are also very easy. Just put 'did' before the subject, and
the infinitive after it.

Here are the 'yes / no' questions:

'Yes / No' Questions

did I walk?
did you play?
did he cook?

41
did she listen?
did it rain?
did we eat?
did they drink?
And here's an exercise about 'yes / no' questions

To make a 'wh' question, of course, put the question word at the

beginning of the sentence:

'Wh' Questions
where did I go?
what did you play?
what did he cook?
why did she listen?
when did it rain?
where did we eat?
how did they travel
?
3.3. Spelling of regular verbs
1. The normal rule is to add- ed or d
Worked started lived loved
2. Some short verbs with only one syllable double the consonant.
Stopped Planned
3. For verbs ending in a consonant + Y , change the y to ied .
Use :
1. The past simple expresses a past action that is now finished.

42
We played tennis last Sunday .
I worked in London from 1994 to 1999
John left two minutes ago .
2. Notice the time expressions that are used with the past simple
I did it ( last year / last month / five years ago / yesterday morning/
in 1985)
3.4. PAST CONTINUOUS
FORM
Was/ were + verb +ing ( present participle)
1) The past continuous expresses a past activity that has duration.
I had a good time while I was living in Paris.
You were making a lot of noise last night . Were you having a party?
2) The activity was in progress before, and probably after, a time
in the past.
What were you doing at 8.00 last night? I was watching TV
When I woke up this morning, the sun was shunning.
PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
1. The past Simple expresses completed past actions. The Past
continuous expresses activities in progress.
It rained every day of our holiday.
We went for a swim even though it was raining

43
 2. A Past simple action can interrupt a Past continuous activity in
progress.
When I phoned Simon he was having a shower
I was doing my homework when Jane arrived .
3. In stories , the Past Continuous can describe the scene. The
Past simple tells the action.
It was a beautiful day. The sun was shinning and the birds were
singing , so we decided to go for a picnic. We put everything in the
car…
4. Notice how the questions refer to referent time periods.
What were you doing when you lost your passport?
I was shopping
What did you do when you lost your passport?
I went to the police station.
3.6. PREPOSITIONS IN TIME EXPRESSIONS

AT IN ON
At six o’ clock/ at In 2007/ In the On Saturday/ On
midnight morning Monday morning/
On Christmas Day
At Christmas/ at the Afternoon/
weekend Evening/ On January 18
In December / In
Summer

44
 In two weeks’ time
No preposition
Yesterday ( evening) Last night/ week
The day before yesterday Two weeks ago
EXERCISES
1) Complete the sentences with the Past simple of the verbs in
brackets
1) I ……………. ( stop) working at 8 pm
2) Nick…………( work) in a hotel last summer
3) We………….. ( not /see) our friends last week.
4) …….. they …….( go) to Greece in July?
5) Alan……………………. (leave) school in 2005
6) When……………. You ………………..( arrive)?
7) Laura …………….. ( fix) my computer for me last night.
8) My grandparents ……………..( have) a house by the sea.
9) When ………………… the programme ………….. ( finish)?
10) They ……………… ( organize) a surprise party for us.
2) Write the past simple sentences in the correct order.
1) Lost/ Jack/ his job/ ago/ a month
…………………………………………………………………………

45
 2) Didn’t/ last/ we/have/year/ a
holiday……………………………………………………………………
3) Sent/you/I/ an email/ but / reply/didn’t
……………………………………………………………….
4) Lunchtime/ we/ to the park/yesterday/ a picnic/took/at
………………………………………………………………………………….
5) Go/why/night/did/so late/you/ to bed/last
3) Write the Past Continuous sentences in the correct order.
1) Left / playing/ when/ they/ I / were/ in the garden
……………………………………………….
2) I / when/ just leaving/ was/ rang/ the phone/ home
……………………………………………..
3) Laughing/why/ me/ at/you/were
…………………………………………………………………………
4) Wasn’t/my computer/ couldn’t/I/so/working/send email
5) Complete the text. Use the Past Simple and Past
continuous
It was such a terrible night! The wind (1)………………………( blow) and
the trees (2)……………(make) a lot of noise . Suddenly , I
……………………….( hear) a big crash of thunder and It (4)
…………………………………..(start) to rain. As I (5) …………………….(run)
home, I (6)………………………. ( fall) over and got soaking wet. The rain
(7)…………………… ( come) down hard that it (8)………………………….
(be) difficult to see anything. I was very happy when I finally (9)
……………………….. ( arrive) back at my house.

46
 6) Choose the Correct preposition
1. They started the course on/at /in April
2. Let’s meet on/ in/at 8.30
3. I went to University in/ at/on the 1990s
4. What would you like to do at / in / on the morning?
5. We always go shopping on/in/at the weekend.
6. Wendy bought a car at/ on / in November
7. Do you eat special food at/ on/in Christmas?
8. What did he do at/ on / in Sunday?
9. I’ll give you a call at/ on / in two weeks’ time.
10. In/ on /at New Year’s Day we often go to the beach.
ADVERBS
1. Many adverbs end in – ly . Match a verb in A with an
adverb in B.
A B
Dream Creep wake up get Quietly heavily peacefully
out of bed urgently
Whisper breathe Suddenly slowly

There are also many adverbs that do not end in -ly .

Back still here again first together just straight

47
Position of Adverbs
1. Adverbs do not usually go between a verb and its object.
You speak English well ( NOT You speak well English)
I did my homework quickly (NOT I did quickly my homework)
2. Some adverbs can change position.
It rained all day yesterday / YESTERDAY It rained all day .
I woke up Suddenly. / Suddenly I woke up.
3. In which of these sentences can the adverb change. Position?
Rewrite them.
1. Tidy your room first. Then you can go out.
2. Can you possibly tell me the time?
3. We went for a walk. It started to rain Unfortunately.
3.Rewrite the sentences with the adverbs in brackets.
1. I was dreaming when a loud noise woke up me ( peacefully,
suddenly)
2. My Grandma is 75 and she goes swimming . ( nearly, still,
regularly)
3. I unlocked the door and went into the night. ( quietly , outside)
4. She whispered in his ear, ‘ do you love me?’ I do’, he replied.
( softly, really, of course)
5. I was relaxing with a good book when someone knocked on the
door. ( just, really , loudly)

48
6. Break the eggs into a bowl and mix them with the flour. ( first,
then , together)
7. I got up and crept to the front door. ( quickly, downstairs)
8. I work and I do my homework, but I don’t get good marks. ( hard ,
carefully, still)
AN ADVERB POEM
I ran into your arms so happily
You looked at me guiltily
You spoke to me quite softly
I turned and walked away sadly
Gradually I learned to smile again
Write similar poem with these adverbs
Slowly , quietly , tragically , angrily , carefully , nervously ,
urgently , lovingly , suddenly , lazily .
Write the sentences with the adjectives and adverbs in the
correct place .
1. A dog jumped up at me ( large , suddenly )
2. Thank you for your invitation. I can’t come .( kind,
unfortunately )
3. I got out of bed and went to make a cup of tea. ( downstairs,
nice)
4. We had a meal and went to the theatre ( lovely , then)

49
 5. I was sitting at home when something happened ( last
Thursday evening, very strange)
6. He’s got three sisters and I’ve got three sisters.( older, too)
7. There was a documentary on TV last night. I enjoyed it. ( good,
very much)
8. I worked all week. ( really hard, last)
3.8. DAYS OF THE WEEK
The chart below shows the days of the week in English together
with their normal abbreviations.

day of the week abbreviation

days of the week weekdays Monday Mon. Mo.
(7 days) (5 days) Tuesday Tue. Tu.
Wednesday Wed. We.
Thursday Thu. Th.
Friday Fri. Fr.
weekend Saturday Sat. Sa.
(2 days) Sunday Sun. Su.

Notice that days of the week and weekdays and are NOT the same:

 The days of the week are all 7 days from Monday to Sunday.
 But weekdays are only the 5 days from Monday to Friday.
 And the weekend is Saturday and Sunday.

Monday = associated with the Moon

Tuesday = from the god Tiw, associated with Mars
Wednesday = from Germanic god Odin
Thursday = from Germanic god of thunder Thor
Friday = from Germanic goddess Frigga associated with Venus

50
Saturday = associated with Saturn
Sunday = associated with the Sun
MONTHS OF THE YEAR

The table below shows the months of the year used in English-
speaking countries and many other parts of the world. The list
shows the order of the months, starting from January (month 1).

The abbreviations or short forms shown are the most common, but
other abbreviations are possible, for example: Ja. /Fe. /Ma. or
J./F./M.

The days column shows the number of days in the month. All
months have 30 or 31 days, except for February which has 28 days
(29 in a leap year).

Every fourth year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28.
This year is called a "leap year" and the 29th day of February is a
"leap day". A leap year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. Most
years that can be cleanly divided by four are leap years. 2016, 2020
and 2024, for example, are leap years.

month short form days season

1 January Jan. 31 winter

2 February Feb. 28/29
3 March Mar. 31 spring
4 April Apr. 30
5 May May 31
6 June Jun. 30 summer

51
7 July Jul. 31
8 August Aug. 31
9 September Sep. 30 autumn
1 October Oct. 31
0
1 November Nov. 30
1
1 December Dec. 31 winter
2
The seasons are approximate and depend on latitude. Some parts of
the world have only three seasons. The seasons shown here are for
the North Temperate Zone (for example North America). In the
southern hemisphere, the seasons are reversed.
3.10. UNITS OF TIME
We measure time mainly with seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks,
months and years:

1000 = 1 second
millisecond
s
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 hour
24 hours = 1 day
52
7 days = 1 week
28, 29, 30 or = 1 month
31 days
365 or 366 = 1 year
days
12 months = 1 year
10 years = 1 decade
100 years = 1 century
1000 years = 1 millennium

TELLING THE TIME

To tell the time means to say what the time is, perhaps after
somebody asks the time.
Asking the time
Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the
time:

 What's the time?

 What time is it?
 Have you got the right time?
 What time do you make it?

Telling the time

To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more
usually, "It's...". Here is a typical dialogue:

To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more
usually, "It's...". Here is a typical dialogue:

What's
the
Question:
time,
please?
53
 It's
Answer: three
o'clock.

The chart below shows you two different ways to tell someone what
the time is.

more formal less formal

It's... It's...
3.00 three o'clock Three
3.02 just gone three o'clock three oh two
3.03 three minutes past three three oh three
3.05 five past three three oh five
3.09 nine minutes past three three oh nine
3.10 ten past three three ten
3.15 a quarter past three three fifteen
3.20 twenty past three three twenty
3.21 twenty-one minutes past three twenty-
three one
3.25 twenty-five past three three twenty-five
3.30 half past three three thirty
3.35 twenty-five to four three thirty-five
3.40 twenty to four three forty
3.45 a quarter to four three forty-five

54
3.50 ten to four three fifty
3.55 five to four three fifty-five
3.57 three minutes to four three fifty-seven
3.58 nearly four o'clock three fifty-eight
4.00 four o'clock Four

3.11. WRITING THE DATE

There are several different ways to write the date in English. They
vary from formal to informal, and there are differences between
British and American English. The following table shows some
typical formats.

forma British: day-month-year American: month-day-

t year
A the Fourteenth of March, March the Fourteenth, 2016
2016
B 14th March 2016 March 14th, 2016
C 14 March 2016 March 14, 2016
D 14/3/2016 3/14/2016
E 14/3/16 3/14/16
F 14/03/16 03/14/16
Note: which format to use is a question of formality, politeness and
personal choice. Generally, the longer formats, such as B or C, are
more polite (since they show more respect for the reader). Shorter

55
formats, such as D or E, are used in less formal situations, for
example a memo, a letter between friends or an impersonal
business letter. Format F is rather official and is typically seen on an
invoice or an official or technical document. Format A is extremely
formal and mainly used on printed items, for example a wedding
invitation. The numerical formats may use a full stop (.) or hyphen
(-) instead of a slash (/), for example: 14.3.2016 or 03-14-16

Days of the month

1st first
2nd second
3rd third
4th fourth
5th fifth
6th sixth
7th seventh
8th Eighth
9th ninth
10th tenth
11th eleventh
12th twelfth

56
13th thirteenth
14th fourteenth
15th fifteenth
16th sixteenth
17th seventeenth
18th eighteenth
19th nineteenth
20th twentieth
21st twenty-first
22nd twenty-second
23rd twenty-third
24th twenty-fourth
25th twenty-fifth
26th twenty-sixth
27th twenty-
seventh
28th twenty-eighth
29th twenty-ninth
30th thirtieth
31st thirty-first

57
CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS
Cardinal Numbers
A Cardinal Number says how many of something, such as one, two,
three, four, five, etc.

Example: here are five coins:

It does not have fractions or decimals, it is only used for counting.

How to remember: "Cardinal is Counting"

Ordinal Numbers
An Ordinal Number tells us the position of something in a list.

An Ordinal Number is a number that tells the position of

something in a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc.

Most ordinal numbers end in "th" except for:

 one ⇒ first (1st)

 two ⇒ second (2nd)
 three ⇒ third (3rd)

Cardinal Ordinal
1 One 1st First
2 Two 2nd Second
3 Three 3rd Third
4 Four 4th Fourth

58
5 Five 5th Fifth
6 Six 6th Sixth
7 Seven 7th Seventh
8 Eight 8th Eighth
9 Nine 9th Ninth
10 Ten 10th Tenth
11 Eleven 11th Eleventh
12 Twelve 12th Twelfth
13 Thirteen 13th Thirteenth
14 Fourteen 14th Fourteenth
15 Fifteen 15th Fifteenth
16 Sixteen 16th Sixteenth
17 Seventeen 17th Seventeenth
18 Eighteen 18th Eighteenth
19 Nineteen 19th Nineteenth
20 Twenty 20th Twentieth
21 Twenty 21st Twenty-
one first
22 Twenty 22nd Twenty-
two second
23 Twenty 23rd Twenty-

59
 three third
24 Twenty 24th Twenty-
four fourth
25 Twenty 25th Twenty-
five fifth
… … … …
30 Thirty 30th Thirtieth
31 Thirty 31st Thirty-first
one
32 Thirty 32nd Thirty-
two second
33 Thirty 33rd Thirty-third
three
34 Thirty 34th Thirty-
four fourth
… … … …
40 Forty 40th Fortieth
50 Fifty 50th Fiftieth
60 Sixty 60th Sixtieth
70 Seventy 70th Seventieth
80 Eighty 80th Eightieth
90 Ninety 90th Ninetieth

60
 100 One 100th Hundredth
hundred
… … … …
100 One 1000th Thousandth
0 thousand

UNIT 4 : MUCH/ MANY , SOME/ ANY / A FEW / A LITTLE / A LOT

OF

Play the Alphabetical game around the class

E.g : - Yesterday I went shopping and I bought an Apple

- Yesterday I went shopping and I bought an Apple and some

bread

- Yesterday I went shopping and I bought an Apple, some bread,

and a car.

4.1. Expressions of quantity

Count and Uncount nouns

1. It is important to understand the difference between

count and uncount nouns.

Count nouns Uncount

nouns
A cup Water

A girl Sugar

61
 An apple Milk

An egg Music

A pound Money

We can say three cups, two girls, ten pounds. We can count them. We
cannot say two waters, three musics, one money. We cannot count
them.

Count nouns can be singular or plural.

This cup is full.

These cups are empty

Uncount nouns can only be singular

- The water is cold

- The weather was terrible

4.2. Much and Many

1. We use much with uncount nouns in questions and negatives.

How much money have you got ?

There isn’t much milk left

2. We use many with count nouns in questions and negatives

How many people were at the party?

I didn’t take many photos on holiday

4.3. Some and Any

1. Some is used in positive sentences.

62
I’d like some sugar

2. Any is used in questions and negatives

Is there any sugar in this tea?

Have you got any brothers and sisters?

We don’t have any washing-up liquid.

I didn’t buy any apples

3. We use some in questions that are requests or offers .

Can I have some cake?

Would you like some tea?

4. The rules are the same for the compound someone, anything,
anybody , somewhere, etc.

- I’ve got something for you

- Hello? Is anybody there?
- There isn’t anywhere to go in my town.

4.4. A FEW AND A LITTLE

1. We use a few with count nouns.

There are a few cigarettes left, but not many.

2. We use a little with uncount nouns.

3. Can you give me a little help?

4.5. A LOT / LOTS OF

1. We use a lot / lots of with both count and uncount nouns.

63
There’s a lot of butter.

I’ve got lots of friends.

2. A lot / lots of can be used in questions and negatives.

Are there lots of tourists in your country?

There isn’t a lot of butter, but there’s enough.

DISCUSSING GRAMMAR

1. Complete the sentences with some or any

1. Have you got …………… brothers and sisters ?

2. We don’t need ………………. Olive oil.
3. Here are ……………………… letters for you.
4. I need ………………………. money.
5. Is there ……………… petrol in the car?

2. Complete the sentences with a little , a few, or a lot of .

1) I have …………………… close friends. Two or three

2) He has ……………….. money. He’s a millionaire.
3) ‘Do you take sugar in coffee’Just ………… Half a spoonful’
4) ‘Have you got …………….. CDs’ Hundreds’.
5) I’ll be ready in …………. Minutes.
6) I’ve learnt a lot of Spanish, but only ………………… Russian.

3. Complete the sentences with much and many

1. Have you got …………………….. homework ?

2. We don’t need ……………………eggs. Just half a dozen .
3. Is there ……………………… traffic in your town?
4. There aren’t…………………….. students in my class.
5. How …….. people live in your house ?

64
DISCUSSING GRAMMAR

4. Complete the sentences with some or any

6. Have you got …………… brothers and sisters ?

7. We don’t need ………………. Olive oil.
8. Here are ……………………… letters for you.
9. I need ………………………. money.
10. Is there ……………… petrol in the car?

5. Complete the sentences with a little , a few, or a lot of .

7) I have …………………… close friends. Two or three

8) He has ……………….. money. He’s a millionaire.
9) ‘Do you take sugar in coffee’Just ………… Half a spoonful’
10) ‘Have you got …………….. CDs’ Hundreds’.
11) I’ll be ready in …………. Minutes.
12) I’ve learnt a lot of Spanish, but only ………………… Russian.

6. Complete the sentences with much and many

6. Have you got …………………….? homework?

7. We don’t need ……………………eggs. Just half a dozen.
8. Is there ……………………… traffic in your town?
9. There aren’t…………………….. students in my class.
10. How …….. people live in your house ?

7. CHOOSE THE BEST WORD.

1) The mouse moves on a ………….
a) mouse mat …………………..
b) mouse carpet ……………….
c) mouse table ………………..
2) TV and computer screens are usually measured in ………….
a) Feet
b) Miles
c) Inches
65
 3) Before you start work …….. the height of your chair
a) Adjust
b) Change
c) Rearrange
4) To get sound from your computer, plug in a pair of
a) Loudhailers
b) Loudspeakers
c) loud voices
5) The computer is connected to the telephone line via a
a) Module
b) Modem
c) Mod
6) You can increase the functions or performance of a
computer with an ……………
a) Extension card
b) exploding card
c) expansion card
7) Mobile phones and PDAs can communicate with
computers via
a) Bluebeard ®
b) Blueberry ®
c) Bluetooth ®
8) There's a spare …………… in the workstation…
a) electric hole
b) power point
c) electrical opening
9) …so you can plug in your mobile phone
a) Charger
b) Power
c) Electrification
10) SD cards can be read in a computer's …….
a) storage reader
b) memory reader
c) card reader

66
UNIT 6: TEXT READING: TELEWORKING

1) What is teleworking about? What does that refer to? Read the
following definitions and make your own picture of the
concept.

‘ Teleworking involves working at a distance from a usual

place of work, often passing work between locations through
the internet’.

Telework is not a job but a method of working. The essential

feature is the use of information and communication
technologies to enable remote working from the office,
either for:

a) Workers who work at home full time or part time.

b) Workers who divide their time between home and office
c) Primarily mobile workers using their home as an
administrative base.

Around the world, the search for work-life balance has encouraged
an exodus of teleworkers out of corporate towers and back to their
home offices. The IT industry’s leading stance on telework is in part
a marketing exercise. As a promoter of tools aimed at boosting
business productivity, it realizes its own staff-happily in
industriously working from remote locations are its best
advertisement for its own technology.

Although as consultant Bevis England points out, telework does not

need to involve sophisticated technology. England, who has been
working on telework issues since 1989 and is managing director of
consultancy Telework New Zealand , says much of the telework that
gets done in his country involves a low-tech approach.
67
While many teleworkers may be spending several days a week
working from home via a high-speed DSL link back to their
company’s server, others might just spend half a day at home
reading briefs and transcribe letters- their own use of technology
being a Dictaphone, says England.

In between are those editing files on their home PC which they then
transfer to disc and carry back to the office.

‘Increasingly staff are demanding flexibility. That’s being driven by

things like work-life balance. It’s also being driven by newer
generations that are entering the workforce. The result is that
Employers that don’t offer flexibility could lose staff. ‘Where it costs
between 100 and 250 per cent of salary to recruit staff, that’s a
significant cost to a company. If you’ve got may be 20 per cent of
your workforce prepared to leave to get flexibility- and that figure is
backed up by US research- then the cumulative cost to the
enterprise could be a few million’.

England says telework programmes work best when there are

formal policies in place.

‘If you want to reduce your space, for example you really need to
know how many people are going to be out of the office on any one
day and then you can get the space savings’, he says.

‘Formal teleworking also implies a measure of monitoring and

evaluating on an ongoing basis so that the programme and the
arrangements can be regularly tweaked and improved. It’s that
monitoring and evaluation that ensures you do get the productivity
benefits.

Vodafone is among the IT companies using Telework to showcase

their technology. The company ramped up its telework policies last
year with the opening of its new Auckland headquarters. In the new
building 60 per cent of staff no longer have a permanent desk.
68
‘ The technology is just part of the step, says Vodafone general
manager of human resources Rowan Tonkin. ‘ A lot of this is around
your work practices and the way in which you engage with your
people.

‘ One of the main things you’ve got to get your head around is that
you’re not going to see everybody. At the moment I don’t know
where my team are…two of them are working from home. The rest
of them are scattered about this building and one’s working at
Manukau. So you’ve got to trust them. You’ve got to know that just
because you don’t see them that they are still working’.

Tonkin believes telework programs do not need to be over-

governed.

‘We’ve got policies around these things but we don’t set hard and
fast guidelines. It’s a discussion between the manager and the
person. Because each person’s circumstances are slightly different,
there’s no point trying to govern it through a policy.

He says the company’s flexible approach is helping it attack staff,

and employee turnover has dropped significantly over the past year.
The payback is probably not so much from the increased
performance but probably from the increased engagement. People
really enjoy having that flexibility and also they know we trust them.
There’s a really good and tangible payback we get from that point of
view.

6.1. Reading for comprehension

Answer the following questions

 What explains the increasing success of telework?

 In which type of companies/ industries can we find most
teleworkers?
 Does telework involve much technology? Explain.
69
  What risk do Employers who don’t accept telework run?
 How can telework programs work best? What does it involve?
 What do managers or heads of departments have to accept?
 What is the main payback of a flexible approach to work
according to Rowan Tonkin?

6.2. DISCUSSION

1. In groups of 4 , discuss the advantages and / or disadvantages

of telework both for Employers and Employee?

Teleworking Advantages (benefits) Disadvantages( dange

rs)
Employers

Employees

Discuss the following questions in group of 4

a) What reasons would people have to telework?

b) Is teleworking possible in any type of job? why not?
c) Can anyone be a good teleworker? What qualities should you
have? What should you try to do?
d) Can teleworking have a social or economic impact?
e) What impact impact / effects can teleworking have on the
environment/ urban centers?
f) Would you personally like to do teleworking? Why?

70
6.3. TEXT READING 2:
Computers
A computer is a programmable machine designed to automatically
carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The first
use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a
person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word
continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th
century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on
its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations
In the beginning, computers were as big as a large room. It is only
later that they have become smaller and smaller, accessible to
anyone. This has given way to personal computers. Later developers
created new applications to help users perform many things from
word processing to image editing. A large scale of programs, some
free and others costly, have opened new horizons in information
technology.
Now computers have noticeable impact on social relations. They
have enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and
organizing. With the Internet, working with computers has become
part of our daily lives thanks to its basic features such as widespread
usability and access. In addition to face to face communication that
characterized humans for centuries, a new form of virtual
communication has become more predominant.
Comprehension:
1. The word computer is a new term

a. True

b. False

71
 2. Computers were accessible to anyone in the beginning

a. True

b. False
3. All computer applications are free.

a. True

b. False
4. Computers and the Internet have shaped new social relations.

a. True

b. False

Summarize this text

6.4. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

We often use synonyms in conversation because don’t want to

repeat words.

1) Complete the conversation, using a synonym from the box.

Generous , fed up , fantastic , messy , rude , modern

1. A. Look at all these new buildings!

B. Yes, Paris is much more……………………… than I expected.
2. A. Wasn’t that film brilliant?
B. Absolutely! It was……………………… We love it.
3. A. Your bedroom really untidy. Again!
B. What do you mean? It doesn’t look…………………………. to me.
72
4. A. I couldn’t believe it, their son was so impolite to me.
B. Don’t worry. He’s …………………………….. to everyone.
5. A. Dan doesn’t earn much, but he’s always so kind.
B. He is, isn’t he? He’s one of the most
…………………………….people I know.
6. A.I’m bored with this exercise!
B. I know, I’m ……………………….. with it, too!

2) Write a synonym and antonym for the adjectives

Adjective Synonym(same) Antonym( opposite
)
Bored
Wonderful
Modern
Impolite
Untidy
Generous
Cold
Miserable

UNIT 7: ARTICLES – A AND THE

73
 1. The indefinite article a or an is used with singular, countable
nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first time.

- We have a cat and a dog

- There’s a supermarket in Adam Street.

2. The definite article the is used with singular and plural ,

countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and
listener know the thing or idea already.

We have a cat and a dog. The Cat is old, but the dog is just a
puppy.

I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? (We both

know which supermarket).

7.1. Indefinite Article

The indefinite article is used:

1) With professions

- I’m a lecturer

- She’s a computer engineer

2) With some expressions of quantity.

- A pair of a little a couple of a few

3) In exclamations with what+ a count noun

74
 - What a lovely day!

- What a pity!

- What clever children!

7.2. Definite Article

The definite article is used:
1) Before seas, rivers, hotels, pubs, theatres, museums and
newpapers.
The Atlantic
The British museum
The Times
The Ritz
2) If there is only one of something.
The Sun The Queen The Government
3) With the superlatives
He’s the richest man in the world.
Jane’s the oldest in the class
7.3. No Article
There is no article:
1) Before plural and Uncountable nouns when talking about
things in general.
I like potatoes
Milk is for you.
2) Before countries, towns, streets, languages, magazines, meals,
airports, stations, and mountains.
I had Lunch with Paul
I bought Cosmopolitan at Paddington Station.
3) Before some places and with some forms of transport.
At home At / to school/ University At / to work
In / to bed By bus By train By car By plane On foot
75
She goes to work by bus
I was at home yesterday Evening

4) In exclamations with what + an Uncount noun.

What beautiful weather!
What loud music!

Note
In the phrase go home , there is no article and no preposition.
I went home Early. NOT : I went to home early.

EXERCISES
1. Write C ( count) or U( Uncount)
1. Butter ………………………..
2. Time ………………………….
3. Advice ……………………….
4. Girl ……………………………
5. Banana ………………………
6. Sugar …………………………
7. Child ………………………….
8. Weather …………………….
2. Write how much , how many , much or many.
1. ……….. time have we got left?
2. There isn’t …………………….. milk.
3. …………………….. hours do you work every day ?
4. …………………….. Children has Sue got?
3. Choose the correct option.
1. Just a few / a little milk in my coffee , please.
2. There’s lots of / a few sugar in the cupboard.
3. Let’s play a few/ a little more songs.
4. I don’t know anything/ something about it.
5. There isn’t a lot of / many time , but we’ll get there.

76
 6. Luke’s got something/ anything to tell you.
7. There is a few/ a lot of traffic in Kinshasa.
8. Is nobody/ anybody in the house?
5) Use a word from the box to complete the conversations
Something anything everything someone/somebody
anywhere no-one/nobody anyone/anybody(x2) somewhere
nothing nowhere
1. A. I think I can hear …………….. walking on the stairs!
B . Hello, is there ………………….. there ?

A. I can’t see…………………………………..

B. O.K. There’s obviously ………………..there.

2. A. Let’s go ……………………nice this weekend .

C. Good. We didn’t go ………………..last weekend.

3. A. What’s the matter?

B. Oh, I’m going to a party on Saturday and I can’t find

…………………………

………………………. To wear.

4. A. Where did you go on holiday?

B. ……………………………… I Just stayed at home.

5. A. What did you buy at the shops ?

B. ……………………………… Was too expensive.

77
5. Correct these sentences using a, an or the
1. I’m going to x shops. Would you like anything?
2. My brother’s x medical Doctor in a big hospital in Kinshasa.
3. Tokyo is capital city of Japan.
4. I bought pair of sunglasses on Oxford Street
5. I live in small village in mountains in Switzerland.
6. What beautiful new coat you’re weaving !
7. I’m reading interesting book at the moment.
8. The life is wonderful when the sun is shining.
DISCUSSING GRAMMAR
Find one mistake in each sentence.
1) He’s postman, so he has breakfast at 4a.m.
2) The love is more important than money.
3) I come to school by the bus.
4) I’m reading one good book at the moment.
5) ‘Where’s Jack?’’In a Kitchen.’
6) I live in centre of town, near the hospital.
7) My parents bought the lovely house in the country.
8) I don’t eat the bread because I don’t like it.
HOW TO SCAN AN IMAGE
Adjust , brightness , flatbed , low , text , all-in-one , connected ,
handheld , OCR software , dpi , at , contrast , high , original ,
preview (or prescan) , file format , image editing , click
Dpi stands for dots per inch (1 inch=2.4 cm)
OCR= Optical Character Recognition
JPEG= Jay-peg
1) Make sure the scanner is …………………. to the computer.
2) Lift the lid and put the ……………………… on the scanner glass.
3) For high image quality, scan ………………. 300 …… or higher.
4) The scanning software will automatically do a …….

78
 5) If the image is too dark or too light, you can ………………… the
………………… and
6) …………………………. "scan".
7) If you scanned ………… , it can be "read" by
……………………………….
8) If you want to save the image, choose a …………….. JPEG is a
good choice for photos.
9) The scanned image can be manipulated using ……….. software.
10) An …………………….. printer/scanner can print, scan and
copy.

UNIT 8: DO’S AND DON’TS

Have to / Should / Must

What’s true for you ? Make sentences about your life.

I have to….. I don’t have to….
- Get up early every morning
- Work at the weekend
- Pay bills
- Do the housework
- Go to school
- Do homework
8.1. Have to
Form
Has/ have +to+infinitive
Positive and Negative
I Have
We/ you/ Don’t have
they to Work hard
He/ she/ It Has
Doesn’t
have
Question
79
Do you have to work hard?
Does he have to get up early?
Do you have to wear a uniform? Yes, I do/ No, I don’t.
Note
The past tense of have to is had to, with did and didn’t in the
question and negative.
I had to get up early this morning.
Why did you have to work last weekend?
They liked the hotel because they didn’t have to do any cooking .
USE
1. Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes
from ‘outside’- perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or
someone in authority.
You have to have a driving licence If you want to drive a car.
(The law)
I have to start work at 8:00( my company says I must)
The Doctor says I have to do more exercise
2. Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses absence of obligation (it isn’t
necessary)
You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a dish-washer.
She doesn’t have to work on Monday. It’s her day-off.
Note
Have got to expresses an obligation on one particular occasion.
I’m going to bed. I’ve got to get up early tomorrow.
She’s got to work hard. Her exams start next week.
8.2. Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs

Can could must shall should

will would

1) They go with another verb and add meaning.

- She can drive
- I must get my hair cut.

80
 2) There is no -s in the third person singular.
- He can dance very well
- It will rain tomorrow
3) There is no do / does in the question.
- Can she sing?
- Shall we go?
4) There is no don’t / doesn’t in the negative.
I won’t have a cup of tea, thank you.
I can’t speak French.
Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can has a
past tense form, could.
I could swim when I was three.
8.2. SHOULD
Form
Should + Infinitive
Positive and Negative
I Should
He/ She/ Shouldn’t Do more exercises
We/ you/ they Tell lies
Question
Should I see a doctor?
Do you think I should see a Doctor?
USE
Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the
best thing to do. It expresses mild obligation, or advice.
I should do more work. (this is my opinion)
You should do more work (I’m telling you what I think)
Do you think we should stop? (I’m asking for your opinion)
Shouldn’t expresses negative advice.
You shouldn’t sit so close to the T.V. It’s bad for your eyes.
Should expresses the opinion of the speaker, and it is often
introduced by I think or I don’t think.
I think politicians should listen more.
81
I don’t think people should get married until they’re 21.
8.3. MUST
Form
Must + Infinitive
The forms of must are the same for all persons.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
I/he/she/ must try harder
We/ you/ they mustn’t Steal
Question
Questions with must are possible, but have to is more common.
What time do I have to start?
USE
1. Must expresses strong obligation. Generally, this obligation
comes from ‘inside the speaker.
I must get my hair cut. (I think this is necessary)
2. Because must expresses the authority of the speaker, you
should be careful of using you must … it sounds bossy!
You must help me( I am giving you an order)
Could you help me? Is much better
You must …. Can express a strong suggestion.
You must see the Monet exhibition. It’s wonderful.
You must give me a call when you’re next in town.
EXERCISES
1. Rewrite the sentences . Use a form of have to
1) It’s necessary for the children to wear a uniform. The
children………………………. a uniform.
2) I can stay in bed until late tomorrow.
I ………………… get up early tomorrow.
3) Why was it necessary for you to go to the office?
Why…………………… the office?
4) Must you leave so soon?
……………………………………..so soon?
5) I needed to make a phone call.
82
I ……………………a phone call.
6) It wasn’t necessary for us to work on Sunday.
We……………………… on Sunday.
2. Correct the sentences
1) Do you can drive a car?
2) I’m afraid we must to go now.
3) She cans sing very well.
4) She musts go to the dentist this afternoon.
5) You don’t should drink and drive.
6) It won’t raining tomorrow.
7) Could you to help me?
8) I don’t would like to be a policeman.
3. Rewrite the sentences using a modal verb from the box

Can , can’t , could , must , mustn’t , ’ll , should

shouldn’t

1) I’d like the salt, please.

…………………………………… you pass me the salt, please?
2) I don’t think it’s a good idea for you to stay.
You ………………… stay .
3) It is certain to rain this afternoon.
It ……………….. rain this afternoon.
4) Do you know how to drive?
…………………………. You drive ?
5) Do not leave luggage here. It isn’t allowed.
You……………. Leave luggage here.
6) It’s very important that you stop smoking.
You ……………. Stop smoking.
7) Janet doesn’t know how to play an instrument.
Janet ……………….. play an instrument.
8) I think it would be a good idea to apologize.
You …………………….. apologize.
4. Choose the correct option.
83
 1) You should/ have to show your passport at the airport.
2) I don’t think you should/ you mustn’t read that book. It isn’t
very good.
3) If you want to learn English, you must/should get an english
pen friend.
4) I think we should/must take some flowers when we go TO
Sue’s for dinner.
5) We mustn’t / don’t have to forget Robert’s birthday tomorrow.
6) I must/ should pay my taxes soon. I don’t want to go to prison.
7) She’s very rich, so she doesn’t have to / mustn’t work.
8) You mustn’t / shouldn’t smoke in here. It isn’t allowed.
TALKING ABOUT YOU
1) Which job wouldn’t you like to do in your life? Why?
2) Discuss the question. If you live at home with your parents,
use the present tense. If you’ve left home, use the past
tense.
1) What do / did you have to do to help in the house? What
about your brothers and sisters?
2) Can you stay out as long as you want/wanted? OR did you
have to be home by a certain time?
3) Do / did you always have to tell your parents where you
are/were going?
4) What other rules are /were there in your family?
5) What kind of computer do you have?
6) Do you know the technical specifications of you computer?
7) Would you like to upgrade your computer? If so, what kind
of computer would you like to get?
8) Which peripherals do you use most often? Why?
9) Do you use computer networks? If so, how do you connect
to the networks you use?

PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS
Should /must
Read the problems . What advice would you suggest?
84
 1) My ex-boyfriend is going to my best friend’s wedding. He was
horrible to me. Should I go?
2) There is a group of bullies at school. They are making my life
miserable.
3) I’ve fallen in love with my boss. Should I tell him?
4) I’m 16. I chat to a boy on the internet. He wants to meet me.
Should I go?
Words that go together
1. Verbs often go together with certain words and phrases
Apply for a job.
Give somebody advice
Go for an interview
Match the verbs in A with the phrases in B.
A B
Interview Hard
Study Engineering
Earn Somebody for a job
Take care of A lot of training
Do Career
Change Children
Work Time with someone
Spend A lot of money
Get on Together/ with somebody

2. Read the symptoms and complete the illnesses.

Symptoms Illnesses
1. I can’t stop sneezing and blowing my nose. I’ve got ……………
2. I keep being sick, and I’ve got diarrhea. I’ve got …………….
3. It hurts when I walk. I’ve ………………….
4. I’ve got stomach-ache and keep going to the I’ve got …………….
toilet
5. My glands are swollen, and it hurts when I I’ve got ……………..
swallow.
85
 6. I’ve got a temperature, my whole body
aches, and feel awful I’ve got …………

UNIT 9: WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO?

VERBS PATTERNS / FUTURE FORMS / ED/-ING ADJECTIVES

86
Complete these sentences with ideas about you.
One day I want to ……………………………………………………….
On Sundays, I love ……………………………………………………….
Right now , I’d like to ……………………………………………………
This weekend I’m going to …………………………………………….
I enjoy …………………………. Because I like …………………………
1. Complete the sentences with the words go abroad. Put the
verb go in the correct form.
I want to go abroad.
I’d like ………………….
I’m looking forward to ……………….
I hope ………………………………………..
I enjoy ……………………………………….
I’m thinking of ……………………………
I love ………………………………………….
2. What’s the difference between these sentences?
I like going to the cinema?
I’d like to go to the cinema tonight.
9.1. VERB PATTERNS
Here are four verb patterns.
1. Verb + to + Infinitive
They want to buy a new car
I’d like to go abroad
2. Verb + Ing
We love going to parties
I enjoy travelling abroad
3. Verb+ ing or +to+ Infinitive with no change in meaning
It started to rain/ raining
I continued to work/ working in the library
4. Verb+ preposition+ing
We’re thinking of moving the house
I’m looking forward to having more free time.

87
Like doing and would like to do
1. Like + doing and love express a general enjoyment.
I like working as a teacher = I am a teacher and I enjoy it.
I love dancing= This is one of my hobbies
2. Would like to do and would love to do express a preference
now or at a specific time.
I’d like to be a teacher = when I grow up, I want to be a teacher.
Thanks. I’d love to dance = At a party. I’m pleased you asked me.
Notice the short answers
Would you like to dance? Yes, I’d love to/ No, thanks.
9.2. FUTURE FORMS
WILL
FORM
Will+ Infinitive without to
Will is a modal auxiliary verb. There is an introduction to
modal auxiliary verbs. The forms of will are the same for all
persons.
Positive and Negative
I
He
It ’ll(will) Come
We Won’t Help you
You Invite
They Tom

QUESTION
What time will you be back?
Use
WILL is used :
1) To express a future intention made at the moment of speaking.
‘It’s Jane’s birthday’ Is it ? I’ll buy her some flowers’.
‘Do you want the blue or red pen?’’ I’ll take the red one ‘.
2.To express an offer
88
I’ll carry your suitcase
We’ll do the washing-up
GOING TO
Form
Am/ is / are+ going + to+ Infinitive
Positive and Negative
I ‘m
‘m not
He ‘s
She Isn’t Going to
It leave
We ‘re
You Aren’t
They

QUESTION
What’s he going to do ?
When are you going to leave?
Are they going to get married? Yes, they are/ No, they
aren’t
USE
GOING TO IS USED:
To express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the
moment of speaking.
I’m going to study hard
What are you going to do after college?
When we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in
the future.
Look at these clouds! It’s going to rain.
Watch out! That box is going to fall.
WILL OR GOING TO
Compare the use of will and going to in these sentences :

89
I’m going to make a chicken casserole for dinner
I decided this morning and bought everything for it.
What shall I cook for dinner? Er….. I know! I’ll make a chicken
casserole !
I decided at the moment of speaking.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present continuous for the future is used:
1. To express a planned future arrangement.
What are you doing on Saturday?
We’re having a party. Can you come?
2. With the verbs go and come.
My parents are coming for dinner
9.3. ED/ ING ADJECTIVES
1. Complete the sentences to describe these situations and
experiences. Use an adjective from the box

Frightening , Surprising, exhausting , relaxing , annoying ,

depressing

1. I heard footsteps in the middle of the night. That’s really

……………………………..
2. The bus was full. I had to wait for the next one, so I was
late for work. That’s
so……………………………………………………………………………………
3. I saw Andy eating a burger! I thought he was vegetarian.
How …………………….
4. On my holiday It rained every day. That’s just so
………………………………………….
5. I ran my first full marathon on Sunday. How
………………………………………………….
- Ing adjectives describe a situation , person, or thing
An interesting life
A boring weekend

90
 Shocking news
- Ed adjectives describe how people feel.
I’m very interested in modern art.
We were bored during the film.
We were shocked by his bad behaviour
All the lines in A answer the question How are you feeling?
Match a line in A with a line in B.
A B
1. I feel a bit nervous - It’s so wet and miserable
2. I don’t feel very well - I’m going on holiday to
3. I’m feeling a lot better, Kinshasa tomorrow
thanks - We’re in love!
4. I’m so angry! - I think I’m getting a cold
5. I’m really excited! - My grandfather’s going
6. I’m fed up with this into hospital for tests.
weather . - I’ve got an exam today.
7. I’m a bit worried. - I don’t think I have many
8. We’re really happy! friends.
9. I sometimes feel a bit - I got a parking ticket this
lonely, actually. morning. Sixty pounds!
- Not quite back to normal,
but nearly.

DISCUSSION
Which do you think is the best solution for each problem? (More
than one solution is possible for one of the problems)
1) I want to make a copy of a music CD
2) I want to store some files. I may need to update them in the
future
3) I want to back up data from my computer. I want to
update it every day.
4) My computer is having problems with reading and writing
CDs

91
 5) My computer’s running slowly

EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the infinitive or the Ing-form
of the verbs in brackets.
1. They want …………………… (go) for a walk.
2. She loves ……………………….( dance)
3. I’d like ……………………………( see) you very soon.
4. We’re thinking of ………………….( change) our car.
2. Write sentences to respond to these statements. Use will.
1. This bag’s heavy…………………………………………………………….
2. I need a cup of coffee. ……………………………………………………
3. Do you want a cheese sandwich or a harm sandwich?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. I haven’t got your e-mail address.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. I’m tired and I haven’t done the washing-up.
3. Choose the correct form
1. I’ll be/ I’m going to be an Astronaut when I grow up.
2. ‘The phone’s ringing! ‘OK, I’ll answer/ I’m answering it’.
3. I’m seeing/ I’ll see the dentist tomorrow at 10:00.
4. I’ve decided I’m going to have/ I’ll a new job.
5. Helen’s pregnant. She’s going to have/ she’ll have a baby.
6. Look at the mess! I’ll help/ I’m going to help you clear it
up.
7. Oh dear, I think I’ll sneeze/ I’m going to sneeze.
8. I’m not sure which one to buy. OK, I’ll take / I’m going to
take the blue one.
4. Write the sentences and questions in the correct order.
1. I’m/ on business/ New York/ going
……………………………………………………………..

92
 2. How long / are/ stay/ with/ to / SUZY/ going/
you/?...............................................
3. You/ be/ are/ to/ going/ very surprised
………………………………………………………
4. Holiday/ this/ going/ a / have/ isn’t/ she/ to/ year/
……………………………………
5. I/ rain/ it’s/ to / going/ think/
……………………………………………………………………..
5.Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and a
future form.
1. I …………………. ( have) a party on Friday. Would you like to
come?
2. I’ve decided that I need a new car. I ……………….( buy) a Ford
Mondeo.
3. If you have a problem, ask the teacher. She………… ( help) you.
4. It ……………(be) a lovely day. Would you like to go to the park?
5. We ……………………(go) to Scotland for our holidays this year.

UNIT 10: PLACES AND THINGS

10.1.What…. like? comparative and superlatives

What is your favourite …?
- Town? telephone
- Sport? Favourite time to chat with a friend?
- Food? Internet café?
a. What …… like?

A. What’s your teacher like?

B. He’s very nice- Kind and Patient.
A. What are his parents like?
B. They’re strict and a bit frightening.

93
 A. What was your holiday in Turkey like ?
B. Great , thanks. Good weather, good food.
A. What were the people like?
B. Fabulous, Friendly and welcoming.
NOTE
We don’t use like in the answer.
She’s very nice. NOT : She’s like very nice.
2.In the question What…. Like? Like is a preposition.
‘What’s Jim like ?
He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got lovely blue eyes’
In these sentences like is a verb:
‘What does Jim like?
‘He likes motorbikes and playing tennis’
USE
1. What… like? Means ‘Describe somebody or something. Tell me
about them. I don’t know about them. ‘
‘What’s Megan’s new boyfriend like?
2. How’s your mother? Asks about health. It doesn’t ask for a
description.
How’s your mother? ‘She’s very well, thank you’.
10.2.Comparative and superlative adjectives
Form
Comparative Superlative
Short Cheap Cheaper Cheapest
adjectives Small Smaller Smallest
Big Bigger Biggest
Adjectives that Funny Funnier Funniest
end in -y Early Earlier Earliest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Adjectives with Careful More careful Most careful
two Boring More boring Most boring
Syllables or Expensive More expensive Most expensive

94
more Interesting More Most
interesting interesting
Irregular Far Further/ Furthest/
Adjectives Good Further furthest
Bad Better Best
Little Worse Worst
Much / many Less Least
More Most
*For short adjectives with one vowel + one consonant, double
the consonant: hot/ hotter/ hottest , fat fatter fattest
2. Than is often used after a comparative adjective.
I’m younger than Barbara
Barbara’s more intelligent than Sarah
Is Tokyo much more modern than London
3. The is used before the superlatives
He’s the funniest boy in the class
Which is the tallest building in the world?
Use:
1. Comparatives compare one thing, person, or action with
another.
She’s taller than me.
London’s more expensive than Rome.
2. Superlatives compare somebody or something with the
whole group.
She’s the tallest in the class.
It’s the most expensive hotel in the world.
3. As…. As shows that something is the same or equal.
Jim’s as tall as gentil
I’m as worried as you are
4. Not as/ so …. As shows that something isn’t the same or
equal
She isn’t as tall as her mother
My car wasn’t so expensive as yours.
95
EXERCISES
1. Match the questions and answers
1. What’s Phil like? a) Very well, thanks.
2. What does Phil like? b) Oh, the usual things-
3. How’s Phil? food and nice people.
c) He’s tall, funny and very
kind.
2. Write the comparative superlative of each adjective
1. Easy …………………………
2. Expensive ……………….
3. Sad ……………………………
4. Interesting …………………
5. Good ………………………….
3. Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative
form of the adjective in brackets.
1. This restaurant is ……………………( cheap) than the other one in
this street. The food is really good. I think it’s the ………………….(
delicious)food in town.
2. Who is the ……… ( popular) actor in your country?
3. Martial is a good player, but C.Ronaldo is a ………………..(good)
player than him. But Messi is the ……………………………………
( talented) in the team.
4. Could you tell me the ………………… ( quick)way to get to
London from here?
5. Eva is generous, but Laura is even …………………….. ( generous)
than her.
6. I’ve never been…………………………( happy). This is the
………………………. (happy) day of my life.
4. Complete the sentences. Use as …….. as and a word from the
box .
Long , difficult , exciting , much , fast , hot , quiet , high ,
spicy

96
1. I don’t think a hippopotamus can run …………………………….. a
lion.
2. Today is warm, but it’s not ……………………………yesterday.
3. I’m early. The journey didn’t take …………………………….I
expected.
4. The Children are asleep, so I’ll be ………………………….. I can.
5. I got an A. The exam wasn’t ……………………………… I
expected.
6. The Alps aren’t …………………………….the Himalayas.
7. My curry isn’t ……………………………….yours.
8. I didn’t expect the film to be ……………………….it was !
5. Correct these sentences
1. He’s more older than he looks.
2. Jessica’s as tall than her mother.
3. A. What does New York like?
C. B. It’s really exciting!
4. London is more expensive that Paris
5. The University of Oxford is one of oldest Universities in
Europe.
6. He isn’t as intelligent than his sister.
7. This is more hard than I expected.
8. Who is the most rich man in the world?
9. Everything is more cheap in my country.
10. Rome was hotter than I expected.

97
UNIT 11: PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR, WORD
ENDING, DEBATING

What is the Past simple and the past participle of these verbs? Are
they regular or irregular?
Write do Win Become
Read make Know
Be Get Have
11.1. Present Perfect
Form
Have/ has + ed ( past participle)
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many
common irregular past participles.
Positive and Negative
I ‘ve (have)
We/ you/ they Haven’t Lived abroad
He/ she/ It ‘s (has)
Hasn’t
Question
Have I
We/ you/ they Been to the United
Has He/she/it States?
Have you been to Egypt? Yes, I have/ No, I haven’t.
Use:
1. The present Perfect looks back from the present into the past,
and expresses what happened before now. The action
happened at an indefinite time in the past.
I’ve met a lot of famous people ( before now)
She has won awards. ( in her life)
She’s written twenty books (up to now)
The action can continue to the present, and probably into the future.
She’s lived here for twenty years. ( she still lives here)

98
 2. The present Perfect expresses an experience as part of
someone’s life.
I’ve travelled a lot in Africa.
They’ve lived all over the world.
Ever and never are common with this use.
Have you ever been in a car crash?
My Mother has never flown in a plane.
3. The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began
in the past continuous to the present.
- I’ve known Alice for six years
- How long have worked as a teacher?
The time expressions for and since are common with this use. We
use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time.
We’ve lived here for two years. (a period of time)
I’ve had a tattoo since I was a teenager. ( a point of time)
Note
In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. But
in English, we say:
Peter has been a teacher for ten years.
NOT: Peter is a teacher for ten years.
4. The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the
present. It is often a recent past action.
I’ve lost my wallet. (I haven’t got it now)
The Taxi’s arrived. (It’s outside the door now)
Has the postman been? ( are there any letters for me?)
The adverbs just, already , and yet are common with this use.
Yet is used in questions and negatives.
She’s just had some good news.
I’ve already had breakfast.
Has the postman been yet?
11.2. Present Perfect and Past Simple
1. Compare the Past simple and Present Perfect

99
Past Simple
1. The past Simple refers to an action that happened at a
definite time in the past.
He died in 1882
She got married when she was 22.
The action is finished
I lived in Paris for a year ( but not now)
2. Time expressions
I did it in 1999
Last week
Two months ago
On March 22
For two years
Present Perfect
1. The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened at an
indefinite time in the past.
She has written short stories
He’s made five albums
I’ve never been to America
The action can continue to the present
She’s lived there for twenty years ( and still does)
2. Time expressions
I’ve worked here for twenty years
Since 2002
Since I left school
We’ve never been to America

2.Compare the right and wrong sentences.

I broke my leg last year.
NOT I’ve broken my leg last year.
He has worked as a musician all his life
NOT He works as a musician all his life

100
How long have you had your car?
NOT: How long do you have your car?
DISCUSSING GRAMMAR
1. Choose the correct verb form
1. Have you ever been/ did you ever go to a rock concert?
2. I saw / have seen U2 last week.
3. I love rock music. I like / have liked it all my life.
4. U2’s concert was/ has been fantastic.
5. I have bought/ bought every record they have
made/made.
6. U2 have been/ are together since 1976.
Speaking
Decide on the question, beginning have you ever….?
- Have ever assisted at a computer reparation?
- Have you ever met a famous computer engineer? Who?
What has he done? What is/was he like?
- Have you ever visited a huge computer laboratory? Which
one ? What’s it like?
Complete the time expressions with for or since
1……….a year
2………..August
3…………a couple of days
4………….nine o’ clock
5…………. I was a student
6………….. half an hour
7…………..months
8………….. 1996
9………….. ages

10.3. WORD ENDINGS

1. Look at the common noun endings

-er , - or , -ist , -ian , - ant

101
2.Use the endings to make more jobs from these words

Art , politics , music , account , decorate , photograph , reception , interpret , science , library ,

Electric , law
3.Look at the noun and adjective endings.

Nouns : -ation , - sion , - ment , - ness , -ence , - al,

Adjectives : -y , - ly , -ous , -ful , - less , - all

Noun Verb Noun Adjective

Ar’rival Mood
‘Trainer Friend
Invi’tation Fame
‘Organize ‘Patient
Ex’plain ‘Happy
Kind
Em’ploy ‘Different
Im’provement ‘danger
Dis’cussion Di’saster
Ag’ree ‘beauty
I’magine Use
‘advertise Help

EXERCISES
1. Make sentences in the Present Perfect.
10. You/ do/ homework?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. You/ see/ Sarah?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. You/ make/ decision/ yet?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. How long/ know/ Jamie?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

102
14. She / be / Sweden/ twice.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. Their plane/ just/ land.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
16. Where/ you/ be?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Where/ do/ your hair?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Write Present Perfect questions for these answers.
1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
No, I’ve never been to Brazil. But I’d like to go.
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………….
Yes, I saw an elephant when I saw on holiday in Thailand.
3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
No, but I’d love to win some money one day!
3.Use the Present Perfect and the words in brackets to describe
these situations.
1. He’s carrying a suitcase . ( he/ be/ on/ holiday)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.His plate is empty. ( he/ eat/ everything)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.She can’t find her bag. ( she/ lose/ bag)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.Her leg is in plaster. ( she / broke/ leg)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.The final score is 3-1 to our team. (our/team/win/match)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6.I haven’t got any more money. (I/ Spend/ all/ my/money)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.Find and correct a mistake in each sentence.
1. I am here since last week.
2. Kevin had his new job for nine months. He loves it.

103
3. I lived here for ten years but I’m going to move soon.
4. Bridgit knows Philip for a year and a half.
5. We have been to China in 2005
6. How long do you have your dog?
7. They have known each other since three days.
8. She’s had a sore throat for this morning.
9. Jane was a vet for thirty years and she still enjoys it.
10. How long do you live in this city?
5. Choose the best answer.
1. Did you ever hear/ have you ever heard of an actor called Sylvia
Halliwell?
2. I never went/ I’ve never been to Zimbabwe.
3. He never met/ he’s never met his father. He died before he was
born.
4. Did you talk/ have you talked to Maggie yesterday?
5. I’ve never heard/ I never heard this music before?
6. Have you seen/ Did you see the news last night?
7. I never won/ I’ve never won a competition in my life.
8. Did you ever dream/ have you ever dreamt that you could fly?

UNIT 12: THINGS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

PASSIVES. VERBS AND NOUNS THAT GO TOGETHER

1) Make true sentences from the chart

104
Nikon cameras Scotland
Champagne Sweden
Ferrari cars Is Made in France
Whisky Are Italy
IKEA furniture Japan
A PHOTOGRAPH THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
Passives
1. Read the story of x-rays . Are these sentences true or
False?
1) X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1986
2) The first x-ray photograph was taken by Roentgen’s wife.
3) The first x-ray machine was also invented by Roentgen.
4) It is called the window into the human body
5) X-rays are only used in medicine
A PHOTOGRAPH THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
This is the first x-ray photograph. It was taken by a German
scientist, whilhelm Konrad Roentgen, in 1896. It is his wife’s hand.
The bones in her hand( and also her wedding ring! ) are clearly seen
in the photo.
X-rays were discovered by accident, while Roentgen was
experimenting with electricity. Soon after, he built the first x-ray
machine. Immediately, hospital operations were made much safer.
For the first time, doctors could see inside people’s bodies before
they cut them open! In 1901, Roentgen was awarded the very first
Nobel Prize in Physics. His invention is still used every by doctors
and dentists, and is called the window into the human body.
Since the introduction of computer imaging in the 1970s, X-ray
machines have been used for other things, too. At airports, many
criminals have been caught with illegal items in their luggage. Also
lost works of arts have been discovered underneath other paintings.
In factories, many faults in new products are found every day, using
x-rays. There is no doubt that new uses for x-rays will be developed
in the future.
105
The passive
Form
Am/ is / are
Was/ were + -ed(past participle)
Has/ have been
Will
The past participle of regular verbs in -ed.
Present
English is spoken all over the world.
Nikon cameras are made in Japan.
Coffee isn’t grown in England.
Are cars made in your country?
Past
My car was stolen last night .
The animals were frightened by a loud noise.
He wasn’t injured in the accident.
How was the window broken?
Present Perfect
I’ve been robbed!
X-ray machines have been used for many things.
They haven’t been invited to the party.
Has my car been repaired?
Will
10,000 cars will be produced next year.
The cars won’t be sold in the UK.
Will the Children be sent to a new school?
Are cars made in your country? Yes, they are/ No, they aren’t.
Has my car been repaired? Yes, it has/ No, it hasn’t.
Note
The passive infinitive ( to be + ed) is used after modal auxiliary
verbs and other verbs which are followed by an infinitive.
Driving should be banned in city centres.

106
The house is going to be knocked down.
Use
1. The rules for tense in the passive are the same as in the active.
Present Simple expresses habit:
My car is serviced regularly
Past simple expresses a finished action which began in the past and
continues to the present:
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
2. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive
verb. Notice the use of by in the passive sentence.
Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
3. The passive is not just another way of expressing the same
sentence in the active. We choose the active or the passive
depending on what we are more interested in.
4. Hamlet was written in 1600( we are more interested in
Hamlet)
Shakespeare wrote comedies , histories, and tragedies( we are
more interested in Shakespeare.)
Note
1. The subject of an active sentence is not mentioned in the
passive sentence If it is not really important.
Active: They built this house in 1937.
Passive : This house was built in 1937.
Not : This house was built in 1937 by them.
2. Some verbs, for example, give, send, show, have two objects, a
person and a thing.
She gave me a book for my birthday.
In the passive, we often make the person the subject, not the
thing.
I was given a book for my birthday.
She was sent the information by post.
You’ll be shown where to sit.

107
 Active and Passive
Complete the sentences with an Active or passive form
Active Passive
1 They make Rolls Royce cars in Britain. Rolls Royce cars…..in
Britain.
2 Over 5 million people ……. The Eiffel The Eiffel Tower is
Tower every year. visited by over 5
million people every
year.
3 Alexander Graham Bell invented the The telephone ….. by
telephone in 1876. Alexander Graham
Bell in 1876.
4 Thieves…… The scream by Edvard Munch The Scream by
in 2004. Edvard Munch was
stolen in 2004.
5 They have sold a Van Gogh painting for A van Gogh
$82 million. painting….for $82
million
6 More than 2,000 people…Mount Everest. Mount Everest has
been climbed by
more than 2,000
people.
7 BMW will produce 200,000 Mini cars 200,000Mini cars ….
next year. By BMV next year
Change the sentences below from active to passive tense.
1) The GP referred the patient to a consultant.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) We have identified the cause of this outbreak of dysentery.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3) The nurse noticed a rise in the patient's pulse rate
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4) The consultant is allowing him to watch the operation.

108
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
5) All chemists sell the tablets.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6) The doctor diagnosed appendicitis.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7) The paramedics comforted the injured person until the
ambulance arrived.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8) The midwife delivered the twins.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
9) The gland was producing an excess of hormones
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10) They looked after him very well in hospital.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

APPLICATIONS
A. Match the descriptions on the left with these famous
applications.
1) Word processor
2) spreadsheet
3) virus protection
4) browser
5) image editor
6) media player
7) email software
8) presentation software
9) graphic design software
Adobe Photoshop
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft PowerPoint
Norton AntiVirus
Outlook Express
Adobe PageMaker
RealPlayer

109
UNIT 13 : LISTENING

Watch this video and answer to the following questions:

110
 Verb Simple past Past Participle

abide abode/abided abode/abided/(rare) abidden

alight alit/alighted alit/alighted

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken

babysit babysat babysat

be was/were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat/beaten

become became become

befall befell befallen

begin began begun

behold beheld beheld

bend bent bent

beset beset beset

bet bet bet

bid bid/bade bid/bidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

burst burst burst

111
bust bust/busted bust/busted

buy bought bought

112