39663-Doc-State of The African Youth Report

State of African Youth Report
Foreword
In 2016, African Member States agreed to dedicate the year 2017 to the youth
of Africa under the theme “Harnessing the Demographic Dividend through
investments in Youth”. This decision reinforced the commitment of Member
States to Aspiration 6 “An Africa where development is people-driven,
unleashing the potential of its women and youth” of the African Union Agenda
2063 with emphasis on the aspiration that young Africans are engaged and
empowered.
With the mandate from the heads of State and Governments, the African Union
Commission (AUC) and other partners developed a roadmap that will guide the
implementation of the continental initiative through programmes, activities,
establish key milestones and concrete actions.
Bearing in mind that Africa has the youngest population, and the youth
population is estimated to grow exponentially, the youth demography presents
to the continent a huge dividend to be harnessed for socio-economic
transformation.
As a result, the roadmap was built on 4 thematic pillars: Pillar 1: Employment

and Entrepreneurship, Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development, Pillar 3:
Health and Wellbeing, and Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth
Empowerment). These pillars were developed with accompanying actions and
deliverables to assess implementation and progress.
Under the leadership of the African Union Commission (AUC), this State of
African Youth Report was developed as a synopsis the progress and
achievements Member States have made on the 4 pillars agreed on in the
roadmap. This report also critically analyses achievements in the 4 pillars using
indicators developed in consultation with National Statistical Offices (NSOs)
and data provided by Member States, National Statistical Offices (NSOs),
Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), development partners such as
UNstats, International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and Inter-Parliamentary Union
for each of the pillars.
Looking forward, it has been 3 years since the development of the framework,
this report serves as an evaluation and stocktaking of government efforts
aimed at achieving to harness the demographic dividend of young people in
Africa. It also provides evidence and recommendations that will inform
targeted policies and practices on issues that affect youth.
Introduction
The African Union’s vision of an framework for accountability on youth

integrated, prosperous and peaceful development efforts in AU Member
Africa driven by its own citizens and States. Over the last decade the AUC
representing a dynamic force in has been strengthening systems for
international arena is enshrined in the monitoring and reporting on youth
Agenda 2063, which is a strategic empowerment programmes on the
framework for the socio-economic continent with the establishment of the
transformation of the continent over the Status of Africa Youth Report (SoAYR).
next 50 years1. This report includes clear metrics for
assessing progress, and systems and
The African Union adopted the African processes for data collection, quality
Youth Charter in 2006 as a political and assurance, cleaning and analysis. It
legal document which serves as the responds to the APAYE, the AU
strategic framework that gives direction Demographic Dividend Roadmap and
453m
Africa is home to 453
to youth empowerment and
development at the continental, regional
and national levels.
the Africa Youth Charter.
The AU theme for the year 2017 outlines

Million young people four Pillars of the demographic dividend,
aged between 15 Africa being home to a large number of as outlined by the AU Demographic
and 35 young people (In the population of Dividend Roadmap; Employment and
young people aged 15 to 35 in 2018 was Entrepreneurship, Education and Skills
estimated to be 453 million), whose Development; Health and Wellbeing;
population is expected to continue to and Rights, Governance and Youth
increase in future (over 1 billion Empowerment2.
15-35-year olds in 2063), joins the world
in its efforts towards investing in the Indicators considered for report under
youth population. Similarly, Africa’s Employment and Entrepreneurship are;
urban population is expected to increase
by an additional 867 million over the Rate of Employment among
next 35 years. Agenda 2063 and the Educated Youths: the proportion
Africa Youth Charter thereby provide the of young people with a minimum of
blueprint for harnessing the potential of secondary level diploma who are
young people towards the continent’s employed. The purpose of this is to
sustained development. assess the abilities of countries to
absorb young people who graduate
The African Plan of Action for Youth from school.
Empowerment (APAYE 2019-2023)
mandates the AU to put in place a Rate of Youth Working Poor:
percentage of employed youth
1
African Union, Agenda 2063: The Africa we want, 2013, https://au.int/agenda2063/about
2
Africa Union, 2017, The AU Roadmap to harnessing demographic dividend through investment in youth
State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01

living below US$1.90 PPP per day, through a mobile money provider.
by age 15-24 and sex. The purpose
of this is to examine the rate of Rate of Informal Youth
youths who are employed but live Employment: rate of young
below the poverty line despite people who are employed in
being employed. non-agricultural jobs that are
unregistered and unregulated by
Rate of Youth Unemployment: the state.
the percentage of young people
who are available to work but are Rate of Child Labour: this assess
unemployed which is aimed at the rate of children below age 12
assessing the proportion of labour who engage in any economic
force available to work but not activities, children who are
currently employed. enslaved, forcibly recruited,
prostituted, trafficked, forced into
Rate of Youth not in Education, illegal activities or exposed to
Employment or Training: this hazards.
explains the proportion of young
people who are economically
inactive for reasons other than Second Pillar
education and training. Education and Skills Development
Youth Self-Employment Rate: The second pillar, Education and Skills

this assess the proportion of young Development has seven indicators. They
people who are employed in jobs include:
where remunerations directly
dependent upon the profit from the 1 Rate of Researchers: this
goods and/or services they measures the investment in
produce. human capital in research and
development by calculating the
Rate of Vulnerable Youth rate researchers per 100,000 popu-
Employment: young people who lation. This measurement would aid
work on their own or who are economic growth and serve as
unpaid family workers. pathways through higher educa-
tion.
Rate of Long-Term Youth
Unemployment: the rate of 2 Effective Transition Rate from
people who are unemployed for 12 Primary to Secondary:
months or more. This is assessed percentage of young people who
to look into how long-term successfully transit from primary to
unemployment could result into secondary education.
mental and material stress for
those affected and their families. 3 Completion Rate for Lower
Secondary Education: this exam-
ines the number of young people
Rate of Youth with Formal who complete lower secondary
Financial Account: this refers to education. The purpose of this is to
the rate of young people who have measure the ability of young
individual or jointly owned account people to complete a given level of
either at a financial institution or education.
1
African Union, Agenda 2063: The Africa we want, 2013, https://au.int/agenda2063/about
2
Africa Union, 2017, The AU Roadmap to harnessing demographic dividend through investment in youth

4 Completion Rate for Upper 4 Prevalence Rate of Modern
Secondary Education: the Contraception among Youth: this
number of young people who deals with the percentage of
complete upper secondary women, married or in a union, aged
education. This is to determine the 15-35 who are currently using
existence of quality and retention. modern method of contraception.
Youth Literacy Rate: the 5

Percentage of young women
5
percentage of young people aged Married or in Union before Age
15-35 who can read and write with Fifteen: the rate of women who
understanding of their everyday are married or in a union before the
life. age of 15.
6
Enrolment in Secondary 6 Female Youth who have
Technical and Vocational Undergone Female Genital
Education and Training: the Mutilation/Cutting: this meant to
percentage of enrolment in examine the rate of girls and other
secondary and technical education. female categories aged 15-35 who
have suffered Female Genital
7
Public Expenditure on Education mutilation/cutting.
as Percent of Gross Domestic
Product: the calculated public 7 Government expenditure on
expenditure expressed on Health as Percentage of GDP,
education to determine how much Youth Fertility Rate: this examines
government spends on education the total level of expenditure on
in a particular year. This would health
indicate how much education is
8 Rate of Mortality from
prioritized compared to other
investments. Non-Communicable Diseases: an
assessment of mortality rate
among young people aged 15-35
Third Pillar owing to cardiovascular diseases in
Healthcare and Wellbeing order to measure the extent and
risk of dying of these diseases.
There are sixteen indicators under the
third indicator, Health and Wellbeing. 9 Youth Diarrhea Mortality Rate:
These indicators are: the rate at which young people
aged 15-35 die of diarrhea.
1 Density Skilled Health
Professionals: the number of 10 Youth Lower Respiratory
physicians, including generalist Infections Mortality Rate: how
and specialist medical lower respiratory infections
practitioners, per 1000 population. contribute to mortality rate among
young people aged 15-35.
2 Youth Maternal Mortality Rate:
rate of maternal death among
11 Youth Malaria Mortality Rate: the
young women aged 15-35 during a extent of the prevalence of malaria
given period in time. Death from mortality among young people
any cause related to or aggravated aged 15-35.
by pregnancy and its management.
12 Youth Tuberculosis Mortality
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Rate: the rate of death that can be
3
Youth: estimated rate of young attributed to Tuberculosis. This is
people aged 15-35 living with aimed at assessing the prevalence
HIV/AIDS. of Tuberculosis and the effect it had
on young people aged 15-35.

13 Youth High Risk Sex: an aged 15-35 living below the
assessment of sexual activities national poverty line. This is to
with a non-marital, non-cohabiting indicate the social and economic
partner in the last 12 months state and wellbeing of young
among young people aged 15-35. people in the country.
This is aimed at investing the
spread of HIV/AIDS upon 5 Voter Turnout: the percentage of
unprotected sex. young people aged 15-35 who are
registered to vote by the National
14 Prevalence of Suicide among Electoral Commission. This is
Youth: an assessment of death aimed at unveiling the level of
rate from suicide and self-harm political participation by the young
among youths aged 15-35 in order people of the country.
to determine the prevalence of
mental health in the country.
For every country discussed, there is an
15 Youth Sexual and Gender Based indication on whether or not they have
Violence: the percentage of young ratified the African Youth Charter.
people aged 15-35 who have
experienced sexual and gender This report draws upon available data,
based violence. collected from National Statistical
Offices (NSOs) and data from other
trusted international development
Fourth Pillar Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
Rights, Governance and Youth including: UNstats, International Labour
Empowerment
Organization (ILO), United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
The last pillar, Rights, Governance and
Organization (UNESCO), and the
Youth Empowerment has five
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Quantitative
indicators, namely:
and qualitative data has been used in
the development of this report.
1 Youth Members of Parliament’s
Upper House: an assessment of It is the aim of this report to provide a
Youths’ participation in political credible source of information for youth
process by reflecting the development stakeholders, and a
percentage of young people who platform for evidence-based
occupy seats in the Parliament’s policymaking, and the monitoring of
Upper House. youth development across Africa. It is
further hoped that the data obtained
2 Urban/Rural Migration: the net and analysed will help make a better
rate of youth urban/rural migration. case for investing the young people.
This is aimed at determining the Finally, it is hoped that the report will
mobility of young people between guide and help countries in Africa, as
urban and rural settlement as an well as the AU, to set priorities for
indication for the need for social resource allocation.
infrastructures.
This report provides insight to policies
3 Internet Penetration Rate: this and programmes doing well as well as
defines the rate at which youths those areas which would benefit from
aged 15-35 uniquely access the further prioritization at the regional and
internet regardless of the device country levels. The intended audience
they use within the country within of this report includes policy makers in
a 3 month period. government, regional bodies,
international agencies, NGOs, and
4 Youth Poverty Rate: this refers to young people.
the proportion of the population

African
Countries
Pillars Indicators
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
10
indicators
Rate of
Employment Among
Educated Youth
Rate of
Youth Working Poor Rate of Youth
Unemployment
Rate of Youth
Not in Education,
Employment or Training
Rate of
Vulnerable
Youth Employment
Rate of Informal
Youth Employment
Youth Rate of Rate of Youth Rate of

Self-Employment Long-Term Youth with a Formal Child Labour
Rate Unemployment Financial Account
Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
7
indicators
Rate of
Researchers
Effective Transition Rate from
Primary to Secondary
Completion Rate for
Lower Secondary
Education
Completion Rate for
Upper Secondary
Education
Youth Literacy
Rate
Enrolment in Secondary
Technical and Vocational
Education and Training
Public Expenditure on
Education as a
Percentage of GDP
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Density Skilled Youth Maternal Prevalence of Prevalence Rate of Female Youth Female Youth Who
Health Professionals Mortality Rate Modern Contraception Married or in Have Undergone Female
HIV / AIDS Among Youth
Among Youth Union Before Age 15 Genital Mutilation /Cutting
16
indicators Government
Expenditure on Health
Youth Fertility
Rate
Rate of Mortality
from Non-Communicable Youth Diarrhoeal
Mortality Rate
Youth Lower
Respiratory Infections
Youth Malaria
Mortality Rate
as a Percent of GDP Diseases
Mortality Rate
Youth Tuberculosis Youth High Youth Sexual and

Prevalence of
Mortality Rate Risk Sex Suicide among Youth Gender Based Violence
Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
6
indicators
Youth Members
of Parliament’s
Upper House
Net Youth
Migration Rate
Internet
Penetration Rate
Youth Poverty
Rate
Voter Turnout Ratification of
African Youth Charter
Algeria
Capital: Algiers
Algeria
Algeria is located in Northern Africa. Algeria gained independence on
July 5, 1962 and joined the African Union on May 25, 19633. The
current population of Algeria is estimated to be 39.9million with 34%
(14.2million) aged 15-354.
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Algeria has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
9/10 indicators
2
Improved
4
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Algeria has nine out of ten indicators in this pillar; two improved, four worsened, and 3 remained relatively unchanged
and had no trend data.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Unemployment distribution by duration (12 months Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial
or more-aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money service provider (by age
15-24, no sex breakdown)
Both Female Male 61.10
57.60
48.10
2014 38.45
38.60 41.30
31.50
2017 28.58
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.

2014 2017
38.45%
The chart indicates the declining
From the given chart (figure1), the rate of unemployment rate of Youth with Formal financial
worsened between 2014 and 2017; from 38.60% to 57.60% for Account between 2014 and 2017. 28.58%
both male and female. This is a drastic change which is worthy This fell from 38.45% in 2014 to
2014
of urgent attention. 28.58% in 2017.
2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 01

Figure 4
6/7indicators
Government expenditure on education, total as a percentage
of GDP (2008).
Algeria has data for six out of the seven indicators in this
pillar. Here, indicators either had single year data or
remained unchanged over time.
4.34%
Education
Figure 3
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
(Relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
99.39
99 98.91 The given chart explains the government
98.51 expenditure on education, total as
percentage of GDP. As at 2008, the rate
was 4.34%. There is no data trend for this
indicator.
2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The chart above indicates that the Effective

Transmission Rate from Primary to
Secondary fluctuated between 2012 and
2015. It started with 98.51% in 2012, rose
to 99.39 in 2013, fell to 99% in 2014, then
declined to 98.91% in 2015.
Figure 5
14/16 indicators
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of Gross
Domestic Product.
5.36 5.12 5.27

6.00 6.03
6.54
7.06
4.20
3.84 3.73 3.60 3.82
3.49 3.54
3.24 3.36
6 8
Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
Algeria has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
indicators improved while others stayed consistent over The graph indicates the growth of Current Health Expenditure, total
time and had single year data point, hence no trend. as percent of GDP from 2000 to 2015. The expenditure experienced
an increase from 3.49% in 2000 to 7.06% in 2015.
3
African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf >
4
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition

Figure 6
6/6
indicators
Percentage of young people Population Living in Poverty (no
age or sex breakdown) 2011.
1 1 4 0.57%
Young People in Poverty
Improved Worsened Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from World Development indicators database.
Algeria has all six indicators in this pillar. Only one

indicator improved, one worsened, while 4 others The given diagram indicates the percentage
remained relatively unchanged. of Young People Living in Poverty in 2011
which was 0.57% of the total population.
There is no data trend for this indicator.
Recommendations
Policy review for Long-term Unemployment and Formal Financial Accounts may
1 benefit Algerian youths economically.
2 Mental health policy and programmes for males may be beneficial to Algeria.
Female literacy may be an area for future focus as the data suggest a downward turn
3 although it still remains relatively high.

Angola
Capital: Luanda
Angola
Angola is located in Southern Africa with a population estimated to 27.9
million. Angola joined the African Union in February 11, 1975 and gained
independence on November 11, 19755. 34% of the population (10.4
million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 36
percent in 20636.
Angola ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009
7/10 indicators
3
Improved
1
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Angola has data for seven of ten indicators in this pillar; 3 remained relatively unchanged, 1 worsened, while the
remaining three indicators had single year data points.
Figure 7 Figure 8
Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17
Training (by age 15-24 and sex) 2014. and sex).
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
25.3
3.11
2.56 23.4
21.6
1.97
2010-2016
2014
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats (2014) Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2014)
2011
The proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or There is no data trend for the
Training, according to the given chart, has no data trend as
the graph only provides information for the year 2014 alone.
The proportion of young people in this category for both
percentage of children in Child
Labour. Therefore, the chart only
presents data for 2011 which was at
47.5%
Child Labour Percentage
male and female is 2.56%. 47.5%.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 04

5/7indicators
Figure 9
The given graph indicates an improvement
in the Government Expenditure on
Education between 2000 and 2010. It
increased from 2.61% in 2000 to 3.47% in
Angola has data for 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 2010.
indicators improved, while 3 others had only single year
data points;
Figure 9
Government Expenditure on Education, total as percentage
of GDP.
3.47
2.86
2.78
2.61
2000 2005 2006 2010
Figure 10
14/16 indicators
Domestic Product.
5.19
4.70
5.01
3.98
4.24 3.60 3.50 3.58
6 1 7 2.84
2.99
2.80
2.95
Improved Worsened Unchanged 2.50

3.22
2.74 2.66
Angola has 14 out of the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Of these 14 indicators 6 improved, 1 worsened and 7 The graph reveals the fall of the percentage of Current Health
remain unchanged. Expenditure which remained relatively unstable between 2000
and 2015 from 2.50% to 2.95%.
Figure 11
There is no data trend for the rate of
Skilled Health Professional’s density per 15.86 Skilled Health Professional prior to
2009
10,000 (per population) (no youth age or 2009
sex breakdown).
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
5
6

3/6
indicators
87.3% 76.1%
2008 2017
There was a decline in voter turnout from 87.36% in

2 1 2008 to 76.13% in 2017.
Improved Worsened
Figure 12
International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total
Population (by age 15-34 and sex)
10.79
13% 10.34
9.87
Both Female Male
0.4% 5.61 5.67 5.55
1.93
1.82 1.71
2003 2016
Internet penetration rate witnessed the highest growth 2010 2015 2017
by increasing from 0.4% in 2003 to 13% in 2016. Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
According to the graph above, the rate of International Migrant Stock fluctuated. It was initially 1.82% for both
male and female in 2010 and it rose significantly to 10.34% in 2015, then declined to 5.61% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies that positively impact Completion Rate for Upper Secondary School, and Completion
1 Rate for Lower Secondary School could improve education for young people in Angola.
2 Angola could benefit from policies targeting youth unemployment.
Policies targeted at intensifying the fight against malaria, as well as address the need for
3 modern contraceptives could benefit Angola.
Policies targeting the declining rates of Voter Turnout and Youth Participation in
4 Parliament could improve youth engagement in Angola.

Benin
Capital: Porto-Novo
Benin
Benin is located in Western Africa. The country gained independence on
August 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 19837. The
current population of Benin is estimated to be 10.6 million and 35% of the
population is aged 15-358.
Benin ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
6/10 indicators
3
Improved
1
Worsened
2
Unchanged
Benin has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar- 3 improved, 2 remained relatively unchanged while 1 had single year
data hence, no trend.
Figure 13 Figure 14
Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US $1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24)
per day (by age 15-24 and sex).
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
5.76
5.75
5.73
5.68
5.63
5.41
5.41
5.40
5.28
5.02
5.19
5.02
5.02
58.90
58.10
4.84
56.50
57.10
57.40
4.68
50.60
49.00
49.70
48.60
48.00
43.20
42.30
40.60
41.50
41.20
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Rate of unemployment
in 2017
The rate of Youth Unemployment
slightly improved, by declining from
The percentage of youth living below US$1.90 PPP per day
in Republic of Benin improved by declining from 50.60% in
2013 to 48.00% in 2017 for both male and female.
5.19% 5.41% in 2013 to 5.19% in 2017 for
both male and female.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 07

Figure 15
6/8indicators
The graph indicates a decline in the rate of
transition from primary to secondary from
2012 to 2015; it declined from 88.69% in
2012 to 83.75% in 2015.
Benin has 6 out of 8 indicators in this pillar. two

indicators are unaccounted for
Figure 16
Government Expenditure on Education, total as percentage
of GDP.
5.03
Figure 15 4.87
4.55
4.22 4.32 4.36
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 3.99
3.80
(relevant ages, no sex breakdown). 3.23 3.15 3.50
3.23
2.89 2.95 3.63
88.69
3.12
85.46 87.56
83.75
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 13 14 015 16
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 20
The trend of Government Expenditure on

2000 2005 2006 2010
3.99% Education fluctuated but eventually declined
in 2016 by landing in 3.99%
Figure 18
15/16 indicators
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as a percentage of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP).
4.49
4.21
4.24
4.67
4.11
4.27 4.03 4.08
4.18 4.17 3.91 3.99
3.96 3.70 3.86
7 8 3.65
Improved Unchanged
Benin has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 out of 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
the 15 indicators have improved while others have The diagram indicates a fluctuation in the Current Health
single year data. Expenditure between 2000 and 2015. It was at the rate of 4.27%
in 2000 while it declined to 3.99% in 2015.
Figure 17
This indicator has no data trend as
Skilled Health Professional’s density per 7.50 the diagram only features 2013 data
2013 which reveals 7.50% as the data for
10,000 (per population) (no youth age or
sex breakdown). 2013.
7
8
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 08

6/6
Figure 19
Percentage of young people population living in poverty
(PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
indicators
53.1
48.8 49.6
1 5
Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
2003 2011 2015
The percentage of Young People population living in Poverty

12% increased from 48.8% in 2003 to 49.6% in 2015.
1.0% Figure 20
International migrant stock as percentage of total
population (by age 15-34, and sex).
2003 2016
Both Female Male
Internet penetration rate improved from 1.0% in 2003 to 10.79
11.56
12.0% in 2016 10.53 11.28
9.82 10.26
9.50
8.87
9.30
55.9% 65.9% 2010 2015 2017

Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
2013 2015
The graph below indicates a rise in the international migrant
Voter turnout improved from 55.9% to 65.91% stock as it rose from 9.82% in 2010 and rose to 10.26% in 2017
between 2013 and 2015. for both males and female
Recommendations
Policy addressing youth unemployment and working poor could be beneficial to Benin’s
1 economy. Along with a focus on encouraging growth in the formal employment sector.
Benin would benefit from focusing on policies related to youth literacy rate and government
2 expenditure on education.
Benin would benefit from focusing on non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate,
3 youth malaria mortality rate, and increased number of skilled health professionals.
Policies that influenced the reduction of youth poverty rate and the increase of internet
4 penetration rate could boost opportunities for youth in Benin.

Botswana
Capital: Gaborone
Botswana
Botswana is location in southern Africa. Botswana gained independence
on September 30, 1966 and joined AU on October 31, 19669. The
population of the country is estimated to be 2.2million with 38% aged
between 15 and 3510.
Botswana has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
7/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Botswana has 7 of the 10 indicators ; 2 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and 2 had single
year data point.
Figure 21 Figure 22
Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Proportion of Youth with Account Ownership at a Financial
Training (by age 15-24 and sex). Institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age
15-24, no sex breakdown).
Both Female Male
3.11
2.56
2014 47.73
1.97
2017 46.97
2014
Rate of youth with account The rate of youth with account

The chart only provided data for trends in 2014 ownership at financial ownership at a financial institution
institution declined by or with a mobile-money-provider
which reveals the proportion of Youth not in
Education, Employment or Training at 2.56% for
both male and female. 46.9% in 2017
declined from 47.73% in 2014 to
46.97% in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Botswana 10

4/7
Figure 23
The rate of researchers improved by
increasing from 168.33% in 2012 to
indicators 179.47% per 1,000,000 population in 2013.
Botswana has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar. 2

indicators improved, 2 decreased and 1 had a single year Figure 24
data. Government Expenditure on Education, total as a
percentage of GDP.
10.68 9.63
Figure 23 8.85
Rate of researchers per 1,000,000 population (all ages, no
youth age and no sex breakdown).
2012 168.3 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2005 2007 2009
2013 179.4
Government expenditure on education

9.63% declined from 10.68% in 2005 to 9.63% in
2009.
Figure 25
11/16 indicators
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as a percentage of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP).
6.59
5.78
6.23
5.72
6.75
5.58
6.32 6.37
5.97
5.44
5.82 5.26 5.31
5.00 5.25
4.74
7 4
Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
Botswana has 11 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Seven improved, one remained relatively unchanged, The rate of Current Health Expenditure remained unstable from
while 3 had single year data. 2000 to 2015 starting with 5.82% in 2000 and landing in 5.97%.
Here, there was no significant change.
28.01 28.01
Figure 26 27.54
26.60 Non-communicable
Non-communicable Diseases Youth 25.96 diseases youth mortality
Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex rate improved as it declined
breakdown). from 28.01% in 2013 to
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
25.96% in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
9
10
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1

Figure 28
6/6indicators
Percentage of Young People Population Living in
Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
29.81
Both Female Male
18.20
3 3
Improved Unchanged
2002 2009
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database.
Figure 27
International Migrant Stock as percentage of total
Figure 28
population (by age 15-34 and sex).
The percentage of young people population living in poverty
Both Female Male improved; it reduced from 29.8% in 2002 to 18.2% in 2009.
24.81 25.10 25.52 25.79

24.50 25.24
21.43
20.81
20.14
2010 2015 2017
Figure 27
The International Migrant Stock witnessed an increase from
21.43% in 2010 to 25.79% in 2017.
Recommendations
1 Policy to encourage entrepreneurship could be worthwhile for Botswana.
2 The improved rate of researchers could benefit the country.
Interventions on mental health and other social determinants could yield improved health
3 outcomes for Botswana.

Burkina Faso
Capital: Ouagadougou
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is located in western Africa. The country gained
independence on August 5, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25,
196311. Burkina Faso has an estimated population of 18.1 million with
35% (6.9million) aged 15-3512.
Burkina Faso ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
7/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Botswana has 7; 2 improved, 2 worsened, one remained relatively unchanged, and 2 had single year data point.
Figure 29 Figure 30
Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial
institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age
Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown)
12.86
12.86
12.80
12.77
11.76
2014 8.32
8.56
8.56
8.56
8.55
8.00
5.47
5.24
5.39
5.39
5.42
2017 38.72
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
The rate of youth with

38.72%
According to the graph, females are more disadvantaged as formal financial account
8.32%
they are more likely to be unemployed at 12.77% than improved considerably from
males at 5.47% in 2017. The data presents a relatively 8.32% in 2014 to 38.72%
stable trend in unemployment. in 2017.
2014 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burkina Faso 13

6/10 indicators
Figure 31
The transition rate from primary to
secondary school improved from 68.19% in
2012 to 76.05% in 2016.
Burkina Faso has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar. 2

indicators improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Figure 32
unchanged, and the other 2 had no trend data. Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education
and Training (by age 15-24 and sex).
Both Female Male
Figure 31
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.79
0.81
0.79
0.79
0.78
0.75
Effective transition rate from primary to secondary (relevant
0.73
0.71
0.73
0.69
0.69
ages, no sex breakdown).
0.65
76.55 77.55
76.05
68.74
68.19
2012 2013 2015 2016 2017

Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute of Statistics.

This indicator worsened between 2012 and
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
0.65%
Female enrolment
2017 despite a little improvement for males.
Males maintained a higher percentage at 0.85
while females had 0.65%.
Figure 33
14/16
Non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate (by age
15-35, no sex breakdown).
76.51
75.74
indicators 75.45
74.97
73.92
6 8
Improved Unchanged
Burkina Faso has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. 6 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
of these indicators improved and 8 others had single
Youth mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases fell from
year data points, 76.51% in 2013 to 73.92% in 2017.
45.15
42.38
Figure 34 40.81
Youth mortality due to
Youth Malaria Mortality Rate (by age 38.67
malaria fell from fell from
37.69
15-34, no sex breakdown). 45.15% per 100,000
population in 2013 to
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report 37.69%.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
11
12

Figure 36
3/3
indicators
Burkina Faso has all three indicators in this
pillar. 2 of the indicators improved and the
other worsened.
The youth poverty rate improved between 2003
and 2014 by falling from 57.3% to 43.7%.
57.3
55.3
43.7
2 1
Improved Worsened
Figure 35 2003 2009 2014
Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage

of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown) Figure 36
The youth poverty rate improved between 2003 and 2014
75.96 by falling from 57.3% to 43.7%.
64.14
56.43 60.13
2002 2007 2012 2015
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Figure 35
Voter turnout fluctuated between 2002 and 2015 falling
from 64.14% to 60.13%.
Recommendations
Targeted policies to address working poverty among youths could be beneficial for
1 Burkina Faso.
Policies which address high rates of child labour and others could improve the state of
2 youths in Burkina Faso.
Policies to improve the Enrolment in Secondary Technical and Vocational and Training rate
3 would improve education and, in turn, employment opportunities in Burkina Faso.

Burundi
Capital: Gitega
Burundi
Burundi is located in Central Africa. The country gained independence on
July 1, 1962 and joined African Union on May 25, 196313. The current
population of Burundi is estimated to be 10.2million with approximately
35% (3.9million) aged 15-35. This population is projected to be stable at
35% while that of the youths is projected to have increased 11.8million14.
Burundi has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
10/10 indicators
1
Worsened
9
Unchanged
Burundi has all 10 indicators in this pillar. One indicator worsened. Others remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 37 Figure 38
Unemployment distribution by duration (12 months or Proportion of Youths with Account Ownership at a Financial
more- aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex). Institution or with a Mobile-Money-Service Provider (by age
Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown).
98.8
98.2
97.3 2014 4.91

2014
Also, the rate of youth 38.72%
with account ownership
8.32%
at financial institution
No trend data is available for the rate of unemployment improved considerably
among educated youth. The only data available represents from 8.32% in 2014 to
2014
2014 at 33.1% for both male and female. 38.72% in 2017. 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burundi 16

6/7indicators
Figure 39
The Effective Transition Rate from Primary
to Secondary School fluctuated between
2012 and 2016. It eventually dropped from
75.66% in 2012 to 76.3% in 2016.
Burundi has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar. One of the
indications improved while others fluctuated or had Figure 40
single year data.
Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24, and sex).
Both Female Male
3.04
2.81
Figure 39
2.59
2.24
2.12
2.14
2.10
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary
2.01
1.88
1.82
(relevant ages, no sex breakdown.)
1.60
1.31
1.00
1.10
1.39
0.90
0.80
86.76
0.52
79.60
76.30
77.23
75.66
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2.81%
Enrolment in secondary,
education and training improved between 2012
and 2017. It increased from 0.80% to 2.81% in
technical and vocational
education 2017.
Figure 41
13/16 indicators
Domestic Product (GDP). 10.54 11.28
10.33 10.18
9.39
10.43
9.45
6.76 8.64
7.23 8.23 8.24
6 7 6.47 6.43
6.20
Improved Unchanged 6.81
Burundi has 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar. 6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
indicators improved, 1 worsened, while others
fluctuated, remained relatively unchanged or had single Current Health Expenditure as percent of GDP fluctuated
year data point. between 2000 and 2015, it’s 2015 value stood at 8.24
62.11
60.98
Figure 42 59.91
Non communicable disease
Non-Communicable Diseases youth 58.54
with mortality rate from fell
58.14
Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex from 62.11% per 100,000
breakdown) population in 2013 to
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report 58.14%. in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
13
14

Figure 44
6/6indicators
Burundi has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2
improved while others worsened.
Percentage of young people population living in
poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
77.7
71.7
2 4
Improved Worsened
2006 2013
Figure 43 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database.
Population (by age 15-34 and sex). Figure 44
Both Female Male The percentage of young people population living in
12.38 13.23 poverty declined from 77.7% in 2006 to 71.7% in 2013.
11.87 12.69
11.38 11.35
10.64
10.39
10.14
2010 2015 2017
Figure 43
International migrant stock data fluctuated between 2010
and 2017. It rose from 12.38% in 2010 to 13.23% in 2015,
then 12.69% in 2017.
Recommendations
The youth literacy rate suggested that targeted programmes on literacy may benefit
1 Burundi.
Mental health programmes and policy, particularly for males, may help in curbing the
2 increase in suicide.
3 Focus on access and infrastructure can be beneficial to Burundi.

Cabo Verde
Capital: Praia
Cabo Verde
The Republic of Cabo Verde is located in West Africa. Cabo Verde gained
independence on July 5, 1975 and joined the African Union on July 19,
197515. The current population of the country is estimated to be 533,000.
Approximately 40% (223,000) of Cabo Verde’s population is aged 15-35
and this proportion is projected to decrease to 26% (198,000) in 206316.
Cabo Verde ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
9/10 indicators
3
Improved
2
Worsened
4
Unchanged
Cabo Verde has 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, and 4 remained relatively unchanged or
had no trend data.
Figure 45 Figure 46
Employment Distribution by Intermediate Education (by Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex).
age15-25 and sex).
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
20.83
42.80
20.61
20.28
20.27
36.20 20.52
17.95
17.83
17.78
17.80
17.80
16.34
16.32
16.33
16.33
16.14
28.70
5.50 4.70
3.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2015 2017
The Rate of Employment among Educated Youth improved

20.52% Unemployment of females was 20.52
in 2017
substantially between 2015 and 2017 for both males and The Rate of Youth Unemployment remained relatively stable
females, with males increasing from 4.70% to 42.80%, and between 2013 and 2017 with females being more likely to be
females increasing from 5.50% to 28.70% in 2017. unemployed at 20.52 percent in 2017 compared to males at
16.14 percent.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cabo Verde 19

5/7
Figure 47
The percentage of enrolment in secondary,
technical and vocational education and
indicators training remained relatively unchanged. The
rate slightly improved from 1.30% in 2012
to 1.54% in 2017 for both male and female.
Cabo Verde has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 2
improved, 1 worsened, while 2 remained relatively
unchanged or had no trend data. Figure 48
Government Expenditure on Education, total as a
percentage of GDP.
Figure 47
Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education 7.88 7.48
and Training (by age 15-24 and sex). 6.53
5.52 5.57
5.27
1.54
1.53
5.22
1.51
5.41
1.48
1.45
5.31
1.36
1.30
1.32
1.26
5.04 5.00 4.96

1.30
1.29
1.21
1.20
1.11
1.11
1.09
1.08
1.06
2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Public Expenditure on Education as a

2012 2013 2014

2015 2016 2017
5.22% Percentage of GDP has relatively unchanged
between 2002 and 2017 being at 5.22 percent.
Figure 49
13/16 Suicide Mortality Rate (death per 100,000 population) (by

sex, no youth age breakdown).
16.5
16.1
15.7
14.2
11.3
13.3
indicators
10.1
11.1
11
9.4
6.6
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.7
6 1 6
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Cabo Verde has 13 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 The rate of suicide worsened between 2000 and 2016
improved, 1 worsened, while others stayed consistent rising to 11.3 per 100,000 with males more likely to commit
over time or had single year data point. suicide than females at rates of 16.5 and 6.1 respectively.
10.54 11.28
5.20 5.20
4.85 4.93 5.01
Figure 50 4.84 10.43 The graph indicates that the
Current Health Expenditure
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) 4.79 8.64 remained relatively unstable
as percentage of gross domestic 9.39 8.23 8.24 between 2000 and 2015 by
product. (GDP) 6.81 moving from 4.85% in 2000
to 8.24 in 2015.
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repositon
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
15
16

Figure 52
6/6
indicators
Cabo Verde has all 6 indicators in this
pillar; two improved and others fluctuated.
Voter Turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage
of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown).
76.01
54.14 54.18
65.93
2 4
Improved Worsened
2001 2006 2011 2016
Figure 51 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary
seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 30 and sex). Figure 52
The percentage of voter turnout fluctuated between 2001
Both Female Male and 2016. In 2001, it started at 54.14%, reached a peak of
76.01% in 2011 and ending at 65.93% in 2016.
0 0 0
2014
Figure 51
There is no data trend for the proportion of young people
who occupy parliamentary seats. The year represented is
2014 and it portrays 0.0% for both male and female.
Recommendations
Cabo Verde’s enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and training
1 remains quite low and could benefit from policy review.
The suicide rate of males worsened faster than that of females suggesting mental health
2 policy review may be beneficial.
3 Youth political participation could benefit Cabo Verde with no youth members of parliament,
and fluctuating voter turnout.

Cameroon
Capital: Yaounde
CAMEROON
The Republic of Cameroon is located in Central Africa. Cameroon gained
independence on January 1, 1960 and joined African Union on May 25,
196317. The current population of Cameroon is estimated to be 22.8 million
and approximately 36% (8.8 million) of this population is aged 15-34. This
proportion is projected to decrease to 34% (21.1 million) in the year 206318.
Cameroon ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
10/10 indicators
2
Improved
8
Unchanged
Cameroon has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar; of these indicators, 2 improved, and others remained relatively
unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 53
Figure 54
Employment distribution by intermediate education (by
age 15-24 and sex). Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of
Harmonized series (Non-Agriculture) (by age 15+ and sex, no
Both Female Male youth age breakdown)
23.40 88.02
20.40
82.39
17.70
78.07
2014 2014
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
20.40% Employment distribution projection for

female in 2014.
78.07% Unemployment rate for both
males and females in 2014
There is a single year data for the rate of informal youth

Employment distribution by intermediate has a single year employment. The available data is for 2014 and the
data. It projects 23.40% for males, 20.40% for females, and percentages are considered to be high; 82.39% for male,
17.70% for both males and females in 2014. 88.02% for female, and 78.07% for both male and female.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cameroon 21

6/7indicators
Figure 55
There was a slight decline in the rate of
effective transition rate from primary to
secondary; it fell from 67.89% in 2014 to
66.49% in 2015.
Cameroon has 6 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 3
improved, 2 worsened, while 1 had no trend data.
Figure 56
Government Expenditure on Education, total as a
percentage of GDP.
Figure 55
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (relevant
ages, no sex breakdown)
67.89 2014 43.24

66.49
This indicator had a single trend which was

2014 2015

43.24% for 2014. The completion rate was at 43.24%
in 2014.
Figure 57
16/16 indicators
Current Health Expenditure as percentage of Gross
Domestic Product.
4.50 4.63
4.72
4.48 4.48 4.55
4.98
4.82
4.98 4.99 4.93 4.94
5.11
4.32
4.42 3.75
8 8
Improved Unchanged
Cameroon has data for all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
improved and others stayed consistent over time or The Current Health Expenditure improved slightly from
had single year data point, hence no trend. 4.32% in 2000 to 5.11% in 2015.
17.3
17.1
16.32
16.4
16.4
13.3
Both
12.3
12.2
Figure 58
11.9
Suicide mortality rate

11.7
Female
fluctuated between 2000
8.8
Suicide mortality rate (deaths per Male

7.3
7.4
7.3
and 2016. In 2000, it was at

6.9
100,000 population) (by sex, no 13.3% then reduced to

youth age breakdown) 12.2% in 2016
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Divisions
17
18

Figure 60
6/6
indicators
Cameroon has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2
improved while 4 fluctuated over time or had
no trend data.
Percentage of young people living in poverty (no age or
sex breakdown)
29.3
23.1 23.8
2 4
Improved Unchanged Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
2001 2007 2014
Figure 59
population (by age 15-34 and sex). The rate of young people living in poverty fluctuated
between 2001 and 2014. It started with 23.10% in 2001,
Both Female Male rose to 29.30% in 2007, and then declined to 23.80% in
9.67
2014.
9.23 9.31
8.80 8.89
8.48
5.94
5.52
5.09
2010 2015 2017
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Figure 59
The rate of International Migrant Stock improved
from 5.52% in 2010 to 8.89% in 2017 for both male
and female.
Recommendations
Employment in informal sector remains high in Cameroon, thus the country could benefit
1 from policy and programmes facilitating formal employment of youth.
Cameroon may benefit from policies facilitating both lower and upper secondary, which
2 remain below continental averages.
It was discovered that males were more likely to commit suicide than females. This
3 suggested that policies targeting mental health may be beneficial to Cameroon.

Central
African
Republic
Capital: Bangui
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

The Central African Republic is located in Central Africa. The country gained
independence on August 13, 1960 and joined African Union on May 25,
196319. The current population of Central African Republic is estimated to be
4.5 million. Approximately 36% (1.6 million) of the current population is
aged 15-35 and this population is projected to decrease by 35% in 206320.
Central
Central Africa
AfricanRepublic
Republichas not
has ratified
not the
ratified African
the Youth
African Charter.
Youth Charter.
6/10indicators
1
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Central African Republic has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, one remained relatively
the same, and two others had no trend data.
Figure 61 Figure 62
Vulnerable employment as percentage of total
Rate of youth unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
employment (by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
12.09
12.00
11.70
11.29
67.84
11.46
11.41
67.49 11.32
11.27
10.61
67.47
11.03
67.35 67.35
10.87
10.88
10.87
10.40
9.96
2013 2014 2010 2015 2016

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
67.47% Rate of vulnerable employment

in 2017
10.61% Youth unemployment in
2017 for both male and females
The rate of vulnerable youth employment remained relatively The proportion of youth unemployment slightly improved. It
stable at 67.84% in 2013 and 67.47% in 2017. declined from 11.27% in 2013 to 10.61% in 2017 for both
males and females.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Central African Republic 24

3/7 indicators
Figure 63
The proportion of youth literacy declined
from 60.81% in 2000 to 36.36% in 2010 for
Central African Republic has 3 out of the 7 indicators in

this pillar; 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, Figure 64
and 1 has a single year data point, hence no trend.
Government expenditure on education, as a percent of GDP
1.61 1.62 1.65

Figure 63 1.52 1.54
1.42
1.30
Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 1.31
1.29 1.23
1.20
Both Female Male
72.39
60.81
49.02 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
48.86
36.36
26.97 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2014 2017
1.23% Government expenditure on education fell
from 1.61% in 2000 to 1.23% in 2011.
Figure 65
13/16 indicators
Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
1200
1190
1170 1150
1110
1060 1020
992 963
7 6 941
909 882
Improved Unchanged 888 876 873
872
Central African Republic has data for 13 out of 16 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
indicators in this pillar; 7 improved, one worsened, and There was an improvement on the rate of maternity mortality rate. It
6 reported single year data points hence no trend. declined from 1200 in 2000 to 882 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Figure 66
Proportion of women of
reproductive age (aged 15-49) who 2011 28.70
28.70%
There was a single data point for the
have their need for family planning proportion of women of reproductive
satisfied with modern methods (by age who have their need for family
age 15-49 and females) planning satisfied with modern
methods. It was at 28.70% in 2011.
19
20

6/6
indicators
The Central African Republic has all 6
indicators in this pillar; 1 improved and 2
worsened.
Figure 68
Internet penetration rate (no age or sex breakdown)
2.2 3.0
3.4 3.6
3.8
4.0
2.0
1.8
1 2 1.0
Improved Worsened 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 014 15 16
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 20 20
Figure 67 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate
(PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
While there has been an increase in Internet Penetration
66.30 Rate between 2000 and 2016 it remains very low at 4
percent.
64.80
2003 2006
Figure 67
The percentage of young people living in poverty worsened
between 2003 and 2008. It increased significantly from
64.80% in 2003 to 66.30% in 2008.
Recommendations
Policies to curbing the rising rate of youth working poor could be beneficial for Central
1 African Republic.
Policies with the potential to further reduce the rate of vulnerable youth employment could
2 yield positive effect on the economy of Central African Republic.
Central African Republic could benefit from focusing on policies which improve the youth
3 literacy rate.

Republic
of Chad
Capital: N'Djamena
REPUBLIC OF CHAD
The Republic of Chad is located in Central Africa. Chad gained
independence on February
August 11,28,1960
1922and
andjoined
joinedthe
the AfricanUnion
African UnionononMay
May
25, 196321
21. The current estimated population of Chad is 14 million with
approximately 35% (5.3 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to

increase to 36% by the year 206322 22
Chad ratified African Youth Charter in 2012.
Pillar 1: Education and Entrepreneurship
6/10 indicators
1
Improved
5
Unchanged
Chad has 6 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 out of the 6 improved while others remained relatively
unchanged or had no single year data point, hence no trend.
Figure 69 Figure 70
Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5-17
and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
52.2
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.14
1.14
51.5
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
50.8
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2010-2016

Source: Generated using data from National Statistical office of Chad. Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.
1.14% Rate of unemployment for both

male and female in 2013 and 2016
51.5% Rate of child labour between
2010-2016
The rate of youth unemployment remained relatively stable
between 2013 and 2016 at 1.14% for both male and female Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the
in 2013 and 2016. rate for 2010-2016 being 51.5.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Chad 27

7/7 indicators
Figure 71
The proportion of literate youths remained
constantly stable between 2013 and 2018
at 17.58% for both male and female.
There is no trend analysis as data either remained

relatively unchanged, or indicator had only single year of Figure 72
data.
Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of
GDP
3.47
Figure 71
2.35
Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 2.31
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
17.58
17.56
17.55
17.53
17.51
17.50
2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.

1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Government expenditure on education

3.47% experienced an increase from 2.35% in
2013 to 3.47% in 2016.
Figure 73
15/16 indicators
48.8
53.1
49.6
6 1 8
Improved Unchanged Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
Worsened
2003 2011 2015
Chad has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 The proportion of women of reproductive age who have their
improved, 1 worsened, while others remained need for family planning satisfied by modern methods remained
unchanged or had single year data points, hence constantly unstable from 2003 to 2015.
no trend.
Figure 74
Adolescent birth rate per 1,000
females in that age group (by age
15-19 and female)
2013 79.0% 79.0%
There is a single data point for
adolescent birth rate at 79.0% in 2013.
21
22

6/6 indicators
Chad has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 3
improved and others fluctuated.
Figure 76
poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown)
62.9
38.4
3 3
Improved Worsened
2003 2011
Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex breakdown)
3.5 5.0
This indicator improved as it shows a decline in the
2.9
2.5 percentage of young people population living in poverty.
2.1 It fell from 62.9% in 2003 to 38.4% in 2011.
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.3
0.2
0 0
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 008 009 010 11 12 13 014 15 16

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 2 2 20 20 20 2 20 20
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate
Figure 75
Internet penetration rate improved significantly from 0% in
2000 to 5% in 2016.
Recommendations
Policy and programmes targeting youth literacy may help to improve Chad’s low literacy
1 rates, particularly for females.
2 Policies or investment to increase infrastructure and access could benefit the country.
Policies aimed at educating youth on sexual and reproductive health may be beneficial as
3 well as increased access to services.

Union of
Comoros
Capital: Moroni
UNION OF THE COMOROS

The Union of the Comoros is located in Eastern Africa. Comoros gained
197523. The current population of Comoros is 777,000 with approximately
36% (303,000) aged 15-35. This proportion of youth is projected to
decrease to 34% by the year 206324.
Comoros has not ratified African Youth Charter.
5/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Comoros has 5 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved and 2 worsened and 1 remain relatively unchanged.
Figure 77 Figure 78
Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male 64.64 64.23

64.03
63.87 63.82
19.50
19.40
19.40
19.30
19.30
19.30
19.10
19.10
19.00
19.00
19.10
19.10
18.30
18.30
18.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.
Vulnerable employment as
18.30% Percentage of employed youth in 2017
was 18.30% 63.8% percentage of total employment
between 2013-2017
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP
per day improved in 2017 by dropping from 19.10% in 2013 The proportion of vulnerable unemployment slightly
to 18.30%. improved. It declined from 64.64% in 2013 to 63.82% in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Union of the Comoros 30

4/10 indicators
Figure 79
The percentage of literate youth declined
Declined from 80.19% in 2000 to 71.58 for
both male and female
Comoros has 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1

improved, 1 worsened, and 2 others had single year data Figure 80
points hence no trend.
Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of
GDP
Figure 79 7.71
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-25 and sex)
4.89 4.86
4.30 4.34
83.95 3.88
80.19
77.56
73.81
71.58
69.60
2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
The percentage of Government Expenditure

2000 2017
4.34% on Education fluctuated as it rose and fell
but eventually landed at 4.34% in 2015.
Figure 81
12/16 indicators
Proportion of women of reproductive age (age 15-49 years)
who have their need of family planning satisfied with modern
methods (age 15-49 and female)
5 2 5 2012 27.80
Comoros has 12 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar;

5 improved, 2 worsened, and other 5 are provided for Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey
single years which do not show trend.
Both Female Male

9.7
9.4
9.9
9.9
7.2
Figure 82
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.8%
5.1
Suicide mortality rate (death per

3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
100, 000 population) (by sex, no

youth age breakdown)
Suicide mortality rate per 100,000
population worsened. It increased
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 from 5.1% in 2000 to 6.8% in 2016.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division
23
24

4/6 indicators
Comoros has 4 out of the 6 indicators in this
pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others
fluctuated.
Figure 84
Percentage of Young People Population living in
Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown)
18.1
13.5
1 1 2
2004 2013
Internet penetration rate (no age or sex breakdown)
7.5 7.9
6.5 7.0 The proportion of Young People Population Living in
6.0
5.5 Poverty worsened in 2013 as it increased from 13.50% in
5.1 2004 to 18.10%.
3.5
3
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
00 01 02 03 04 0 5 06 07 08 09 010 11 12 13 014 15 16
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 20 20 20 2 20 20
Figure 83
Although the rate of internet penetration improved from
0.3% in 2000 to 7.9% in 2016, it is still considered low.
Recommendations
Comoros could benefit from mental health interventions and policies aimed at averting the
1 worsened suicide rate.
Policies aimed at access and information modern contraception could yield better health
2 outcomes.
The country would benefit from focusing on policies and interventions to boost youth
3 literacy rate.

The Republic
of Congo
Capital: Brazzaville
THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO

The Republic of Congo is located in Central Africa. Congo gained
196325. The current estimated population of Congo is 81.3 million with 33%
(1.7 million) aged 15-35 and the proportion of this age is projected to
increase to 35% by the year 206326
The Republic of Congo ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
6/10 indicators
2
Improved
3
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Congo has 6 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 3 worsened and 1 had a single year data point
hence no trend.
Figure 85 Figure 86
Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
per day (by age 15-24 and sex)
22.96
22.46
Both Female Male
21.96
22.05
21.52
21.21
20.98
21.20
21.20
20.83
20.73
20.72
34.80
34.70
34.60
33.90
33.80
20.45
33.60
20.26
20.23
33.00
32.80
33.20
33.20
32.70
32.20
32.20
31.30
31.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
22.46% Rate of youth unemployment

in 2017
33.90% Proportion of youth living below $1.90

in 2017 was 33.90%
The rate of youth unemployment worsened in 2017. It rose
The proportion of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP from 20.73% in 2013 to 22.46% in 2017 for both male and
improved in 2014 and 2015 but experienced a decline in female.
2016.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | The Republic of Congo 33

4/7
indicators
Figure 87
There was a single year data point for the completion of
for upper secondary education. The graph covers 2012
where the rate for female was at 14.91%, while the rate
for male was at 15.49%.
Congo has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1
improved while 3 others had a single year data point, Figure 88
hence no trend.
Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-34, and sex)
Both Female
Figure 87
80.91
Completion rate for upper secondary education (relevant 77.62 76.95
ages, by sex)
15.49
14.91
Female
Male
2000 2017

2012
Figure 89
14/16 indicators
874 853
830
808
793 794
787 789 803 792 793
777
771
9 5 746
717
Improved Unchanged
693
Congo has 14 out of 16 indicators out of this pillar; 9 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
improved, while other 5 had single year data points
hence no trend. Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
2.44 3.43
2.38
2.40
Figure 90 2.12 2.11 2.19 2.16
2.03 2.00
1.88 1.88 1.99
3.43%
1.78 1.90
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) 1.69
as percentage of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
The proportion of CHE
improved from 1.69 in 2000 to
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. 3.43% in 2015.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
25
26

Figure 92
6/6
indicators
Congo has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2
improved, 1 worsened, while others
fluctuated.
Internet penetration Rate (no age or sex
breakdown)
5.6
6.1
6.6 7.1
7.6
8.1
5.0
4.5
4.3
2 1 3 2.0
2.8
1.1
0.5
0.2
0 0
Figure 91
Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a 20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10 11 12
20 20 20
13 014
2 20
15
20
16
percentage of registered voters (no age or sex

breakdown) Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate.
69.36
The Internet Penetration Rate improved between 2000

42.23
and 2016 to reach a relatively low 8.1 percent.
2002 2007
Figure 91
The rate of voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a
percentage of registered voters declined from 69.36%
that it was in 2002 to 42.23% in 2017.
Recommendations
The country could benefit from policies which target working poverty, youth
1 unemployment, and vulnerable employment.
The country could benefit from policies which target working poverty, youth
2 unemployment, and vulnerable employment.
3 Policies aimed at further improving maternal mortality rate could be worthwhile.

Republic of
Cote D’Ivoire
Capital: Yamoussoukro
COTE D’IVIORE
The Republic of Cote D’Ivoire is located in Western Africa. Cote D’Ivoire gained
independence on August 7, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196327. The
current estimated population of Cote D’Ivoire is 23.1 million with approximately 35%
(8.8 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to remain stable at 35% by the
year 2063 with the number of youth growing to 22.9 million28.
The
CoteRepublic
d’Ivoire of Congo
ratified theratified
Africanthe African
Youth YouthinCharter
Charter 2009. in 2011.
10/10 indicators
5
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Cote D’Ivoire has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 2 worsened and others stayed relatively unchanged or
had no trend data.
Figure 93 Figure 94
Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment Informal employment and informal sector as a pencentage of
(by age 15+, no youth age and sex breakdown) Employment Harmonized series (non-Agriculture) (by age 15+
and sex, no youth age breakdown)
74.84 74.60 Both Female Male
74.02
73.36 96.21 98.15
73.34 94.37
93.80
87.70
82.36
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2000 2017

Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
73.34% Proportion of vulnerable youth in 2017

was 73.34% 93.80% Rate of informal employment
in 2016
The percentage of vulnerable youth employment slightly The rate of informal employment improved between 2013
improved between 2013 and 2017. It eventually landed in and 2016, falling to 93.80 percent. The rate for females
73.34% in 2017. remain particularly high at 93.80 percent in 2016.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cote D’Ivoire 35

7/7
indicators
Figure 95
The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary
improved between 2013 and 2014 then remained
relatively unchanged through to 2016 to a rate of 91.94
percent.
Cote D’Ivoire has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3

improved, 2 worsened, and others had no trend data. Figure 96
Figure 95 70.84
Both Female Male
60.72
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (relevant
ages and no sex breakdown)
52.13 58.33 59.12
53.02
47.04
38.75
92.67 91.97
91.94
87.89
2010 2015 2017

2002 2007 2012 2015
The Youth Literacy Rate worsened between 2000 and 2014
but did see improvement from 2012, being 53.02 percent in
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2014.
Figure 97
14/16 indicators
Skilled Health Professional’s density (per 1,000 population) (no
youth age or sex breakdown)
2008 6.22
5 1 8
Cote D’Ivoire has data for 14 out of 16 indications in Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
this pillar; 5 improved, 1 worsened, while others
There is no trend data for Skilled Health Professionals with the
stayed consistent over time and has single year data 2009 rate being 6.22 per 1,000 population.
hence no trend.
Figure 98
Adolescent Birth Rate per 1,000
females in that age group (by age
15-19 and female)
2010 129.0 129.0
Fertility Rate was 129.00 per
1,000 population in 2014.
26
27

Figure 99
6/6
indicators
Cote D’Ivoire has all 6 indicators in this pillar;
1 improved, 1 worsened, while others either
remained relatively unchanged or had single
year data.
Proportion of young people who occupy
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 30
and sex)
Both Female Male
1 1 4
0 0 0
2014
Figure 100
Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a
percentage of registered voters (no age or sex
breakdown)
36.56 There is no trend data for Youth Members of Parliament
Lower House. There were no members of parliament
31.54 under 30 in 2014.
34.10
2003 2009 2014
Figure 100
Voter Turnout fluctuated between 2000 and 2016 but
remains relatively low at 34.1 percent in 2015.
Recommendations
While the rate of vulnerable and informal sector employment improved, they are still
1 relatively high in Cote D’Ivoire so the country would benefit from policy encouraging formal
sectors for employment.
Cote D’Ivoire’s literacy rate remains well below the continental average of 73.83% for 2014.
2 The country could benefit from policy addressing this.
Youth political participation could benefit Cote D’Ivoire as the country has no youth
3 members of parliament and low voter turnout.

The Republic
Democratic
The Republic
Republic
of Congo
Capital: Yamoussoukro
Capital: Kinshasa
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

The Democratic Republic of Congo is located in Central Africa. DR Congo gained
independence on June 30, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196329.
The current estimated population of DR Congo is 76.2 million with approximately
33% (27.8 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to increase to 36% by
the year 206330.
Congo hasnot
DRC has notratified
ratifiedthe
the African
African YouthCharter.
Youth Charter.
Charter
10/10 indicators
5
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Cote D’Ivoire has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 2 worsened and others stayed relatively
unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 101 Figure 102

Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Percentage of children involved in Child Labour (by age 5-7
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) and sex).
Both Female Male Both Female Male
40.7
77.20
77.20
77.20
75.60
75.60
75.60
75.10
75.10
38.4
75.10
75.10
75.10
75.10
74.80
74.70
74.70
36.1
2014
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
75.1% Rate of youth working poor witnessed

a downward trend in 2017 at 75.1%
40.70% Rate of child labour in
female between 2010-2016
There is no trend data for Rate of Child Labour with the rate
The rate of Youth Working Poor witnessed a downward trend
for 2010-2016 being 38.4. Females had a higher rate at 40.7
between 2013 and 2017 for males and females, landing at
compared to 36.1 percent for males.
75.1 percent for both in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Democratic Republic of Congo 37

6/10 indicators
Figure 103
The Youth Literacy Rate improved between 2001 and
2016, with that for males reaching 90.96 percent. While
that of Females lagged behind, despite a 28 percentage
point improvement, at 79.71 percent.
DR Congo has 6 out of the ten indicators in this pillar.
Youth literacy rate improved considerably while Public
Expenditure on Education as percentage of GDP remained Figure 104
relatively unchanged. Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of
GDP
2.17
2.12
Figure 103 2.06
1.95
1.47
91.05
83.60 84.99 90.96
77.98 78.94
76.66 79.71
70.42
63.09 65.78
53.25
2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2010 2015 2017 2017 The percentage of Government Expenditure on Education

fluctuated between 2010 and 2017. It eventually declined to
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 1.47%.
13/16 indicators
Figure 105
Maternal mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
874 853
830
808
793 794
787 789 803 792 793
777
771
7 6 746
Improved Unchanged 717
693
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DR Congo has 13 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
improved, 6 others had single year data points hence
no trend. Maternity mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015. It
declined from 874 to 693 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Figure 106
Proportion of women aged 20-24
years who were married or in a 2014 10.00
10.0%
There was no trend data for the proportion
union before age 15 (by age 20-24
and female) of women who were married or in a union
before age 15. The available data is for
2014 and it was at the rate of 10.00%
26
27

Figure 108
6/6
indicators
DR Congo has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2
improved while others did not have sufficient
data for trend analysis.
population (by age 15-34 and sex)
5.63
5.96
Both
5.64
Female
5.97
Male
4.93 5.30 5.31

4.64
2 4 4.34
Improved Worsened
Figure 107 2010 2015 2017
Percentage of Young People Population living in Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
94.10
Net Youth Migration increased slightly between 2010 and

77.10
2017 with the 2017 rate being 5.64 percent.
2004 2012
Figure 107
The rate of young people living in poverty improved as it
declined from 94.10% in 2004 to 77.10% in 2012.
Recommendations
Child labour rate, particularly for females at 40.7% were well above the continental average
1 of 26.14%. this suggests that policies may be needed to address child labour rate.
Policies which further reduce the working poverty rate from the 2012 rate of 77.10 could be
2 beneficial. This rate is higher than the continental average 32.37 percent for 2012.
3 Policies aimed at internet infrastructure and access could be of benefit to DR Congo.

Republic of
Djibouti
Capital: Djibouti
REPUBLIC OF DJIBOUTI
The Republic of Djibouti is located in Eastern Africa. Djibouti gained
independence on June 27, 1977 and joined the African Union on the same day31.
The current estimated population of Djibouti is 927,000 with 39% (383,000) aged
15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 29% in the year 206332.
Djibouti ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
5/10 indicators
1
Improved
2
Worsened
2
Unchanged
Djibouti has 5 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 of the indicators improved while others remained relatively
unchanged or had single year data hence no trend.

Self-employed as a percent of total employment (modeled
Informal Employment and Informal Sector as a Percent of ILO estimate) (by age 15+ and sex, no youth age breakdown)
Harmonized Series (non-agriculture) (by age 15+ and sex,
no youth age breakdown) 42.76 42.90
42.24
41.61
41.49
2016 73.50
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Djibouti. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
73.5% Rate of youth working in informal

employment in 2017 is 73.50%
41.49% Rate of self employment
in 2017
Trend data is not available for the rate of informal
employment, being 73.50 percent on 2016. The rate of self-employment decreased between 2013 and
2017 falling to 41.49 percent.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Djibouti 40

3/7
indicators
Figure 111
The effective transition rate from primary to secondary
school declined to 83.90% in 2016.
Djibouti has 3 out of 7 indicators in this pillar.

Figure 112
Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (relevant
Figure 111 ages and sex)
Both Female Male
Effective transition rate from primary to secondary (relevant
ages, no sex breakdown) 92 92 92 92 92
91 91 91 91 91
92.67 91.97
91.94 90
87.89 89
2010 2015 2017 2017

2002 2007 2012 2015 The completion rate for upper secondary education
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. remained relatively stable between 2013 and 2017 by
maintaining 92% for both male and female.
14/16
Figure 113
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no
Both Female Male
indicators
9
8.6
7.5
7.3
6.8
6.7
5.9
6.4
5.8
4 1 9
5.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.1

3.5
Djibouti has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 4

improved, 1 worsened, while others remained
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
relatively unchanged or had single year data hence no
trend. Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
50.22 49.17
48.41
Figure 114
46.94%
47.72
46.94
Non-Communicable
Diseases Youth Mortality
rate (by age 15-34, no sex The occurrence of
breakdown) non-communicable diseases youth
mortality improved by dropping from
50.22% in 2013 to 46.94% in 2019.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
25
26

5/6
Figure 116
Djibouti has 5 of the 6 indicators in this pillar; poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown)
1 improved and two worsened.
indicators
22.5
20.6
18.6
1 2 2
Figure 115
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex breakdowns) 2002 2012 2013
13.1
11.9
9.5 10.7
8.3 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate.
7.0
6.5
4.0
2.3
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.2 0.3
00 01 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 11 12 13 014 15 16
20 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 20 20 2 20 20
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Figure 116
The rate of voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a
percentage of registered voters increased from 20.6% in
2002 to 22.5% in 2013
Recommendations
1 Policies aimed at strengthening the formal sectors may be beneficial to Djibouti.
Both the effective transition rate from primary to secondary education and the completion
2 rate for upper secondary were relatively high compared to continental averages.
The increase in the rate of men was the driver for the increase of men’s likeliness of
3 committing suicide than women.

Egypt
Capital: Cairo
Egypt
The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in Northern Africa. Egypt gain
independence on February 28, 1922 and joined the African Union on May
25, 196333. The current estimated population of Egypt is 93.8 million with
34% (34.2 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to
30% by 206334.
Egypt ratified the African Youth Charter in 2015.
8/10 indicators
7
Improved
1
Unchanged
Egypt has data for 8 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved and the other one remained relatively unchanged or
had no data trend.

Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Unemployment Distribution by Age (12 months or more-
Training (by age 15-24 and sex.) Aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male

88.00
41.10
Both Female Male

35.80
85.70
35.70
85.50
84.20
83.00
82.00
81.90
28.40
81.00
27.60
27.60
77.80
73.10
72.30
19.80
19.80
17.90
71.80
2013 2015 2016

2014 2015 2016 2017
This remained relatively unchanged overall between 2013 and Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2016 but the rate for females improved to 35.70 percent and
The rate of unemployment improved majorly. It declined
the male rate increased to 19.80 percent in 2016.
from 84.20% in 2014 to 72.30% in 2017 for both male and
female.
33
34
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Egypt 43

Figure 119
The rate of literate youth worsened
6/7
between 2005 and 2017. It increased from
84.93% in 2005 to 93.92% in 2017.
indicators Figure 120

Government expenditure on Education, total as percent of
Egypt has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, GDP
1 worsened, while the other had no trend data.
4.95
4.79
4.67
Figure 119
4.00
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 3.68 3.76
Both Female Male
94.96
93.92
93.65
92.84
92.36
92.20
90.56
90.08

89.28
87.86
88.05
87.51
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

84.88
84.93
84.88
81.75
78.95

worsened according to findings relayed in
2005 2006 2010 2012 2013 2017 the graph above. It declined to 3.76% in
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2008.
Figure 121
13/16 indicators
Percentage of Girls and Women aged 15-49 who have
Undergone Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (by age 15-49
and female)
2015 87.20
11 2
Improved Worsened
Egypt has 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 11 Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.
improved, 2 worsened, while others remained The Prevalent Rate of Female Genital Mutilation in 2015 was
consistent over time and had single year data points 87.20
hence no trend.
80.10 80.00
78.80 79.00
Figure 122 77.20
Proportion of women of reproductive age (15-49 years)
who have their need for family planning satisfied with
modern methods (by age 15-49 and female) Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.
2000 2003 2005 2008 2014

Figure 123
6/6
indicators
Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex
breakdown) 62.04
2 4
Improved Unchanged
28.27
28.13
27.47
Figure 123 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Proportion of Young People who Occupy

Parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lowers (by age under 2005 2010 2012 2015
30 and sex)
Both Female Male
1.00
Figure 124
0.70
The proportion of internet penetration barely improved
between 2005 and 2015. It rose from 28.13% in 2005 to
28.27% in 2015.
0.30
2017
Recommendations
Despite the improvement on the rate of long-term unemployment, the rate is still higher
1 than continental average of 44.24%. Therefore, it would benefit Egypt if focus could be on
the rate of long-term unemployed.
2 Egypt’s results are relatively high compared to continental averages in education
The rate of female youths who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting at
3 87.20% was well above the continental average of 68.73% in 2015. This could be an area
where focused policy and programmes could help.
Youth political participation could benefit Egypt with voter turnout being less than half the
4 continental average at a low 28.27%.

Equatorial Guinea
Capital: Malabo
Equatorial Guinea
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in Central Africa. Equatorial
Guinea gained independence on October 12, 1968 and joined African
Union on the same day35. The current estimated population of Equatorial
Guinea is 1.2 million with 40% aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to
Equatorial Guinea has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
9/10 indicators
2
Improved
4
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Equatorial Guinea has nine out of ten indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 4 worsened, and 3 remained relatively
unchanged and had no trend data.

Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
Vulnerable employment as percentage of total
Both Female Male
employment (by age 15+, No youth age or sex
breakdown)
14.42
14.16
13.98
13.11
35.94
12.73
35.60 35.62
12.46
35.39
11.95
11.73
35.37
11.86
11.32
11.28
11.23
10.87
10.87
10.83
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of vulnerable employment worsened between 2013

The rate of unemployment worsened in 2017 at 14. 16% for
and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was
both male and female, compared to 11.28% in 2013.
worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
35
36
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Equatoria Guinea 46

Figure 127
10/16
Youth Tuberculosis Mortality Rate (by age 15-35, no sex
breakdown)
18.92
indicators 18.38
17.19
16.45
5 1 4 16.02
Improved Worsened Worsened

Equatorial Guinea has 10 out of 15 indicators in this 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
pillar; 5 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively
unchanged, and others have single year data points Youth tuberculosis mortality rate improved as it declined from
hence no trend. 18.92% in 2013 to 16.02% in 2017.
Both Female Male

24.90
23.80
24.40
23.50
20.40
Figure 128
16.70
16.40
16.50
Suicide mortality rate

15.50
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per

13.70
fluctuated between 2000 at

100,000 population) (by sex, no
7.70
15.5% and 2016 at 16.4%

7.60
7.00
6.10
6.00
youth age breakdown) for both male and female.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

6/6indicators
Figure 129
There is a single data trend for this indicator reflecting data
for 2014 at 1.0% for male alone.
Figure 130
3 3 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as
Improved Worsened Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex
breakdown)
Both
Figure 129
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under
30 and sex) 2004 98.45
Both Male
2017 84.01
1.00
2014 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
1.00
Voter Turnout worsened between 2004 and 2017, falling
to 84.01 percent.
Recommendations
Policy with the potential of averting the increase of youth unemployment, vulnerable
1 employment, and rising youth poverty could yield substantial benefit for the economy of
Equatorial Guinea.
Targeted mental health policies could be beneficial in averting the suicide rates, most
2 especially among females.
Policies to improve the prevalence of modern contraception among youth could be

3 beneficial.
Policies to curb tuberculosis mortality rate could also be beneficial to Equatorial Guinea.
4
5 Policies to improve voter turnout could beneficial to Equatorial Guinea.

Eritrea
Capital: Asmara
Eritrea
The State of Eritrea is located in Eastern Africa. Eritrea gained
independence on May 24, 1993 and joined the African Union on the same
day37. The current estimated population of Eritrea is 4.8 million and
approximately 37% (1.8million) is aged 15-35. The proportion of youth is
projected to decrease to 33% by the year 206338.
Eritrea has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
4/10 indicators
2
Improved
1
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Eritrea has 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 decreased, and 1 remained relatively unchanged. Policies
to curb the rate of working poverty among youths could be beneficial to Eritrea.
Figure 131
Figure 132
Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US $1.9 PPP
per day (by age 15-24 and age) Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment
(by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male
44.00
43.70
43.90
43.80
43.60
47.45
40.90
40.90
41.10
46.95
40.70
40.70
46.62
37.60
37.30
37.60
37.70
46.37
37.40
46.31
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

The rate of vulnerable employment slightly improved as it
declined from 47.45% in 2013 to 46.31% in 2017
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.9 PPP
per day remained stable between 2013 and 2017 at 40.70% for
37
38
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eritrea 48

4/7
Figure 133
Effective transition rate worsened from
97.81 percent in 2012 to 92.27 percent in
indicators 2014.
Eritrea has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1

improved, 2 worsened, and 1 remained relatively Figure 134
unchanged. Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent
of GDP
4.05
Figure 133
3.52
(relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
2.13
Both
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2012 97.81
2014 92.27
2.13% Percentage of GDP decreased from 4.05
percent to 2.13 percent from 2001 to 2006.
Figure 135
13/16 indicators
733
700 669
647 627
619 615 619
614 599
579 561
540 533 524
501
7 2
Improved Worsened
Eritrea has 13 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
improved, 2 worsened, and 3 had single year data

There is an improvement for Youth Maternal Mortality Rate from
points hence no trend. 733 in 2000 to 501 in 2015.
Figure 136 2002 19.70 The Prevalence Rate of Modern

Proportion of Women of Reproductive Contraception among Youth worsened
Age (aged 15-49 years) who have their slightly between 2002 and 2010 to 19.60
need for Family Planning Satisfied with 2010 19.60 percent from 19.70 respectively.
Modern Methods (by age 15-49 and
female)
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.

3/6 indicators
Figure 137
The Internet Penetration Rate has improved slightly from
of 0.1 percent in 2000 to a still low rate of 1.2 percent in
2016.
Figure 138
1 International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total
Improved Population (by age 15-35 and sex)
Eritrea has 3 of the 6 indicators in this pillar and out of Both Female Male
the 3 indicators, only one improved- the internet
1.89
penetration rate.
1.73
1.69
1.61
1.54
1.49
1.44
Figure 137
1.34
1.26
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 1.2
breakdown) 1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.2 0.2
0.1 2010 2015 2017
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
This indicator remains low with 1.69 in 2010 and
decreasing steadily to 1.44 percent of the population in
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 2017.
Recommendations
Policies to avert the worsened transition rate from primary to secondary schools could yield
1 better education outcomes
An increase in public expenditure on education could also be beneficial.

2
Policies to improve access and sensitization on the importance of contraception could have
3 far reaching positive effect.
Policies on further improving youth maternity mortality rate could yield better maternal
4 health outcomes.
5 Policies aimed at reducing the female genital mutilation could be worthwhile.
6 Investment in internet infrastructure and access could yield far reaching effects for the
Eritrean economy and empowerment of its people, especially the youth.

Eswatini
Capital: Mbabane
Eswatini
The Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland) is located
in Southern Africa. Eswatini gained independence on September 6, 1968
and joined African Union on September 24, 196839. The current population
of Eswatini is 1.3 million with 41% (576,000) aged 15-35. This proportion
is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206340.
Eswatini ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012.
7/10 indicators
2
Worsened
Eswatini has data for 7 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 worsened while others stayed relatively unchanged or had
no data trend.
Figure 140
Figure 139 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US $1.90 PPP
55.47
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male
54.83
54.78
Both Female Male
54.18
54.14
54.06
53.95
26.40
53.80
26.30
53.42
53.50
26.20
26.20
53.49
25.90
26.00
53.16
25.80
25.70
52.67
52.67
24.90
24.80
52.57
25.60
24.70
24.50
24.50
24.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The rate of youth unemployment worsened in Eswatini
This indicator worsened by increasing from 26.00% in 2013 to between 2013 at 53.42% and 2017 at 54.78% for both
26.30% in 2017 for both male and female. male and female.
39
40
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eswatini 50

Figure 141
The proportion of literate youth improved
6/7
from 91.86% in 2000 to 93.50% in 2010 for

Enrolment in Secondary Vocation (by age 15-24)
Eswatini has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar;
1 improved, while others remained relatively unchanged Both Female Male
or had no data trend.
0.17
0.15
Figure 141
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 0.12
0.07
Both Female Male
93.50
91.86
91.29
86.25
82.58
69.48
2013 2014
Trend data is not available for Enrolment in

Secondary Technical and Vocational
Education with the 2014 rates for both
2000 2002 2008 2010 males and females being low at 0.15 and
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 0.7 percent respectively.
Figure 143
14/16
HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
21.16
indicators
11.20
6 1 2.87
Improved Worsened
2017
Eswatini has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among
improved, 1 worsened, while others remained Youth with the 2017 rate being 11.20 per 1,000 population. The
consistent over time or had single year data points. female rate was considerably higher than males at 21.16
compared to 2.87.
Female Male
Figure 144 56.00%

Trend data is not available for
Youth High risk sex (by age 15-34 55.00% Youth High Risk Sex which was
and sex) worse for males, at 56 percent,
than females, at 55 percent, for
2007-2013.
2007-2013

4/6
indicators
Figure 145
The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably
between 2000 and 2016 to reach 28.6 percent.
Figure 146
Figure 145 Percentage of Young People Population Living in
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 28.6 Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown)
28.2 25.6
breakdown) 24.7
20.8 48.40%
18.1
42.00%
11.0
8.9
6.9
4.1
3.7 3.7
2.4 3.2
0.9 1.3 1.8
2000
2009
2000 2016
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Generated using data from international Telecommunication Union estimate. The Youth Poverty Rate reduced between 2000 and
2009, falling to 42 percent
Recommendations
Youth employment remains an important issue for policy to focus on in Eswatini being
1 higher than the continent average.
While trend data is not available for enrolment in secondary technical and vocational
2 education, the 2014 rates for both males and females were low at 0.15% and 0.7%
respectively 1.3 leaving room for improvement.
The female rate for the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youth was considerably higher than
3 males at 21.16% compared to 2.87%, while the rate of youth high risk of sex remained high
suggesting sexual and reproductive health education would be beneficial.
4 Only Youth Poverty Rate and The Internet Penetration Rate improved.

Ethiopia
Capital: Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in Eastern Africa.
Ethiopia joined the African Union on May 25, 196341. The current
population of Ethiopia is estimated to be 99.9 million. 38% (40.5 million)
of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to
Ethiopia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
9/10 indicators
3
Improved
1
Worsened
Ethiopia has 9 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, and others remained relatively unchanged or
had single year data hence no trend

Percentage of Employed Youth living below US $1.90 PPP per
Employment distribution by intermediate education (by day (by age 15-24 and sex)
age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
27.40
23.60
23.30
20.40
20.00
19.90
4.40
17.80
16.70
17.20
4.10
16.50
15.20
14.10
3.70
11.30
13.90
12.20
2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Employment distribution has a single data point at The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90
4.10% in 2013. per day improved significantly. It dropped from 23.90% in
2013 to 14.10% in 2017.
41
42
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ethiopia 53

7/7indicators
Figure 149
from 49.90% in 2004 to 54.98% in 2007 for
Ethiopia has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved
while others either fluctuated, remained relatively
unchanged or had single year data point. Figure 150
Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (relevant
ages and sex)
Figure 149 Female Male

87.39
62.97
62.20
55.88
54.98
49.90
44.61
38.50
2016
33.30
The completion rate for upper secondary

education has a single data trend which
features just 2016 at 14.33% and 11.69%
2004 2005 2007 for both female and male respectively.
Figure 151
16/16 indicators
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of GDP
4.75 4.74
4.92 4.84
4.44
5.54
4.51 4.57
4.40 4.34 4.26 4.31
4.13 4.08 4.05
4.03
8 1
Improved Worsened
Ethiopia has all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 improved, 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1 worsened, others remained relatively unchanged or

The current health expenditure fluctuated between 2000 and
had single year data points. 2015. It eventually landed at 4.05% in 2015.
1.98 1.92
Figure 152 1.49
Youth Malaria Mortality Rate 1.28 1.31

The rate of Youth malaria mortality worsened in
20017 at 1.92% per 100,000 population.
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6/6indicators
Figure 153
The chart provides information for a single year data; 2015.
The rate of young people occupying parliamentary seats in
2015 was 6.1%.
Figure 154
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex
Figure 153 breakdown)
15.4
Parliamentary Seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 13.9
30 and sex)
Both Female Male
6.10 7.7
3.70 4.6
2.40 2.9
0.5 0.8 1.1

0.4 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3
0 0 0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2015 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Recommendations
1 Policies looking to strengthen the formal sector with decent work may benefit Ethiopia.
Policies seeking to encourage successful transition from primary to secondary education

2 could help close the gap between the continental average of 81.23% in 2016 with the
Ethiopian rate of 14.33% for females and 11.69% for males.
Political participation indicators are strong in Ethiopia, having both relatively large proportion
3 of lower house Members of Parliament under the age of 30 and a high Voter Turnout.
Investments in internet infrastructure and access could yield far reaching effects for the
Ethiopian economy and empowerment of its people, especially youth. Notwithstanding the
4 improvement in internet penetration, the latest rate of 15.4 percent is lower than the
continental average of 22.00 percent.

Gabon
Capital: Libreville
Gabon
Gabon is located in Central Africa. Gabon gained independence on August
43
16, 1960 and
17, 1960 and joined
joined the
the African
African Union
Union on
on May
May 25, 196343
25, 1963 ..The
The current
current
estimated population of Gabon is 1.9 million with 36% (740,000) aged
15-35. This proportion is projected to reduce to 31% by the year 206344 44
.
Gabon ratified the African charter in 2007.
4/10 indicators
1
Improved
1
Worsened
Gabon has 4 of the 10 indicators in the pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others have single year data hence no
trend data.

Self-employed as percent of total employment
Proportion of youth not in education, employment or
(by age 15-34 and sex).
training.
Both Female Male
14.28% 8.64
11.09
6.04
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon. 2013
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon.
There is a single year data here. The graph depicts 14.28% for
youth 14.28%
The rate of self-employment covers a single year-2013.
43
44
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gabon 56

4/7
Figure 157
No trend data is available for the Youth
Literacy Rate which was 20.86 percent in
indicators 2013.
Gabon has data for 4 of the 7 indicators in this pillar.

Figure 158
Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent
Figure 157 of GDP.
Proportion of Literate Youths (by age 15-24 and sex) 3.83
Both Female Male

3.08 3.01 3.03
2.99
22.67
2.67
20.86
19.14
2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Percentage of GDP has been on a
2013
2.67% downward trend between 2000 and 2014,
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon. falling to 2.67 percent.
Figure 159
15/16 indicators
HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24, no sex
breakdown 4.51 Both Female Male
2.60
7 1 0.79
Improved Worsened
2017
Gabon has 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV estimates.
improved, 1 worsened, while others remained Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among
relatively unchanged or had single year data point. Youth with the 2017 rate being 2.60 per 1,000 population. The
female rate was higher than males at 4.51 compared to 0.79.
Figure 160 2000 22.10 The graph indicates data for 2000 and
Proportion of women of reproductive age 2012. The proportion of women who had
(aged 15-49 years) who have their need family planning satisfied through
for family planning satisfied with modern 2012 33.70 modern methods increased from
methods (by age 15-49 and female) 22.10% in 2000 to 33.70% in 2012.

6/6
indicators
Figure 161
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament
Lower House. There were no members of parliament under
30 in 2015.
Figure 162
Internet Penetration rate (no age or sex
Figure 161 breakdown) 48.1
45.8
Parliamentary Seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 38.1
30 and sex)
30.5
24
18
13
9.5
5.8 7.5
4.9 5.5
2.7 3.0
1.2 1.3 1.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate.
Recommendations
Gabon may benefit from policies and programmes targeting female health as well as sexual
1 and reproductive health education.
Policies aimed at raising completion rates and literacy rates may benefit Gabon with the
2 youth literacy rate of 22.86% being considerably lower than the continental average for that
year.
Improved youth political involvement could benefit Gabon with no current members of
3 parliament lower house being under 30 and a relatively low voter turnout.

Gambia
Capital: Banjul
Gambia
The Republic of Gambia is located in African Africa. Gambia gained
independence on February 18, 1965 and joined African Union on March 9,
196545. The current estimated population of Gambia is 2.0 million with
more than 35% (761,000) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to
increase to 36% by the year 206346.
Gambia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
5/10 indicators
1
Improved
2
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Gambia has 5 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and one had
a single data points hence no trend.

Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US$1.90 PPP
Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male
47.40
73.47
46.90
46.10
46.10
45.70
72.46
45.40
45.40
45.30
45.30
72.25
44.80
44.70
44.70
44.60
71.23 71.24
43.90
43.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Vulnerable employment improved slightly between
2013 and 2017 falling to 71.24 percent in 2017.
The proportion of Working Poor worsened between 2013 and
2017 reaching 46.90 percent. Males were more likely to be
working poor at 47.40 percent compared to females at 46.10.
45
46
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gambia 58

6/7
Figure 165
The rate of skilled professionals declined from
97.57% in 2008 to 33.56% per 100,000 population
indicators in 2011.
Gambia has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 Figure 166

improved, 1 worsened, and 3 had single year data Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24, and sex)
points.
Both Female Male
Figure 165 88.50

Rate of Researchers per 1,000,000 population (All ages, No
2013 56.12
109.18
97.57
65..98

33.58
There is a single data trend for the
2008 2009 2011 88.50% proportion of literate youth at 88.50% in
2013 for both male and female.
Figure 167
15/16 indicators
Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age
88.23
87.85
87.11
86.09
9 1
84.99
Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report.
Gambia has 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 9 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
improved, 1 worsened, and 5 had single
The rate of non-communicable diseases mortality declined from
88.23% in 2013 to 84.99% in 2017.
887
869 854 841
822 807 798
Figure 168 774 774
767 753 753 741
730
Maternal mortality rate (no youth 719
age or sex breakdown)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

6/6indicators
Figure 169
10.30% proportion
There was a single data trend for the
of young people who occupy
parliamentary seat at 10.3% for only male in
2017.
2 1
Improved Worsened Figure 170
Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage
Gambia has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
worsened, while others remained relatively unchanged.
58.80
Figure 169
41.70 42.00
seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
Both Male 19.44
10.30 2002 2007 2012 2017

2017
10.30
The proportion of voter turnout worsened
42.00% between 2002 and 2017. It declined and
increase significantly from 58.38% to
42.00%.
Recommendations
The Gambia could benefit from policies with potentials of stopping the growth in working
1 poverty.
Policies which address improvement in vulnerable employment could have far reaching
2 effects for the Gambia economy.
Policies and investments to increase professionals in The Gambia could benefit from
3 policies which increase sensitization and access to modern contraception.
Policies which could further improve the rate of maternity mortality could yield better
4 maternal health outcomes for the Gambia.

Recommendations
Targeted health policies to address the high rate of non-communicable disease mortality
5 could be worthwhile.
6 Research across disciplines could be beneficial to the Gambia.
Policies aimed at further improving the literacy rates especially among women could be
7 worthwhile.
Policies to further improve voter turnout could be worthwhile for the democratic gains in
8 the Gambia.

Ghana
Capital: Accra
Ghana
Ghana is located in Western Africa. Ghana gained independence on
March 6, 1957 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196347. The
current population of Ghana is estimated to be 27.6 million with
approximately 36% (10.6 million) of the population aged 15-35. This
proportion is projected to decrease to 33% by the year 206348.
Ghana ratified the African Youth Charter in 2013.

8/10
indicators
5
Improved
2
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Ghana has eight of the ten indicators in this pillar. Five of these indicators have improved, two worsened and one
remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 171
Figure 172
Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of
employment - Harmonized series (Non-Agriculture) (by age
Both Female Male
15+ and sex, No youth age breakdown)
14.40
13.80
13.30
13.6
Both Female Male

13.10
12.90
12.70
12.60
12.20
12.20
12.20
78.72
11.80
11.60
85.95
11.40
91.85 75.88
10.90
83.18
88.32
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2015
The Youth Working Poverty Rate improved slightly for both males Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
and females in the period between 2013 and 2015.
The Rate of Informal Employment improved slightly between
the years 2013 and 2015, from an overall rate of 85.95 percent
n 2013 to 83.18 percent in 2015.
47
48
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019 <http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-scores-by-country>
49 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ghana 62

Figure 173
7/8
The Effective Transition Rate has worsened
between 2012 and 2015, falling from 95.85
percent to 91.53 percent in 2015.
indicators
Ghana has seven of the eight indicators in this pillar. Figure 174
Three of these indicators have improved, two worsened Government expenditure on education, total as a percent of
and two had single year data points hence, no trend. GDP
8.14 7.92
7.54 7.42
Figure 173
6.10 6.16
Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant 5.76 5.94 5.77
5.35 5.26 5.52 5.32 5.54
ages, by sex)
4.51
44.80
2015 41.2
Public expenditure on education as a

48.90 percentage of GDP has fluctuated between
five and eight percent between 2001 and
2016. In 2017, it reached a low of 4.51
percent.
Figure 175
14/16
indicators
66.75
66.10 66.31 66.29
64.23
8 1
Improved Worsened

Ghana has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar. Eight of these
indicators improved, one worsened and five had single year The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015
data points hence, no trend. falling from 544 to 311 per 100,000 live births.
Figure 176
Skilled health professionals’ density 10.21 As of the year 2010, the Skilled
2014 Health Professionals’ density was
(per 1,000 population) (No youth
age or sex breakdown) 10.21 per 1,000 population.

Figure 177
6/6indicators
The Youth Poverty Rate improved by over 50
percent, decreasing from 24.5 percent to
12 percent between 2005 and 2012.
Figure 178
3 1 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a
Improved Worsened
Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex
breakdown)
85.12
Figure 177 80.01
Percentage of young people population living in 69.52 67.55
poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 61.19
2012 24.50
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
2016 12.00
The Voter Turnout fluctuates around election cycles.
From 61.19 percent in 2000, it improved to 67.55 percent
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database
in 2016 after peaking at 80.01 percent in 2012.
Recommendations
Policies aimed to address the education gap in gender could be instrumental to the increase
1 in Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education.
Policies which address the declining transition rate from primary to secondary school could
2 yield better education outcomes.
Policies which address the gender disparity among Youth Members of the Parliament Lower
3 House. Empowering and creating space for more women to participate in governance is
essential.

Guinea
Capital: Conakry
Guinea
The Republic of Guinea is located in Western Africa. Guinea gained
independence on October 2, 1958 and joined the African Union on May
25, 196349. The current estimated population of Guinea is 12.1 million with
35% (4.6 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to
34% in the year 206350.
Guinea ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
6/9
indicators
6
Improved
1
Unchanged
ged
The Republic of Guinea has data for 6 out of the 9 Indicators in this Pillar. One of these 6 indicators improved while
the remaining five remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 179
Figure 180
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17
Both Female Male
51.20
and sex).
50.40
50.20
50.20
Both Female Male

49.80
46.00
44.90
44.90
45.20
44.40
28.30
42.00
41.00
40.80
40.90
40.20
2015 27.40
29.20
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The proportion of Working Poor worsened very slightly between
2013 and 2017 from 44.4 reaching 44.90 percent. The male rate Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the rate
was consistently higher than the female rate, with the 2017 rates for 2010-2016 being 28.3 percent. Males had a slightly higher
50.20 and 40.90 percent respectively. rate at 29.2 compared to 27.4 percent for females.
97
98
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea 65

Figure 182
6/8 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
56.97
indicators
59.46
47.09
46.30
The Republic of Guinea has data for 6 out of the 8
37.21
Indicators in this Pillar. One of these 8 indicators
37.57
improved, while two worsened.
31.41
34.07
21.80
Figure 181
2012 54.68
2003 2010 2014
2013 68.78
Youth Literacy Rates overall worsened

slightly between 2003 and 2014 falling from
47 to 46.30 percent. However, the female
The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary literacy rate improved from 34 to 37.21
Education increased between 2012 and 2013 from 54.68 percent.
to 68.78 percent.
Figure 183
14/16
79.33
78.98
78.03
indicators
75.96
74.35
7 7
Improved Worsened
The Republic of Guinea has data for 14 out of the 16

Indicators in this Pillar. Seven of these 14 indicators have 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
improved while 7 have deteriorated, and 4 of the indicators Youth mortality due to non-communicable diseases improved,
have data only for a single year, hence no trend. falling from 79.33 per 1000 population in 2013 to 74.35 per 1000
population in 2017.
Figure 184
32.00
Youth High Risk Sex (by age 15-34 Trend data is not available for Youth
and sex) 2007-2013 High Risk Sex which was worse for
females, at 32 percent, than males,
25.00 at 25 percent, for 2007-2013.

Figure 185
5/6indicators
In 2015 there were 2.0 percent Members of
Parliament under 30 years of age and the
female rate were half that of males, at 0.7
percent and 1.4 percent respectively.
1 Figure 186
2 Figure 755: Percentage of young people
Improved Worsened
population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex
breakdown)
61.60 59.70
Figure 185
8.20
8.00
7.80
5.37
35.30
5.00
4.87
4.52
4.36
4.02
2002 2007 2012
2010 2015 2017

The Youth Poverty Rate improved dramatically between
2002 and 2012 dropping from 61.6 to 35.30 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at curbing the growing rate of Youth Working Poor, Vulnerable Employment,
1 and Child Labour could benefit Guinea.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the
2 non-communicable disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit
Investments in policies that further reduce youth poverty and increase voter turnout should
3 be worthwhile in Guinea.

Guinea-Bissau
Capital: Bissau
Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is located in Western Africa.
Guinea-Bissau gained independence on September 24, 1973 and joined
the African Union on November 19, 197351. The current estimated
population of Guinea-Bissau is 1.8 million. Approximately 36% (691,000)
of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to
decrease to 34% by 206352.
Guinea-Bissau ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
5/10 indicators
1
Improved
1
Worsened
Guinea-Bissau has data for 5 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others remained
relatively unchanged or had no data trend.

Percentage of Children involved in Child Labour (by age
(by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
5–17 and sex)
Both Female Male
65.26
65.22
64.11
51.10 63.66
62.84
2010-2016 52,50
49.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

The rate of vulnerable employment worsened between
Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the 2013 and 2017 reaching 65.26 percent in 2017.
rate for 2010-2016 being 51.1 percent. Females had a slightly
higher rate at 52.5 compared to 49.8 percent for males.
51
52
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea Bissau 68

Figure 190
3/7indicators
Government Expenditure on Education as Percentage of
GDP
2.00
2.13
1.86 1.86
Guinea-Bissau has 4 of the 7 indications in this pillar; 2
improved while others either remained relatively
unchanged or had single year data hence no trend data.
Figure 189
Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education (Relevant
2010 2011 2012 2013
Both Female Male
71.25
60.40
74.80 49.76 improved, changing from 1.86% in 2010 to
59.49
2.13% in 2013.
2000 2014
The proportion of literate youth slightly improved from 59.49% in

2000 to 60.40% in 2014.
Figure 191
15/16
Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years)
who have their need for family planning satisfied with
modern methods (by age 15-49 and female)
indicators Female Male
2010 64.90
7 1 2014 37.60
Improved Worsened

Guinea-Bissau has 13 of the 15 indicators in this pillar;
The Prevalent Rate of Modern Contraception among Youth
7 improved, 1 worsened, others stayed consistent worsened between 2010 and 2014, falling to 37.60 percent of
over time or had single year data points. females.
115.40
113.79
Figure 192 122.19
Non-communicable Diseases Youth 108.15
diseases mortality rate
Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no declined from 115.40% in
sex breakdown) 2013 to 108.15% in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

5/6 indicators
The Internet Penetration Rate improved
between 2000 and 2016 to reach
3.8 percent.
2 1 Figure 194
Improved Unchanged
poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown)
Figure 193
breakdown) 3.5
3.8
2002 53.90
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.3 2.5
2.1
2.2
2010 67.10
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.2 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Recommendations
While the literacy rate improved for female’s policy review regarding the fall in male literacy
1 may be beneficial to Guinea-Bissau.
While trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour the rate for 2010-2016 of 51.11
2 percent was well above the continental average of 26.14; therefore, Guinea-Bissau so could
benefit from policy review. Vulnerable employment was also high at 65.26 percent.
Programmes and policies directed at reducing the rate of mortality due to

3 non-communicable diseases may be beneficial to Guinea-Bissau.
Women’s health which includes sexual and reproductive health education and interventions
4 may benefit the female youth of Guinea-Bissau.
Despite the improvement in Internet penetration, it still remains well below the continental
5 average of 22 percent in 2016, at just 3.8 percent, suggesting access and infrastructure
policy review may benefit the country.

Kenya
Capital: Nairobi
Kenya
Republic of Kenya is located in Eastern Africa. Kenya gained
independence on December 12, 1963 and joined African Union on
December 13, 196353. The current population of Kenya is estimated to be
47.2 million. 37% (19 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this
proportion is projected54.
Kenya ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
9/10 indicators
3
Improved
1
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Kenya has 6 out of `10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged while the
remaining 1 had a single year data point hence no trend.

Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
(by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male
33.15
Both Female Male
33.14
33.08
33.06
33.05
55.34
54.88
54.07
26.25
54.48
26.21
26.20
54.35
26.15
26.12
20.20
20.20
20.19
20.15

20.09
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Vulnerable employment improved slightly between 2013 and 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2017 falling to 54.35 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
in 2017.
The rate of youth unemployment remained relatively stable
between 2013 and 2017, falling to 26.21% in 2017.
53
African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf
54
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Kenya 71

6/7 indicators
Figure 183
The proportion of literate youth worsened in
2014 at 86.53% for both male and female.
Kenya has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved,

1 worsened, and 2 had single data points hence no
trend. Figure 198
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by
sex, no youth age breakdown)
Figure 197 7.34
6.80 7.05
93.31
5.51 5.34 5.51

92.53
5.38
5.42
91.94
5.21 5.28 5.27

88.94 5.19 5.24
88.14
88.53
83.21
82.39
81.63
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The percentage of Government expenditure on education

2000 2007 2014 fluctuated between 2000 and 2017, eventually landing at
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 5.24%.
Figure 199
16/16 indicators
759
765
767 768
751
728
702
680
660 633
605
584 582
540 525 510
9 1
Worsened Worsened
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Kenya has all 16 indicators in this pillar; 9 improved, 1

The rate of maternity mortality improved, dropping from 759 in
worsened and 6 has single year data hence no trend. 2000 to 510 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
11.81
Figure 200 11.25 Youth diarrhea mortality

rate declined from
Youth Diarrheal Mortality Rate 10.92
11.81% in 2015 to
(by age 15-34, no sex
10.92% in 2017.100,000
breakdown)
population.
2015 2016 2017

4/6
indicators
Figure 201
Trend data is not available for the Youth
Poverty Rate with the 2005 rate being
42.80 percent.
1 1 2 Figure 202
Improved Worsened Unchanged Internet penetration rate (No age or sex
breakdown)
Both Female Male
Figure 201
9.11
9.05
8.92
8.98
8.97
8.84
8.50
Both Female Male
8.44
8.38
75.53
69.88
59.77
56.56
52.55
45.06
37.42
35.13
29.55
2000 2015 2017

Net Youth Migration fell slightly between 2010 and

2017 with the 2017 rate being 8.44 percent.
2000 2015 2017
Recommendations
Policies aimed at encouraging youth self-employment could be beneficial to economy of

1 Kenya.
Declining percentage of government expenditure on education may harm gains made in

2 education. A reexamination may be worthwhile.
Policies which address youth diarrhea mortality rate, youth high risk sex, prevalence of
3 suicide among youth, and youth maternity mortality rate would benefit Kenya.
4 Policies to tackle youth poverty rate could be beneficial to Kenya.
5 Policies to tackle youth poverty rate could be beneficial to Kenya.

Lesotho
Capital: Maseru
Lesotho
The Kingdom of Lesotho is located in Southern Africa. Lesotho gained
independence on October 4, 1966 and joined the African Union on
October 31, 196655. The current estimated population of Lesotho is 2.2
million. Approximately 41% (926,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and
this proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206356.
Lesotho ratified the African Youth Charter in 2010.
4/6 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
Lesotho has 4 of the 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved and 2 worsened.

Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
44.24
Both Female Male

48.40
49.20
44.13
43.10
46.30
40.32
40.02
45.10
45.90
45.00
44.00
38.96
43.40
38.53
42.30
37.97
35.16
40.80
40.40
34.53
34.88
39.80
34.51
34.30
37.80
37.20
31.01
35.70
30.65
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of Youth Unemployment worsened between 2013
Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and 2017, and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was
dropping from 45.90 to 40.80 percent. worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
55
56
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Lesotho 74

Figure 205
7/7 indicators
The Youth Literacy Rate worsened between
2000 and 2009, dropping from 90.93% in 2000
to 83.19% in 2009 for both male and female.
Lesotho has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 3 Figure 206

worsened and 2 had no data trend. Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant
ages, by sex)
Both Female Male
Figure 205 12.97

97.50
93.97
8.81
92.09
90.93
86.63
84.83
83.19
74.19
79.61
2014
The available data trend for this indicator covers just

2014 at the rate of 10.81% for both male and female.
2000 2009 2014

Figure 207
Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
12/16 indicators
649
679 704
722
737 748
725
707
668
635
587
555 549
532
513
487
7 1 1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Lesotho has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7
improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Maternity mortality rate improved, dropping from 649 in 2000 to
unchanged, while the remaining had single year data 487 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
hence no trend.
Both Female Male

24.40
24.10
23.20
21.20
21.50
21.20
21.00
20.10
Youth suicide mortality rate

18.60
Figure 208
17.80
17.60
18.00
worsened in 2016 with 21.20% for

16.80
15.40
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per both male and female. Females are
14.60
100,000 population) (by sex, no indicated to be more likely to

youth age breakdown) commit suicide at 24.4% than
males at 17.8%.
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

6/6indicators
Figure 210
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or
27.4
sex breakdown)
25.0
Figure 209
22.0
Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a
breakdown) 15.0
50.04
49.00
10.0
7.0
46.61
46.37 3.7
2.6 3.0 3.4 3.6
2.2
1.1 1.5
0.2 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2007 2012 2015 2017 The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. between 2000 and 2016 to reach 27.4 percent.
Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007

to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies which address the increasing worsened employment rate could be beneficial to
1 Lesotho.
Policies to address the worsened youth literacy rate, the enrolment in secondary, technical
2 and vocational education and training, and the completion rates for lower secondary school
could benefit Lesotho.
3 Lesotho could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Policies to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would
4 yield better health benefits for Lesotho.

Liberia
Capital: Monrovia
Liberia
The Republic of Liberia is located in Western Africa. Liberia gained
1827 and joined the African Union on May 25,
independence on July 26, 1847
196357. The current estimated population of Liberia is 4.5 million. 35% (1.7
million) of the population of Liberia is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
estimated to decrease to 34% in the year 206358.
Liberia has not ratified the African Youth Charter in 2010.

8/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
4
Unchanged
Liberia has eight of the ten indicators of this pillar, two of the indicators improved, two worsened, two remained
relatively unchanged and two had single year data points hence, no trend.

Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
44.24
Both Female Male

51.80
50.80
44.13
43.10
49.70
40.32
40.02
46.60
46.20
45.60
46.20
45.40
45.30
45.20
38.96
38.53
44.20
44.50
37.97
44.20
44.50
43.60
35.16
34.53
34.88
34.51
34.30
31.01
30.65
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of Youth Unemployment worsened between 2013
Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and 2017, and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was
dropping from 45.90 to 40.80 percent. worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
57
58
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Liberia 77

Figure 198
5/7indicators
The Youth Literacy Rate in 2017 for Female
stands at 37.17%, which is lower compared to
the male gender of 63.45%
Liberia has five of the seven indicators in this pillar. Figure 214
One of these indicators improved and four others had Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant
single year data points hence, no trend. ages, by sex)
Both Female Male
Figure 213 17.31
Both Female Male
9.17
63.45%
49.07%
37.17%
2013
The available data trend for this indicator covers just

2007
2013 at the rate of 12.99% for both male and female.
Figure 215
14/16 indicators
1270 1260 1250
1200
1110 1020
935 890
851 829
811
798 787
7 1 6 762
741
725
Lesotho has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively
unchanged, while the remaining had single year data Maternity mortality rate decreased, dropping from 1270 in 2000
hence no trend. to 725 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Both Female Male

7.1
7.1
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.3

6.1
Figure 216
5.7

4.7
100,000 population) (by sex, no indicated to be less likely to
youth age breakdown) commit suicide at 6.6% than males
at 7.1%.
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

5/6
Figure 218
indicators
68.60%
Figure 217
breakdown) 38.60%
76.49
71.64 72.49
2007 2014
2007 2015 2017 Percentage of young people population living in

Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. poverty dropped from 68.60% in 2007 to
38.60% in 2014
Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007
to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
1 Liberia.
could benefit Liberia.
3 Liberia could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Liberia to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would yield
4 better health benefits for Lesotho.

Libya
Capital: Tripoli
Libya
Libya is located in Northern Africa. Libya gained independence on
December 24, 1951 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196359.
The current estimated population of Libya is 6.2 million. 36% (2.3
million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to
25% by the year 206360.
Libya ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.

5/10 indicators
1
Improved
3
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Libya has data for five of the ten indicators in this pillar, One of these indicators improved and three worsened.
One indicator had a single year data point hence, no trend

Both Female Male
36.58
1.50
1.50
36.23
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.20
33.51 36.04
1.20
1.10
32.37
0.80
0.80
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of vulnerable employment decreased between
2016 and 2017 from 36.58 to 36.04
The rate of percentage of unemployed youth reduced between
2016 and 2017 reaching 0.60 percent for both gender. The 2017
female rate of employed youthwas 0.60 lower than male.
59
60
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Libya 80

Figure 221
1/7
indicators
Both Female Male
63.45%
Libya has one indicator of the seven in this pillar.
The indicator is the Youth Literacy Rate which as at 99.60%
99.40%
2004 is 99.85 percent and 99.40 percent for males
and females respectively.
2007
Figure 222
10/16 indicators
17
16
14
13
12 11
10
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
6 1 3
Libya has 10 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2. Six of Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
these indicators have improved, one remained 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
relatively unchanged and three others had single year Maternity mortality rate decreased, dropping from 1270 in 2000
data points hence, no trend. to 725 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Both Female Male

8.3
8.3
8.1
7.7
6.3

Figure 223
5.2
5.6
5.3

5.4
4.2
100,000 population) (by sex, no indicated to be less likely to
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.2
youth age breakdown) commit suicide at 2.2% than males

2
at 8.1%.
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016


4/6 indicators
Figure 225
Figure 224 61.58%

population (by age 15-34 and sex) 41.74%
Both Female Male
75.53
69.88
59.77
56.56
52.55
45.06
37.42
35.13
29.55
2012 2014
2010 2015 2017
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Percentage of voter turnout people population living
in poverty dropped from 61.58% in 2012 to 41.74%
Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007 in 2014
to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
1 Libya.
could benefit Libya.
3 Libya could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Libya to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would yield
4 better health benefits for Lesotho.

Madagascar
Capital: Antananarivo
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is located in Eastern Africa. Madagascar gained
independence on June 26, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196361. The
current estimated population of Madagascar is 24.2 million with 36% (9.4 million)
aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206362.
Madagascar has not ratified the African Youth Charter
8/10 indicators
2
Improved
1
Worsened
2
Unchanged
Madagascar has 8 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, 2 remained relatively unchanged, while
other had single data points hence no trend data.

Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex)
(by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
5.24
19.00
3.07
3.07
3.07
3.02
3.02
3.02
2.98
2.97
17.20
2.97
2.02
15.20
1.99
1.96
1.52
1.50
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2015
The rate of youth unemployment worsened in 2017,

There is just a single data point for employment reaching 3.03% for both male and female when
distribution by intermediate education at 17.20 for compared to 1.50% in 2013.
61
62
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Madagascar 82

5/6
indicators 4.70%
Figure 232
between 2000 and 2016 to reach a still
relatively low 4.7 percent.
1 2
Improved Worsened
Figure 233
Madagascar has 5 of the 6 indicators in this pillar;
1 improved, 2 worsened, and others remained relatively Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage
unchanged or had single data points. of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
Figure 232
Internet Penetration Rate (No age or sex breakdown) 4.7
4.2
3.7
3
2.3
1.9 67.86%
1.7 1.7 50.72%
1.6
2002 2013
0.7
0.6 0.6 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.2
Voter Turnout decreased between 2002

50.72% and 2013 falling to 50.72 percent.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Recommendations
Policies with potentials of reducing youth working poverty rate and vulnerable youth
1 employment rate; and increase youth access to financial services would be beneficial to
Madagascar.
Policies to curb the declining effective transition rate from primary to secondary school, and
2 policies to increase the enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and
training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Madagascar.
Policies targeted at reducing the rate of Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality, and
3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Madagascar.
Policies to curb the rising Youth Poverty and the declining Voter Turnout could be
4 worthwhile.
Investments in infrastructure and access could help improve Internet Penetration Rate in
5 Madagascar.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Madagascar 84

Malawi
Capital: Lilongwe
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi is located in Southern Africa. Malawi gained
196463. The current estimated population of Malawi is 17.6 million. 37%
(7 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
Malawi
Malawi ratified
ratified the
the African
AfricanYouth
Youth Charter
Charter in
in 2007
2010..
9/10 indicators
4
Improved
1
Worsened
4
Unchanged
Malawi has data for nine out of the ten Indicators in this Pillar, Four of the indicators improved, one worsened, and
four had a single year data point hence, no trend.

Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24, and sex)
(by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male
Both Female Male
65.3
65.3
65.3
64.0
63.9
63.9
63.7
63.8
64.1
64.0
63.7
6.55
63.6
63.8
63.6
63.5
5.51
4.39
2014 2015 2016

Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Employment distribution by intermediate education worsened
in 2016 at 1.30% for both male and female. The rate of youth unemployment for female is 64.1% which is
more than female unemployment of 63.8%
63
64
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Malawi 85

Figure 236
5/8indicators
Proportion of literate youth slightly improved for
female, from 73.33% in 2014 to 73.39% in
2015.
Malawi has data for five out of the eight Indicators in

this Pillar,Two of these indicators improved, one Figure 237
worsened and two others have single data point Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent
hence, no trend. of GDP
4.60
4.50
Figure 236 4.20
4.20
Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
78.78
76.08
73.39
72.94
74.27
72.49
73.33
72.14
69.98
2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report.

2010 2014 2015 4.20% worsened declining from 4.60% in 2015 to
4.20% in 2016.
Figure 238
14/16
Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have
their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods (by age
15-49 and female)
74.6
indicators 73.6
58.4
44.7
10 4 43.1
Improved Unchanged
Malawi has data for 14 out of the 16 Indicators in this Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report.
Pillar, Ten of these indicators have improved while
four are provided for single years which does not 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
show trend.
69.41 68.03
Figure 239 67.57
Non-communicable Diseases Youth 66.17 diseases mortality rate
Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex improved between 2013
and 2017. It declined from
breakdown)
69.41% to 66.17% per
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases. 100,000 population.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

5/6
indicators 4.70%
Figure 240
4 1
Improved Unchanged
Figure 241
Malawi has data for five out of the six indicators in this
Pillar, Four of these indicators have been improving Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage
while no indicator exhibited a decreasing trend. of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
Figure 240
Internet Penetration Rate (No age or sex breakdown) 4.7
4.2
5.7
5.1
4.4
53.9% 70.07%
3.3
2009 2014
2.3
1.1 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
1.0
0.7
0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.1
Voter Turnout increased between 2009
70.07% and 2014 from 53.9% to 70.07%.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Recommendations
Malawi.
training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Malawi.
3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Malawi.
4 worthwhile.
5 Malawi.

Mali
Capital: Bamako
Mali
The Republic of Mali is located in Western Africa. Mali gained
independence on September 22, 1960 and joined the African Union on
May 25, 196365. The current estimated population of Mali is 17.5 million.
33% (6.3 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
projected to increase to 37% by the year 206366.
Mali ratified the African Youth Charter in 2007.
10/10 indicators
1
Improved
5
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Mali has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved, 5 five worsened, and 1 had single year data points.

Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24, and sex)
Both Female Male
16.83
19.61
19.43
Both Female Male
19.52
18.19
17.96
2.10
18.08
2.10
17.10
16.97
1.60
1.60
12.49
11.09
1.30
10.05
1.20
8.79
1.00
1.00
8.08
7.12
0.60
2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Employment distribution by intermediate education worsened
in 2016 at 1.30% for both male and female. The rate of youth unemployment worsened
significantly in 2017, rising from 11.09% in 2013 to
17.96% in 2017 for both male and female.
63
64
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mali 88

7/7
Figure 207
The percentage of researchers declined
from 38.78% in 2006 to 30.79% per
indicators 1,000,000 population in 2015.
Mali has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 1

decreased, and 1 fluctuated. Figure 208
Both Female Male
60.53
56.37
56.32
49.37
47.38
Figure 207
47.14
44.30
39.21
39.01
38.82
33.85
30.80
2006 38.78
2006 2010 2011 2015

2010 29.35
2015 30.79
38.82% significantly from 38.82% in 20106 to
49.37% in 2015.
Figure 209
14/16 indicators
Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years)
who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern
methods (by age 15-49 and female)
46.00
27.30
7 9 18.03
19.30
Improved Unchanged
2001 2006 2013 2015

Mali has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7
improved, and others remained relatively unchanged The Prevalence rate of modern contraception among youth
or had single year data. improved considerable between 2001 and 2015 reaching 46.00
per 100,000 live births.
Figure 210 Trend data is not available for the

Percentage of girls and women aged 15 82.70 Female Youth who have Undergone
2015 Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting which
to 49 who have undergone female genital
mutilation/cutting (by age 15-49 and was 82.70 per 1,000 females in 2015.
female)
65
66

Figure 212
6/6indicators
breakdown)
10.3
11.1
7
3 3
Improved Unchanged
3.5
2.2 2.8
1.6 1.8 2
0.8
Figure 211 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.5 0.7

Population (by age 15-34 and sex) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Both Female Male

12.87 12.93
12.79
12.53 12.65
12.51 12.37
12.34
12.25
Figure 212
The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly
between 2000 and 2016 rising to 11.1 percent.
2010 2015 2017
Youth migration remained relatively unchanged being

12.65 percent of the population in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies addressing unemployment and increased access to jobs in the formal sector may be
1 beneficial to Mali.
Policies to strengthen female participation and completion would benefit Mali. Likewise,
2 policies to strengthen the rate of researchers should be encouraged.
Mali should make female health a priority, especially in the aspect of Female Genital
3 Mutilation/Cutting.
Internet penetration rate is considerably below the continental average. Therefore, policies
4 or investments to improve infrastructure and access could benefit Mali.

MAURITANIA
Capital: Nouakchott
Mauritania
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is located in Northern Africa.
Mauritania gained independence on November 28, 1960 and joined the
African Union on May 25, 196367. The current estimated population of
Mauritania is 4.2 million. 35% (1.6 million) of this population is aged 15-35
and this proportion is projected to 34% by the year 206368.
Mauritania ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012.

6/10 indicators
2
Improved
1
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Mauritania has data for 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, and 1 remained constant.

Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex
22.60
Both Female Male
22.58
22.57
22.49
22.50
6.70
6.60
6.30
6.10
6.00
6.00
18.00
17.90
5.90
5.90
17.99
5.80
17.84
17.61
5.60
5.60
5.70
15.68
15.58
15.70
5.10
5.00
15.49
15.45
4.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 worsened, The rate of youth unemployment slightly improved
declining from 6.6% in 2013 to 5% in 2017 for both male and female.
from 18.00% in 2013 to 17.935 in 2017 for both male
and female.
67
African Union, African Union Handbook 2018,
68
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritania 91

6/7
Figure 215
Effective transition rate from primary to
secondary improved significantly from
indicators 56.19% in 2013 to 65.36% in 2016.
Mauritania has data for 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar;

2 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Figure 216
unchanged, and 2 have single year data hence Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
no trend data.
Both Female Male
Figure 215
66.40 66.40
(Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 61.34
56.12
65.36 55.48
47.71
59.21
2000 2007
58.19
2003 2011 2015
Figure 217

13/16
6.60
6.40
Both Female Male
5.80
5.30
indicators 4.30
5.10
4.40
3.50
3.90
3.40
2.10
2.20
6 1 1
1.90
1.70
1.70
Mauritania has data for 13 out of 16 indicators in this 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
pillar; 6 improved over time, 1 worsened, 1 remained Prevalence of youth suicide increased between 2000 and 2016
relatively unchanged, while other 5 had single year largely due to the increase in male suicides from 5.1 per 100,000
data hence no trend. to 6.6 per 100,000.
5.19 5.12
4.63 4.61 4.64 While Government
4.46 4.47
4.20
Figure 218 3.63 3.91
Expenditure on Health as a
percent of GDP has
3.40 3.33 3.34
Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as 3.80 fluctuated between 2000
3.63 and 2015 the overall
percentage of gross domestic 3.17
product (GDP) expenditure of these two
years is similar at 4.46
percent and 4.64 percent
respectively.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 220
3/4 International Migrant Stock as percentage of total

Figure 220
Both Female Male
indicators
20.42
20.41
17.83
17.75
15.15
14.98
12.12
3 1
10.37
8.75
Improved Unchanged
Figure 219 2010 2015 2017

Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
breakdown) 18
15.2
10.7
6.2
5
4 4.5
1.9 2.3
0.7 1.0 1.4
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
The Internet Penetration Rate increased substantially between

2000 and 2016 reaching 18 percent.
Recommendations
Policies that would improve rates of youth with formal financial account, youth
1 unemployment, vulnerable youth employment, youth self-employment and child labour
should be encouraged in Mauritania.
Policies aimed at improving youth literacy would benefit Mauritania.

2
Mauritania could therefore benefit from investments in mental health with a focus on
3 suicide, particularly for males.
Because of the low rate of internet penetration, Mauritania should invest in internet
4 infrastructure and access.

Mauritius
Capital: Port Louis
Mauritius
The Republic of Mauritius is located in Eastern African. Mauritius
gained independence on March 12, 1968 and joined the African
Union in August of the same year69. The estimated population of
Mauritius is 1.3 million. 31% (394,000) is aged 15-35 and this
proportion is projected to decrease to 22% by 2063.
Mauritius ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
10/10 indicators
7
Improved
3
Worsened
Mauritius has data for all ten Indicators in this Pillar, Seven of the indicators improved, while three worsened.

Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17,
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) no sex breakdown).
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.007
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.006 0.006
0.000
2004 2008 2009 2011 2012
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The percentage of vulnerable employment dropped The percentage of children involved in child labour
between 2013 and 2017 but remains over half of the total decreased significantly between 2016 and 2017 from
employment at 50.73 percent. 0.006% to 0.000%
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritius 94

5/8 indicators
Figure 199
Proportion of literate youth recorded a high
percentage of 97.10% in 2015 for female,
compared to their male counterpart, which
recorded 96.20% in 2015.
Mauritius has data for five out of the eight Indicators in
this Pillar; 2. One of these indicators has improved while
one has worsened. Two others have a single data point Figure 224
hence no trend, and one remained relatively stable over
Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex)
time.
8.41
Figure 223
6.65 5.99
96.60 97.10
96.20
2013 2014 2015 2016
2015 Enrolment in Secondary Vocational slightly

5.99% improved from 5.51% in 2015 to 5.99% in
2016.
Figure 225
11/16indicators
Number of Physicians per inhabitant or Density of Physicians
(per 1,000 population) (No youth age or sex breakdown)
20.20 21.90
23.10
19.30
16.20
1 3 7
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report.
Mauritius has data for 11 out of the 16 Indicators in 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
this Pillar.One of these indicators has improved while Number of Physicians per inhabitant rate improved between
three have worsened. Five have remained relatively 2016 and 2017. It improved from 21.90% to 23.10% per 1,000
unchanged and others had single year data population.
2.69
2.35 2.35 2.41
2.29
Figure 226
Current health
Current health expenditure (CHE) as expenditure (CHE) as
percentage of gross domestic percentage of (GDP
product (GDP) improved, moving from
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases. 2.41% in 2016 to 2.69% in
2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6/6
indicators
Figure 203
4.70%
2 3 1
Figure 228
Mauritius has data for all six indicators in this Pillar. Two
of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
of these indicators have improved while three
worsened. 80.87 81.25
Figure 227
seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex) 77.82
74.41
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
2000 2005 2010 2014
Voter Turnout decreased between 2010

0.00
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. 74.41% and 2014 falling to 77.82% to 74.41%.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Recommendations
Mauritius.
training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Mauritius.
3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Mauritius.
4 worthwhile.
5 Mauritius.

Morocco
Capital: Rabat
Morocco
The Kingdom of Morocco is located in Northern Africa. Morocco gained
independence on April 7, 1956 and joined the African Union on January 31, 2017. The
current estimated population of Morocco is 34.8% million. 34% (12.3 million) of the
population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 25% by the
year 206370.
Morocco has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
6/10 indicators
4
Unchanged
Morocco has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 remained relatively unchanged, while 2 others had single year data
hence no trend data.

Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age Self-Employed, as a Percent of Total Employment (modeled
15-34, no sex breakdown) ILO estimate) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
52.00 54.65
51.53 54.38
51.33
54.04
50.86 53.85
50.73 53.73
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of self-employment decreased slightly between

The percentage of vulnerable employment dropped 2013 and 2017 to 53.73 percent.
between 2013 and 2017 but remains over half of the total
employment at 50.73 percent.
70
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Morocco 97

Figure 223
5/7indicators
The proportion of literate youth improved,
increasing from 70.46% that it was in 2004 to
91.22% for both male and female in 2017.
Morocco has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar;

3 improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, while the Figure 232
other 1 had a single year data point.
Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Figure 231
4.07
3.26
Both Female Male
2.59
94.63
2.10 2.45
91.22
88.83
87.78
85.81
86.73
1.60
81.51
80.80
79.47
77.86
72.15
74.03
69.90
70.46
60.49
2012 2017
2004 2008 2009 2011 2012
Figure 233
11/16 indicators
89.66
88.49
87.84
2 1 4 89.69
85.64
Morocco has 11 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
improved, 1 worsened, 4 remained relatively
unchanged, and 4 had single year data. The rate of non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate
declined from 43.98% that it was in 2013 to 42.16% in 2017
Figure 234
Skilled health professionals’ density 14.90
2014
(per 10,000 population) (No youth
Source: Generated using data from Global Observatory data repository.

Figure 236
5/6
indicators
45.4
51.61 42.98
1 1 37
Improved Worsened
2002 2007 2011 2016
Figure 235
Proportion of Young People who Occupy Parliamentary

Seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
2015 1.60
Female
The proportion of young people who occupy

parliamentary seats records a single year data at
1.6% in 2015.
Recommendations
Morocco could benefit from policies aimed at reducing employment vulnerability and
1 encourage self-employment.
Policy investment to improve the enrolment in secondary, tertiary and vocational education
2 and training should be encouraged.
Health policies to curb the high rate of non-communicable diseases youth mortality could
3 benefit Morocco.
Policies that address political engagement of youths as members of parliament lower

4 house could benefit Morocco.

Mozambique
Capital: Maputo
Mozambique
The Republic of Mozambique is located in Southern Africa. Mozambique
gained independence on June 25, 1975 and joined the African Union on
July 18, 197571. The current estimated population of Mozambique is 28
million. 35% (10.6 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this
proportion is projected to remain the same in the year 206372.
Mozambique ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008
9/16 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
5
Unchanged
Mozambique has 9 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 2 worsened, and 5 had single year data.

Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment
Both Female Male
85.81
44.09
44.09
43.91
43.59
43.20
43.17
42.95
42.42
42.66
42.37
42.10
40.56
41.85
85.33
39.75
39.03
85.09
84.67
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 84.63
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of vulnerable employment improved slightly

The rate of youth unemployment worsened at 42.66% for both between 2013 and 2017 but remains high at 84.63 percent.
male and female in 2017 compared to 2013 when it was
39.75%
71
72
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mozambique 100

Figure 240
5/7indicators
Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education
and Training.
Both Female Male
Mozambique has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 3
1.13
1.07
0.88
improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and 1 had
single data point.
0.78
0.85
0.80
0.67
0.57
0.58
0.58
0.53
0.45
Figure 239
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24, male)
2006 2010 2011 2015

2009 79.84
This indicator remained low at 0.67% for

0.67% both male and female in 2015.
Trend and female data are not available for the Youth
Literacy Rate. Males had a proportion of 79.84 in
2009.
Figure 241
15/16
Maternal Mortality rate (no youth age or sex)
59
54 54 53
51 4.7
52
45 46
indicators 42
40 39
38 37
36 35
2 1 4
Mozambique had 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
5 improved, 1 worsened, 3 remained relatively

Maternal mortality rate worsened in 2015, reaching 53% per
unchanged, and 6 had single year data. 100,000 live births
75.93 75.46
75.05 The percentage of
Figure 242 74.11 Non-communicable
72.73 diseases youth mortality
Non-communicable Diseases Youth rate improved, declining
Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no from 76.93% in 2013 to
sex breakdown) 72.73% per 100,000
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases.
population in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 243
3/6indicators
breakdown)
10.3
11.1
7
3 3
Improved Unchanged
3.5
2.2 2.8
1.6 1.8 2
0.8
Figure 244 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.5 0.7

poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
80.60

69.10
62.90
Figure 245
between 2000 and 2016 rising to 11.1 percent.
2002 2008 2014
Recommendations
Mozambique would benefit from policies that address Youth Poverty Rate and Rate of
1 Vulnerable Employment.
Policies aimed at increasing the enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational education
2 and training could benefit Mozambique.
Mozambique could benefit from focusing on policies relating to maternal mortality, youth
3 tuberculosis mortality rate, non-communicable disease youth mortality rate.
4 be worthwhile in Mozambique.

Namibia
Capital: Windhoek
Namibia
The Republic of Namibia is located in Southern Africa. Namibia gained
independence on March 21, 1990 and joined the African Union in June,
199073. The current estimated population of Namibia is 2.4 million. 38%
(992,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected
to decrease to 32% by the year 206374.
Namibia Ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008
9/10 indicators
5
Improved
4
Worsened
Namibia has data for 9 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, and 4 worsened.

Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US$1.90 PPP
53.43
53.06
Both Female Male

45.53
45.80
18.70
18.20
45.19
42.44
44.88
40.82
38.66
16.40
38.44
40.11
16.50
17.00
16.20
38.11
35.84
15.10
14.00
14.30
14.60
35.29
36.39
14.10
12.80
13.40
12.60
12.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The percentage of young people living below US$1.90 per day
The rate of youth unemployment worsened, rising from
improved, declining from 18.40% in 2013 to 14.30% for both male
40.82% in 2013 to 45.53% for both male and female
and female in 2017.
in 2017.
73
74
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Namibia 102

Figure 248
5/7indicators
Namibia has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 4 had no

trend data, while others either increased or decreased.
95.96%
Figure 249 Education
Rate of Researchers per 1;000,000 population (All ages,
No youth age or sex breakdown)
2014 143.32
There was a single data point for effective
transition rate from primary to secondary at
95.96% in 2012.
There was a single data point for the rate of

researcher in Namibia at 143.32% per 1,000,000
population in 2014.

Figure 250
15/16
Both Female Male
7.45
indicators 5.61
3.80
7 1 7
2017
Namibia has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates.
improved, 1 worsened, while others either remained
Namibia recorded a single year data for the rate of HIV incidence
unchanged or had single year data. at 5.61% per 1,000 population in 2017
Figure 251
2007 66.00 The rate of youth high risk
Youth High Risk Sex (by age 15-34 sex was at 66% for female
and sex) and 74% for male between
2007 and 2013.
2013 74.00

Figure 253
6/6 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of

Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
Figure 253
84.81%
indicators
72.00%
2 1
Improved Worsened 2004
2014
Voter Turnout decreased between 2004 and 2014 being 72

Figure 252 percent in 2015.
Parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under
30 and sex)
No Data

Lower House. There were no members of parliament under 30
in 2015.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at Youth Unemployment, employment in the informal sector and those youth
1 Not in Education, Employment or Training could improve the employment prospects of youth
in Namibia.
Policies aimed at increasing the completion rates of both lower and upper secondary
2 education may benefit Namibia’s youth.
HIV remains a health concern for youth in Namibia with higher rates than the continental
3 average. Despite this high risk the Youth High Risk Sex rate remains high suggesting sexual
and reproductive sex education may benefit youth in Namibia.
Youth political participation could benefit Namibia with no current Members of Parliament
4 Lower House being under

Niger
Capital: Niamey
Niger
The Republic of Niger is located in Western Africa. Niger gained
196375. The current estimated population of Niger is 19.9 million. 31% (6.9
million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to
Niger ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
6/10 indicators
1
Improved
4
Unchanged
Niger has data for 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 4 remained relatively unchanged, and one had single

Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US$1.90 PPP
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable Employment as percentage of total employment
Both Female Male
50.40
49.20
49.40
49.00
88.98
48.90
48.30
88.88
47.10
46.90
46.70
46.60
45.50
88.68 88.56 88.50

44.00
43.90
43.50
43.50
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Vulnerable employment has remained above the 88 percent
Youth Working Poor improved slightly between 2013 and 2017 mark despite a negligible improvement.
dropping from 48.30 to 46.70 percent. Males had a higher
proportion than females in 2017 at 49.00 and 43.50 percent
respectively.
75
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019 <http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-scores-by-country>
76
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Niger 105

7/7
Figure 256
The Rate of Researchers worsened
between 2001 and 2005, falling to 7.42
indicators per 1,000,000 population.
Niger has data for all 7 indicators in this pillar; 2

improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, Figure 257
and 2 had single year data points. Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary
(Relevant ages)
Figure 256 89.67

64.82
youth age or sex breakdown) 58.26
55.33
9.26
8.52
8.07
7.90 7.42
2012 2013 2015 2016

worsened between 2012 and 2016 falling to 55.33 percent.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 258
15/16
794
786 774
757 738
723 711 699
679 661 657
indicators 635
619 596
574
553
4 5
Improved Unchanged
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Niger has data for 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar;
4 improved, 5 remained relatively unchanged, and six
had single year data points. The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015
dropping to 553 per 100,000 live births.
49.78
41.46
Figure 259
40.09
Youth Malaria Mortality Rate (by age 38.41 The Youth Malaria Mortality
37.14 Rate improved between
15-34, no sex breakdown) 2013 and 2017 falling to
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease. 37.14 percent in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6/6indicators
Figure 261
Internet penetration rate (No age or sex
breakdown)
4.3
3 3
Improved Unchanged
2.5
1.1 1.2 1.2

Figure 260 0.8
0.9
0.7 0.8
Proportion of young people who occupy 0.4
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.3
under 30 and sex) 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Female Male
1.20 Figure 261

The rate of unemployment worsened
between 2013 and 2017, rising from 9.77%
1.20 to 13.41% for both male and female.
Recommendations
Niger could benefit from policies that address High rate of Working Poverty, Child Labour,
1 Vulnerable Employment, and Youth with Formal Financial Account.
Policies that address low and declining rate of Rate of Researchers and The Effective
2 Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School could benefit Niger.
Niger should also boost efforts to collect data on these key areas as most of the data used
3 for this pillar are over 5 years.
Policies that would accelerate improvements in Youth Maternity Mortality Rate and Youth
4 Malaria Mortality Rate should be encouraged
Policies aimed at increasing the Internet penetration and Youth Participation in Governance,
5 and policies aimed at reducing Youth Poverty Rate should be encouraged.

Nigeria
Capital: Abuja
Nigeria
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in Western Africa. Nigeria
gained independence on October 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on
May 25, 196377. The current population of Nigeria is 181.2 million. 34%
(66.7 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
estimated to increase to 36% by the year 206378.
Nigeria ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
8/10 indicators
1
Improved
4
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Nigeria has data for 8 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, 4 worsened, and

Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Training
15.33
Both Female Male

14.89
13.41
13.06
Both Female Male

24.52
11.91
7.18
11.63
23.40
11.17
9.77
9.71
9.18
20.40 21.36
8.67
8.52
18.28
8.05
7.58
17.70
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2016
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The rate of unemployment worsened between 2013 and 2017,

rising from 9.77% to 13.41% for both male and female. The rate of young people in this category worsened in
2016, reaching 21.36% for both male and female in 2016.
77
78
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Nigeria 108

Figure 265
3/7indicators
Both Female Male
Nigeria has data for 3 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 4.07 4.07
2 improved, and 1 worsened. 3.26
2.59 2.45
2.10
1.60
Figure 264
66.69% 2012 2008

2011
51.65%
The Youth Literacy Rate improved between
2003 and 2011 with males reaching 85.68
2016 percent. Females saw a decline between
2013 2003 and 2008 falling to 57.95 percent and
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. no data is available for female in 2011 .
The Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education
improved between 2013 and 2016 reaching 66.69
percent.

Figure 266
16/16
Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age and sex breakdown)
1170 1140
1090
1040
986
948 890 884 883
indicators 829 867
824 819 821 820
814
8 1 7
Nigeria has data for all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
improved, 1 worsened, and 7 had single year data

Maternal mortality improved between 2000 and 2015 falling to
points. 814 per 100,000 live births.
32.50
28.80 The Prevalence Rate of
27.90 26.30
Figure 267 27.20 Modern Contraception
among Youth dropped in
Proportion of women of 2017 to 26.30 percent
reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) despite seeing an
who have their need for family improvement between
planning satisfied with modern 2003 and 2016.
methods (by age 15-49 and female) 2003 2008 2011 2016 2017

Figure 269
6/6indicators
breakdown)
49.92%
1 1 43.65%
Improved Worsened
28,66%
2003
2011 2015
Figure 268
Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age or sex Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
breakdown)
25.7
24.5 Figure 269
Voter Turnout fluctuated between 2003 and 2015 while we
21 have 43.65 percent in 2015.
19.1
16.1
13.8
11.5
9.3
6.8 8
5.5
3.5
1.3
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunications Union estimate.

Recommendations
Policies and interventions targeting child labour, high rates of working poor, vulnerable
1 employment and youth not in education, employment or training are urgently required to
reverse negative trends.
Nigeria should embrace policies that would increase literacy and education rate, especially
2 in young girls, curb child marriage, and increase remedial learning and secondary school
completion rate.
Policies aimed at improving Maternal Mortality Rate, The Youth Fertility Rate, and the
3 Prevalence Rate of Modern Contraception among Youths should be encouraged for better
health outcomes in Nigeria.
Policies targeting this high rate of Poverty among Youth, Internet Penetration, and Voter
4 Turnout could have far reaching positive effects on the economy of Nigeria.

Rwanda
Capital: Kigali
Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda is located in Eastern Africa. Rwanda gained
independence on July 1, 1962 and joined the African Union on May 25,
196379. The current estimated population of Rwanda is 11.6 million. 37%
(4.6 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
Rwanda has
Rwanda ratified
ratified theAfrican
the AfricanYouth
Youth Charter.
Charter in 2007.
10/10 indicators
7
Improved
1
Worsened
2
Unchanged
Rwanda has all ten indicators of this pillar, Seven of these indicators improved, one worsened, one remained
relatively unchanged, and one had a single year data point hence, no trend.
Figure 270
Figure 271
Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or
More - Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
63.2
61.3
3.2
61.1
59.4
2.7
58.9
58.4
56.8
56.7
55.9
56.0
54.0
53.5
51.5
53.3
50.7
2.1
2013
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Females were more likely to be unemployed, in 2013 the
female unemployment was at 3.20 percent which is higher
The rate of youth unemployment slightly worsened in 2017 at than the males which was 2.10 percent.
20.60% for both male and female.
83
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019 <http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-
84
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition scores-by-country>
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Rwanda 111

Figure 266
6/7
indicators
Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24, no sex
breakdown)
11.80 11.70
Rwanda has all seven indicators in this pillar, Four of 11.00

10.50
these indicators improved, one worsened and two had
single year data points hence, no trend.
Figure 265
82.41 2013 2014 2015 2016
74.93 72.02
71.82 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
68.46
Enrolment in secondary vocational

Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats improved greatly between 2014 and 2015
from 11.00 percent to 11.80 percent
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

increased by over 10% points between 2016 and 2017,
moving to 82.41%.
Figure 267
14/16 indicators
Number of Physicians per inhabitant or Density of Physicians (per
1,000 population) (No youth age or sex breakdown)
0.064 0.064
0.063
7 2
Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using Democratic Health Survey
Rwanda has data for 14 of the 16 Indicators in this 2002 2008 2014
Pillar, Nine of these indicators improved. Two
worsened and three had single year data points Number of physicians per inhabitant increased from 0.063% in
hence, no trend. 2002 to 0.064% in 2008
Both Female Male

Figure 268
19.0
15.6
14.0
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per

12.4
10.9
10.7

The rate of youth high risk
9.7
9.7
7.9
sex was at 12.4% for

7.5
6.8
6.7
female and 19.0% for male

3.9
4.5
3.8
between 2000 and 2016.

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

6/6indicators
Figure 270
breakdown)
98.80
98.50
96.48
2 1 3 93.04
Figure 269
Percentage of Young People `population living in
37.90 2003 2008 2015 2018

35.40
32.80
Voter Turnout has decreased between 2015 and 2018

from 98.80% to 93.04% in 2018.
2014
Recommendations
1 and Child Labour could benefit Rwanda.
Policies which further increase access to financial services for youth could be beneficial and
2 far reaching.
3 yield better education outcomes for the Rwandan youth.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the non-communicable
4 disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit Rwanda.
Policies or investments to increase infrastructure and access, and address youth poverty
5 rate could benefit Rwanda.

Sahrawi
Arab
Capital: Aauin
Capital: Tifariti
Sahrawi Arab
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is located in Northern Africa.
Sahrawi gained independence on February 27, 1976 and joined the African
Union on February 22, 198281. The current estimated population of
Sahrawi is 513,000. 38% (215,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and
this proportion is projected to decrease to 28% by the year 206382.
Sahrawi has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
81
82
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sahrawi Arab 114

Sao Tome
and Principe
Capital: Sao Tome
Sao Tome and Principe

The Republic of Sao Tome and Principe is located in Central Africa. Sao Tome and
Principe gained independence on July 12, 1975 and joined the African Union on
July 18, 197583. The current estimated population of Sao Tome and Principe is 196,
000. 35% (76,000) of the population is aged 15-34 and this proportion is projected
to decrease to 34% by the year 206384.
Sao Tome and Principe ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
3/6 indicators
3
Unchanged
Sao Tome and Principe has 3 out of 6 data in this pillar; 2 remained relatively unchanged, and 1 had single year data.

Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of Children involved in Labour (by age 5-17
and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
32.65
32.44
32.43
32.43
32.43
27.50
26.00
20.51
20.60
20.52
20.51
20.50
15.46
24.60
15.43
15.42
15.42
15.41
2010-2016
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Trend data is not available for the Rate of Child Labour with
The rate of youth unemployment slightly worsened in 2017 at the rate for 2010-2016 being 26 percent. Females were
20.60% for both male and female. more likely to be child labourers at 27.50 percent versus
males at 24.60 percent.
83
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019 <http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-
84
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition scores-by-country>
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sao Tome 115

Figure 274
6/7
indicators
Sao Tome and Principe has 6 of the 7 indicators in this

pillar; 4 improved and 2 had single year data.
33.83%
Figure 273 Education
62.90
69.10
Trend data is not available for completion

80.60 rate for lower secondary education being
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 33.83 percent in 2014.
2012 2013 2016

increased by over 13% points between 2012 and
2016, moving to 96.98%.

Figure 275
12/16
Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who
have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods
(by age 15-49 and female).
indicators 61.40
44.30
7 2 50.30
Improved Worsened
Sao Tome and Principe has 12 of the 16 indicators in

2002 2008 2014
this pillar; 7 improved, 2 worsened, and had single
year data points. have their need for family planning satisfied with modern
Both Female Male

Figure 276
The rate of youth high risk
3.00
3.00
2.70
2.70
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per sex was at 66% for female
2.40
2.30
2.30
2.00
and 74% for male between

2.00

1.80
youth age breakdown) 2007 and 2013.

1.60
1.50
1.30
1.40
1.20

2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

Figure 278
6/6indicators
88.45
80.65
66.29 66.85
2 1
Improved Worsened
Figure 277 2002 2006 2010 2018

Figure 278
Voter turnout experienced an increase since 2002. In 2018,
32.30% the rate of voter turnout landed at 80.65%.
29.80%
2000 2010
The percentage of young people population living in

poverty worsened between 2000 and 2010. It rose from
29.80% in 2000 to 32.30% in 2010.
Recommendations
1 Policies which address rate of youth unemployment, and child labour could be worthwhile.
Sao Tome and Principe could benefit from policies that address sensitization and access to
2 modern contraception, and suicide rate especially among male youths.
3 Policies which address the increased Youth Poverty Rate for could be worth considering.

Senegal
Capital: Dakar
Senegal
The Republic of Senegal is located in Western Africa. Senegal
gained independence on June 20, 1960 and joined the African
Union on May 25, 196385. The estimated population of Senegal is 15
million. 35% (5.7 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this
proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206386.
Senegal ratified
Senegal ratified the
the African
African Youth
Youth Charter
Charter in
in 2011.
2011.
10/10 indicators
1
Improved
9
Unchanged
Senegal has all ten indicators in this pillar, One indicator improved and nine others had single year data points hence,
no trend.

Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by age Proportion of youth not in education, employment or training
15-35 and sex) (by age 15-35 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
48.98 61.07
44.42
41.28
17.14 20.47
2013
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013

Employment distribution by intermediate education is lower in
female in 2013, female recorded a 17.14% in 2013 compared to Female gender had a higher percentage of proportion of youth
male counterpart which recorded a 48.98% employment not in education, the female gender recorded a 61.07%, while
distribution. the male gender recorded 20.47, the lowest of the genders.
85
86
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Senegal 118

7/7
Figure 281
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to
Secondary experienced a decline from 2012
indicators to 2016 , starting from 91.96% to 72.97%
Senegal has all seven indicators in this pillar, Two of

these indicators improved, one worsened and four had Figure 282
single year data points hence, no trend. Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male

Figure 281 45.94
25.43
91.96
90.88 20.51
89.99
76.5
72.97
2013
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Proportion of literate youth in 2013 is higher in male than
female, the male gender recorded 25.43% literate youths
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
while the female gender recorded 20.51%
Figure 283
14/16 indicators
The Prevalence of HIV / AIDS among Youth worsened from 0.12
per 1,000 population in 2013 to 0.17 per 1,000 population in
2016.
0.15 0.15
0.17
0.12
9 2 3
Senegal has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar, Nine 2013 2014 2015 2016
of these indicators improved and two have worsened.
Three other indicators have single year data points The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youth increased between
hence, no trend. 2013 and 2016, moving from 0.15% in 2015 to 0.17% in 2016.
25.63
Figure 284 24.90
24.28 The Youth Mortality Rate
Youth Tuberculosis Mortality Rate
23.39 decreased between 2013
(by age 15-34, no sex breakdown) and 2017 falling to 25.63
22.60
percent in 2013 to 22.60
percent in 2017.
Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 286
6/6 indicators
67.26
2 1 3 53.66
34.75
Figure 285
49.2
38.4
38.0 2001 2007 2012 2017
Figure 286
Voter turnout experienced an increase since 2007. In 2018,
the rate of voter turnout stood at 53.66%.
2001 2005 2011
The percentage of young people population living in

poverty decreased between 2005 and 2011. It drops
from 38.40% in 2000 to 38.00% in 2011.
Recommendations
1 Policies which address rate of youth unemployment, and child labour could be worthwhile.
Senegal could benefit from policies that address sensitization and access to modern
2 contraception, and suicide rate especially among male youths.
3 Policies which address the increased Youth Poverty Rate for could be worth considering.

Seychelles
Capital: Victoria
Seychelles
The Republic of Seychelles is located in Eastern Africa. Seychelles gained
independence on June 29, 1976 and joined the African Union on the same
day87. The estimated population of Seychelles is 94,000. 28% (27,000) of
this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to reduce to
25% in 206388.
Seychelles ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
2/10 indicators
1
Unchanged
Seychelles has data for 2 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 remained relatively unchanged while others
slightly changed.

Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by age Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More -
15-24 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
38.30
40.90
Both Female Male

38.40
37.80
35.00
33.00
33.70
28.50
34.10
33.80
33.30
31.90
32.70
25.00
32.10
24.70
26.60
24.10
30.50
24.20
30.00
23.70
23.30
21.00
2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2014 2015 2016 2017
Employment distribution by intermediate education slightly
Unemployment distribution improved in 2017 at 24.10% for
worsened from 3.30% in 2014 to 32.10% for both male and
female in 2017.
87
88
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Seychelles 121

Figure 289
5/7 indicators
Enrolment in Secondary Technical and
Vocational Education and Training has
remained relatively stable between 2013
and 2016 with males more likely to enrol at
2.96 percent and females at 0.63 percent
Seychelles has data for 5 out of the 7 indicators in this
pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, 2 remained relatively
unchanged, and 1 had single year data. Figure 290
Figure 289 5.37
5.19
Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex) 4.77 4.42
4.08
3.61 3.61
Female Male
3.36
2.61
3.30
2.96
2.49
1.06

0.96
0.76
0.63
2002 2003 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016
Government expenditure on education as a percentage

2013 2014 2015 2016 of GDP has been trending upward since 2012 after a
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. decade of decline. In 2016 it reached 4.42 percent.

Figure 291
Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex,
9/16 no youth age breakdown)
16.50
16.40
15.80
15.00
indicators
9.40
9.40
9.30
9.10
8.70
3 4
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
Worsened Unchanged 2.40
2000 2005 2010 2016 2016

Seychelles has 9 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
3 worsened, 4 remained relatively constant, while 2 Suicides have increased slightly between 2000 and 2016 with the
have single data points. male rate being almost seven times more than the female rate at
16.4 and 2.4 per 100,000 respectively.
50.19 50.35
Figure 292 49.14 Youth mortality rates due

48.44 48.63 to Non-communicable
Non-communicable Diseases
diseases worsened
Youth Mortality Rate (by age
between 2013 and 2017,
rising to 50.35 per
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6/6
2 2 breakdown)
Improved Worsened
Figure 293
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age
under 30 and sex)
84.52% 85.90% 74.25% 87.61%
2002 2007 2011 2016
No Data
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and

Electoral Assistance
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of

Parliament Lower House. There were no members of
parliament under 30 in 2015.
Recommendations
Seychelles could benefit from policies which target long-term unemployment.

1
Seychelles could benefit from policies that increase the Enrolment in Secondary, Technical
2 Vocational Education and Training.
Seychelles could therefore benefit from policies aimed at curbing the worsening rates of
3 non-communicable diseases youth mortality, youth lower respiratory infections mortality
and the prevalence of suicide among youths, especially for males.

Sierra Leone
Capital: Freetown
Sierra Leone
The Republic of Sierra Leone is located in Western African. Sierra Leone
gained independence on April 27, 1961 and joined the African Union on
May 25, 196389. 36% (2.7 million) of the population of Sierra Leone is
aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the
year 206390.
Sierra Leone has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
9/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Sierra Leone has data for 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged,
while others had single data points hence no trend.

Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment
Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male
85.81 84.67 84.63
58.40
85.33
56.50
56.50
56.50
54.70
54.80
53.70
85.09
52.00
48.90
51.80
48.40
47.40
45.90
44.80
43.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Vulnerable employment increased by half a percentage point
between 2013 and 2017 despite improving between 2013
The percentage of employed youth declined from 46.90% in and 2015 it has worsened over recent years reaching 87.63
2013 to 54.70% for both male and female in 2017. percent.
89
90
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sierra Leone 124

Figure 298
5/7indicators
Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant
ages, by sex)
Female Male
Sierra Leone has data for 5 of the 7 indicators in this 22.83%

pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and 2 others had single
year data. 16.79%
Figure 297
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 2013
91.15%
87.96% 87.52%
2015
Trend data is not available for Completion
Rate for Upper Secondary Education with
2012 2016 the 2013 rate being 16.79 percent for
females and 22.83 for males.
The transition rate from 2015 to 2016 worsened to

87.52 percent, slightly lower than the 2012 rate at
87.96 percent.

Figure 299
15/16
Youth Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex
breakdown)
2650 2530
2390 2270
indicators 2110
1990
1880
1800
1730 1680
1630
1580 1510
9 1480 1410 1360
Improved
Sierra Leone has data for 15 of the 16 indicators in 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
this pillar; 9 improved, while 6 others had single year The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015
dropping to a still relatively high rate of 1360 per 100,000 live
data points.
births.
No trend data is currently

Figure 300 available with the rate of
Skilled Health Professionals
Skilled Health Professionals’ 3.42
2010 in 2010 being a relatively
density (per 1,000 population) (No low 3.42 per 1,000
youth age or sex breakdown) population.
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository y data repository.

5/6indicators
Figure 302
Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age
or sex breakdown)
11.8
3 6.1
6.3
Improved
4
2.5
Figure 301
0.6 0.9
Percentage of Young People `population living in 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2003 62.80
The Internet Penetration Rate has increased between
2000 and 2016 but remain below average at 11.8 percent
2011 52.20 in 2016
Recommendations
1 and Child Labour could benefit Sierra Leone.
Policies which further increase access to financial services for youth could be beneficial and
2 far reaching.
3 yield better education outcomes for the Sierra Leonean youth.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the
4 non-communicable disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit
Policies or investments to increase infrastructure and access, and address youth poverty
5 rate could benefit Sierra Leone.

Somalia
Capital: Magadishu
Somalia
The Republic of Somalia is located in Eastern Africa. Somalia gained independence
on July 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196391. The estimated
population of Somalia is 13.9 million. 34% (5.1 million) is aged 15-35 and this
proportion is projected to increase to 36% by the year 206392.
Somalia has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
2/10 indicators
Somalia has data for 2 out of 10 indicators for this pillar.

Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age
Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown)
39.70
38.80
37.80
38.70
38.60
38.30
38.20
38.00
37.60
37.40
2014 42.70
37.40
37.20
37.10
37.10
36.90
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Trend data is not available for Rate of Youth with Formal
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 Financial Account, being 42.70 percent in 2014.
improved as it declined from 38.80% in 2013 to 37.40% for
both male and female in 2017.
91
92
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Somalia 127


Figure 305
12/16
Skilled health professionals’ density (per 1,000 population)
(No youth age or sex breakdown)
indicators
2014 1.08
6 1
Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from Global Health
Observatory data repository
Somalia has data for 12 out of 16 indicators in this
pillar; 6 improved, 1 worsened, others remained No trend data is currently available with the rate of Skilled Health
unchanged or had single year data. Professionals in 2014 being 1.08 per 1,000 population.
Trend data is not available

Figure 306 for Female Youth who have
Undergone Female Genital
Percentage of girls and women 97.9
2016 Mutilation /Cutting, with the
aged 15 to 49 who have undergone 2016 rate being 97.9 %.
female genital mutilation/cutting (by
age 15-49 and female)

Figure 308
4/4indicators
Both Female Male
1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27

1.25 1.25
Figure 307 0.93
0.91
Proportion of young people who occupy 0.88
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under
30 and sex)
Both Female Male
5.20 2010 2015 2017
3.80 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Figure 308
Youth migration remains low with 1.27 percent of the
population being youth migrant stock in 2017.
0.00
2015
Figure 307
Lower House. In 2015 there were no female Members of
Parliament and only 5.2 percent were males under 30
years of age.
Recommendations
There has been an improvement in Youth Working Poor, with a downward trend between
1 2013 and 2017 for males and females. Females have a higher rate than men at 38.30 percent
compared to 37.20 percent in 2017.
Policies to increase the rate of Skilled Health Professionals, and exponentially reduce the
2 very high rate of 97.9 in 2016 for Female Youth who have Undergone Female Genital
Mutilation /Cutting could lead to improvements in youth health in Somalia.
Interventions to boost youth political participation could benefit Somalia, with no youth
3 members of parliament in the country. Ratification of the African Youth Charter could
strengthen existing youth participation frameworks.

South Africa
Capital: Pretoria
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is located in Southern Africa. South Africa
June 6, 199493. The estimated population of South Africa is 55.3 million.
South Africa ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
9/10 indicators
3
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
South Africa had data for 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved, 2 worsened, while others remained relatively
unchanged or had single data points.

Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More -
per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
63.00
62.60
62.30
7.70
62.10
60.70
61.00
61.00
60.50
7.40
60.40
60.40
60.00
7.30
7.30
60.10
59.60
58.20
6.70
7.20
58.00
7.10
6.70
6.60
6.50
6.00
5.70
5.70
5.70
5.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Unemployment distribution improved while it declined
The rate of employed youth living below US$1.90 per day from 61.0% in 2013 to 60.045 for both male and female
worsened as it rose from 6.7% in 2013 to 7.1% for both male in 2017.
and female in 2017
93
94
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Africa 130

5/7
indicators
Figure 311
The number of researchers improved from
305.75% in 2001 to 484.20% in 2013.
South Africa has data for 5 out of 7 indicators in this Figure 312
pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, and others remained Proportion of Literate Youth
99.23
99.08
99.15
relatively unchanged. Both Female Male
98.90
98.96
98.88
98.82
98.79
98.68
98.68
98.64
98.43
Figure 311
98.39
98.37
97.92
Rate of Researchers per 1;000,000 population (All ages, No
484.20
403.46
387.28
384.88
388.32
384.52
376.24
371.31
362.89
354.42
305.75
296.58
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

20
01
20
0 2
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
13 The proportion of literate improved from
98.96% 98.37% in 2009 to 98.96% for both male
and female in 2015.
Figure 313
13/16 indicators
Both Female
11.70
Male
17.69
6.50
1 5
Improved Worsened
2017
South Africa has data for 13 out of 16 indicators in Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates
this pillar; 1 improved, 5 worsened, others stayed The occurrence of HIV per 1,000 population has a single data at
consistent over time or had no data trend. 11.70 for both male and female in 2017. It is recorded that females
have more tendencies of contracting HIV at 17.69% than male at
8.20
7.75 7.72 7.93
Figure 314 7.44 7.45 7.11 7.42 7.50
6.88 6.71 6.91 Current health expenditure
6.81 6.59 6.55
Current Health Expenditure 6.43 fluctuated with upward between
(CHE) as percentage of gross 2000 and 2015 landing at a rate of
domestic product (GDP) 8.20 percent in 2015.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
7
8

6/6indicators
Figure 316
Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age
or sex breakdown)
46.5
49
51.9
54
41
Figure 315
34
Percentage of Young People `population living in
24
32.60
25.00 8.4
7.5 7.6 8.1 8.4 10
6.3 6.7 7
5.3
18.90
16.90 16.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2000 2005 2008 2010 2014
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of between 2000 and 2016 rising to 54 percent.
Parliament Lower House. In 2014 2.8 percent of
Members were youth, with female Members at 0.8
percent and 2.0 percent males.
Recommendations
Policies reviewing youth long-term unemployment may be beneficial to South Africa, as its
1 rate at 60.40 percent is well above the continental average of 44.20 percent
HIV remains a serious issue for South Africa having one of the highest rates in the
2 continent at 11.70 per 1,000 population. Policy review and strengthened interventions,
particularly regarding the extremely high female rate may be beneficial to South Africa.

South Sudan
Capital: Juba
South Sudan
The Republic of South Sudan is located in Eastern Africa. South Sudan
gained independence on July 09, 2011 and joined the African Union on
July 27, 201195. 36% (4.6 million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
South Sudan has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
4/10 indicators
2
Improved
2
Unchanged
South Sudan has data for 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, and 2 remained relatively unchanged.

Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial
Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age
Both Female Male
21.31
20.09
20.40
19.53
19.83
18.85
18.93
18.61
17.61
2017 10.74
18.23
17.44
17.21
16.72
16.45
16.04
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
No trend data is available for The Rate of Youth with Formal

The Rate of Youth Unemployment improved between 2013 and Financial Account with the 2017 rate being a low 10.74
2017 falling to 17.61. Males more likely to be unemployed at percent.
18.85 percent in 2017 compared to females at 16.45 percent.
95
96
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Sudan 133

Figure 319
2/7
indicators
No trend data is available for Youth Literacy
Rates which was 65.81 percent in 2016.
Males had much higher rates than females
at 44.08 and 22.58 percent respectively.
South Sudan has 2 of the indicators in this pillar and

none has a clear data points. Figure 320
Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent
of GDP
1.52
1.50
Figure 319 1.36
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24)
1.08 0.98
Both Female Male
0.83
65.81
2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2008 29.58

44.08 Percentage of GDP fluctuated between
0.98% 2011 and 2017, being a low 0.98 percent in
2017.
Figure 321
12/16
Both Female Male
indicators 1.67
2017 2.17
6 1
Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates
South Sudan has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV / AIDS among
6 improved, 1 worsened, and five others had single Youth with a rate of 1.67 per 1,000 population in 2017, Females
year data and stayed relatively stable. had a higher rate than males at 2.17 and 1.19 per 1,000 population
respectively.
2.57 2.53
Figure 322
2.15 2.11 Current Health Expenditure
Current Health Expenditure (CHE), as fluctuated but eventually
percentage of GDP landed at 2.53% in 2015.
2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 323
2/6
indicators
The Internet Penetration Rate increased
slightly between 2013 and 2016 but remain
below average at 6.7 percent in 2016.
Figure 324
Figure 323
Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age or sex (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown)
breakdown) 3.47
5.50
4.50
3.80 2009 42.70
2000 2005 2006 2010 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database
According to the graph above, no trend data is available for The Youth Poverty Rate with the 2009 rate at
42.7 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at increasing the number of youth with formal banking accounts could
1 improve economic outcomes for youth. The current rate of 10.74 percent is well below
the 2017 continental average of 35.55 percent.
No trend data is available for Youth Literacy Rates which was 65.81 percent in 2016.
2 Males had much higher rates than females at 44.08 and 22.58 percent respectively,
both are below the continental average of 57.89 percent in 2016.
Public Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of GDP fluctuated between 2011

3 and 2017, being a low 0.98 percent in 2017, well below the continental average of
3.93 for 2017.
Policies aimed at increasing sexual and reproductive health may benefit South Sudan
4 with HIV remaining an issue for the country.
Policies and investment to increase infrastructure and access, and focus on youth
5 participation could be beneficial to South Sudan.

Sudan
Capital: Khartoum
Sudan
The Republic of the Sudan is located in Eastern Africa. The Sudan gained
independence on January 1. 1956 and joined the African Union on May
25, 196397. The current estimated population of the Sudan is 38.6 million.
Sudan has not ratified the African Youth Charter.

6/9
indicators
6
Improved
The Republic of the Sudan has data for 6 out of the 9 Indicators in this Pillar. Two of these 6 indicators have improved
while one has deteriorated and two have only a single data point, hence, no trend.
Figure 325
Figure 326
Rate of Youth Unemployment
Rate of Vulnerable Youth Employment
Both Female Male
42.95
42.85
42.88
42.82
42.78
Both Female Male

41.13
40.93
40.63
27.32
27.28
27.27
27.29
40.35 40.43
27.26
21.34
21.30
21.29
21.33
21.28
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The Rate of Youth Unemployment remained relatively unchanged
between 2013 and 2017, hovering around 27.3 percent. The female The rate of vulnerable employment has improved slightly
rate has consistently been more than double the male rate, with between 2013 and 2017, decreasing from 41.13 to 40.43
the 2017 rates of 42.88 and 21.33 percent respectively. percent in 2017.
97
98
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sudan 136

Figure 328
5/8indicators
ages, by sex)
Sierra Leone has data for 5 of the 7 indicators in this

pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and 2 others had single
year data. 2014 51.18
Figure 327
95.85% 94.25%
94.40% 91.53% Trend is not available for The Completion

Rate for Upper Secondary Education which
2014 was higher for males at 33.56 percent, than
2012
for females at 27.99 percent in 2014.
2013
2015
The Effective Transition Rate has worsened between

2012 and 2015, falling from 95.85 percent to 91.53
percent in 2015.

Figure 329
6/16
Youth Maternal Mortality Rate
544 524
504 486
indicators 463
440
418
396
376 361 349
339 330
1 1 325 318 311
Improved Worsened
The Republic of the Sudan has data for 6 out of the 16 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Indicators in this Pillar. 1 of these 6 indicators has improved, The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015
1 indicator has worsened, and 4 of the indicators are falling from 544 to 311 per 100,000 live births.
provided for single years which does not show trend.
Trend data is not available for

Figure 330 Female Youth who have Undergone
Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting,
Female Youth who have Undergone 86.60
2014 with a rate of 86.60 percent in 2014.
Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting This is significantly above the
continental average of 47 percent.

Figure 331
5/5indicators
In 2015 there were 2.0 percent Members of
Parliament under 30 years of age and the
female rate were half that of males, at 0.7
percent and 1.4 percent respectively.
Figure 332
1 Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age
Improved
or sex breakdown)
Figure 331
Youth Members of Parliament Lower House
Both Female Male
2.00
2015 0.70
1.40 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

between 2000 and 2016 rising from zero to 28 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed to address the education gap in gender could be instrumental to the increase
1 in Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education.
2 yield better education outcomes.
Policies which address the gender disparity among Youth Members of the Parliament Lower
3 House. Empowering and creating space for more women to participate in governance is
essential.

Tanzania
Capital: Dodoma
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania is located in Eastern Africa. Tanzania
gained independence on December 9, 1961 and joined the African Union
on May 25, 196399. 34% (20.3 million) of the current population of
Tanzania is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 35%
by the year 2063100.
Tanzania ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012.
10/10 indicators
5
Improved
4
Worsened
Tanzania has data for all ten Indicators in this Pillar. Four of the indicators improved while one worsened, and five have
only a single data point, hence no trend.

Youth Working Poor
Both Female Male
Both Female Male

7.18
45.70
45.00
44.30
5.82
43.50
4.67
43.10
4.50
4.55
42.70
4.43
41.80
4.43
3.81
41.50
3.90
41.00
41.20
3.70
40.70
3.70
3.18
3.09
3.00
3.00
40.50
40.30
40.00
39.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The Rate of Youth Unemployment improved between 2013

The percentage of Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and
and 2017 for both males and females, with the overall rate
2017 for both males and females falling to 40.5 and 41.0 percent,
falling from 5.82 to 3.9 percent. The female rate has been
from 44.3 and 45.7 percent respectively.
consistently higher than the male rate.
99
100
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tanzania 139

Figure 335
5/8
Trend data is not available for Effective
Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary
with the rate for 2012 reported at 53.3
percent.
indicators
Tanzania has data for five out of the eight Indicators in this Figure 336
Pillar. One of these indicators has improved while two have
Youth Literacy Rate
worsened.
Both Female Male
87.17
76.49
Figure 335
87.01
80.92
84.29
85.94
84.85
78.40
84.64
72.77
74.56
76.20
2012 53.30
2002 2010 2013 2015

The Youth Literacy Rate improved between 2002 and 2015
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. form an overall average of 78.4 percent in 2002 to 84.29
percent in 2015. The male rate in 2017 was 87.01 percent
while the female rate was 84.64 percent.
Figure 337
16/16 indicators
Youth Maternal Mortality Rate
2015 706.00
5 2
Improved Worsened
Tanzania has data for all the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Five
of these indicators have been improving while two Trend data is not available for Youth Maternal Mortality Rate
worsened and eight have data only for a single year, hence with the 2015 rate being 706.00 per 100,000 population.
no trend. One of the indicators remained relatively
unchanged.
52.9
Figure 338 The Prevalence Rate of
Modern Contraception
Proportion of women of reproductive age
among Youth improved
(aged 15-49 years) who have their need 39.4 between 2005 and 2016
for family planning satisfied with modern
from 39.4 to 52.9 percent.
2005 2010 2016
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey

Figure 340
6/6
indicators
Internet Penetration Rate
10
13
7
2 2
Improved Worsened
4.4
4
3.2
1.9 2.4 2.9
Figure 339 1.3 1.6

0.9 1.1
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
under 30 and sex)
0.60
2015 Figure 340
0.60 between 2000 and 2016 from 0.1 percent to 13 percent.
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of

Parliament Lower House. In 2015 there were no female
Members of Parliament and only 0.6 percent were
males under 30 years of age.
Recommendations
Policies to improve the gender ratio of parliamentary seats should be encouraged and
1 implemented.
Policies aimed at increasing the enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational education
2 and training could benefit Tanzania
Tanzania could benefit from focusing on policies relating to maternal mortality, youth
3 tuberculosis mortality rate, non-communicable disease youth mortality rate.
4 be worthwhile in Tanzania.

Togolese
Capital: Lome
Togolese
The Togolese Republic is located in Western Africa. Togo gained
independence on April 27, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25,
1963 . The current estimated population of Togo is 7.4 million. 35% (28
million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to
remain stable at 35% by the year 2063 .
Togo ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
8/10 indicators
3
Improved
2
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Togo has data for 8 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, while the remaining 3 has single
data point hence no trend.

Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90
PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex)
Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment
Both Female Male (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
52.90
52.10
51.30
47.60
50.30
48.50
81.07
47,30
47.00
80.90
45.60
80.55
44.10
80.43
43.10
80.33
42.50
42.30
41.00
37.40
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of vulnerable employment has improved
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 per slightly between 2013 and 2017 being 80.33 percent
day improved as it fell from 48.5% in 2013 to 42.3% for both in 2017.
male and female in 2017.
101
102
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Togolese 142

Figure 343
7/7
The rate of effective transition from primary
to secondary school improved to 85.32
percent in 2014, before falling to 83.24
percent in2016.
indicators
Togo has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, Figure 344

1 worsened, and 3 others had single year data. Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
89.67
87..63
84.856
86.92
Figure 343
83.70
79.89
78.37
74.56
74.56
74.44
72.71
(relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
67.92
67.92
63.55
85.32
85.13
84.29
83.24
80.04 2000 2006 2009 2011 2015

The proportion of literate youth improved from 2000 to
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 at 74.44% and 79.89% for both female and male
respectively
Figure 345
13/16 indicators
Maternal Mortality rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
491
474
459
448
434
427 427
416 402 396 391
395 393
386 378
8 1 368
Improved Unchanged
Togo has data for 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
8 improved, 1 remained unchanged, and 4 had single year Maternal mortality rate improved as it dropping from 491 in
data hence no trend. 2000 to 368 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
The Prevalence Rate of

Figure 346 2010 26.10 Modern Contraception
Proportion of women of reproductive age among Youth improved
(aged 15-49 years) who have their need between 2010 and 2014
for family planning satisfied with modern 2014 32.10 reaching to 32.10 percent.
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey

Figure 348
5/6
indicators
breakdown)
84.92
2 1 67.43
66.06
Improved Worsened
59.25
Figure 347
11.30
Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 2002 2007 2013 2018
breakdown) 7.10
5.70
Figure 348
4.50
4.00
Voter turnout fell from 67.43 in 2002 to 59.25 per 100,000

3.50
3.00
population in 2018.
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.50
1.20
0.80
0.90
1.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
The Internet Penetration Rate improved between

2000 and 2016 but remains low at 11.3 percent.
Recommendations
Policies with the potential of further curbing the increasing rates of working poverty and
1 vulnerable employment could benefit Togo.
Policies to avert the worsened transition rate from primary to secondary school could be
2 worthwhile.
Togo could benefit from policies that focus on prevalence rate of modern contraception and
3 youth maternal mortality rate.
Togo could benefit from interventions aimed at increasing the Internet Penetration Rate
4 further, as well as policies aimed at averting the declining Voter Turnout rate.

Tunisia
Capital: Tunis
Tunisia
The Republic of Tunisia is located in Northern Africa. Tunisia gained
independence on March 20, 1956 and joined the African Union on May
25, 1963103. The current estimated population of Tunisia is 11.3 million with
32% aged 15-35104.
Tunisia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
7/10 indicators
1
Improved
3
Worsened
3
Unchanged
Tunisia has data for seven out of ten Indicators in this Pillar. One of the indicators improved while three worsened, and
three have only a single data point, hence no trend.

Rate of Youth Unemployment Rate of Child Labour
Both Female Male

Both Female Male
40.33
39.99
2.60
38.33
2.10
37.29
36.48
36.35
36.33
1.60
35.43
34.77
34.67
34.53
34.53
34.08
33.97
33.23
2010-2016
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
No trend data exists for The Rate of Child Labour. The
The Rate of Youth Unemployment has worsened since 2013, average rate between 2010-2016 was 2.1 percent, with
increasing from 34.53 to 36.33 percent in 2017. The female rate a higher male rate than female rate.
has consistently been higher than the male rate.
101
102
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tunisia 145

Figure 351
6/8
indicators
Following an upwards trend between 2012
and 2013 the Effective Transition Rate from
Primary to Secondary declined to 88.88
percent in 2014 a high of 97.57 in 2013.
Tunisia has data for six out of the eight indicators in this
Pillar. Two of these indicators have improved while one
Figure 352
has worsened. Two indicators have a single data point
hence, no trend, and one indicator remained relatively Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education
stable over time.
Both Female Male
Figure 351
2015 51.01
37.99
Trend data is not available for Completion Rate for

Upper Secondary Education with a rate of 44.19
2012 2013 2014
percent in 2012.
Figure 353

12/16
Prevalence of Suicide among Youth
Both Female Male
5.10
5.00
4.90
4.50
4.40
indicators
3.40
3.60
3.60
3.50
3.40
6 2 2
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.20
2.10
Tunisia has data for 12 out of the 16 Indicators in this 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Pillar. Six of these indicators have been improving Suicide Rates remained unchanged relatively between 2000 and
while two worsened and two of the indicators 2016, falling very slightly from 3.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 population.
remained relatively unchanged.
4.64 Maternal mortality rate

Figure 354 improved between 2000
and 2015 falling from 84 to
Maternal mortality rate (no youth 62 per 100,000 live births.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 356
5/6 Internet penetration rate (No age or sex breakdown)
Figure 333
49.6
46.2 46.5
indicators 41.4
43.8
39.1
36.8
34.1
27.5
2 1
13
9.7
6.5 8.5
5.3
2.8 4.3
Figure 355
International migrant stock as percentage of total 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Both Female Male

Figure 356
2.01
1.99
The Internet Penetration Rate has increased

significantly between 2000 and 2016 rising
1.87
1.85
from 2.8 to 49.6 percent, which was more

1.61
1.73
than double the continental rate.

1.72
1.49
1.37
2010 2015 2017
Youth migration to Tunisia remains low with 1.85 percent of the

population being youth migrant stock in 2017, up from 1.49
percent in 2010.
Recommendations
Policies that would improve rates of youth with formal financial account, youth
1 unemployment, vulnerable youth employment, youth self-employment and child labour
should be encouraged in Tunisia.
Tunisia could therefore benefit from investments in mental health with a focus on suicide,
2 particularly for males.
Because of the low rate of internet penetration,Tunisia should invest in internet

3 infrastructure and access.

Uganda
Capital: Kampala
Uganda
The Republic of Uganda is located in Eastern Africa. Uganda gained
independence on October 9, 1962 and joined the African Union on May
25, 1963105. The current estimated population Uganda is 40.1 million. 35%
of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to
Uganda ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.

7/10 indicators
4
Improved
2
Worsened
1
Unchanged
Uganda has data for seven out of ten Indicators in this Pillar. Four of the indicators improved, two worsened and one
remained unchanged.

Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP per
age 15-24 and sex) day (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Both Female Male
85.70
29.60
29.30
79.80
72.10 72.30
29.00
28.60
65.70
28.30
28.10
27.70
58.40
27.40
26.90
27.20
26.70
26.50
22.60
22.60
22.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2013 2016
The Youth Working Poor Rate improved slightly in the
The Rate of Employment among Educated Youth worsened in period between 2013 and 2017, decreasing to 22.6
the period between 2013 and 2016 for both females and males. percent for both sexes from 29.3 percent.
The female rate decreased from 72.1 percent to 58.4 percent
while the male rate decreased from 85.7 to 72.3 percent.
103
104
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Uganda 148

Figure 360
6/7
indicators
Both Female Male
Uganda has data for six out of the eight Indicators in this
pillar. Two of these indicators improved and two
worsened. Two indicators have a single data point 20.00
hence, no trend. 17.60
15.80
Figure 359
64.42
62.45
58.95
2016
53.87
Trend data is not available for Completion

2012 2013 2014 2016
Rate for Upper Secondary Education which
The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to was 17.6 in 2016, for both sexes.
Secondary worsened between 2012 and 2016
decreasing from 64.4 percent to 58.95 percent.
Figure 361
16/16
have their need for family planning satisfied with
49.90
47.80
44.60
indicators 40.90
40.40
6 2 31.50
29.00
Improved Worsened
Uganda has data for all 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Six

2001 2006 2011 2014 2015 2016 2017
of these indicators improved while two worsened,
The Prevalence Rate of Modern Contraception among Youth
seven indicators have only a single data point, hence improved from 31.5 to 49.9 percent between 2001 and 2017.
no trend, and one remained relatively unchanged.
31.50
Figure 362 31.50
Government Expenditure on
Current health expenditure (CHE) 31.50 Health as a percent of GDP
as percentage of gross domestic 31.50 remained relatively
31.50 31.50
product (GDP) unchanged between 2013
and 2018, reaching 1.9
percent in 2018.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 364
6/6
Figure 244
Both Female Male
indicators
20.68
18.18
15.66
2 2
14.71
12.99
Improved Worsened
11.26
7.46
6.81
Figure 363
6.16
breakdown)
2010 2015 2017

70.31 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
68.00 67.61
59.29
Net Youth Migration Rate increased between 2010 and 2017,
The male rate was lower than the female rate in 2017 at
20.68 and 15.66 percent respectively.
2001 2006 2011 2016
Voter Turnout worsened between 2001 and 2016, decreasing

from 70.31 to 67.61 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at Youth Unemployment, employment in the informal sector and those youth
1 Not in Education, Employment or Training could improve the employment prospects of youth
in Uganda.
Policies aimed at increasing the completion rates of both lower and upper secondary
2 education may benefit Uganda’s youth.
Youth political participation could benefit Uganda with no current Members of Parliament
3 Lower House being under

Zambia
Capital: Lusaka
Zambia
The Republic of Zambia is located in Southern Africa. Zambia gained
independence on October 24, 1964 and joined the African Union on
December 16, 1964107. The current estimated population of Zambia is 16.1
million. 36% of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
projected to reduce to 35% by the year 2063108.
Zambia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.

10/10 indicators
2
Improved
Zambia has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar. Two of these 10 indicators have improved, while the remaining 8 have
only one data point, hence no trend.

Proportion of youth not in education, employment or Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More -
training (by age 15-35 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
53.80
44.90 54.90
35.30
2017 55.70
54.10
2017
Source: : Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zambia
No trend data exists for the Rate of Long-term Youth
No trend data exists for the NEET rate, with the average rate Unemployment with the 2017 rate reported at 54.90
being 44.9 percent in 2017. The female rate of 53.8 percent is percent, and relative parity between male and female
substantially higher than the male rate of 35.3 percent. rates.
105
106
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zambia 151

Figure 367
6/7
No trend data exists for the Completion
Rate for Lower Secondary Education with
the 2013 rate being 51.45 percent.
indicators
Zambia has data for 6 of the 7 indicators for this pillar. One Figure 368
indicator improved, one worsened, and 4 had only one data
point, hence no trend.
91.20
Both Female Male
90.43
88.71
Figure 367
87.59
77.73
86.51
70.31
69.09
66.31
64.05
58.48
2013 51.45
2002 2007 2010 2014

There was a significant improvement in the Rate of Youth
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Literacy between 2002 when it was 60 percent, and 2014
when it was reported at 90.4 percent. Both female and
male rates improved over the period.
Figure 369
15/16 indicators
2012 8.30
9 2
2016
Zambia has data for 15 out of the 16 Indicators in this Pillar.

Nine of these 15 indicators have improved while 6 have The Density of Skilled Health Professionals improved,
only one data point, hence no trend. increasing from 8.3 to 9.76 per 1,000 population between
2012 and 2016.
8.00
The share of Government

Figure 370 Expenditure on Health
6.30
Current health expenditure (CHE) as 5.80 improved between 2013
percentage of gross domestic product 5.30 and 2016, increasing from
(GDP) 5.8 to 8 percent of GDP.
2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zambia

Figure 372
6/6 International migrant stock as percentage of total

5.20
5.21
indicators
5.18
4.75
4.71
4.67
4.37
1 3
4.33
4.30
Improved Unchanged
Figure 371
parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under
30, no sex) breakdown
2010 2015 2017
8.00 8.00 8.00
Figure 236
The Net Youth Migration Rate decreased between 2010 and
4.50 4.50 4.50 2017 from 5.2 to 4.33 percent.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

The Rate of Youth Members of Parliament Lower House
worsened between 2013 and 2018, from 8 to 4.5 percent.
Recommendations
Policies addressing unemployment and increased access to jobs in the formal sector may be
1 beneficial to Zambia.
Policy investment to improve the enrolment in secondary, tertiary and vocational education
2 and training should be encouraged.
Policies that address political engagement of youths as members of parliament lower

3 house could benefit Zambia.

Zimbabwe
Capital: Harare
Zimbabwe
The Republic of Zimbabwe is located in Southern Africa. Zimbabwe
June 18, 1980109. The current estimated population of Zimbabwe is 15.8
million. 38% of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is
Zimbabwe ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
10/10 indicators
1
Improved
Zimbabwe has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar. One of these indicators has improved, while nine have no trend
data available.

Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17 Rate of decent work among youth (by age 15-35 and sex)
and sex).
11.75
10.50 1.70
8.95
2014 2.10
1.20
2014
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zimbabwe
No trend data is available for the Rate of Youth Working
No trend data exists for the Rate of Child Labour with a Poor, with the average rate being 1.7 percent for 2014.
reported rate of 10.5 percent in 2014.
107
108
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zimbabwe 154

Figure 376
6/7indicators
Government expenditure on education, total as a percent of
GDP
7.29 7.41
7.53
Zimbabwe has data on 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar.

2. Two of the indicators improved, while four have only
one data point.
Figure 375
ages, no sex breakdown) 1.83
Both Female Male
2011 2012 2013 2014
28.50
2015 11.10
14.50 There has been a significant increase in the

relative share of public expenditure on
education, from 1.83 percent of GDP in 2010
to 7.53 percent of GDP in 2014.
No trend data exists for the Completion Rate for Upper
Secondary Education with the 2015 rate being 28.5
percent. There is a discrepancy of reporting the sex data.
Figure 377
14/16 indicators
2011 12.70
8 1
Improved Worsened 2014 12.44
Zimbabwe has data for 14 of 16 indicators in this Pillar.

There has been a slight worsening in the rate of skilled health
Eight of these indicators improved, one worsened, professionals between 2011 and 2014 from 12.7 per 1,000
one remained constant and 3 had no trend data. population to 12.44 per 1,000.
Both Female Male

No trend data exists for the
Figure 378 prevalence of HIV, the latest
4.62 records from 2017 indicate
HIV incidence per 1,000 population a rate of 6.56 percent for
(by age 15-24 and sex) 2015 female youth – almost
6.56
treble the 2.72 percent for
male youth.
2.72

5/5indicators
Figure 380
12.94
11.14
11.00
10.40
9.65
9.49
2
9.05
8.42
Improved
7.80
Figure 379
breakdown) 83.10
2010 2015 2017
48.33 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
47.66
40.81
Figure 236
International migrant stock as a percentage of total
population has fallen from 11.14 percent in 2010 to 9.05
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance percent in 2017. This percentage has consistently been
higher for males than females.
2000 2005 2008 2018
Voter turnout increased dramatically from 2008 to 2018,
more than doubling from 40.8 percent to 83 percent.
Between 2000 and 2008 however there was a steady
decline from 48.3 percent.
Recommendations
1 and Child Labour could benefit Zimbabwe.
HIV remains a serious issue for Zimbabwe having one of the highest rates at 6.56 per 1,000
2 population. Policy review and strengthened interventions, particularly regarding the
extremely high male rate may be beneficial to Zimbabwe.
Policies targeting this high rate of Poverty among Youth, Internet Penetration, and Voter
3 Turnout could have far reaching positive effects on the economy of Zimbabwe.
4 be worthwhile in Zimbabwe.

Conclusions
While there is much to celebrate in terms of youth development in Africa, opportunities to

make further positive impacts in the lives of young people should be made. Therefore, NSOs
are encouraged to publish data widely at the 15-35 year-old level, by gender and geography, to
enable monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes.
Employment opportunities, quality education and health care services should extend to the
disadvantaged and marginalized including, but not limited to, females, disabled, migrants,
refugees and the long-term unemployed.
To positively impact youths across Africa, Each country is encouraged to review the
suggestions made to them on policy and programme areas which would likely help progress
youth development.
Recommendations
This report is intended as a tool to start conversations and encourage further analysis
1 of youth development across Africa.
Indicators in this report can also be used to guide countries in the development of
2 Youth Policies and Programmes at regional, national, and local levels.
Further work is needed across Africa to disseminate current data holdings at finely
3 disaggregated levels to allow for researchers, policy makers, and advocates alike to
better understand the current lived experiences of youth today.
Further collections are also necessary to fill the data gaps in current holdings. Current
best practices need to be more widely and effectively shared with decision makers
and adapted to local contexts. Youth development will continue to be a high priority in
4 Africa, particularly during this opportunity for optimizing the demographic dividend, so
work will need to continue to be done to expand the knowledge and opportunities
afforded to young people for the betterment of all Africans.
State of African Youth Report | Conclusion 157

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State of African Youth Report

As a result, the roadmap was built on 4 thematic pillars: Pillar 1: Employment

The African Union’s vision of an framework for accountability on youth

The AU theme for the year 2017 outlines

State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01

Youth Self-Employment Rate: The second pillar, Education and Skills

State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01

Youth Literacy Rate: the 5

State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01

State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01

Youth Rate of Rate of Youth Rate of

Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development

Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing

Youth Tuberculosis Youth High Youth Sexual and

Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment

Ratification of African Youth Charter

Algeria has not ratified the African Youth Charter.

Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship

Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 01

2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics

The chart above indicates that the Effective

Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing

5.36 5.12 5.27

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 02

Algeria has all six indicators in this pillar. Only one

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 03

Angola ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009

Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 04

2000 2005 2006 2010

Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing

Improved Worsened Unchanged 2.50

Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 05

There was a decline in voter turnout from 87.36% in

0.4% 5.61 5.67 5.55

2 Angola could benefit from policies targeting youth unemployment.

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 06

Ratification of African Youth Charter

Benin ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.

Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 07

Benin has 6 out of 8 indicators in this pillar. two

The trend of Government Expenditure on

Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing

Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 08

2003 2011 2015

The percentage of Young People population living in Poverty

55.9% 65.9% 2010 2015 2017

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 09

Ratification of African Youth Charter

Botswana has not ratified the African Youth Charter.

Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship

Rate of youth with account The rate of youth with account

State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Botswana 10

Botswana has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar. 2

2005 2007 2009

Government expenditure on education