II PU Statistics Vital Statistics

Unit – I
VITAL STATISTICS
Section - A
One Mark Questions:
1. What is demography?
The statistical study of human population is called demography.

2. Mention a vital event occurring in the human population.

Death, Birth, Marriage etc.

3. Mention a method of obtaining vital statistics.

Census enumeration method

4. Write the formula for estimating the population between two census years.
Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)

5. Mention a use of vital statistics.

They are very much useful in medical research.

6. Define fertility.
Fertility refers to the births occurring to women of child bearing age.

7. Define fecundity.
Fecundity refers to „Capacity of women to bear children‟.

8. Mention one measure of fertility.

Age Specific Birth Rate.

9. Define crude birth rate.

The average number of live births occurring to 1000 individuals in a year.

10. Write the formula of crude birth rate.

11. Mention a merit of crude birth rate.

It indicates the rate of growth of population due to live birth.

12. Mention a demerit of crude birth rate.

It ignores the age and sex composition of the population.

13. Define general fertility rate.

The average number of live births occurring to one thousand women of child
bearing age in a year.

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14. Generally what is the child bearing age (germination period) of women?
15 – 49 years.

15. Write the formula of general fertility rate.

16. Mention a merit of general fertility rate.

It considers only female population of the child bearing age.

17. Mention a demerit of general fertility rate.

It does not consider age composition in the child bearing age.

18. Define age specific fertility rate.

The average number of live births occurring to one thousand women population
of a specific age group.

19. Write the formula of age specific fertility rate.

20. Mention a merit of age specific fertility rate.

It is used in the computation of Total Fertility Rate.

21. Mention a demerit of age specific fertility rate.

It does not indicate the growth of population due to births.

22. What is total fertility rate?

The total of Age Specific fertility rates of females of child bearing age.

23. Mention a merit of total fertility rate.

It considers only female population of child bearing age.

24. Mention a demerit of total fertility rate.

It does not indicate the rate of growth of population due to births.

25. Mention one measure of reproduction rate.

Net Reproduction Rate.

26. Define gross reproduction rate.

GRR is defined as “the sum of annual WSFR of the entire reproductive span
without mortality”.

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27. If GRR is 1300, then find number of female births to a woman, if she is alive till
the end of reproduction age.
1.3

28. Define net reproduction rate.

NRR is defined as “the average number of daughters that would be born to a
female, if she passed through her life time conforming to the age specific fertility
and mortality rates of a given year”.

29. In a situation, if GRR per woman is greater than 1 and NRR per woman is less
than 1 then what is your conclusion about population?
Population is declining.

30. If NRR per woman is less than 1, then what it indicates about the population?
Population is declining.

31. If NRR per woman is one, then what it indicates about the population?
Population is constant.

32. If NRR per woman is more than 1, then what it indicates about the population?
Population is increasing.

33. Define mortality.

Mortality refers to death occurring in the population.

34. Mention one measure of mortality.

Age Specific Death Rate.

35. Define crude death rate.

The average number of deaths occurring in the year per 1000 individuals.

36. Write the formula of crude death rate.

37. Mention a merit of crude death rate.

It indicates the rate of decrease of population due to deaths.

38. Mention a demerit of crude death rate.

It cannot be effectively used for comparison of mortality of the different
population.

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39. Define age specific death rate.
Average number of deaths occurring in a given age group per one thousand
individuals in that age group in the year.

40. Write the formula of age specific death rate.

41. Write a merit of age specific death rate.

It considers age composition of the population.

42. Write a demerit of age specific death rate.

It ignores social and occupational factors.

43. Define standardized death rate.

STDR is the weighted average of ASDR‟s of population by taking standard
population as weights.

44. Which death rate is used to compare the health condition of two populations?
Standardised Death Rate.

45. Write a merit of standardized death rate.

It can be used for comparison of mortality of two or more populations.

46. Write a demerit of standardized death rate.

It requires standard population and it is difficult to select the standard
population.

47. Define infant mortality rate.

Infant Mortality Rate is defined as “average number of deaths of infants per
thousand live births in a year.

48. Write the formula of infant mortality rate.

49. Define neo-natal mortality rate.

Neonatal Mortality Rate is defined as “average number of neonatal deaths per
thousand live births in a year.

50. Write the formula of neo-natal mortality rate.

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51. Define maternal mortality rate.
Average number of deaths among mothers due to causes relating to child birth
per thousand births in a year.

52. Write the formula of maternal mortality rate.

53. Define life table.

Life table is a tabular presentation of numerical data describing the mortality
experience of a cohort.

54. Define cohort.

Cohort is a group of individuals who are born at the same time and who
experience the same mortality conditions.

55. Define radix.

The size of the cohort is called radix.

56. What is longevity?

Longevity is the expected number of years that the new born baby would live.

57. Mention a use of life table.

Life tables are used by life insurance companies to determine the rates of
premium for policies of persons of different ages.

58. Write the formula of calculating dx in life table.

dx = lx – lx+1

59. Define mortality ratio.

The probability that a person of exact age x years will die before reaching the
age (x+1) years.

60. Write the formula of mortality ratio.

61. Define survival ratio.

The probability that a person of age x years survives upto age (x+1) years.

62. Write the formula of survival ratio.

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63. Define expectation of life.
Average number of years a person of age x can be expected to live under the
prevailing mortality conditions.

64. Write the formula of expectation of life.

Section - B
Two Mark Questions:
65. Define Vital Statistics.
Vital Statistics are the numerical records, analysis and interpretation of
numerical data of vital events occurring in the human population.

66. Mention any two vital events occurring in the human population.
Birth, Death

67. Mention two methods of obtaining vital statistics.

Census method
Registration method

68. Explain briefly registration method of obtaining of vital statistics.

Under this method, vital events such as births, marriages, deaths etc. are
continuously recorded. The government authorities like gram panchayats,
municipalities, corporation offices etc. maintain the records of vital events.
In the case of birth, the information regarding the date of birth, name of
parents, sex of the new born baby, nationality, religion etc. will also be
registered.
In the case of death, the information regarding the date of death, name of the
deceased, parents name/husband‟s name of wife‟s name, address and cause of
death will also be registered. Hence this method is continuous and compulsory.

69. Explain briefly census method of collection of vital statistics.

In the most of the countries, population census is conducted usually once in
every ten years. Census enumeration covers data regarding sex, age, marital
status, educational status, occupational status, religion etc. which are needed
for vital statistics. The above information is available for the census year only.
Census data fail to produce vital statistics for non census years. Therefore, this
method fails to provide data suitable for vital statistics.

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70. Given the following data, estimate the population of a town at the end of 2013.
Population at the end of 2012 : 4,00,000
Number of births in 2013 : 60,000
Number of deaths in 2013 : 10,000
Number of immigrants in 2013 : 20,000
Number of emigrants in 2013 : 4,000

Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)
Pt= 4,00,000 + (60,000 – 10,000) + (20,000 – 4,000)
Pt= 4,00,000 + 50,000 + 16,000
Pt = 4,66,000

71. The population of a locality at the end of 2011 was 10,05,000. There were
13,030 births and 10,000 deaths in 2012 and the number of immigrants and
emigrants were 65,000 and 20,000 respectively. Estimate the population at the
end of 2012.
Given P0 = 10,05,000 B = 13,030 D = 10,000 I = 65,000 E = 20,000
Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)
Pt= 10,05,000 + (13,030 – 10,000) + (65,000 – 20,000)
Pt = 10,05,000 + 3,030 + 45,000
Pt = 10,53,030

72. The population of a locality at the beginning of the year was 2,00,000. There
were 5,600 births and 2,600 deaths occurred in that year. The number of
immigrants and emigrants were 5,000 and 6,000 respectively. Estimate the
population at the end of the year.
Given P0 = 2,00,000 B = 5,600 D = 2,600 I = 5,000 E = 6,000
Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)
Pt= 2,00,000 + (5,600 – 2,600) + (5,000 – 6,000)
Pt = 2,00,000 + 3,000 - 1,000
Pt = 2,02,000

73. Given P0 = 126305, Births = 6500, Deaths = 4050, Immigrants = 8065,

Emigrants = 6000, find Pt.
Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)
Pt= 1,26,305 + (6,500 – 4,050) + (8,065 – 6,000)
Pt = 1,26,305 + 2,450 + 2,065
Pt = 1,30,820

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74. Given P0 = 8000, Births = 200, Deaths = 120. Estimate the population if it is
free from migration.

Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E)
Pt= 8,000 + (200 – 120) + 0 [I – E = 0because population is free from
migration]
Pt = 8,000 + 80
Pt = 8,080

75. Mention two uses of vital statistics.

1. They are essential in demographic research.
2. They are used in actuarial science.

76. Mention two fertility rates.

Crude Birth Rate.
Total Fertility Rate.

77. The average population of a town in a year was 150000. In the year 6000 live
births occurred in the town. Find The CBR.

78. The population of a village was 8000. There were 200 live births. Find the crude
birth rate.

79. The population of a place in a year is 2,00,000. If 5,600 live births occurred in
that year, then find crude birth rate.

80. In a given year, the CBR for a population 1,80,000 is 30. Find the number of
births.

Number of live births = 5400

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81. CBR of a place with 2 lakhs population is 15. Find the number of births.

Number of live births = 3000

82. Calculate crude birth rate for the following data.

Age [in years] 0 - 15 15 - 35 ≥ 35 Total
Population 40000 90000 70000 200000
Births - 3600 2100 5700

83. The female population of child bearing age groups in a city is 1,60,000. The
number of live births in the year in the city is recorded as 8000. Find the
general fertility rate.

84. Female population of child bearing age of a place is 80,000. In a year, if 5,600
births occurred in this place, then find general fertility rate.

85. Calculate GFR for the following data.

Age group 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total
Female
8,000 11,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 6,000 5,000 80,000
Population
Births 320 660 1,350 2,000 1,035 180 55 5,600

86. Calculate GFR for the following data.

Age group 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45- 49 Total
Female
25000 20000 18000 15000 12000 6000 4000 100000
Population
Births 800 2400 1980 1500 390 120 10 7200

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87. Female population of age group [15 – 19] is 8,000. In a year number of live
births occurred in this age group is 320. Find age specific fertility rate.

[ ]

88. The quinquennial age specific fertility rates for women of child bearing age
group are 40, 60, 90, 100, 69, 30 and 11. Compute TFR.
∑

89. The quinquennial age specific fertility rates for women of child bearing age
group of a community are 25, 100, 150, 110, 80, 30 and 5. Compute TFR.
∑

90. The quinquennial WSFRs are 30, 50, 60, 50, 40, 25 and 6. Compute GRR.
∑

91. Is NRR exceeds GRR? Give reason.

No, NRR cannot exceed GRR. Because in the calculation of NRR we consider
mortality.

92. Mention two mortality rates.

Crude Death Rate.
Age Specific Death Rate.

93. The population of a place was 16000. There were 400 deaths in the year.
Calculate crude death rate.

94. The population of a place in a year is 2,00,000. If 2,600 deaths occurred in that
year, then find crude death rate.

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95. Compute CDR for the following data.
Age [in years] 0 - 19 20 - 39 40 - 59 ≥ 60 Total
Population 40,000 80,000 60,000 20,000 2,00,000
Deaths 600 720 660 620 2,600

96. Population of a place is 1,80,000 and CDR 15. Find the number of deaths.

D = 2700

97. The population of the age group [15-19] in a city is 17,000. The number of
deaths in this age group is 170. Find the age specific death rate.

( )

98. Write two differences between CDR and STDR.

CDR
1 Here, the population is used as
weights.
2 It cannot be used for comparison
of death rates of two or more
populations.
STDR
Here, the standard population is used
as weights.
It can be used for comparison of death
rates of two or more populations.

99. In a locality 10,000 live births occurred. The number of infant deaths was 450.
Find infant mortality rate.

100. In a locality 3,000 live births occurred. The number of infant deaths was 138.
Find IMR.

101. In a particular city 3000 live births occurred in a particular year. The number of
neonatal deaths was 90. Find neonatal mortality rate.

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102. In a locality 10,000 live births occurred. The number of neo-natal deaths was
270. Find NMR.

103. In a locality out of 10,000 live births 90 mothers died due to child birth
complications. Find maternal mortality rate.

104. In a locality 3,000 live births occurred. 24 mothers died due to child birth
complications. Find MMR.

105. Mention two uses of life table.

1. Life tables are used by life insurance companies to determine the rates of
premium for policies of persons of different ages.
2. It is used for estimating the future population.

106. In a life table, if l1 = 95,400 and l2 = 93,492 then, find d1.

d1 = l1 – l2 = 95,400 – 93,492 = 1,908

107. In a life table, if l1 = 95,400 and d1 = 1,900 then, find mortality ratio of the first
year.

108. In a life table, if l1 = 90,000 and d1 = 2,700 then, find mortality ratio.

109. In a life table, if l1 = 95,400 and l2 = 93,492 then, find survival ratio of the first
year.

110. In a life table, if l1 = 90,000 and l2 = 87,300 then, find survival ratio.

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111. In a life table, if l1= 95,400 and T1= 61,05,600 years then, find expectation of life
in the first year.

112. In a life table, if l0 = 1,00,000 and T0= 65,00,000 years then, find longevity.

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