The United Nations Convention Against

Corruption: A Commentary Cecily Rose

(Editor)
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 OXFORD COMMENTARIES ON
INTERNATIONAL L AW
General Editors: Professor Philip Alston, Professor of International Law
at New York University, and Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Professor
of Law at the University of Geneva

The United Nations Convention

Against Corruption
The United Nations
Convention Against
Corruption
A Commentary

Edited by
CECILY ROSE
MICHAEL KUBICIEL
OLIVER LANDWEHR

3
 3
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 Foreword
When I was approached by the editors to contribute a foreword to this Commentary
on the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, I hesitated. Not because
I thought that the topic of the book was not important enough or unworthy of schol-
arly attention: To the contrary. However, neither during my years at the International
Court of Justice, nor during my tenure since at the Iran-​United States Claims Tribunal,
nor in the various (both inter-​state and investor-​state) arbitrations that I have been
involved with did corruption explicitly play any role. And yet, it often was the pro-
verbial elephant in the room. Recently, in the case concerning Immunities and Criminal
Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v France), a complaint brought by a non-​governmental
anti-​corruption organisation against certain African politicians in respect of allegations
of misappropriation of public funds, the proceeds of which had allegedly been invested
in France, was even at the origin of an ICJ case.
Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that until very recently, the issue of corruption
had not yet received the attention it deserves—​from politicians and organisations
but also from international lawyers and scholars. While bribery and other forms of
corruption have been on the criminal statute books of many countries for decades
or centuries, the fight against corruption at the international level has only begun as
late as the 1990s, notably with the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery
of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Academic contri-
butions on the fight against corruption by international lawyers are still few and far
between. Only recently, scholars have begun to explore the nexus between corruption,
good governance, and human rights in any depth. And to today, it can be delicate to
point out that corruption may be the single most important obstacle to development;
that there is a clear relationship between corruption and inequality in countries; and
that corruption is both a driver and facilitator of illegal migration. The awareness of
these interrelations might have been one of the reasons why the UN International Law
Commission decided not to take up corruption as a topic for codification or progres-
sive development.
If, increasingly, these discussions are being held and these issues are being tackled
today, both politically and academically, it is in no small measure thanks to the
Convention. In the fifteen years of its existence, it has achieved almost universal ad-
herence. It has provided a global legal framework for the fight against corruption in all
its forms, both professionalising and de-​politicising that fight. It has provided a forum
for states to share best practices and information. Through regular meetings, it has cre-
ated an international community of anti-​corruption experts and an agora for the inter-
national anti-​corruption discourse.
The present book provides the first article-​by-​article commentary to the Convention,
thus giving lawyers, scholars, and practitioners a very useful tool to interpret and apply
it. We may never fully eradicate corruption, just like we will never be able to eradi-
cate crime or terrorism. Maybe that is part of the price we have to pay to live in an
open, free, and democratic society. But actually, the more transparent and democratic a
vi Foreword

society is, the more resilient it seems to be against corruption. And the more corruption
is reduced, the more open societies can thrive. Hopefully, this book will be a modest
contribution to this struggle.
Bruno Simma
Member of the Iran-​United States Claims Tribunal
Judge, International Court of Justice (2003–​2012)
Professor of international law, Universities of Munich and Michigan


 Preface
The 2003 United Nations Convention Against Corruption marks the peak of the devel-
opment of international anti-​corruption law. It represents the culmination of post-​Cold
War efforts to internationalise domestic criminal laws and policies concerning corrup-
tion. Since the Convention’s conclusion in 2003 and entry into force in 2005, however,
the global political climate has become less hospitable to internationalisation efforts of
this sort, with nationalism on the rise, and multilateral institutions under stress. The fu-
ture development of international anti-​corruption laws and policies seemingly hangs in
the balance. Yet, the importance of the fight against corruption has been highlighted in
recent years by the ‘Odebrecht’ scandal in Latin America, migration crises that are caused
in part by corruption, and political interventions in the judiciaries of East European
states, to name but a few examples.
Against this backdrop, the following commentary aims to further our understanding
of this Convention and to provide a platform for future work in the international anti-​
corruption field. The editors embarked on this commentary in 2015 with a view towards
generating more knowledge about this treaty—​what its provisions mean, why they read
as they do, and what they signify in practice. Readers will find interpretations of the
treaty’s provisions, as well as discussions of the drafting history, parallel provisions in
other anti-​corruption treaties, and data on implementation and enforcement in domestic
legal systems. The editors hope that the commentary will not only help to fill a need for
more scholarship about the treaty, but also to foster more research in the future about the
operation and impact of this instrument in practice.
The editors are deeply grateful to the thirty-​five contributing authors, whose chap-
ters it has been a pleasure to read and to edit. It has also been our pleasure to work with
the editors at Oxford University Press—​Merel Alstein, Emma Endean, Kimberly Marsh,
Natasha Flemming, and Jack McNichol. Without the dedication of the contributing au-
thors and the editors at OUP, this volume would never have come to fruition.
CR, MK, OL
September 2018
 Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank Ms. Saskia Lemeire and Ms. Talitha Ramphal for their
assistance during the preliminary stages of this project; Ms. Katrin Rossbach and Mr.
Patrick Probst, for their help with the index and the bibliography; and Kiran Kumar, of
Newgen, for managing the immense task of copy-editing this volume. In addition, one of
our contributors, Professor Cedric Ryngaert, would like to acknowledge that the research
which resulted in the chapter on Article 42 (Jurisdiction) was funded by the European
Research Council under the Starting Grant Scheme (Proposal 336230—UNIJURIS).
 Table of Contents

Table of Cases xv
Table of Legislation xxi
Table of Abbreviations xliii
List of Contributors xlvii

Introduction 1
Preamble 14

CHAPTER I: GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1: Statement of purpose 17

Article 2: Use of terms 21
Article 3: Scope of application 35
Article 4: Protection of sovereignty 42

CHAPTER II: PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Article 5: Preventive anti-​corruption policies and practices 49

Article 6: Preventive anti-​corruption body or bodies 58
Article 7: Public sector 65
Article 8: Codes of conduct for public officials 78
Article 9: Public procurement and management of public finances 91
Article 10: Public reporting 106
Article 11: Measures relating to the judiciary and prosecution services 114
Article 12: Private sector 126
Article 13: Participation of society 136
Article 14: Measures to prevent money laundering 150

CHAPTER III: CRIMINALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

Article 15: Bribery of national public officials 165

Article 16: Bribery of foreign public officials and officials of public
international organisations 175
Article 17: Embezzlement, misappropriation, or other diversion
of property by a public official 182
Article 18: Trading in influence 192
xii Table of Content

Article 19: Abuse of functions 210

Article 20: Illicit enrichment 219
Article 21: Bribery in the private sector 238
Article 22: Embezzlement of property in the private sector 245
Article 23: Laundering of proceeds of crime 251
Article 24: Concealment 259
Article 25: Obstruction of justice 265
Article 26: Liability of legal persons 274
Article 27: Participation and attempt 287
Article 28: Knowledge, intent, and purpose as elements of an offence 292
Article 29: Statue of limitations 294
Article 30: Prosecution, adjudication, and sanctions 301
Article 31: Freezing, seizure, and confiscation 319
Article 32: Protection of witnesses, experts, and victims 328
Article 33: Protection of reporting persons 339
Article 34: Consequences of acts of corruption 349
Article 35: Compensation for damage 357
Article 36: Specialized authorities 365
Article 37: Cooperation with law enforcement authorities 374
Article 38: Cooperation between national authorities 383
Article 39: Cooperation between national authorities and
the private sector 389
Article 40: Bank secrecy 396
Article 41: Criminal record 401
Article 42: Jurisdiction 406

CHAPTER IV: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Article 43: International cooperation 415

Article 44: Extradition 420
Article 45: Transfer of sentenced persons 437
Article 46: Mutual legal assistance 440
Article 47: Transfer of criminal proceedings 474
Article 48: Law enforcement cooperation 483
Article 49: Joint investigations 496
Article 50: Special investigative techniques 502

CHAPTER V: ASSET RECOVERY

Article 51: General provision 517

Article 52: Prevention and detection of transfers of proceeds of crime 522
Article 53: Measures for direct recovery of property 536


 Table of Content xiii

Introduction to Articles 54 and 55 547

Article 54: Mechanisms for recovery of property through international
cooperation in confiscation 549
Article 55: International cooperation for purposes of confiscation 558
Article 56: Special cooperation 565
Article 57: Return and disposal of assets 569
Article 58: Financial intelligence unit 587
Article 59: Bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements 601

CHAPTER VI: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE

Article 60: Training and technical assistance 605

Article 61: Collection, exchange, and analysis of information
on corruption 616
Article 62: Other measures: implementation of the convention through
economic development and technical assistance 621

CHAPTER VII: MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

Article 63: Conference of the states parties to the convention 627

Article 64: Secretariat 639

CHAPTER VIII: FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 65: Implementation of the convention 643

Article 66: Settlement of disputes 647
Article 67: Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, and accession 657
Article 68: Entry into force 662
Article 69: Amendments 665
Article 70: Denunciation 669
Article 71: Depositary and languages 672

Select Bibliography 677

Index 695


 Table of Cases
NATIONAL
United Kingdom
Attorney-​General for Hong Kong v Reid [1993] UKPC 2, [1994] 1 AC 32,
[1994] 1 All ER 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351, 542–​43
Brazil v Durant International Corp [2015] UKPC 35, PC (Jersey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540–​41
E v Sharpe (1937) 26 Cr App R 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265–​66
FHR European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC [2014] UKSC 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
National Iranian Oil Co v Crescent Petroleum Co International Ltd [2016]
EWHC 505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205–​6
Nigeria v Santolina Investment Corp [2007] EWHC 3053 (QB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540–​41, 542
R v Davis (1910) 4 Cr App R 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265–​66
R v John-​Ayo [2009] 1 Cr App R (S) 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216–​17
R v Panayiotou [I973] 1 WLR 1032 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265–​66
Serious Fraud Office v Rolls-​Royce Plc [2017] WL 00219524 (Crown Ct (Southwark)) . . . . . . . . . 92–​93
Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nastrass [1972] AC 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Argentina
Alsogaray, Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal, 9 June 2005; Suprema Corte SC A 1846; L XLI . . . . 232
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of Srpska Basic Court of Sokolac, No 007744 89 0 K 09 K, 14/​12/​2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Canada
Attorney General of Canada v Dwight Hickey (New Brunswick CA, File No. 38-​09-​CA,
2009, unreported) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
MM v United States, 2015 SCC 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
R v Corbett [1988] 1 SCR 670 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Handy [2002] 2 SCR 908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Hearn (1989) 48 CCC(3d) 376 (Nfld CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
R v Perera (1991) 5 BCAC 302 (BCCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Stratton (1978) 21 OR (2d) 258 (OntCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
United States v Fischbacher[2009] 3 SCR 170, 2009 SCC 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 424
Colombia
Decision C-​1065/​03, Constitutional Court of Colombia, 11 November 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Germany
Judgment of the German Constitutional Court of 14 January 2004, Case no 2 BvR 564/​95 . . . . . . . . 236
Hong Kong
Attorney General v Hui Kin Hong [1995] 1 HKCLR 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223–​24, 227, 233
Ireland
Murphy v GM, PB, PC Ltd and GH (2001) IESC 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Israel
State of Israel v Dan Cohen (Tel Aviv District Court) Case No. 4004/​09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311–​12
Lithuania
Kaunas Regional Court of Appeal, Judgment of 2 July 2014, Case 1A-​25-​485-​2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Order of the Lithuanian Supreme Court of 10 November 2015,
Case 2K-​P-​100-​222/​2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
xvi Table of Cases
Philippines
People of the Philippines v Corazon M Lacap, Criminal Case No SB-​08-​CRM-​0030 . . . . . . . . . . 212–​13
People of the Philippines v Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Criminal Case No 26558,
Decision, 12 September 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Singapore
PertambanganMinyakdan Gas Bumi Negara (Pertamina), [1994] 3 SLR 257;
[1994] SGCA 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
PP v Koh Seah Wee and Lim Chia Meng [2012] 1 SLR 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Thathir Kartika Ratna v PT PertambanganMinyakdan Gas Bumi Negara (Pertamina)
[1994] 3 SLR (R) 312; [1994] SGCA 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540, 542–​43

South Africa
National Director of Public Prosecutionsv Mohamed No (CCT44/​02)2003 (4) SA 1 (CC) . . . . . . . . . 326
S v Rosenthal 1980 (1) SA 65 (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290–​91

United States
Gerzof v Sweeney, 22 NY 2d 297 (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
People v Casas, 184 Cal App. 4th 1242 (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
People v Sisuphan, 181 Cal App. 4th 800 (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Piper Aircraft v Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 250 (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Republic of Iraq v ABB AG, Case: 08 Civ. 5951 (SDNY, 6 February 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Republic of the Philippines v Marcos, 862 F2d 1355 (9th Cir, 1988), cert. denied,
490 US 1035 (1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539–​40
US v Ursery, 24 June 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
US v Williams, 611 F2d 914, 195 (1st Cir, 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
US v Wiseman, 274 F3d 1235 (2001, 9th Cir.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

EUROPEAN UNION
Criminal Proceedings Against Tomasz Rubach (Case C-​344/​08) [2009] ECR I-​7033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
SA Buitoni v Fonds d’orientation et de régulation des marches agricoles (Case 122/​78)
(1979) ECR 677 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

INTERNATIONAL
European Court of Human Rights
Air Canada v UK, App No 18465/​91 (1995) 20 EHRR 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Al-​Khawaja and Tahery v UK, App Nos 26766/​05 and 22228/​06, 15 December 2011 . . . . . 335–​36, 510
Ali v Romania, App No 20307/​02, ECHR 9 November 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Allgemeine Gold-​und Silberscheideanstalt AG (AGOSI) v UK, App No 9118/​80 (1987)
9 EHRR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Amann v Switzerland, App No 27798/​95, ECHR 16 February 2000, 30 Eur HR Rep 843 . . . . . . . 506–​7
Arcuri v Italy, App No 52024/​99, 5 July 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326, 563–​64
Baltins v Latvia, App No 25282/​07, ECHR 8 January 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Bannikova v Russia, App No 18757/​06, ECHR 4 November 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Beraru v Romania, App No 40107/​04, ECHR 18 March 2014, [2014] ECHR 289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Bulfinsky v Romania, App No 28823/​04, ECHR 1 June 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Butler v UK, App No 41661/​98, ECHR, 27 June 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Bykov v Russia, App No 4378/​02, ECHR 10 May 2009, [2009] ECHR 441 . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 511–​12
Caballero v UK, App No 32819/​96 (2000) 30 EHRR 643 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Camilleri v Malta, App No 42931/​10, 22 January 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479–​80
Coëme v Belgium, App No 32492/​96, 22 June 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Constantin and Stojan v Romania, App Nos 23782/​06 and 46629/​06,
ECHR 9 November 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Dassa Foundation v Liechtenstein, App No 696/​05, 10 July 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Doerga v Netherlands, App No 50210/​99, ECHR 27 April 2004, [2004] ECHR 175 . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Dumitru Popescu v Romania (2), App No 27798/​95, ECHR 26 April 2007,
[2013] ECHR 506 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507


 Table of Cases xvii
Edwards and Lewis v UK, App Nos 39647/​98 and 40461/​98, ECHR 22 July 2003,
[2003] ECHR 381; Grand Chamber, ECHR 27 Oct 2004, [2004] ECHR 560 . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Eurofinacom v France, App No 58753/​00, ECHR 7 September 2004, Eur Ct HR (2004) . . . . . . . . . 510
Furcht v Germany, App No 56648/​09, ECHR 23 October 2014, [2014] ECHR 1138 . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Geerings v Netherlands, App No 30810/​03, 1 March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Gillow v UK, App No 9063/​80, ECHR 24 November 1986, Series A No. 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Gogitidze v Georgia, App No 36862/​05, 12 May 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Gorgievski v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, App No 18002/​02, ECHR 16 July 2009 . . . . . 511
Grayson v UK, App No 19955/​05, ECHR, 23 September 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Heinisch v Germany, App No 28274/​08, ECHR 21 July 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Hertel v Switzerland, App No 25181/​94, ECHR 25 Aug 1998, Eur Ct HR 46 (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Huvig and Huvig-​Sylvestre v France, App No 11105/​84, ECHR 24 April 1990,
1 Eur HR Rep 528 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 508
Iordachi v Moldova, App No 25198/​02, ECHR 10 February 2009, [2009] ECHR 256 . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Jersild v Denmark, App No 15890/​89, ECHR 20 October 1994, 19 Eur HR Rep 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Khan v UK, App No 35394/​97, ECHR 12 May 2000, 31 Eur HR Rep 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Khudobin v Russia, App No 59696/​00 (2009) 48 EHRR 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Kopp v Switzerland, App No 23224/​94, ECHR 25 March 1998, 27 Eur HR Rep 93 . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Kruslin v France, App No 11801/​85, EC 24 April 1990, 12 Eur HR Rep 547 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 508
Lagutin v Russia, App No 6228/​09, ECHR 24 April 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Lavents v Latvia, App No 58442/​00, 28 November 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Leander v Sweden, App No 9248/​81, ECHR 26 March 1987, 9 Eur HR Rep 433 . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 508
Liberty v UK, App No 58243/​00, ECHR 1 July 2008, [2011] ECHR 1273 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Ludi v Switzerland, App No 12433/​86, ECHR 15 June 1992, Series A No. 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
M v Italy, App No 12386/​86, 15 April 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Malininas v Lithuania, App No 10071/​04, ECHR 1 July 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Malone v UK, App No 8691/​79, ECHR 2 August 1984, 7 Eur HR Rep 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 508
Murray v UK, App No 18731/​91, 8 February 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233–​34
Observer and Guardian v UK, App No 13585/​88, ECHR 26 November 1991,
14 Eur HR Rep 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Phillips v UK, App No 41087/​98 (2000) 30 EHRR CD 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325, 563–​64
Pyrgiotakis v Greece, App No 15100/​2006, ECHR 21 February 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Raimondo v Italy, App No 12954/​87 (1994) 18 EHRR 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326, 563–​64
Rajcoomar v UK, App No 59457/​00, ECHR 14 December 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Ramanauskas v Lithuania, App No 74420/​01, ECHR 5 February 2008, Eur Ct HR 119 . . . . . . . 510–​12
Riela v Italy, App No 52439/​99, ECHR4 September 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Rotaru v Romania, App No 28341/​95, ECHR 4 May 2000, 8 BHRC 449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Rowe & Davis v UK, App No 28901/​95, ECHR 16 February 2000, [2000] ECHR 91 . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Rummi v Estonia, App No 63362/​09, 15 February 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Saccoccia v Austria, App No 69917/​01, 5 July 2007; (2010) 50 EHRR 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Salabiaku v France, App No 10519/​83, 7 October 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232–​33
Sequeira v Portugal, App No 73557/​01, ECHR 6 May 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Silickienè v Lithuania, App No 20496/​02, 10 April 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Smirnova v Russia, App Nos 46133/​99 and 48183/​99, ECHR 24 July 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311–​12
Sunday Times v UK, App No 13166/​87, ECHR 26 November 1991, 14 Eur HR Rep 123 . . . . . . . . . 508
Taylor-​Sabori v UK, App No 47114/​99, ECHR 22 October 2002, [2002] ECHR 691 . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Teixeira de Castro v Portugal, App No 25829/​94, ECHR 9 Jun 1998, 28 Eur HR Rep 101 . . . . . 510–​11
V v Finland, App No 40412/​98, ECHR 24 April 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511–​12
Valenzuela Contreras v Spain, App No 27671/​95, ECHR 10 Jul 1998,
Reports 1998-​V (No. 83), 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7, 508
Van Mechelen v The Netherlands, App No 21363/​93, ECHR 23 Apr 1997, 25 Eur HR Rep 647 . . . . 510
Van Offeren v The Netherlands, App No 19581/​04, ECHR 5 July 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Vanyan v Russia, App No 53203/​99, ECHR 15 December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Veselovv Russia, App Nos 23200/​10, 24009/​07 and 556/​10, ECHR 2 October 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Vlachos v Greece, App No 20643/​06, ECHR 18 September 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Walsh v UK, App No 43384/​05, 21 November 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Weber and Saravia v Germany, App No 54934/​00, ECHR 29 June 2006, [2006] ECHR 1173 . . . . 506–​7
Welch v UK, App No 17440/​90 (1995) 20 EHRR 247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64


xviii Table of Cases
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Getma International v Republic of Guinea, ICSID Case No ARB/​11/​29,
Award, 16 August 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205–​6
Gustav Hamester GmbH v Republic of Ghana, ICSID Case No ARB/​07/​24,
Award, 18 June 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205–​6
Kim v Uzbekistan, ICSID Case No ARB/​13/​6, Decision on Jurisdiction, 8 March 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Metal-​Tech v Uzbekistan, ICSID Case No ARB/​10/​3, Award, 4 Oct. 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Niko Resources v Bangladesh, ICSID Case No ARB/​10/​11 and ARB/​10/​18,
Decision on Jurisdiction, 19 August 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
World Duty Free v Kenya, ICSID Case No ARB/​00/​7, Award, 4 Oct 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
International Chamber of Commerce
ICC Case No 1110 (1963), Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration XXI (1996) 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
ICC Case No 3916, Coll. ICC Arb. Awards 1982, 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352–​53
ICC Case No 6497, Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration XXIVa (1999), 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352–​53
ICC Case No 7047, Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration Vol. XXI (1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
ICC Case No 10518 (partial award 2001, final award 2002), ICC lnt’l Ct. Arb. Bull.
Vol. 24 (2013), Special Supplement, 39 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 354
ICC Case No 14878, Excerpt of Final Award, 2008, in Special Supplement 2013:
Tackling Corruption in Arbitration (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
International Court of Justice
Australia v France, Nuclear Tests [1974] ICJ Reports 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652–​53
Botswana v Namibia, Kasikili Sedudu Island[1999] ICJ Reports 1045 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Cameroon v United Kingdom, Northern Cameroons (Preliminary Objections,
sep. op. Fitzmaurice) [1963] ICJ Reports 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652–​53
Costa Rica v Nicaragua, Case Concerning the Dispute Regarding Navigational Rights
and Related Rights, Judgment of 13 July 2009 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 423
Croatia v Serbia, Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Preliminary Objections) ICJ Reports 2008, 412 . . . . 660–​61
Democratic Republic of the Congo v Rwanda, Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application: 2002) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [2006] ICJ Reports 6 . . . . . . . 652
Djibouti v France, Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters,
Judgment of 4 June 2008 [2008] ICJ Reports 939, 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Equatorial Guinea v France, ICJ Application, 13 June 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Equatorial Guinea v France, Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures,
Order, ICJ Reports 2016, 7 December 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Georgia v Russian Federation, Application of the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Preliminary Objections)
[1 April 2011] ICJ para 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649, 651
Germany v United States of America, LaGrand (Judgment) [2001] ICJ Reports 466 . . . . . . . . . . . 674–​76
Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America, Oil Platforms (Preliminary Objection)
[1996] ICJ Reports 803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648–​49
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United States of America, Questions of Interpretation and
Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at
Lockerbie (Preliminary Objections) [1998] ICJ Reports 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651, 652
New Zealand v France, Nuclear Tests [1974] ICJ Reports 457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652–​53
Portugal v India, Case Concerning Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Judgment)
[1957] ICJ Reports 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673–​74
Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951) [1951] ICJ Reports 15, 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673–​74
Yugoslavia v Belgium, Legality of Use of Force (Provisional Measures) [1999] ICJ Reports 124 . . . 648–​49
Permanent Court of International Justice
Case of the SS ‘Lotus’ (France v Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Series A no 10, 18-​19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46–​47
Factory at Chorzow (Claim for Indemnity) (Germany v Poland), Merits,
PCIJ Ser. A No. 17 (1928), 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653


 Table of Cases xix
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greece v United Kingdom), PCIJ
Ser. A No. 2 (1924) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648–​49, 651, 675–​76
Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco (French Zone), (1923) PCIJ Series B no 4, 24 . . . . . 45
UNCITRAL
Methanex Corp v United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award of the
Tribunal on Jurisdiction and Merits, 3 Aug. 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194



 Table of Legislation
TABLE OF UK STATUTES
Bribery Act 2010 (c 23) . . . . . . . . . 26–​27, 207–​8,
493–​94
s 7(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284–​85
Criminal Finances Act 2017 (c 22) . . . . . . . 146–​47
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Criminal Justice Act 1967 (c 80)
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Extradition Act 2003 (c 41)
s 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c 29) . . . . . . . . 31–​32
s 10(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325–​26
s 327(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261–​62
s 362A(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
s 362A(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
s 362B(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
s 362B(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
s 362B(4)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
s 362B(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing)
Act 2000 (c 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31–​32
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (c 23)
s 43(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Repatriation of Prisoners Act 1984
(c 47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438–​39
TABLE OF NON-​U K
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Afghanistan
Penal Code
s 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
s 269 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
Albania
Criminal Code
Art 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249–​50
Art 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249–​50
Art 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249–​50
Art 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Art 312/​a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Algeria
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Constitution
Art 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123–​24
Argentina
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 58–​61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Code
Art 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325–​26
Armenia
Criminal Code
Art 179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Art 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Art 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Australia
Criminal Code Act 1995
s 12(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
s 12(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Extradition Act 1988
s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428–​29
s 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
s 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428–​29
Austria
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Federal Act on Judicial Cooperation in
Criminal Matters with the Member
States of the EU (EU-​JZG)
s 72 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Penal Code
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
s 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
s 288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
s 302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
s 313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Azerbaijan
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Penal Code
s 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Bahamas
Penal Code
s 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Prevention of Bribery Act
s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Bahrain
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 22–​32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
xxii Table of Legislation
Bangladesh Penal Procedure Code
Penal Code Art 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
s 403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88 Arts 84–​88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Belgium Art 306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81
Code of Criminal Procedure Burkina Faso
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Anti-​Corruption Act
Bolivia Art 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 36–​37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Burma
Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Extradition Act 1903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Bosnia and Herzegovina Burundi

Criminal Code Criminal Procedure Code
Art 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214–​15 Art 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Law No 1/​12 of 18 April 2006
Art 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217–​18
Criminal Procedure Code Art 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217–​18
Art 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Art 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217–​18
Public Procurement Code
Botswana Art 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act
Cambodia
s 316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
s 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Criminal Procedure Code
Penal Code Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Arts 13–​16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Proceeds of Serious Crime Act Art 355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Canada
Brazil Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-​46
Anti-​Money Laundering Law, L 9.613, Pt XII.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31–​32
de 3.3.1998, as amended by s 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
L 12.683, de 9.7.2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . 394–​95 s 127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Improbity Law, Law 8.429 of 1992 . . . . . . . . . 326 s 127(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 s 462.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31–​32
Penal Code, Decree Law n.2.848/​40 s 462.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Art 91.I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 s 666 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Art 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 ss 738–​41.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Evidence Act, RSC 1985, c C-​15
Brunei Darussalam s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Criminal Procedure Code Extractive Sector Transparency Measures
Art 382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Act, SC 2014, c 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Penal Code Extradition Act, SC 1999, c 18
s 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 270 s 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 424
Public Officers (Conduct and Discipline) s 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428–​29
Regulations, Public Service Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials
Commission Act (Cap 83) Act, SC 2011, c 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
reg 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Justice for Victims of Corrupt
Foreign Officials Act
Bulgaria (Sergei Magnitsky Law),
Criminal Code SC 2017, c 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
s 282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal
Measure Against Money Laundering Act Matters Act, RSC 1985, c 30
(1996, amend 2001), SG No 48/​ (4th Supp.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381–​82
04.06.1996, amend SG No 1/​2001 Public Servants Disclosure Protection
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Act 2005 (c 46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Art 23(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Art 15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

 Table of Legislation xxiii

Cape Verde Ecuador

Act on International Judicial Cooperation Law on Judicial Functions
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Chile Egypt
Code of Criminal Procedure Criminal Code issued by Law No 58/​1937
Art 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 dated 5 August 1937
Constitution Art 106bis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Art 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123–​24 Criminal Procedure Law
Art 15/​1������������������������������������������������������������199
China
Law No 120 Regulating the Activities of
Constitution Commercial Agents and Certain
Art 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–​72 Activities of Commercial Intermediaries
Organic Law of the People’s dated July 26, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Procuratorates
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–​72 El Salvador
Criminal Code
Colombia
Arts 115–​21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​64
Criminal Procedure Code Criminal Procedure Code
Art 11(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Arts 42–​43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Law No 793 of 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Ethiopia
Law No 9613 of March 3, 1998 Council of Ministers Regulation to Provide
Art 16(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 for the Functioning of Ethics Liaisons,
Council Of Ministers Regulation No.
Cook Islands
144/​2008
Crimes Act 1969 Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
s 128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
s 128(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Criminal Code
ss 415–​16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Art 406(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81
Criminal Procedure Code
Costa Rica
Arts 154–​59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Act No 8204 of 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Revised Federal Ethics and Anti-​Corruption
Croatia Commission Establishment
(Amendment) Proclamation
Criminal Code
Art 2(9)(14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379–​80
s 337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Revised Proclamation for the Establishment
Criminal Procedure Code
of the Federal Ethics and Anti-​
Arts 153–​62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Corruption Commission, Proclamation
Cuba No 433/​2005
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386, 395
Criminal Code Art 26(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Art 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61 Art 27(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Czech Republic Revised Proclamation to Provide for Special
Procedure and Rules of Evidence on
Act No. 61 Coll of February 15, 1996,
Anti-​Corruption, Proclamation No.
on Selected Measures against
434/​2005
Legitimization of Proceeds from
Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379–​80
Criminal Activities and on the
Art 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Amendment of Related Legislation
Art 7(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597–​98 Fiji
Extradition Act
Dominican Republic
s 3(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Criminal Code
Art 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Finland
Criminal Procedure Code Criminal Code
Art 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Ch 1, s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Theft Act No 38 of 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Ch 28, s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
xxiv Table of Legislation
Criminal Procedure Act
Ch 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
Penal Code
ss 7–​9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
France
Criminal Code
Art 131-​21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325–​26
Art 432-​16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Art 434-​15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Criminal Procedure Code
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Arts 2–​5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Penal Code
Art 321-​1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262–​63
Guatemala
Criminal Procedure Code
s 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Law against Organized Crime
Art 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Honduras
Criminal Code
Arts 105–​11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Procedure Code
Arts 49–​53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Arts 432–​40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63

Georgia Hungary
Criminal Code Act XXXVIII
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 s 76(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435–​36
Art 339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379–​80 Criminal Procedure Code
Art 992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61 Art 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Procedure Code
Art 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379–​80 Indonesia
Art 309 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61 Criminal Procedure Code
Arts 96–​101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Germany Law No 31/​1999
Administrative Offences Act Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
s 46(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396–​97
Ireland
Basic Law
Art 101(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Criminal Justice (Money Laundering
Corporate Governance Code and Terrorist Financing)
s 4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Act 2010
Criminal Code ss 41–​47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Prevention of Corruption
s 73d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Act 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
s 108e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Protected Disclosures Act 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
s 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292–​93 Israel
s 261(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
s 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
s 335a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Penal Code
Criminal Procedure Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396–​97 s 390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
s 153c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Italy
Law on Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Code
Criminal Matters
Art 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
s 98d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Art 323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214–​15, 216
Penal Code
Criminal Procedure Code
s 23(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Arts 74–​75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 23(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Legislative Decree 231/​2001
s 49(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
s 49(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
s 108e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Kazakhstan
Code of Criminal Procedure
Greece Arts 162–​71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Law 1609/​1950 Criminal Code
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Art 189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186


 Table of Legislation
Kenya
Anti-​Corruption and Economic Crimes Act
3 of 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112–​13
ss 51–​54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Extradition (Commonwealth Countries Act)
Cap. 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435–​36
Penal Code
s 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
s 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
s 280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
Korea
Act on Combating Bribery of Foreign
Public Officials in International
Business Transactions
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Regulation of Punishment of Criminal
Proceeds Concealment
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Kuwait
Decree for Law No 67 of 1980
Art 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Amended Penal Law (2005)
Art 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Art 174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Criminal Procedure Law
Art 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Arts 29–​31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Law on Anti-​Corruption (25 May 2005),
45/​PO
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Art 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Latvia
Criminal Law
ss 318–​19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Criminal Procedure Law
s 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
s 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Lesotho
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act
ss 321–​22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​64
Liechtenstein
Criminal Code
s 302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Criminal Procedure Code
Art 356 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Mutual Legal Assistance Act
Art 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
National Administration Act
Art 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
xxv
Lithuania
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 44(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Art 46(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Arts 109–​19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Code
Art 59(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379, 380–​81
Art 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Art 189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Art 189(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Art 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Art 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Art 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Law on the Prevention of Corruption
[2002] IX-​904
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Macedonia
Criminal Code
Art 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Art 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214–​15
Art 368 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 269
Law on Criminal Proceedings
Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Madagascar
Criminal Procedure Code
Arts 182–​83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Arts 192–​93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Malawi
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code
s 252A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Malaysia
Anti-​Corruption Commission Act
s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290–​91
s 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
s 48(h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
s 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Criminal Procedure Code
s 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Malta
Criminal Code
Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Mauritius
Information and Communication Technologies Act
s 32(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Mexico
Federal Criminal Code
Arts 29–​31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Law 144 of 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

xxvi Table of Legislation
Micronesia, Federated States of s 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Code Title 11 Ch 7 s 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
s 701(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61 s 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
s 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Montenegro s 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Criminal Code s 132(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Art 416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214–​15 s 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Morocco Oman
Penal Code Royal Decree No 7/​74, Penal Code,
Art 283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Official Gazette no 52 of 1974
Penal Procedure Code Art 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Art 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Arts 7–​14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Royal Decree No 2010/​79, Law on
Arts 92–​98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Combatting Money Laundering
Arts 348–​56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 and Terrorism Financing, Official
Gazette no 1149 of 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Namibia Art 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Criminal Procedure Act Art 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Art 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Art 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81
Art 326(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Palau
Nauru National Code Title 17
Criminal Code s 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
s 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 s 718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Criminal Procedure Act
s 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Palestine
s 121A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Penal Code No 74 of 1936
Art 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Netherlands Penal Code No 16 of 1960
Code of Criminal Procedure Art 187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Art 51a-​h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Art 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Penal Code
Panama
Art 5(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Judicial Code
Nicaragua Art 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Code of Criminal Procedure Penal Code
Arts 81–​87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 Arts 121–​30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Criminal Code
Paraguay
Arts 432–​33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Code of Criminal Procedure
Nigeria Art 439 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Corrupt Practices and Other Related
Offences Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112–​13 Peru
Criminal Code Criminal Code
s 133(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Arts 92–​101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
s 197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Art 376 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
(Establishment) Act 2004 . . . . . . . . . 112–​13 Philippines
Penal Code Anti-​Graft and Corrupt Practices
s 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Act, Republic Act No 3019
s 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 (1960)
s 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 s 3(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212–​13
s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Norway Anti-​Money Laundering Act,
General Civil Penal Code Rep Act No 9160 (2001)
s 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

 Table of Legislation
Revised Penal Code
Arts 100–​4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Art 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Art 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190–​91
Portugal
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 68–​84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Code
Art 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Art 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Art 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Art 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Art 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Art 231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Art 368-​A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Art 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
Penal Code
Art 231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Art 368-​A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Qatar
Criminal Procedure Code
Art 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Romania
Criminal Procedure Code
Arts 19–​22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Russia
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Code
Art 104.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Rwanda
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 130–​38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Saudi Arabia
Criminal Procedure Law
Arts 68–​69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Law on Public-​Fund Management Functions
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
Royal Decree on Abuse-​of-​Power Offences
Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215–​16
Art 2(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187–​88
Serbia
Code of Criminal Procedure 2011
Arts 252–​60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Singapore
Extradition Act 154 of 1968 (revised edition
2000) Cap 103
s 10(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
xxvii
Slovakia
Civil Code
s 420 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
s 424 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
s 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
Criminal Code
s 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
s 326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
s 344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Penal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290–​91
s 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290–​91
s 128(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–​27
Slovenia
Criminal Code
s 209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
s 257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
s 262(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81
s 262(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
s 286(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
South Africa
Criminal Procedure Act
Art 300(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Prevention and Combating of Corrupt
Activities Act, no 12 of 2004 . . . . . . 112–​13,
289–​90
s 21(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289–​90
s 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325–​26
Protected Disclosures Act, no 26 of 2000 . . . . . 347
Regulation of Interception of
Communications and Provision of
Communication-​related Information
Act 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
South Korea
Act on Special Cases Concerning the
Confiscation and Return of
Property Acquired through
Corrupt Practices 2014
Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Spain
Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Arts 109–​22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Art 429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Penal Code
Art 428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Art 429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Art 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Sri Lanka
Offences against Public Property Act no 12
of 1982
s 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Penal Code
s 392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

xxviii Table of Legislation
Sweden
Code of Judicial Procedure
Ch 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Ch 22 s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Criminal Injuries Compensation Act . . . . . 361–​63
Penal Code
Ch 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Ch 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Switzerland
Criminal Code
Art 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325–​26
Art 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Art 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Art 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Art 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 215
Criminal Procedure Code
Arts 118–​26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 122(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Federal law on the blocking and
restitution of unlawfully acquired
assets of foreign politically
exposed persons 2015 (in force
1 July 2016) (SRVG)
Art 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Art 4(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Art 14(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Federal law on the restitution of illicit assets
of politically exposed persons 2010
(in force 1 February 2011)
(SR 196.1) (RuVG)
Art 5(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Art 5(2)(c)–​(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Tanzania
Anti-​Corruption Act 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Penal Code
s 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Timor-​Leste
Penal Code
Art 297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Togo
Code of Criminal Procedure
Arts 1–​4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Arts 68–​74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Trinidad and Tobago
Integrity in Public Life Act 2000
s 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Supreme Court of Judicature
Act 1962
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61
s 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–​61

Tunisia
Code of Criminal Procedure
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
Uganda
Anti-​Corruption Act 2009
Art 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Ukraine
Criminal Code
Arts 343–​45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Arts 347–​49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Art 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Arts 376–​79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Criminal Procedure Code
Art 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63
United States
California Penal Code
s 503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Dodd-​Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
s 922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
r 1(a)(5)(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Federal Rules of Evidence
r 609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404–​5
r 1101(d)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act . . . . . . . . 131, 132,
175–​76, 177, 297
s 78dd-​1(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
s 78dd-​1(f )(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Organized Crime Control
Act 1970
s 901(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539–​40
Racketeering Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations (RICO)
Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539–​40
Sarbanes-​Oxley Act
s 806 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
US Code, Title 18
s 152(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261–​62
s 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539–​40
ss 2510–​2522 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
s 3663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
s 6003(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376–​77
Vanuatu
Leadership Code
ss 22–​23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Penal Code
s 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64
Vietnam
Civil Code
Art 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
 Table of Legislation xxix
Criminal Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Directive 2014/​41/​EU of the European
Art 25(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–​81 Parliament and of the Council of 3
Art 46(1)(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 April 2014 regarding the European
Criminal Procedure Code Investigation Order in criminal
Art 26(1&2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386–​87 matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449, 513–​14
Art 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363–​64 Art 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Decree No 76/​2012/​ND-​CP of 3 October Arts 30–​32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
2012, detailing a number of Articles Directive 2014/​42/​EU of the European
of the Law on Complaints and Parliament and of the Council of
Denunciations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 3 April 2014 on the freezing and
Law of Anti-​Corruption, no 55/​2005/​QH11 confiscation of instrumentalities
(29 November 2005) and proceeds of crime in the
Art 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386–​87 European Union . . . . . . . . 486, 547–​48, 554
Art 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386–​87 Art 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Art 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386–​87 Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Law on Complaints and Denunciation, no Directive 2015/​849/​EU of the European
09/​1998/​QH10 (2 December 1998) . . . . 395 Parliament and of the Council of 20
Ordinance 2002 May 2015 on the prevention of the
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 use of the financial system for the
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 purposes of money laundering or
terrorist financing . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 523–​24
Yemen Art 6(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Republican Decree, By Law No. 13 for 1994, Art 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529–​30
Concerning the Criminal Procedures Directive 2016/​343/​EU of the European
(Yemen) of the Criminal Procedure Code Parliament and of the Council of 9
Arts 43–​63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361–​63 March 2016 on the strengthening of
certain aspects of the presumption of
Zimbabwe
innocence and of the right to be present
Criminal Code at the trial in criminal proceedings
s 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 recital 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
TABLE OF EUROPEAN TREATIES
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
AND CONVENTIONS
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL
European Union 2000 [2000] OJ C 364/​1 INSTRUMENTS
Art 47(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333–​34, 480 African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Art 48(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32 Rights 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Art 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Art 7(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
Art 52(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Agreement between the Government of the
Schengen acquis-​Convention implementing Republic of Lithuania, the Government
the Schengen Agreement (14 June of the Republic of Estonia and the
1985) [2000] OJ L 239/​19 Government of the Republic of Latvia
Arts 39–​41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14 on Co-​operation in Protection of
Art 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14 Witness and Victims (adopted 17
Treaty of Maastricht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 March 2000, entered into force
8 June 2001) 2268 UNTS 313
TABLE OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES Art 2(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381–​82
Directive 2012/​29/​EU of the European Agreement Establishing The Group of
Parliament and of the Council of 25 States Against Corruption (Council
October 2012 establishing minimum of Europe, 1998) (GRECO) . . . . . . 484, 528
standards on the rights, support and Agreement on Government Procurement
protection of victims of crime, and (World Trade Organization, 2012)
replacing Council Framework Decision Art I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101–​2
2001/​220/​JHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 American Convention on Human
Directive 2014/​24/​EU of 26 February 2014 Rights 1969
on public procurement Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
Art 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Art 8(2)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

xxx Table of Legislation
Arab Agreement on Judicial Cooperation
(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 4 June 1983) . . 448, 603
Arab Anti-​Corruption Convention
(League of Arab States)
(adopted 21 December 2010)
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47–​48
Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts
(International Law Commission)
Art 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Arts 34–​37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) Treaty on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters (Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 29 November 2004) . . . . . 448, 603
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct
(adopted 25–​26 November 2002) . . . . . . 116
Canada–​United States Treaty on Extradition,
Can TS 1976 No 3, as amended by
Protocol 1, Can TS 1991 No 37 and
Protocol 2, Can TS 2003 No 11 . . . . . . . 418
Civil Law Convention against
Corruption (Council of Europe,
adopted 4 November 1999,
entered into force 1 November 2003)
CETS No 174 . . . . . 1–​2, 14–​15, 23, 35–​36,
37–​38, 199–​200, 359, 361
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358–​59, 538
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359, 543
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349, 538
Art 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352–​53
Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10
December 1984, entered into force 26
June 1987) 1465 UNTS 85
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Convention Concerning Minimum Wage
Fixing, with Special Reference to
Developing Countries (International
Labour Organization) (adopted 22 June
1970, entered into force 29 April 1972)
C131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–​72
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–​72
Convention for the Pacific Settlement of
International Disputes (The Hague, 18
October 1907) 205 CTS 233
Art 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Convention for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the Field (Geneva, 12
August 1949) 75 UNTS 31

Art 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Convention for the Amelioration of the
Condition of Wounded, Sick and
Shipwrecked Members of Armed
Forces at Sea (Geneva, 12 August 1949)
75 UNTS 85
Art 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation
(Montreal, 23 September 1971) 974
UNTS 177
Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648, 651
Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de
Janeiro, 5 June 1992) 1760 UNTS 79
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Convention on Combating Bribery of
Foreign Public Officials in International
Business Transactions (OECD,
adopted 21 November 1997, entered
into force 15 February 1999) (1998) 37
ILM 1 . . . . 1–​3, 4–​5, 14–​15, 22–​23, 27–​28,
56–​57, 63–​64, 132–​33, 165–​66,
169–​70, 177, 180, 181, 194, 201–​2,
277–​78, 282, 287–​88, 296, 297,
310, 407, 448–​49, 484, 495,
528, 559, 580–​81, 603
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–​36, 177
Art 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 201–​2
Art 1(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287–​88
Art 1(4)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . 22–​23, 27–​28, 166–​67
Art 1(4)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27–​28
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Art 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280–​81
Art 3(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 553
Art 9(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Art 9(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Convention on Conciliation and
Arbitration within the Conference on
Security and Co-​operation in Europe
(Stockholm, 15 December 1992)
1842 UNTS 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653–​54
Convention on Cybercrime (Council of
Europe) ETS No 185, entered into
force on 1 July 2004 . . . . . . . . . 492, 513–​14
Convention on Environmental Impact
Assessment in a Transboundary
Context (Espoo, 25 February 1991)
1989 UNTS 309
Art 15(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Convention on the Fight against Corruption
involving Officials of the European
 Table of Legislation
Communities or Officials of Member
States of the European Union (Council
of Europe, adopted 26 May 1997,
entered into force 28 September 2005)
OJ C 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–​2, 14–​15, 165–​66
Art 1(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166–​67
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66, 169–​70
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66, 169–​70, 177
Art 5(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302–​3
Convention on International Civil Aviation
(adopted 7 December 1944, entered
into force 4 April 1947) 15 UNTS 295
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of
States and their Property, UN Doc.
A/​59/​508, 2 December 2004 (not yet
in force)
Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Convention on Laundering, Search,
Seizure, and Confiscation of the
Proceeds from Crime (Council of
Europe, 1990) ETS No 141 . . . 252, 448–​49,
455, 513–​14, 547–​48, 603
Arts 1–​2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565–​66
Arts 11–​14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554, 559
Art 23(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Convention on Laundering, Search,
Seizure and Confiscation of the
Proceeds from Crime and on the
Financing of Terrorism (Council of
Europe, 16 May 2005) ETS No 198
Arts 1–​2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Arts 21–​24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 23(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Convention on Legal Assistance and
Legal Relations in Civil, Family and
Criminal Matters (Commonwealth of
Independent States, Minsk Convention,
adopted in Minsk, Belarus, on 22
January 1993, and amended by a
Protocol of 28 March 1997) . . . . . . 448, 603
Convention on Legal Assistance and
Legal Relations in Civil, Family and
Criminal Matters (Commonwealth
of Independent States, Chisinau
Convention, signed on 7 October
2002 in Chisinau, Moldova) . . . . . . . . . . 448
Convention on Legal Assistance in
Criminal Matters between the
Member States of the Community
of Portuguese-​Speaking
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
xxxi
Convention on Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters between the Member
states of the European Union (Council
of Europe, 29 May 2000, OJ C 197/​1
of 12 July 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 449, 455,
486, 496–​97, 603
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Art 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–​97
Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–​97
Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–​97
Arts 17–​20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Convention on Offences and Certain Other
Acts Committed on Board Aircraft
(adopted 14 September 1963, entered
into force 4 December 1969) 14/​2 ILM
1042 (Tokyo Convention)
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Convention on Preventing and Combating
Corruption (African Union, 1 July
2003) (2004) 43 ILM 5) . . . . . . . . . . 14–​15,
35–​36, 56–​57, 63–​64, 66, 93, 107,
277–​78, 390, 448–​49, 530,
603, 629–​30
Art 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166–​67
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–​18
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Art 4(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art 4(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Art 4(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182–​83
Art 4(1)(h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Art 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art 5(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–​64
Art 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Art 5(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 530
Art 7(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Art 7(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 74
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 238
Art 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Art 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Art 20(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365–​66
Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Art 22(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Paris, 9 December 1948)
78 UNTS 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660–​61
Art IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70

xxxii Table of Legislation
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,
Stockpiling, Production and Transfer
of Anti-​Personnel Mines and on their
Destruction (Ottowa, 18 September
1997) 2056 UNTS 211
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Art 20(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Convention on the Protection of the
European Communities’ Financial
Interests (Council of Europe, adopted
on 27 November 1995, entered into
force on 17 October 2002) . . . . . . . . . 35–​36
First Protocol (adopted in 1996, and
entering into force on 17 October
2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–​36
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Second Protocol (adopted in 1997, and
entering into force on 19 May 2009) . . . 35–​36
Convention on the Transfer of Proceedings in
Criminal Matters (Council of Europe,
adopted 15 May 1972, entered into
force 30 March 1978, ETS No 73) . . . . . 475
Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477–​78
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced
Prisoners (Council of Europe,
21 March 1983, CETS No 112,
in force 1 August 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . 437–​39
Art 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437–​38
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Art 9(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Art 10(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Art 11(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Convention Relating to the Status of
Refugees (Geneva, 28 July 1951)
189 UNTS 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216–​17
Convention Relative to the Protection
of Civilian Persons in Time of War,
(Geneva, 12 August 1949) 75
UNTS 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Art 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Convention Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoners of War (Geneva, 12 August
1949) 75 UNTS 135
Art 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Criminal Law Convention on Corruption
(Council of Europe, adopted 27 January
1999, entered into force 1 December
2009) CETS No 173 . . . . . . . 1–​2, 4, 14–​15,
35–​36, 37–​38, 63–​64, 165–​66, 177,
193, 199–​200, 238, 277–​78, 282,
287–​88, 407–​8, 448–​49, 513–​14, 603

Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27–​28, 170
Art 1(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166–​67
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66, 192–​93
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192–​93
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177, 192–​93
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 238
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 238
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178–​79
Arts 9–​11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192–​93
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192–​93, 194, 199–​200
Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287–​88
Art 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Art 17(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409–​10
Art 17(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–​11
Art 17(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409–​10
Art 17(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Art 18(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280–​81
Art 18(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Art 19(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–​64, 365–​66, 369
Art 23(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Art 37(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Economic Community of West African States
Convention on Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters (Dakar, Senegal,
29th July 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 603
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Economic Community of West African States
Protocol on the Fight against Corruption
(adopted 21 December 2001, entry into force
forthcoming) (ECOWAS Protocol)
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 79
Art 6(1)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182–​84
European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 563–​64
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 506, 510
Art 6(1) . . . . . . . 333–​34, 480, 510–​11, 563–​64
Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32, 563–​64
Art 6(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 563–​64
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506–​7
Protocol 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Protocol 1 Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Protocol 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
Protocol 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–​64
European Convention on Extradition
(Council of Europe, 12 December 1957,
ETS 24; in force 18 April 1960) . . . . . . . . 428
Art 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
 Table of Legislation
European Convention on Mutual Assistance
in Criminal Matters (1959, ETS
No. 030, entered into force on
12 June 1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 449, 603
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Art 2(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Art 2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462–​63
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Additional Protocol (1978), ETS
No. 099, entered into force on
12 April 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 449, 603
Second Additional Protocol (2001),
ETS No.182, entered into force on 1
February 2004 . . 448, 449, 455, 496–​97, 603
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469, 470
Art 3(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565–​66
Arts 17–​19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513–​14
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–​97
Framework Cooperation Agreement
between Mercosur Member States and
Associated States on the Creation of
Joint Investigation Teams (adopted 2
August 2010), MERCOSUR/​CMC/​
DEC N° 22/​10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–​97
Inter-​American Convention against
Corruption (adopted 29 March 1996,
entered into force 6 March 1997)
(1996) 35 ILM 724 (IACAC) . . 1–​2, 14–​15,
35–​36, 57, 63–​64, 66, 79–​93, 211,
220, 277–​78, 287–​88, 378, 407,
448–​49, 530, 603, 629–​30
Art I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166–​67
Art II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–​18
Art III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–​64, 390, 530
Art III(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Art III(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Art III(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 93
Art III(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365–​66
Art III(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Art V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Art V(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Art VI(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art VI(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Art VI(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Art VI(1)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287–​88
Art VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Art IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Art XI(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Art XI(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Art XI(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182–​84
Art XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 40
Art XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Art XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
xxxiii
Inter-​American Convention on Mutual
Assistance in Criminal Matters (adopted
in Nassau, Bahamas, on 23 May 1992
and entered into force on 14 April
1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448, 603
Ch II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Optional Protocol (adopted in Managua,
Nicaragua, on 6 November 1993 and
entered into force on 4 July 2002) . . . . . . 448
Inter-​American Convention on Serving
Criminal Sanctions Abroad (Managua,
Nicaragua, 9 June 1993) . . . . . . . . . . 438–​39
International Convention for the Suppression
of the Counterfeiting of Currency
(League of Nations) (Geneva,
20 April 1929) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
International Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism (adopted
9 December 1999, opened for signature
10 January 2000) (2000) 39 ILM 270
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Art 18(b)(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Judicial Cooperation Agreement of the
Central African Economic and
Monetary Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance in
Criminal Matters to the Treaty of
the Southern African Development
Community (opened for signature 3
October 2002, entered into force 1
March 2007)
Arts 17–​22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children, supplementing
the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime,
(adopted on 15 November 2000,
entered into force 25 December 2003)
2237 UNTS 319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Southern African Development Community
Protocol against Corruption (adopted
18 August 2001, entered into force 6
August 2003) . . . . . . 35–​36, 93, 211, 629–​30
Art 3(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Art 3(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182–​84
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Art 4(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Art 4(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Statute of the International Court of Justice
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675–​76

xxxiv Table of Legislation
Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654–​55
Art 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Statute of the International Criminal
Court (adopted 17 July 1998,
entered into force 1 July 2002)
Art 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Statute of the International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
(adopted 25 May 1993)
Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Statute of the International Tribunal for
Rwanda (adopted 8 November 1994)
Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Treaty Between Canada and the Russian
Federation on Mutual Legal Assistance
in Criminal Matters, 2000 Can TS No.
24 (adopted 20 October 1997, entered
into force 18 December 2000) . . . . . . 381–​82
Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in
Criminal Matters between the
Republics of Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and
Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Treaty on the Non-​Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (Moscow, 1 July 1968)
Art X(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement
of Goods, Construction and Services
(adopted on 9 December 1994) . . . . . . 101–​2
UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement
of Goods, Construction and Services
(adopted by General Assembly
resolution 66/​95 of
9 December 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101–​2
United Nations Basic Principles on the
Independence of the Judiciary
(Milan, 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Principle 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
United Nations Charter (San Francisco,
26 June 1945)
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 45
Art 2(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Art 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 45, 650
Art 2(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 45
Art 7(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Art 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Art 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
United Nations Convention against
Corruption (New York, 31 October
2003) 2349 UNTS 41
Ch I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6
Ch II . . . 5, 6–​7, 12–​13, 18, 20, 24, 36, 38–​39,
50, 92, 100–​1, 109, 366–​67, 523,
603, 624–​25, 636–​37, 644

Ch III . . . 2–​3, 4, 5–​6, 7–​9, 12–​13, 18, 24, 36,
38–​39, 44, 50, 167, 183, 189, 210–​11,
219, 223–​24, 230–​31, 282, 330–​31, 349,
366–​67, 401, 477, 479–​80, 498, 553,
560, 608, 636–​37, 644
Ch IV . . . . . . 5, 9, 12–​13, 19, 36, 38–​39, 266,
366–​67, 415, 416, 418, 601,
607–​9, 617, 636–​37, 643
Ch V . . 5, 10, 19, 30, 31, 38–​40, 46, 109, 302,
445, 453, 517, 518, 519, 538, 547–​48,
570–​71, 581–​82, 586, 590–​91,
602, 603, 636–​37
Ch VI . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10–​11, 612, 623–​24, 629
Ch VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 629, 643
Ch VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 643
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 18, 20, 36, 50, 461, 628
Art 1(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 18
Art 1(b) . . . . . . . . . 17, 19, 30, 53–​54, 416, 517
Art 1(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 20
Art 2 . . . . 5–​6, 21–​34, 166–​67, 168, 173, 178,
181, 266, 547–​48, 552
Art 2(a) . . . . . . 21, 22, 24–​27, 73–​74, 83, 168,
185, 186, 213–​41
Art 2(a)(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24–​25
Art 2(a)(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–​26
Art 2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 27–​28, 178
Art 2(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22, 28, 178, 256
Art 2(d) . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 28–​31, 187, 224,
249, 261, 552, 561
Art 2(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 29–​30, 253,
320, 552, 561
Art 2(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 30–​31, 451,
555–​56, 561
Art 2(g) . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 31–​32, 320, 552
Art 2(h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 32–​33, 255
Art 2(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22–​23, 33–​34, 503
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 28–​30, 31, 35–​41
Art 3(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36–​40, 337, 498
Art 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36, 40–​41
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 42–​48, 406
Art 4(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 45–​46
Art 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 46–​48
Art 5 . . . . . . 20, 28–​29, 49–​57, 58–​59, 60, 94,
115, 140–​41, 609–​10, 635
Art 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 51–​53, 92
Art 5(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 53, 111
Art 5(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 53
Art 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 49, 53–​54
Arts 5–​14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 93–​94
Art 6 . . . . . 7, 50–​51, 58–​64, 92, 145, 366–​67,
368, 369, 635
Art 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59–​61
Art 6(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Art 6(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 254
Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 61–​62
Art 6(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 62, 641, 674
 Table of Legislation
Art 7 . . . . . . . . 6–​7, 50–​51, 62, 65–​77, 79, 86,
88, 92, 93–​94, 116–​17, 658–​59
Art 7(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 65, 68–​73
Art 7(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68–​70, 92
Art 7(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70–​71, 97
Art 7(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–​72
Art 7(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72–​73, 97
Art 7(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 65, 73–​74
Art 7(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 65, 74–​76, 645
Art 7(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–​38, 65, 76–​77, 97
Arts 7–​9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Art 8 . . . . . 6–​7, 50–​51, 66, 72–​73, 78–​90, 92,
93–​94, 97, 116–​17, 342–​43,
531–​32, 658–​59
Art 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 66, 78, 80
Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 80–​82
Art 8(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 78, 82–​83
Art 8(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 83–​86
Art 8(4)–​(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Art 8(5) . . . . . . 76, 77, 78, 86–​89, 97, 235–​36,
525, 531–​32, 645
Art 8(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 89–​90
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–​7, 50–​51, 91–​105, 635
Art 9(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93–​98
Art 9(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
Art 9(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 96
Art 9(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 96
Art 9(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 96–​97
Art 9(1)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 97
Art 9(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93–​94, 98–​100
Art 9(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Art 9(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Art 9(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Art 9(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99–​100
Art 9(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Art 9(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93–​94, 100
Art 9(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Art 9(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Art 10 . . . 6–​7, 50–​51, 92, 93, 106–​13, 622–​23
Art 10(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107, 108–​10, 111
Art 10(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 110–​11
Art 10(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 111–​12
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–​7, 50–​51, 114–​25
Art 11(1) . . . . . . . . . 114, 115, 116–​22, 123–​25
Art 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115, 122–​23, 125
Art 12 . . . . . . 7, 50–​51, 92, 100, 105, 126–​35,
240, 342–​43, 344
Art 12(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127, 128, 130
Art 12(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127
Art 12(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 131
Art 12(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 133
Art 12(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 134, 135
Art 12(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Art 12(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 134
Art 12(2)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129
Art 12(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127, 128, 131
xxxv
Art 12(3)(a)–​(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Art 12(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127, 128, 132–​33
Art 13 . . . . . . . 7, 50–​51, 111–​12, 136–​49, 340
Art 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 139–​45, 645
Art 13(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Art 13(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144–​45
Art 13(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 140, 145–​46, 343
Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 50–​51, 150–​64, 399,
523–​25, 529, 590
Art 14(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 156–​57, 164
Art 14(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153–​60, 523
Art 14(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 160–​61, 397,
525, 591–​92
Art 14(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 161–​62
Art 14(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 162
Art 14(4) . . . . . . . . . 150, 156–​57, 163, 523–​24
Art 14(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 163
Art 15 . . . . . 7–​8, 22, 24, 50, 84, 126, 165–​74,
175–​76, 177–​78, 179, 181, 187,
194, 195, 201–​2, 212, 215–​16,
223, 240, 256, 268–​69, 307, 383,
384, 424–​25, 538, 539, 553, 635
Art 15(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 166, 195
Art 15(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 166, 195
Arts 15–​16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 216
Arts 15–​24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Arts 15–​25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Art 16 . . . . . . . . . 22, 27, 28, 50, 84, 126, 167,
175–​81, 187, 212, 215–​16, 239–​40,
268–​69, 418, 419, 526, 538, 635
Art 16(1) . . . . . . . 7–​8, 175, 177, 179–​80, 193,
201–​2, 256, 424–​25, 553
Art 16(2) . . . . 7–​8, 11, 175, 177, 424–​25, 461–​62
Art 17 . . . . . . 7–​8, 24, 28–​29, 50, 84, 182–​91,
245, 248, 256, 424–​25, 538, 574, 635
Art 18 . . . . . . . 7–​8, 24, 50, 84, 187, 192–​209,
215–​16, 226, 268–​69, 538
Art 18(a) . . . . . . 192, 195–​96, 197, 198, 208–​9
Art 18(b) . . . . . . . . 192, 195–​96, 197, 207, 209
Art 19 . . . . 7–​8, 24, 84, 187, 210–​18, 268–​69,
337, 402, 424–​25, 538
Art 20 . . . 7–​8, 11, 24, 37–​38, 44, 84, 219–​37,
326, 424–​25, 538–​39, 554–​55, 644
Art 21 . . . 7–​8, 37–​38, 167, 187, 212, 215–​16,
238–​44, 245, 246, 268–​69,
383, 384, 424–​25, 538
Art 21(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Art 21(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Art 22 . . . . . . . 7–​8, 28–​29, 182–​83, 184, 186,
245–​50, 337, 424–​25, 538
Art 23 . . . . . 3, 7–​8, 21, 28–​30, 32–​33, 39, 84,
151, 230–​31, 251–​58, 259, 260–​61,
263, 383, 384, 406, 411, 424–​25,
538, 553, 574, 635, 644
Art 23(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 230–​31, 251, 253
Art 23(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251, 253–​54, 262

xxxvi Table of Legislation
Art 23(1)(a)(i), (ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Art 23(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 251, 254, 255
Art 23(1)(b)(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253–​54, 406
Art 23(1)(b)(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255, 406
Art 23(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Art 23(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–​33, 251, 255–​57
Art 23(2)(b) . . . . . 32–​33, 251, 253–​54, 255–​57
Art 23(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . 251, 255–​57, 479–​80
Art 23(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251, 257, 641, 674
Art 23(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 251, 257–​58
Art 24 . . . . . . 3, 7–​8, 28–​29, 84, 216, 259–​64,
424–​25, 538
Art 25 . . . . 7–​8, 24, 84, 215–​16, 256, 265–​73,
329, 330, 332, 337, 342,
424–​25, 538, 635
Art 25(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265, 267, 270
Art 25(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265, 270–​71
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . 8, 44, 274–​86, 288, 302, 538
Art 26(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274, 278–​80
Art 26(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274, 280–​81
Art 26(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274, 281, 283–​84
Art 26(4) . . . . . 222, 274, 277–​78, 281, 303–​4,
355–​56, 645–​46
Art 27 . . . . . 8, 242–​43, 255, 287–​91, 445, 485
Art 27(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 287, 288–​90
Art 27(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 287, 289
Art 27(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 289
Art 28 . . . . 8, 172, 254, 262, 272, 288, 292–​93
Art 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 282, 288, 294–​300
Art 30 . . . . . . . . . . 39, 168, 281, 288, 301–​18,
366–​67, 479–​80
Art 30(1) . . . . 8, 222, 301, 303–​7, 316, 645–​46
Art 30(2) . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 301, 302–​3, 307–​9
Art 30(2)–​(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Art 30(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 309–​10
Art 30(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 311–​12
Art 30(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 312–​13
Art 30(6) . . . . . . . . . . 301, 302–​3, 313–​14, 644
Art 30(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 302–​3, 314–​16
Art 30(7)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Art 30(7)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Art 30(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 302–​3, 316
Art 30(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 303–​4, 317
Art 30(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 317–​18
Art 31 . . . . . . . . 28–​30, 31, 153, 222–​23, 302,
319–​27, 451, 547–​48, 550,
561, 572, 582–​83
Art 31(1) . . . . . . . . 319, 321–​22, 452, 560, 561
Art 31(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31–​32, 322
Art 31(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322, 552
Art 31(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 322–​23, 452, 561
Art 31(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 323
Art 31(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 323–​24
Art 31(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 323–​24
Art 31(5)–​(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Art 31(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 323–​24

Art 31(7) . . . . . 30, 319, 324–​25, 396, 461, 561
Art 31(8) . . . . . 11, 44, 220, 221, 222–​23, 224,
231–​32, 319, 325–​26, 554–​55
Art 31(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 326–​27, 563
Art 31(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 327, 451
Art 32 . . . . . . . . . 131, 328–​38, 343, 346, 374,
378, 477, 609–​10
Art 32(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 329–​30
Art 32(1)–​(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330–​36
Art 32(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 333–​34
Art 32(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 330, 338
Art 32(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 330
Art 32(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 330, 336–​37, 338
Art 33 . . . . . . . 83–​84, 131, 266, 329, 339–​48,
384, 393, 645
Art 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 205, 349–​56, 537–​38
Art 35 . . . 8, 40, 329, 330, 349, 357–​64, 537–​38
Art 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 58–​59, 145, 365–​73
Art 37 . . . . . . . . 29–​30, 131, 344–​45, 366–​67,
374–​82, 383, 389, 390, 504
Art 37(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374, 376
Art 37(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374, 376
Art 37(2)–​(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342–​43
Art 37(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 374, 376–​77
Art 37(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 329, 331–​32, 374, 378
Art 37(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374, 378, 381
Art 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 374, 383–​88, 389
Art 39 . . . . . . . . 8, 131, 145, 374, 383, 389–​95
Art 39(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389, 390–​92
Art 39(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389, 392–​94, 395
Art 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 396–​400
Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401–​5
Art 42 . . . . . . . . . . 8, 46, 47, 256, 288, 406–​14
Art 42(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 406, 407–​9
Art 42(1)–​(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413, 474–​75
Art 42(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407–​8, 411
Art 42(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 406, 409–​11
Art 42(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–​11
Art 42(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409–​10, 411
Art 42(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408, 411
Art 42(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410–​11
Art 42(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 411–​12, 430, 433
Art 42(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 412, 433
Art 42(5) . . . . . 406, 412–​13, 474–​75, 497, 515
Art 42(6) . . . . . . . 46–​47, 406, 413–​14, 474–​75
Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 415–​19, 532–​33
Art 43(1) . . . . . . . . . 415, 416–​17, 424, 445–​46
Art 43(2) . . . . 236, 415, 416, 417–​18, 424, 461
Art 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 41, 406, 411–​12,
418, 420–​36, 635
Art 44(1) . . . . . . . . 420, 423–​25, 426, 427, 432
Art 44(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 424–​25, 426, 434
Art 44(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 425, 433
Art 44(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 426, 435–​36
Art 44(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 426, 429
Art 44(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
 Table of Legislation
Art 44(6)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427, 641, 674
Art 44(6)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Art 44(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 427
Art 44(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 428
Art 44(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 428–​29
Art 44(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 429
Art 44(11) . . . . . . . . . 411–​12, 420–​21, 429–​31
Art 44(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 430–​31, 435
Art 44(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 431, 435, 437
Art 44(14) . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 431–​32, 435–​36
Art 44(15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 432, 435–​36
Art 44(16) . . . . . . . . . 11–​12, 421, 432, 435–​36
Art 44(17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 433, 435–​36
Art 44(18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 433, 601
Arts 44–​46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Arts 44–​50 . . . . . . . 415, 416–​17, 418, 419, 424
Art 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 437–​39, 476–​77, 601
Art 46 . . . . . . 9, 28–​30, 41, 153, 160, 440–​73,
479, 532–​33, 547–​48, 550, 559,
562, 572, 635, 674
Art 46(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 445–​47
Art 46(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 445–​47
Art 46(3) . . . . . . . . . . 11–​12, 440, 450–​54, 561
Art 46(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Art 46(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450–​51
Art 46(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 451, 452
Art 46(3)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Art 46(3)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451, 452
Art 46(3)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 46(3)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 46(3)(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450, 453
Art 46(3)(j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 453
Art 46(3)(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Art 46(4) . . . . . 44, 440, 454–​55, 565, 568, 582
Art 46(5) . . . . . . . . 440, 454–​55, 471, 566, 568
Art 46(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 447–​50, 562
Art 46(7) . . . . . . . . . 440–​41, 447–​50, 461, 562
Art 46(8) . . . . . . . . . . . 396–​97, 399–​400, 441,
452, 461–​66
Art 46(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 461–​66
Art 46(9)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 236, 419, 461–​62
Art 46(9)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Art 46(9)–​(29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447–​48
Art 46(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 467, 468–​70
Art 46(10)–​(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452, 470
Art 46(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 467, 469–​70
Art 46(11)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Art 46(11)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Art 46(11)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Art 46(11)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Art 46(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 469–​70, 471
Art 46(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 428, 441–​42,
458–​61, 641, 674
Art 46(14) . . . . . . . . . . . 442, 456–​58, 641, 674
Art 46(15) . . . . . . . . . . . 442, 456–​58, 466, 562
Art 46(16) . . . . . . . . . . . 442, 459, 463, 466–​68
xxxvii
Art 46(17) . . . . . . . . 442, 450–​51, 466–​68, 562
Art 46(18) . . . . . . . 442, 467, 468, 472–​73, 644
Art 46(19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396, 452, 470–​72
Art 46(20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470–​72
Art 46(21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461–​66, 562–​63
Art 46(21)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Art 46(21)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 462–​63
Art 46(21)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445–​46, 463
Art 46(21)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462–​63
Art 46(22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461–​66
Art 46(23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461–​66
Art 46(24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466–​68
Art 46(25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461–​66
Art 46(26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461–​66
Art 46(27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452, 470–​72
Art 46(28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466–​68, 515
Art 46(29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450–​54
Art 46(30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447–​50, 601, 603
Art 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 474–​82, 497, 500
Art 48 . . . . . . . . . 9, 28–​30, 459, 483–​95, 496,
498, 532–​33
Art 48(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483, 486
Art 48(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486–​89
Art 48(1)(b)–​(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489–​91
Art 48(1)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Art 48(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 483, 486, 491–​92, 601
Art 48(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483, 486, 492
Arts 48–​50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Art 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 47, 485, 496–​501, 601
Art 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 33, 485, 502–​16, 601
Art 50(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 502, 503–​13
Art 50(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 513–​14
Art 50(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 514–​15
Art 50(4) . . . . . . . . 33–​34, 502, 503–​4, 515–​16
Art 51 . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 46, 323, 445, 517–​21,
570–​71, 573, 601, 644
Art 52 . . . . . . . . . 10, 29–​30, 46, 86, 151, 153,
154, 399, 518–​19, 522–​35, 635
Art 52(1) . . . . 157, 522, 524–​26, 527, 528, 529
Art 52(1)–​(4) . . . . . . . . . . 151–​52, 523, 533–​34
Art 52(2) . . . . . . . . . 163, 522, 523–​24, 526–​29
Art 52(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Art 52(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526, 528
Art 52(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 522, 529
Art 52(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522, 529–​30, 533
Art 52(5) . . . 39–​40, 522, 525, 530–​33, 534–​35
Art 52(6) . . . . . . . . . . 39–​40, 522, 525, 534–​35
Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . 10, 28–​29, 31, 40, 46, 349,
518, 521, 536–​46, 553, 635
Art 53(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Art 53(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521, 536, 546
Art 53(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521, 536, 546
Art 54 . . . . . . . . 10, 30, 31, 46, 453, 518, 546,
547–​48, 549–​57, 559, 561, 635
Art 54(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 550–​55
Art 54(1)(a) . . . . . . 517, 549, 551–​53, 556, 560

xxxviii Table of Legislation
Art 54(1)(b) . . . . . . 518, 549, 551, 553–​54, 560
Art 54(1)(c) . . . 518, 549, 552, 554–​55, 560, 563
Art 54(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 451, 549, 555–​57, 561
Art 54(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 556
Art 54(2)(a)–​(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555–​56
Art 54(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 556
Art 54(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39–​40, 549, 556–​57
Art 55 . . . . . 10, 28–​30, 31, 46, 324, 453, 461,
520–​21, 547–​48, 552, 558–​64, 572,
574, 575–​76, 577, 582–​83, 635
Art 55(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 552, 558, 560–​61, 562
Art 55(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 561, 562
Art 55(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 562
Art 55(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 561, 562
Art 55(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 558, 562, 577
Art 55(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Art 55(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552, 562
Art 55(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 46, 562
Art 55(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 562, 641, 674
Art 55(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559, 562
Art 55(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–​12, 559, 562–​63
Art 55(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559, 562–​63
Art 55(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559, 563
Art 56 . . . . . 29–​30, 44, 46, 455, 521, 532–​33,
544, 545, 565–​68, 582, 602
Art 57 . . . . . . 10, 28–​30, 31, 40, 46, 153, 453,
461, 520–​21, 532–​33, 546,
561, 569–​86, 635
Art 57(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 571, 572–​73, 577
Art 57(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 571, 572–​73, 576
Art 57(3) . . . . . 10, 453, 569, 571, 572, 573–​83
Art 57(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574–​77, 583
Art 57(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552, 574–​77
Art 57(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . 572, 574, 577–​79, 583
Art 57(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 569, 571, 583–​84
Art 57(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 571, 584–​85
Art 58 . . . . . . 10, 29–​31, 46, 58, 151–​52, 153,
159, 160–​61, 163, 397, 455,
493, 525, 587–​600, 602
Art 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 601–​3
Art 60 . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 29–​30, 605–​15, 633
Art 60(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605, 609–​10
Art 60(1)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Art 60(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605, 609, 610
Art 60(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605, 609, 610
Art 60(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606, 609, 610–​11
Art 60(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606, 611
Art 60(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606, 609, 611
Art 60(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606, 609, 611
Art 60(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 606, 609, 611
Arts 60–​62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607–​8
Art 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616–​20
Art 61(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616, 618–​19
Art 61(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616, 618–​19, 633
Art 61(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616, 618, 619–​20
Art 62 . . . . 28–​30, 584, 621–​26, 633, 639, 643

Art 62(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621, 623–​25
Art 62(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621, 625
Art 62(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 584, 625
Art 62(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621, 625
Art 62(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621, 623, 625–​26
Art 63 . . . . . . 10–​11, 29–​30, 148–​49, 627–​38,
641, 643, 648
Art 63(1) . . . . . . . . . 627, 628, 629–​30, 667–​68
Art 63(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 627, 629–​30, 641, 663
Art 63(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627, 629–​30, 631–​32
Art 63(4) . . . . . . . . . . . 627, 630, 632, 636, 641
Art 63(4)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632–​33
Art 63(4)(a)–​(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632, 641
Art 63(4)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Art 63(4)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633–​34
Art 63(4)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629–​30, 634–​35
Art 63(4)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Art 63(4)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Art 63(4)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629–​30, 636
Art 63(5) . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 627–​28, 629, 635,
636–​37, 639, 641
Art 63(6) . . . . . 628, 629–​30, 637–​38, 639, 641
Art 63(7) . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 628, 629–​30, 638
Art 64 . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 608–​9, 629, 639–​42
Art 64(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639, 640
Art 64(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639, 641, 642
Art 64(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Art 64(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Art 64(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Art 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643–​46
Art 65(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643, 644–​45
Art 65(2) . . . . . . . . 224, 462, 532, 643, 645–​46
Art 66 . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 44–​45, 644, 647–​56
Art 66(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647, 649–​50
Art 66(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–​11, 647, 650–​56
Art 66(3) . . . . . . 10–​11, 44–​45, 647, 648, 650,
655–​56, 658
Art 66(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 647, 650, 655–​56
Art 67 . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56, 657–​61, 662, 664,
667–​68, 669–​70, 672–​73
Art 67(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657–​58, 659
Art 67(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657–​58, 667
Art 67(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 657–​58, 659, 660
Art 67(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 657–​58, 660
Art 68 . . . . . . . . . . 648–​49, 658, 659, 662–​64,
666–​67, 668
Art 68(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662–​64, 666–​67
Art 68(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662–​63, 664, 666–​67
Art 69 . . . . . . . . . . . 629, 663, 665–​68, 669–​70
Art 69(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 665–​68, 674
Art 69(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​68
Art 69(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66, 668
Art 69(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66, 668
Art 69(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663, 665–​66, 668
Art 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658, 669–​71
Art 70(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 669–​70, 671, 673
 Table of Legislation
Art 70(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669, 670, 671
Art 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670, 671, 672–​76
Art 71(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 658, 661, 672–​74
Art 71(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 672, 673, 674–​76
United Nations Convention against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances
(Vienna, 20 December 1988)
1582 UNTS 95 . . . . . 2, 17–​18, 33, 252, 255,
320, 427, 445, 484, 502–​3,
513–​14, 547–​48, 559, 588
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 1(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Art 1(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29–​30
Art 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–​18
Art 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42–​43
Art 2(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42–​43
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302–​3
Art 3(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Art 3(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Art 3(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Art 3(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Art 5(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Art 5(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423, 602–​3
Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Art 6(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Art 7(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Art 7(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Art 7(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 7(2)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 7(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Art 7(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 7(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Art 7(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458–​59
Art 7(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470–​71
Art 7(14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Art 7(15)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Art 7(18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Art 9(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623–​24
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225–​26
Art 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143–​44
United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime
(New York, 15 November 2000)
2225 UNTS 209 . . . . . . . 1, 5, 6, 15, 17–​18,
22–​23, 29–​30, 33, 115–​16, 165–​66,
238–​39, 252, 255, 323–​24, 396,
401–​2, 416, 427, 445, 455, 475,
xxxix
484, 496–​97, 502–​3, 547–​48,
559, 570–​71, 601, 629–​30, 648
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–​18
Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48, 643
Art 2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Art 2(d)–​(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–​23
Art 2(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29–​30
Art 2(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 503
Art 3(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 42–​43
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425, 643
Art 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151–​52
Art 7(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 643
Art 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165–​66
Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Art 9(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115–​16, 365–​66
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302–​3
Art 11(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Art 11(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 12(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Art 12(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Art 12(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Art 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547–​48
Art 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Art 13(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Art 14(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570–​71
Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Art 16(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Art 16(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427, 433
Art 16(17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Art 16(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Art 16(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Art 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Art 18(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Art 18(3)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Art 18(3)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 18(3)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 18(3)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 18(3)(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Art 18(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455, 565–​66
Art 18(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455, 565–​66
Art 18(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Art 18(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Art 18(10)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Art 18(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Art 18(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458–​59
Art 18(14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Art 18(18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472, 473
Art 18(19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470–​71
Art 18(20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Art 18(21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462–​63

xl Table of Legislation
Art 18(27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Art 18(29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Art 18(30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Art 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 601
Art 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Art 20(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508–​9, 510
Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474–​75
Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401–​2, 404
Art 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 643
Art 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Art 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Art 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617, 618
Arts 28–​30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Art 29(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609–​10
Art 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Art 31(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Art 32(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629–​30
Art 32(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629–​30
Art 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66
United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (Montego Bay,
10 December 1982) (1982) 21 ILM
1261, 1833 UNTS 3
PArt XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653–​54
Art 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Art 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Art 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Annex VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653–​54
Annex VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653–​54
United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (New York,
9 May 1992) 1771 UNTS 107
Kyoto Protocol, Art 10(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
United Nations International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (19
December 1966) 999 UNTS 171 . . . . 73–​74
Art 14(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311, 333–​34, 480
Art 14(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32, 311
Art 15(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Art 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144–​45
Art 19(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144–​45
Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73–​74
Art 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73–​74
United Nations Model Agreement on
the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners
(1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438–​39
United Nations Model Legislation on
Money Laundering and Financing
of Terrorism (2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–​33
Art 1.3(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29–​30
Art 1.3(C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–​33

United Nations Model Treaty on Extradition,
GA Resolution 45/​116 (1990) as
amended by GA Resolution
52/​88 (1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Art 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 424
Art 3(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
United Nations Model Treaty on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal
Matters (14 December 1990,
GA Res 45/​117) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
United Nations Model Treaty on the
Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal
Matters (14 December 1990,
GA Res 45/​118) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480–​81
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(Paris, 10 December 1948)
Art 11(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–​32
Art 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969)
1155 UNTS 331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Art 2(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Art 15(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Art 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659–​60
Art 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Arts 19–​23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art 24(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Art 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Art 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675–​76
Art 31(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Art 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675–​76
Art 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674–​76
Art 33(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675–​76
Art 33(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Art 33(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675–​76
Art 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648–​49
Art 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66
Art 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66
Art 40(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66
Art 40(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Art 44(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Arts 49–​51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Art 54(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
 Table of Legislation
Art 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Art 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Art 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Art 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70
Art 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669–​70, 671
Art 70(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Art 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672–​73
Art 76(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672–​73
Arts 76–​78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672–​74
Art 77(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Art 77(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56
Art 77(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655–​56, 670
xli
Art 77(1)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671, 673–​74
Art 77(1)(f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673–​74
Art 77(1)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Art 77(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672–​73
Art 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665–​66
Vienna Convention on Succession
of States in respect of Treaties
(Vienna, 23 August 1978)
1946 UNTS 3
Art 2(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659, 660–​61
Art 2(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Art 2(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

 Table of Abbreviations
Treaties
1988 Vienna United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Convention Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (adopted 20 December
1988, entered into force 11 November 1990)
CoE Criminal Law Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption
Convention (adopted 27 January 1999, entered into force 1 December 2009)
CoE Civil Law Council of Europe Civil Law Convention against
Convention Corruption (adopted 4 November 1999, entered into force
1 November 2003)
ECHR Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force
3 September 1953) (European Convention on Human Rights)
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted
16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976)
OECD Anti-​Bribery Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials
Convention in International Business Transactions (adopted 21 November
1997, entered into force 15 February 1999)
UNCAC United Nations Convention against Corruption (adopted
9 December 2003, entered into force 14 December 2005)
UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime (adopted 15 November 2000, entered into force 29
September 2003)
VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May
1969, entered into force 27 January 1980)
UNODC Documents
Legislative Guide UNODC, Legislative Guide for the implementation of the United
Nations Convention against Corruption (UN 2006)
State of UNODC, State of Implementation of the United Nations
Implementation Convention against Corruption: Criminalization, Law Enforcement
and International Cooperation (UN 2015)
Technical Guide UNODC, Technical Guide to the United Nations Convention
against Corruption (United Nations 2009)
Entities
Ad Hoc Committee Ad Hoc Committee for the Negotiation of a Convention against
Corruption
AU African Union
CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union
CoE Council of Europe
CoSP Conference of States Parties
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
xliv Table of Abbreviations

EU European Union
EUROPOL European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
IMF International Monetary Fund
IRG Implementation Review Group
IRM Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United
Nations Convention against Corruption (Implementation Review
Mechanism)
INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
G8 Group of Eight
G20 Group of Twenty
GRECO Group of States against Corruption
MESICIC Mechanism for Follow-​Up on the Implementation of the Inter-​
American Convention against Corruption
OAS Organization of American States
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-​operation and Development
OGP Open Government Partnership
OLAF European Anti-​Fraud Office
SADC Southern African Development Community
StAR Initiative Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade
WTO World Trade Organization
Terms
AML Anti-​money laundering
CDD Customer due diligence
CFT Countering the financing of terrorism
CRA Corruption risk assessment
CSO Civil society organisation
DNFBP Designated non-​financial businesses and professions
EDD Enhanced due diligence
FIU Financial intelligence unit
FoI Freedom of information
FSRB FATF-​style regional body
GDP Gross domestic product
KYC Know-​your-​customer
MLA Mutual legal assistance
MLAT Mutual legal assistance treaty


Another random document with
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hand. A sword dance ensues, the four going round and round in a
circle. The gentleman with a sword contorts himself, prods viciously
at imaginary foes, and every now and then makes a playful attempt
to smite off one of the drummers’ legs. This performance being
terminated—accompanied the while by incessant shouting on the
part of every one in general—the actors retire, and the Emir holds up
his thin aristocratic hand.
Instantly a silence falls. The change is singularly impressive. The
Emir begins to speak in a low voice to a herald mounted on a raised
platform at his side. The herald, the perspiration pouring down his
face, shouts out each sentence as it falls from the Emir’s lips. As the
speech proceeds the Emir becomes more animated. He waves his
arm with a gesture full of dignity and command. And now the silence
is occasionally broken with sounds of approval. Finally he stops, and
it is the turn of the Resident who smilingly delivers himself of a much
shorter oration which, as in the previous case, is shouted to the
assemblage by the herald. I was able to obtain, through the courtesy
of the Resident, from the Emir’s Waziri a rendering of the speech of
which the following is a translation—

“The Emir greets you all with thanks to God. He thanks

God’s messenger (Mohammed). He gives thanks for the
blessings of his parents and his ancestors. He gives thanks to
the Europeans who are the gates of his town. He thanks all
White men. Next—you must attend to the orders which the
Emir gives you every year. I say unto you leave off double
dealing. Remove your hand from the people. Let them follow
their own courses. Separate yourselves from injustice. Why
do I say ‘Give up injustice’? You know how we were in former
days and you see how we are now. Are we not better off than
formerly? Next—I thank my headmen who assist me in my
work. I thank my servants who are fellow workers. I thank my
young chiefs who are fellow workers. I thank the men of my
town who are fellow workers. I thank my followers in the town.
I thank the village heads. I thank all the people of the land of
Zaria who are helping me in my work. Next—I wish you to pay
 attention to the commands of the English. And I say unto you
that all who see them should pay them respect. He who is
careless of the orders of the White man does not show them
respect. Though nothing happens to him he cries on his own
account (i.e. his stupidity is his punishment), for it is his
ignorance that moves him. Next—every one who farms let
him pay his tax. Every one who says this man is my slave, or
this woman is my slave, or these people are my slaves, and
uses force against them, let judgment fall upon him. What I
say is this—may God reward us! May God give us peace in
our land! May God give us the abundance of the earth! Amen.
Those who feel joyful can say—‘This is our desire! this is our
desire!’”

After a vain attempt to shake hands with the Emir, our respective
mounts altogether declining to assist, we ride out of the town
escorted by a couple of hundred horsemen. A little way past the
gates we halt while they, riding forward a hundred yards or so,
wheel, and charge down upon us with a shout, reining their horses
with a sudden jerk, so near to us that the ensanguined foam from the
cruel bits bespatters us.
As we ride home to the Residency two miles out of the town,
uppermost in the mind at least of one of us is the fascination of this
strange land, with its blending of Africa and the East, its barbaric
displays, its industrial life, its wonderful agricultural development—
above all, perhaps, the tour de force of governing it with a handful of
White officials and a handful of native troops.
 PART II
SOUTHERN NIGERIA

MAP OF SOUTHERN NIGERIA SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES.

 CHAPTER I
NIGERIA’S CLAIM UPON PUBLIC ATTENTION

Nigeria is a geographical expression applied to a territory in West

Africa which by successive stages, covering a period of more than
one hundred years, under circumstances widely differing in character
and incentive, and almost wholly as the result of the initial enterprise
of British explorers and merchants, has passed under the protection
of Britain. With the discovery of Nigeria are associated exploits which
for romantic interest and personal achievements hold a prominent
place in British exploring records. The angry swirl of the Bussa
rapids must ever recall the well-nigh superhuman achievements of
Mungo Park, as the marvellous creeks and channels of the Niger
Delta evoke the memory of Richard Lander[2] and John Beecroft.
You cannot visit the Court of the Emir of Kano without
remembering Clapperton’s account of the awkward religious
conundrums with which the gallant sailor, the first European to enter
that fascinating African city, was amazed and confounded by one of
the present Emir’s predecessors; nor ride over the wide and dusty
road into the heart of Hausaland without thinking that but for Joseph
Thomson’s diplomatic tact in negotiating the early treaties with its
potentates, which were to pave the way for the statesmanship of a
Taubman-Goldie and the organising genius of a Lugard, Nigeria
would to-day be the brightest jewel in the West African Empire of the
French. The spirit of MacGregor Laird, the hardy pioneer who laid
the first foundations of British commerce in this country seems to
hover over the broad bosom of the Niger. The marvellous panorama
that unfolds itself before your eyes at Lokoja (the confluence of the
Niger with its tributary the Benue) conjures up the heroism and
tragedy of the Allan-Trotter expedition; while to negotiate in a dug-
out the currents that eddy round the famous ju-ju rock—still termed
Baikie’s Seat—is a reminder that somewhere in the blue depths
below lie the remains of Dr. Baikie’s ill-fated Day-spring.
 This land is, indeed, a land rich in heroic memories to men of
British blood. It is the more astonishing that so little appears to be
known by the general public either of its past or, what is much more
important, of the many complex problems connected with its
administration.

Nigeria is, at present, arbitrarily divided into two units, “Southern”

and “Northern;” the division corresponds with the historical events
which have distinguished the assumption of British control, and is to
that extent inevitable. But to-day, with internal communications and
administrative control rapidly extending, this situation presents many
drawbacks. In the absence of any considered scheme of general
constructive policy laid down at home, the existence of two separate
Governments with ideals necessarily influenced by the personal
idiosyncrasies of frequently changing heads in a territory
geographically united, through which the channels of a singularly
intensive internal trade have flowed for centuries, must of necessity
tend to promote divergencies in the treatment of public questions,
and, therefore, create numerous difficulties for the future. I propose
to deal with this subject in greater detail later on.
JU-JU ISLAND NEAR JEBBA.

(Photo by Mr. E. Firmin.)

 SHIPPING PALM-OIL ON THE NIGER AT HIGH WATER.

Meantime it would seem necessary at the outset to emphasize two

facts which the public mind does not appear to have realized. The
first is that Nigeria, both in size and in population, is not only the
most considerable of our tropical dependencies in Africa, but is the
most considerable and the wealthiest of all our tropical
dependencies (India, of course, excepted). Embracing an area of
332,960 square miles, Nigeria is thus equal in size to the German
Empire, Italy and Holland, while its population, though not yet
ascertained with accuracy, can hardly amount to less than fifteen
millions, being double that of British East Africa and Uganda with
Nyassaland thrown in, and nearly three times as numerous as the
native population comprised in the South African Union. The second
is that nowhere else in tropical or sub-tropical Africa is the British
administrator faced, at least on a large scale, with a Mohammedan
population, already to be counted in millions and increasing year by
year with significant rapidity. Until a few years ago the work of Great
Britain in West Africa, apart from a few trifling exceptions, was
confined to the administration of the Pagan Negro. The position is
very different now. In the southern regions of the Protectorate, where
its progression is a modern phenomenon, Islam is, from the
administrative point of view, a purely social factor. But in the northern
regions, where Mohammedan rule has been established for
centuries, under the Hausas, and in more recent times under the
Fulani, Islam has brought its laws, its taxation, its schools and its
learning. It is there a political as well as a religious and social force,
solidly entrenched. This fact which, administratively speaking, need
not alarm us—unless the Administration is goaded into adopting a
hostile attitude towards its Mohammedan subjects—does, however,
invest Nigeria with an additional interest of its own and does supply a
further reason why the affairs of this greatest of our African
protectorates should receive more intelligent consideration and study
at the hands of the public than it has enjoyed hitherto.
 CHAPTER II
THE NIGER DELTA

What is now known as Southern Nigeria comprises 77,200 square

miles, and includes the whole seaboard of the Nigerian Protectorate,
some 450 miles long, and the marvellous delta region whose
network of waterways and surpassing wealth in economic products
must be seen to be realized. Pursuing its southward course, the
Niger, after its journey of 2,550 miles across the continent from west
to east, bifurcates just below Abo into the Forcados and the Nun.
This is the apex of the delta, and here the Niger is, indeed, majestic.
From each of these main channels of discharge spring countless
others, turning and twisting in fantastic contours until the whole
country is honeycombed to such an extent as to become converted
into an interminable series of islands. The vastness of the horizon,
the maze of interlacing streams and creeks, winding away into
infinity, the sombre-coloured waters, the still more sombre
unpenetrable mangrove forests—here and there relieved by taller
growth—impress one with a sense of awe. There is something
mysterious, unfathomable, almost terrifying in the boundless
prospect, the dead uniformity of colour, the silence of it all. It is the
primeval world, and man seems to have no place therein.
Small wonder that amidst such natural phenomena, where in the
tornado season which presages the rains the sky is rent with flashes
only less terrific than the echoing peals of thunder, where the rushing
wind hurls forest giants to earth and lashes the waters into fury,
where for months on end torrential downpours fall until man has no
dry spot upon which he can place his foot; where nature in its most
savage mood wages one long relentless war with man, racking his
body with fevers and with ague, now invading his farms with furious
spreading plant life, now swamping his dwelling-place—small
wonder the inhabitants of this country have not kept pace with the
progression of more favoured sections of the human race. It is, on
the contrary, astonishing, his circumstances being what they are,
that the native of the Niger delta should have developed as keen a
commercial instinct as can be met with anywhere on the globe, and
that through his voluntary labours, inspired by the necessities and
luxuries of barter, he should be contributing so largely to supply the
oils, fats, and other tropical products which Western industrialism
requires. Trade with the outer world which the merchant—himself
working under conditions of supreme discomfort, and in constant ill-
health—has brought; improved means of communication through the
clearing and mapping of creeks and channels, thereby giving
accessibility to new markets which the Administration is yearly
creating—these are the civilizing agents of the Niger delta, the only
media whereby its inhabitants can hope to attain to a greater degree
of ease and a wider outlook.
The outer fringe of the delta is composed entirely of mangrove
swamps, whose skeleton-like roots rise up from the mud as the tide
recedes, and from whose bark the natives obtain, by burning, a
substitute for salt. For untold centuries the mangrove would appear
to have been encroaching upon the sea, the advance guard of more
substantial vegetation springing up behind it with the gradual
increase of deposits affording root-depth. Apart from the deltaic
system proper, produced by the bifurcation of the Niger and its
subsequent efforts to reach the ocean, the seaboard is pierced by
several rivers, of which the Cross, navigable for stern wheelers of
light draught in the wet season for 240 miles and in the dry for forty,
is the most important. The Benin River links up with the deltaic
system on the east, and on the west with the lagoon system of
Lagos, into which several rivers of no great volume, such as the
Ogun and Oshun, discharge themselves. So continuous and
extensive are these interior waterways that communication by
canoe, and even by light-draught launches, is possible from one end
of the seaboard to the other—i.e., from Lagos to Old Calabar.
The mangrove region is sparsely populated by fishing and trading
tribes. It is curious to come across signs of human life when you
would hardly suspect its possible presence. A gap in the whitened,
spreading roots, a tunnelled passage beyond, a canoe or two at the
opening; or, resting upon sticks and carefully roofed, a miniature hut
open on all sides, in which reposes some votive offering, such are
the only indications that somewhere in the vicinity a village lies
hidden. A visit to some such village holds much to surprise. Diligent
search has revealed to the intending settler that the particular spot
selected contains, it may be a hundred yards or so from the water, a
patch of firm land where, doubtless with much difficulty, a crop of
foodstuffs can be raised, and here he and his family will lead their
primitive existence isolated from the outer world, except when they
choose to enter it on some trading expedition. Further inland
somewhat, as for instance, near the opening of the Warri creek
(whose upper reaches, bordered with cocoanut palms, oil palms, and
ferns, are a dream of beauty), one of the many off-shoots of the
Forcados, where behind the fringe of mangroves the forest has
begun to secure a steady grip, neatly kept and prosperous villages
are more numerous. Their denizens are busy traders and there are
plentiful signs of surface civilization. An expedition in canoes to the
chief of one of these Jekri villages led us from a little landing stage
cut out of the mangroves and cleverly timbered along a beaten path
through smelling mud, alive with tiny crabs and insect life of strange
and repulsive form, into a clearing scrupulously clean, bordered with
paw-paw trees and containing some twenty well-built huts. A large
dug-out was in process of completion beneath a shed; fishing-nets
were hanging out to dry; a small ju-ju house with votive offerings
ornamented the centre of the village green, as one might say; a few
goats wandered aimlessly about, and a score of naked tubby
children gazed open-eyed or clung round their mothers’ knees in
affected panic. Beyond the ju-ju house a one-storeyed bungalow
with corrugated iron roof and verandah unexpectedly reared its ugly
proportions, and before long we were discussing the much vexed
question of the liquor traffic over a bottle of ginger ale across a table
covered by a European cloth, with an intelligent Jekri host, whose
glistening muscular body, naked to the waist, contrasted oddly with
the surroundings. These included a coloured print of the late King
Edward hanging upon the walls in company with sundry illustrated
advertisements all rejoicing in gorgeous frames. The walls of the
vestibule below were similarly adorned, and through a half-open
door one perceived a ponderous wooden bed with mattress, sheets,
pillows, and gaudy quilt (in such a climate!) complete.
 The deltaic region is the real home of the oil palm with its
numerous and still unclassified varieties, although it extends some
distance beyond in proportionately lessening quantities as you push
north. No other tree in the world can compare with the oil palm in the
manifold benefits it confers upon masses of men. Occurring in tens
of millions, reproducing itself so freely that the natives often find it
necessary to thin out the youngest trees, it is a source of
inexhaustible wealth to the people, to the country, to commerce, and
to the Administration. The collection, preparation, transport, and sale
of its fruit, both oil and kernels for the export trade is the paramount
national industry of Southern Nigeria, in which men, women, and
children play their allotted parts. Beautiful to look upon, hoary with
antiquity (its sap was used in ancient Egypt for cleansing the body
before embalment), the oil palm is put to endless uses by the natives
—its leaves and branches as roofing material, for clothing, for the
manufacture of nets, mats, and baskets; its fruit and covering fibre in
various forms for food (not disdained by the resident European in the
famous palm oil chop), for light, for fuel. To the Southern Nigerian
native inhabiting the oil-palm area the tree is, indeed, domestically
indispensable, while its product represents something like 90 per
cent. of his purchasing capacity in trade. How entirely wrong would
be any attempt at restricting his free enjoyment of its bounties needs
no emphasizing. The importance of the export trade in the products
of the oil palm may be gauged by the returns for 1910, which show
that Southern Nigeria exported 172,998 tons of kernels and 76,850
tons of oil, of a total value of no less than £4,193,049; and yet the
capacities of the trade, especially in kernels, are only in their infancy.
[3] Many districts, rich in oil palms are unproductive owing to
inaccessibility of markets or lack of transport; in others which supply
oil, the kernels, for sundry reasons, among which insufficiency of
labour to spare from farming operations no doubt predominates, are
not collected, although it is commonly reckoned that three tons of
kernels should be available for every ton of oil. In considering these
figures, realizing the future potentialities of the trade, and realizing,
too, the truly enormous sum of African labour which it represents
(every nut is cracked by hand to extract the kernel), one cannot but
reflect upon the foolish generalities which ascribe “idleness” to the
West African negro, whose free labour in this trade alone gives
employment directly and indirectly to tens of thousands in England
and in Europe, from the merchant and his clerks, from the steamship
owner and his employés on land and sea, to the manufacturer of
soap and candles and their allied trades; from the coopers who turn
out the casks sent out from England in staves for the conveyance of
the oil, to the Irish peasants who collect the stems of the common
sedge shipped out to Nigeria from Liverpool for caulking these
casks.
The bulk of the oil is exported to England (£1,191,000 value in
1909), but nearly the entire kernel crop goes to Germany, where it is
treated by the big crushing mills. It is possible that this state of affairs
may undergo considerable change within the next decade, and the
reason for it is, incidentally, of considerable economic interest, as it
is of moment to Nigeria. Up to within three or four years ago palm
kernels were crushed and the oil almost entirely used by the soap
trade, but chemistry has now found a process of refining and making
palm-kernel oil edible, as it may, perhaps, do some day for palm oil
itself, as a base for margarine, for which coprah and ground-nut oil
were formerly employed. This has had as a consequence an
enormous widening of the home market, and the soap trade has now
to contend with keen competition for the supply of one of its staples.
The resultant effect is the initiative of Lever Brothers (Limited), who,
finding the need of enlarging and giving increased security to their
supplies of the raw material, are, with commendable enterprise,
erecting three large crushing mills in Southern Nigeria, the one at
Lagos being already in a fair way to completion. If the numerous
difficulties they will have to face are successfully negotiated, the
ultimate result can hardly fail to be that of transferring the
considerable palm kernel crushing industry from the banks of the
Rhine to those of the Niger, besides creating a new export trade in
oil cake from the Niger to England and the Continent.
 CHAPTER III
THE FOREST BELT

Beyond the deltaic region proper lies the vast belt of primeval and
secondary forest of luxurious growth, giant trees, tangled vines and
creepers, glorious flowering bushes, gaudy butterflies, moist
atmosphere, and suffocating heat. Beyond the forest belt again lies,
with recurrent stretches of forest, the more open hilly country, the
beginning of the uplands of the North. When an authority on forestry
recently wrote that “British Columbia is the last great forest reserve
left,” he forgot West Africa. That is what West Africa has continually
suffered from—forgetfulness. The resources of the Nigerian forest
belt are as yet far from being fully determined, but sufficient is now
known of them to show that they are enormously rich. Besides the oil
palm and the wine palm (which produces the piassava of commerce)
the forest belt contains large quantities of valuable mahoganies,
together with ebony, walnut, satin, rose, and pear woods, barwood,
and other dye-woods, several species of rubber, African oak, gums
(copal), kola, and numerous trees suitable to the manufacture of
wood-pulp. Oil-bearing plants abound in great quantities, as do also
fibres, several of which have been favourably reported upon by the
Imperial Institute. The shea-butter tree, to which I shall have
occasion again to refer, is an inhabitant of the dry zone.
 THE TROPICAL BUSH.

The soil of this forest region is wonderfully fertile, and forest

products apart, the possibilities of agricultural development are
considerable. The three articles under cultivation by the natives the
Administration has of late years done its best to popularize have
been cotton, cocoa, and maize. For several reasons maize is an
uncertain quantity. The land bears two crops a year, the larger crops
ripening in July, but a wet August will play havoc with harvesting and
storing arrangements, while the amount available for export must
always depend upon local food requirements and available labour.
The cultivation of cocoa, for which the humid atmosphere, rich
alluvial soil, and abundant shade of the forest region seem peculiarly
suitable, has, on the other hand, steadily, if slowly, increased since it
was started fifteen years ago. In 1900 the quantity of cocoa exported
was valued at £8,622. It had risen in 1910 to £101,151. The efforts
made within the last few years by the British Cotton Growing
Association, supplemented by those of the Administration, to revive
on a large scale the export trade in raw cotton started by the
Manchester manufacturer, Mr. Clegg, at the time of the American
Civil War, has so far been partially, but only partially, successful. The
industry has progressed, but far less rapidly than its promoters
hoped.[4] Things do not move quickly in West Africa. In all these
questions several factors have to be taken into account, for which
sufficient allowance is not made in Europe. For one thing, the really
immense amount of labour which the Nigerian population is already
required to put forth in order to feed itself and to sustain the existing
export trade is not appreciated.
The idea that the native has merely to scratch the earth or watch
the fruit ripening on the trees in order to sustain himself and his
family is, speaking generally, as grotesque an illusion as that he is a
helpless, plastic creature with no will of his own. The native is on the
whole an active, hard-working individual, the ramifications of whose
domestic and social needs involve him in constant journeyings which
absorb much time, and if his soil is prolific in the bearing of crops, it
is equally so in invading vegetation, which has constantly to be
checked. He is also a keen business man and a born trader, as any
European merchant who has dealings with him will bear witness, and
he will turn his attention to producing what pays him best. In that
respect he differs not at all from other sections of the human race
amongst whom the economic sense has been developed, and he
cannot be fairly expected to devote his attention to raising one
particular raw material which a certain home industry may desire, if
he can make larger profits in another direction. The opening up of
the country, the increasing dearness of food supplies in the
neighbourhood of all the great centres, the intensifying commercial
activity and economic pressure so visible on every side, the growth
of population, and the enlargement of the horizon of ideas must
necessarily lead to a steady development in all branches of
production. But the native must be given time, and the country is one
which cannot be rushed either economically or politically.
No sketch, however brief, of the potentialities of the Nigerian forest
belt would be complete without a reference to the labours of the
Forestry Department, which owes its initiation to the foresight and
statesmanship of the late Sir Ralph Moor. Such reference is the
more necessary since the work of the department crystallizes, so to
speak, the conception of its duties towards the native population
which guides the Administration’s policy. No other department of the
Administration reveals so clearly by its whole programme and its
daily practice what the fundamental object of British policy in Nigeria
really is, and in view of the increasing assaults upon that policy by
company promoters at home, on the one hand, and the obstacles to
which its complete realization is subjected in Africa on the other, it is
absolutely essential that public opinion in Britain should become
acquainted with the facts and be in a position to support the Colonial
Office and the Administration in combining equity with
commonsense.
Briefly stated, the Forestry Department is designed to conserve
forest resources for the benefit of the State—the State meaning, in
practice, the native communities owning the land and their
descendants, and the Administration charged with their
guardianship, and while encouraging any legitimate private
enterprise, whether European or native, to oppose the wholesale
exploitation of those resources for the benefit of individuals, white or
black. It aims at impressing the native with the economic value of his
forests as a source of present and continual revenue for himself and
his children; at inducing native communities to give the force of
native law to its regulations and by their assistance in applying them,
to prevent destruction through indiscriminate farming operations and
bush fires, to prevent the felling of immature trees, to replant and to
start communal plantations. It aims at the setting aside, with the
consent of the native owners, of Government reserves and native
reserves, and at furthering industrial development by private
enterprise under conditions which shall not interfere with the general
welfare of the country. In a word, the Forestry Department seeks to
associate the native communities with the expanding values of the
land in which they dwell, so that for them the future will mean
increasing prosperity and wealth, the essence of the policy being
that these communities are not only by law and equity entitled to
such treatment, but that any other would be unworthy of British
traditions. It is what some persons call maudlin sentiment, the sort of
“maudlin sentiment” which stands in the way of the Nigerian native
being expropriated and reduced to the position of a hired labourer on
the properties of concessionnaires under whose patriotic activities
the Nigerian forest would be exploited until it had disappeared from
the face of the earth like the forests of Wisconsin, Michigan,
Minnesota, and Eastern Canada.
Apart from the question of safeguarding the rights of the people of
the land, our wards, the necessity of forest conservation in the
interest of the public weal has been taught by bitter experience, and
experience has also shown that scientific forestry can only be
profitably undertaken by the Government or by bodies whose first
obligation is the interest and protection of the community. The
Forestry Department of Southern Nigeria, short as its existence has
been, is already a revenue-making Department, for in the last ten
years it has either planted, or induced the natives to plant, trees
(some of which, like the rubber trees in Benin, are now beginning to
bear) whose present estimated value is £287,526, and has thus
added over a quarter of a million to the value of the capital stock of
the forests without taking into account the indirect effects of the
steps taken to help their natural regeneration. The Department has
many local difficulties to contend with, especially in the Western
province, which I shall have occasion to discuss in connection with
the general administrative problem facing the administration in that
section of the Protectorate.
 The character of its work necessitates that, in addition to scientific
training in forest lore, those responsible for its direction shall be
possessed of knowledge of native customs and of considerable tact
in conducting negotiations with native authorities, always suspicious
of European interference in anything which touches the question of
tenure and use of land. The Administration is fortunate in possessing
in the Conservator and Deputy-Conservator two men who combine
in a rare degree these dual qualifications. It is but the barest
statement of fact to say that Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Conservator
who went to Southern Nigeria after many years in Burma, enjoys an
international reputation. As an expert in tropical forestry he stands
second to none in the world. His colleague, Mr. R. E. Dennett, has
contributed more than any other European living to our knowledge of
Nigerian folklore, and he understands the native mind as few men of
his generation do. In view of its immense importance to the future of
the country it is very regrettable to have to state that the Forestry
Department is greatly undermanned and its labours curtailed in
many directions by the insufficiency of the funds at its disposal. No
wiser course could be taken by the administration than that of setting
aside a sum of borrowed money to be used, as in the case of the
railways, as capital expenditure on productive forestry work.
 CHAPTER IV
THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN PROVINCES

In connection with the internal government of the Protectorate it

may be advisable to refer briefly to the House Rule Ordinance of
1901 which has recently given rise to some controversy. The House
Rule Ordinance is a measure designed by the late Sir Ralph Moor to
prevent social anarchy from ensuing when slavery was abolished by
the British Government. It gives force of Law to House Rule. House
Rule is, in reality, the native form of government, which has existed
in Southern Nigeria for many centuries. In recognizing the former the
Administration acknowledges the existence of the latter for which it
can provide no substitute. Native society, as already stated, is in the
patriarchal state. The foundation of it is the “Father,” whether of the
family, of the community, or of the tribe. The members of the House
are, in a measure, apprentices. Under native law there are
obligations on both sides. It is a transitional stage, and should be
regarded as such, and allowed to reform itself from within. The one
difficulty, in this respect, is lest the Ordinance should tend to prevent
a gradual internal evolution towards a higher state by sterilizing any
healthy influences making for modification. A much greater danger
would be any sudden change which would throw the whole country
into absolute confusion. In the Western Province and in the Bini
district, where native rule has developed more rapidly than in the
Eastern and Central, the Father of the House is subject to the Father
of the district, and he in turn is subject to the Paramount Chief of the
whole tribe—the Supreme Father. There is, therefore, a check upon
despotic abuses by the head of the House. In the bulk of the Central
Province and in the whole of the Eastern Province, the head of the
House is virtually the head of the community, the higher forms of
internal control not having evolved. Any hasty and violent
interference which domestic “slavery,” as it is termed, in a country
like the Central and Eastern Provinces should be strenuously
opposed. It would be an act of monstrous injustice, in the first place,
if unaccompanied by monetary compensation, and it would produce
social chaos. But there seems to be no reason why the House Rule
Ordinance should not be amended in the sense of substituting for
Paramount Chieftainship therein—which is virtually non-existent—
the District Commissioners, aided by the Native Councils, as a check
upon the now unfettered action of the heads of Houses. To destroy
the authority of the heads would be to create an army of wastrels
and ne’er-do-weels. Native society would fall to pieces, and endless
“punitive expeditions” would be the result.[5]
For purposes of administration Southern Nigeria is divided into
three Provinces, the Eastern (29,056 square miles), with
headquarters at Old Calabar; the Central (20,564 square miles) with
headquarters at Warri; and the Western (27,644 square miles), with
headquarters at Lagos, the seat of Government of the Protectorate.
To the Western Province is attached, as distinct from the
Protectorate, what is termed the “Colony of Lagos,” comprising the
capital and a small area on the mainland—Lagos itself is an island—
amounting altogether to 3,420 square miles. The supreme
government of the three Provinces is carried on from Lagos by the
Governor, assisted by an Executive Council and by a Legislative
Council composed of nine officials and six unofficial members
selected by the Governor and approved by the Secretary of State.
Each Province is in charge of a Provincial Commissioner, although in
the Western Province his duties are more nominal than real. In none
of the Provinces is there a Provincial Council. The Central and
Eastern Provinces are sub-divided into districts in charge of a District
Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner, who govern the country
through the recognized Chiefs and their councillors by the medium of
Native Councils which meet periodically and over which the District
Commissioner or his assistant presides. These Native Councils or
Courts constitute the real administrative machinery of the country.
They administer native law in civil and criminal cases between
natives. They may not, however, except by special provision, deal
with civil cases in which more than £200 is involved, or with criminal
cases of a nature which, under native law, would involve a fine
exceeding £100 or a sentence of imprisonment exceeding ten years
with or without hard labour, or a flogging exceeding fifteen strokes.