COVID-19: INDIA’S RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE NEEDS RETHINKING

Shalu Nigam, Independent Researcher

Corresponding Email: snigam00@gmail.com
ORCID ID: ORCID 0000-0002-9518-4804

Funding Source for this paper: Self

Current Methodology: Data is collected through online news reports, government reports, court
cases and other websites

Abstract
COVID-19 is posing challenges larger challenges in terms of human rights including health
rights of women and children. Since the mandatory lockdown has been imposed, violence
against women is exponentially rising world over. Several countries have enacted special
policies, laws and programs to deal with violence against women in homes.
However, India which since the 90s has witnessed widening inequalities since the policy of
Liberalization, Globalization and Privatization has been introduced, right now is again facing the
disastrous impact due to coronavirus. The pandemic is making adverse gender impact in two
ways – 1) Middle- or upper-class women facing abuse in homes during the lockdown and 2)
Poor women who have no homes or are surviving in slums or those on the roads walking back
home or those awaiting in villages for migrant men to come back.
The National Commission for Women has reported a rise of 94 percent in complaint cases where
women have been abused in their homes during lockdown. Also, another aspect that has not
received attention is increasing number of cases where migrant women, along with men, are
walking hundreds of miles, some in their advanced stage of pregnancy along with their children,
without food. Some are being forced to deliver babies on the roadside while others are receiving
devastating news of migrant men being dead while walking on roads. Deprivation and denial of
health and other services to women and children during the COVID crisis is aggravating the
disaster.
Therefore, almost half a billion women are at risk in India due to the pandemic. Yet, the state has
not made any comprehensive COVID response plan to tackle these challenges. Neither any
formal statement is being issued to declare domestic violence as an essential service nor plans
have been made to support pregnant women workers walking hundreds of miles without food
and water with their children. Rather, the state after 40 days of lockdown, while easing down the
restrictions, opened the liquor shops as a first step. In doing so, earning revenue is prioritized
over genuine serious concerns of women. This is despite of the fact that the women’s movement

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has shown evidences that consumption of liquor by men is proportional to increase in incidences
of abuse.
This essay investigates the gaps in the state’s response in India to the increase in incidents of
violence during the lockdown and argues that a robust comprehensive plan is required to address
different aspects of violence women are facing in the largest democracy. The government cannot
miss the chance to protect women from violence. In order to imagine a gender just violence free
world, the need is to impose the lockdown on the collective imagination that reiterate gender
stereotypical notions and to put the viruses of patriarchy and poverty in quarantine and isolation
forever. By maintaining social distancing with the misogynist ideas and developing a plan to
eliminate inequalities in all forms, gender justice and human rights could be achieved and the
rights guaranteed under the Article 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution can be reclaimed.
Key words: COVID-19, domestic violence, India, women, poverty, human rights, lockdown,
homes, response of the state, liquor shops, anti-arrack movement.

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COVID-19 and Mandatory Lockdown and Increase in Domestic Violence cases
Before COVID-19 broke-out the statistics reveal that every third woman in the world has faced
violence at least once in her lifetime. The mandatory lockdown being imposed in wake of
COVID-19 in leading to increase in number of incidents of domestic violence. Domestic abuse is
being reported all over the world such as China, Argentina, Germany Turkey, South Africa, UK,
USA, France, Malaysia, Lebanon to name a few. UN chief Antonio Guterres has called for
global `ceasefire’ because of horrific global surge violence directed towards women and girls
linked to lockdown imposed globally in response to the pandemic. (UN News, 2020) It is
expected that millions of cases of violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and
unintended pregnancies may occur during crisis causing devastation (UNFPA, 2020).
In India, the mandatory lockdown of 21 days has been imposed on 24 March 2020 when the
Prime Minister appeared on the national television to impose restrictions on the mobility of 1.3
billion population within the short notice period of four hours in an attempt to slowdown the
spread of coronavirus (BBC News, 2020 a). This lockdown has further been increased twice and
as per the current directions it may continue up to 17 May 2020 or may be extended further.
During the lockdown, home is recognized as a safest place to be. However, not all homes are
safe and also not all people have the luxury of the home or could maintain social distance in a
small room occupied by many. Poor people are suffering the worst and are further pushed to
margins (Nigam S, 2020 a). Coronavirus has exposed the precarious lives and invisible faces of
hunger, and predominate among those are women (Jhabvala R, 2020). There are women living in
slums who are facing worse in terms of survival because of lack of resources or even the space to
maintain social distancing (Slater J, et.al. 2020). Also, migrant workers, both men and women,
who have been working in cities, in the absence of work, are being compelled to face starvation
and police brutalities (BBC News, 2020, b). The government initially declared to provide them
with food and ration, but many could not receive the same (Kumar C, 2020). Later, the
government stated that the workers will be sent homes by trains, however, not all could avail the
luxury to travel (BBC News, 2020 c). With no resources left to survive, many are being forced to
walk for miles along with their children (Mishra S and S Verma, 2020).
Many pictures are emerging where women are walking in advanced stage of pregnancy and are
delivering babies on roads (News18, 2020). One is compelled to walk 160 kms after delivering a
baby on the road (Kataraiya M, 2020). The government has made no special provisions for such
women such as opening shelter homes, or providing food or medical care. Rather brutal actions
are being taken by police and administration in some places against the migrant workers.
As far as the upper or middle-class women are concerned, lockdown is probably not a new
experience for many in the patriarchal societies. Women have been contesting the boundary of
`public’ and `private’ or ghar and bahar since ages. But, today, patriarchy clubbed with gender
in-sensitive policies, is shrinking the women’s autonomy and have reduced women to second-
class citizens. The `lakhsman rekha’ drawn once again around the house by the Prime Minister in
his address to nation reiterates the patriarchal imagination and symbolizes the complex relation
between gender and nationhood through ancient ethos (Dixit M and D Chavan, 2020).

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In the absence of checks and balances amidst lockdown, women and girls are trapped in the
violence home with the abusive men and many are facing severe abuse (Nigam S, 2020 b). Steep
rise of around 94 percent of violence against women cases has been reported from 23 March
2020 to 16 April 2020 by the National Commission of Women (The Economic Times, 2020).
Other agencies across the country, too are reporting jump in number of incidents of domestic
violence Ratnam D, 2020). The child line has received twice the numbers of calls it received on
average days (Tyagi T, 2020). During the lockdown, as the reported cases of violence are
increasing, at the same times, the support services are dwindling, putting women and children at
high risk. Women have lost the access to any support measure available outside the household
including access to their parental homes which is earlier providing a safety-net (Nigam S, 2019).
Caged in violent homes, the women are being placed in the situation where it is difficult to seek
help or support from the outside world. Exposure and opportunity for abuse increases as there is
no one to intervene to protect women. Locked with their abusers in situation of restricted
mobility, and limited privacy, women are constantly facing grave dangers. Abusers are taking
advantage of isolation measures and abusing their powers. Hence, the very technique that is
being used to protect people from virus is making an adverse impact on women and children in
violent homes as the abuser is getting more opportunities to unleash violence.
It is not that women are not being abused in homes earlier, but during the lockdown, the virus is
mirroring and magnifying the discrimination, inequalities, oppressions, privileges and patriarchal
violence, all of which already existing in the male-dominated hierarchical and layered society. In
fact, structural gender-based violence is being reiterated during the lockdown where women who
are already considered at a lowest rung within the family hierarchy are now being economically
and social disempowered. Even otherwise, home is a contested site for unequal gender relations
where both men and women are placed unequally and men hardly share the household unpaid
care work. The gendered social norms burden women with the responsibility of care work within
homes and women are being judged on the basis of the quality of work. The cultural and social
biases act against the interest of women. During the lockdown, women are expected to take up
traditional gender roles and engage in domestic work with little or no contribution from men
(Shekhar DJ, 2020).
Data from the National Family Health Survey reveals that domestic violence is not considered as
a serious crime (NFHS-3). 42 percent men and 52 percent women believed that husband is
justified in beating his wife in certain situations such as when she argues, disobeys, cannot serve
hot food or could take care of babies. Only less than one percent sought help from police.
Domestic violence is rooted in power and control. Finding support from the natal family or a
community is already difficult in case women face violence in marital homes (Nigam S, 2005).
Medical care and psychosocial support are not easily available. Parental homes have helped
women to provide refuge in some cases earlier, but with the lockdown it is not easy to access the
same. Further, the lockdown is adding to this marginalization as violence could not be contained.
In the isolation during lockdown, when the perpetrators know that women have no other support
available and cannot escape easily, they ferociously abuse women. Patriarchy is dehumanizing
men and women. Lockdown neither could prevent men dominating and controlling women nor it

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could prevent men from displaying their sense of entitlements and privileges or from asserting
their prerogative to abuse women in home.
Steps taken in India during lockdown to prevent domestic abuse
Though the concept of domestic abuse is being raised in India, but no major steps have been
taken by the government to deal with the issue at the policy level. In fact, several NGOs when
petitioned the courts, some courts have issued directions to the state to provide protection to
women and children. For instance, the Delhi High court, on a petition filed by an NGO, directed
the government to deliberate on measures to ensure effective implementation of Protection of
Women Against Domestic Violence Act, 2005 in the wake of increasing in number of cases (All
India Council for Human Rights, Liberties and Social Justice v. Union of India). The state in its
reply said that it has put a protocol in place where a survivor once calls the helpline, the tele
caller will take the complaint and will forward it to the counselor who will establish a phone
communication with the survivor during the lockdown. The court disposed of the petition after
the status report is filed by the government
The Jammu and Kashmir High Court took suo moto cognizance and on 18 April 2020, offered
slew directions that include creation of special funds and designating informal spaces for women
such as grocery stores and pharmacies where women could report abuse without alerting the
perpetrator. The Karnataka High Court, too has asked the state government about the helplines
and action taken on domestic violence complaints. The state in its reply stated that helplines,
counselors, shelter homes and protection officers are working round the clock to help victims of
violence. In Tamil Nadu, protection officers appointed under the Domestic Violence Act 2005
are allowed to move during the lockdown and some women in dangerous situations are being
rescued and have been moved to shelter homes. In UP, the state government has initiated a
special helpline for victims of domestic abuse under the title `Suppress Corona not your voice’
(Panicker L, 2020). The police have assured that once a woman lodge a complaint, a woman
officer will attend to it. The chairperson of NCW claimed that ASHA and Anganwadi and other
frontline health workers are counselling against domestic violence and women can report these
workers in case they are facing abuse.
However, these measures, seemingly and evidently, are not sufficient enough. Considering the
diverse situation of India, and recognizing the limitations, a multi-dimensional approach is
required at the national level to address the grave situation of domestic violence including denial
and deprivation of their right to health care.
Gaps in Response
“Put women and girls at the center of the efforts to recover from COVID-19” said the Secretary
General of UN (Guterres A, 2020). However, in contradiction to recommendations as mentioned
above, in India, no advisory is being issued at the national level as yet by the state to declare
domestic violence as an emergency or to announce domestic violence services or health services
as essential during the lockdown. The Ministry of Women and Child Development is silent on
the issue of domestic violence and also has not taken any action to provide medical or other
support to women migrant workers delivering babies on roads. Article 14 of the Constitution of

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India guarantees equality and Article 15 ensures positive affirmation in favour of women and
children. Article 21 further envisions the right to life with dignity. However, these promises are
not being implemented. In fact, no political leader made any statement regarding stopping
violence or providing support to women in need. Half the billion population is facing dangers or
are being threatened and the government is not prioritizing the concerns of women to protect
them during COVID crisis.
Rather the first step, the state took to ease lockdown, despite of increase in incidences of
domestic violence, is that it decided to open alcohol shops after 40 days of lockdown in all, red,
orange and green zones (The Indian Express, 2020). During this period of lockdown, a
prohibition was imposed because of the non-availability of alcohol, but in order to collect
revenue, the government ignored the direct link between increase in violence against women and
consumption of alcohol (Begum S. et.al, 2015). The anti-arrack movements at many places,
earlier have raised the issue to ban the sale of alcohol (Reddy DN and A Patnaik, 1993). Yet, the
state decided to prioritize profit over eliminating violence against women. The Supreme court
refused to stay the sale of liquor (The Financial Times, 2020). This approach on focusing on the
economy and the GDP over human quality indexes such as less violence, gender equality, social
justice or happiness highlights the lopsided priorities, callousness and disastrous development
model (Roy AN, 2020). The toxic masculinity displayed its colors as the liquor shops open.
Within a day, a woman is reportedly killed by her husband in UP because she refused to sell her
jewellery to buy alcohol (Outlook, 2020). The patriarchal state continued to act in insensitive
and gender-blind manner to the plight of women.
Further, for the poor migrant women workers who are walking hundreds of kilometers, no
special provisions of facilities have been planned to support those who are travelling with
children or are in advanced stage of pregnancies or delivering babies on roads. In its status
report, the Ministry of Home Affairs submitted that “workers’ daily need is being taken care of”,
there is “no necessity for them to go back” and that any such movement “definitely causes a
serious health hazard” (Anand U, 2020). The Supreme court denies relief to migrant workers in a
plea filed for payment of wages amid lockdown saying that it could not run the government
(IndiaLegalLive.com, 2020) and that the steps have been taken by the Center and the state
governments (Tripathi A, 2020). The matter revolves around the prayer made in the petition
regarding payment of wages to the migrant workers and no mention has been made regarding the
challenges, pregnant women migrant workers and their children have been facing, by the court or
the government. Health of women is not prioritized anywhere while planning the travel by
trains, within the shelter homes or for women walking on roads. For those cases, where migrant
workmen have died while travelling, none of the state government has announced any scheme to
support their families. Hence, neither the poor nor the middle-class women appears anywhere in
the list of schemes, plans, strategies or any other measures being taken by the government in
response to COVID crisis.
Re-imagining the gender-just world in post-COVID era
The Declaration of Philadelphia adopted on 10 May 1944 by the International Labour
Organization affirmed that “Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere”.

May 2020 Shalu Nigam

On a similar note it may be said that, ‘patriarchy anywhere is a threat to gender justice
everywhere’. More specifically, in the times of crisis and recovery, when public health is the
matter of concern, it is essential that rights of women and children receive attention of law and
policy makers and that the viruses of patriarchy and poverty be eliminated forever along with the
coronavirus.
However, what is happening is that the decades of efforts and struggles are being rolled back in
India while responding to the COVID crisis as the government is not prioritizing women’s
concerns. Situation is that both poor and the middle-class women are suffering in different ways,
the former are being denied and deprived of their basic rights and the later are being lockdown in
home with the abusers without any support services being made available to them. Hence, the
country needs a robust comprehensive plan to address different aspects of violence women are
facing in the largest democracy.
The situation calls for a need to rethink and restructure the class inequalities widened due to
impact of globalization and to reconsider the stereotypical patriarchal assumptions and the
notions relating to gender norms. A crisis situation provides a platform to rekindle the collective
imagination to alter the pre-existing ideas about the gender discourse.
Homes cannot be reduced to the chambers of torture for women and children. The safety of
women and children cannot be compromised in so-called `private’ spaces while drawing
`Lakshman rekhas’ further reducing women to second-class citizens depriving them of their
agency and their beings. Dismantling patriarchy and gender inequalities at homes and in public
spaces is perhaps, essential to create a better world. Within the cure for coronavirus also lies the
cure of the viruses of patriarchy and all other forms of inequalities and discriminations.
Also, supporting women, irrespective of their class or other variables, by providing health
support services during the crisis is a significant issue that calls for immediate attention.
Restoring rights and dignity of all is important. Economic, social and political empowerment of
women is important in long run.
In order to imagine a gender just violence free world, the need is to impose the lockdown on the
collective imagination that reiterate gender stereotypical discriminatory notions and to put
patriarchy and poverty in quarantine and isolation forever. By maintaining social distancing with
the misogynist ideas and developing a plan to eliminate all forms of inequalities, gender justice
and human rights could be achieved and the rights guaranteed under the Article 14, 15 and 21 of
the Constitution can be reclaimed for all above the boundaries of class, caste or creed. Lockdown
could imply strengthening existing stereotypical notions of locking our collective imaginations to
the idea of women as second-class citizens or it could also imply locking the patriarchal notions
and ideas to imagine a violence free gender equal world.
***********
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