HAPITA, NYSSAH CHEILONE ANNE A.
BSCE 4-2
CENG116B – DATABASE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
LESSON 1: WHAT IS DATABASE MANAGEMENT
Data – collection of facts and figures which can be
processed to produce information.
Database – a collection of data
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
A DBMS is a collection of data which
✓ Provide management if databases
✓ Used to store, update, retrieve, manipulate,
and helps to produce information
✓ Control access to data
✓ Provide convenient and efficient to retrieve
data
✓ Supports secure, atomic access to very large
amounts of data
✓ Provide concurrent access (different users at
the same time)
✓ Provides an interface between users and the
database
✓ Backup and Recovery in event of a system
failure
✓ Security – password allocation and access
rights to particular layouts
APPLICATION OF DBMS
1. SALES – For customer, product, and purchase
information.
2. ACCOUNTING – For payments, receipts,
account balances, assets, and other
accounting information
3. HUMAN RESOURCES – For information about
employees, salaries, payroll taxes, benefits,
and generation of paychecks.
4. BANKING – For customer, information,
account, loans, and transaction.
5. CREDIT CARD TRANSACTION – For purchases
on credit cards and generation of monthly
statements.
6. UNIVERSITIES – For students’ information,
course registration, and grades.
7. AIRLINE – For reservation and schedule
information. Airline were among the first to
use database in geographically distributed
manner terminals situated around the world
accessed the central database system through
phone lines and other data network.
PURPOSE OF DBMS
✓ Provides secure and survivable medium for
storage and retrieval of data
✓ Data shared among several users and is
persistent
✓ Provides mechanism to create, access, and
manipulate data without compromising
security and integrity of data
✓ Redundancy can be reduced
✓ Inconsistency can be avoided
CONVENTIONAL FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM VS
DATABASE SYSTEM
▪ A data can be stored in either of the two.
▪ In Conventional File Processing System, each
and every subsystem of the information will
have its own set of files. As a result, there will
be duplication of data between various
subsystems.
▪ In Database Systems, there is a single
centralized database which minimizes the
redundancy of data to a greater extent.
FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM
- Stores permanent records in various files and
it needs different application programs to
extract records from, and add records to the
appropriate files.
DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM
1. DATA REDUNDANCY AND INCONSISTENCY
Data redundancy – same information may be
duplicated in several places. Ex. Customer
Name, Address. Errors are generated, time
entering data is wasted, computer resources
are needlessly taken up and updates can be
an enormous problem.
Data inconsistency – all copies may not be
updated properly; it will become a problem.
Ex. Information is duplicated in each system.
2. DIFFICULTY IN ACCESSING DATA
- May have to write a new application program
to satisfy an unusual request. Ex: Find all
customers with the same postal code. Could
generate this data manually, but a long job.
HAPITA, NYSSAH CHEILONE ANNE A.
BSCE 4-2

3. DATA ISOLATION
- Data in different files
- Data in different formats
- Difficult to write new application programs

4. INTEGRITY PROBLEMS
- This is the quality by which information from
the system can be trusted.
- The problems already stated show that
information can be out of date, can have
different values in different parts of the
system, can be inaccurate, etc.
- Data may be required to satisfy constraints.
- Example: No account balance below 25 000
- Difficult to enforce or to change constraints

5. ATOMICITY PROBLEMS
- Transfer of funds from one account to
another should either complete or not
happen at all.

6. CONCURRENT-ACCESS ANOMALIES
- Concurrent accessed needed for performance.
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
- Example: Two people reading a balance and
updating it at the same time

7. SECURITY PROBLEMS
- Lack o security example: There are no
restrictions on who can see what
- Every used of the system should be able to
access only the data the are permitted to see.
- Example: payroll people only handle
employee records and cannot see customer
accounts.
- Difficult to enforce with application programs