Quarter 2 - Week 4

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 Let’s Learn

This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic
concepts of hypothesis testing. Each step for hypothesis testing was given emphasis
by providing a separate lesson for each. Only one set of examples was used all
throughout the lessons to clearly show the process of hypothesis testing.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Calculation of Test-Statistic
• Lesson 2 – Writing Conclusion
• Lesson 3 – Hypothesis Testing

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. computes for the test-statistic value (population mean).
2. draws conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic
value and the rejection region.
3. solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the first step in hypothesis testing?

A. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
B. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
C. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
D. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.

2. If the critical value falls in the acceptance region, then the null hypothesis must
be ______.
A. rejected C. accepted
B. restated D. reexamined

3. Calculate the z-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 57; µ = 63; 𝜎 = 2; 𝑛 = 45.
A. 20.12 C. -20.12
B. 0.19 D. -0.19

4. Calculate the t-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 35; µ = 33; 𝑠 = 5; 𝑛 = 25.
A. 2 C. -2
B. 0.18 D. -0.18

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5. If H0: µ=5.2; H1: µ > 5.2; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑧 = 2.222, then the null hypothesis ________.
A. is rejected C. cannot be rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is significant

For items 6-10, consider the following situation.

Everyday Company has developed a new battery. The Engineering Department of

that company claims that each battery lasts for 180 minutes. To test this claim, the
company selects a random sample of 100 new batteries and this sample has mean
of 175 minutes with standard deviation of 25 minutes. Test the engineering
department’s claim that the new batteries run with an average of 180 minutes. Uses
𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.

6. Which is the correct null hypothesis for the given problem?

A. H0: 𝜇 = 180 C. H0: 𝜇 > 180

B. H0: 𝜇 ≠ 180 D. H0: 𝜇 < 180

7. What type of test statistic is applicable for given problem?

A. z- test C. t- test
B. p-test D. x-test

8. What is the value of the applicable test statistic?

A. -2 C. 2
B. 1.99 D. -1.99

9. Which of the following is the critical region for a two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05?

A. z < -1.96 or z > 1.96 C. z < -1.645 or z > 1.645

B. z < -2.33 or z > 2.33 D. z < -2.575 or z > 2.575

10. What should be the decision and conclusion for the given problem?

A. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to

suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
B. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
C. Accept the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
D. Accept the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.

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 Lesson Calculation of Test Statistic and
1 Writing Conclusion

Let’s Recall

What information do we need to consider in choosing the appropriate test-statistic?

How do we identify the rejection region?

Let’s Explore

Activity 1
1. A researcher reports that the average salary of private school teachers is Php
10,000.00. A sample of 40 teachers has a mean salary of Php 10,870.00 a month
at 𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that the private school teachers’ salary is not equal to
Php 10,000.00 a month. The standard deviation of the population is Php 1,500.00.
Given the problem above, decide on the appropriate test-statistic to be used.
Can you calculate it?

Activity 2

Identify and underline the conclusion in each sentence below.

1. I forgot to bring money, so I could not buy anything.

2. I studied hard for my upcoming test, so I passed it.

3. I bought a new mobile phone; therefore, I could play online games.

4. I went with my cousins on a road trip, so I had lots of fun.

5. I did well in high school, so I graduated with honors.

How did you identify the conclusion?

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 Let’s Elaborate

Calculation of Test Statistics

In computing for the critical value, it is very important to properly

identify the given values in the problem.
Let us consider the problem in Activity 1.

𝑥̅ = 10,870.00 (sample mean)

𝜇 = 10,000.00 (population mean)
𝜎 = 1,500.00 (population standard deviation)
𝑛 = 40 (number of sample)

Considering the given, the applicable test statistic is z-test.

Substituting the given information to the formula:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
10870 − 10000
𝑧=
1500
√40
𝑧 = 3.67
This means that the sample mean of Php 10,870.00 is 3.67 standard deviations
above the population mean of Php 10,000.00.
Let us try to calculate other problems.

1. Mrs. Patata claims that its potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt per pack.
But a random sample of 130 packs yielded an average salt content of 145 mg with
standard deviation of 25 mg. Use 0.01 level of significance to test the null
hypothesis 𝜇 = 150 against the alternative 𝜇 < 150.

a. Identify the given:

𝑥̅ = 145 (sample mean)
𝜇 = 150 (population mean)
𝑠 = 25 (sample standard deviation)
𝑛 = 130 (number of samples)

b. Since the applicable test statistic is z-test, substitute the given information to
the z-test formula (population standard deviation not given):
𝑥̅ −𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
145−150
𝑧= 25
√130
𝑧 = −2.28

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2. A certain brand of coffee is advertised to have a net weight of 250 grams. If the net
weights of a random of 8 packs are 252, 251, 253, 249, 248, 251, 254, and 249, can
it be concluded that the average net weight of the packs is greater than the advertised
amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

a. Identify the given:

𝜇 = 250 (population mean)
𝑛 = 8 (number of samples)

Considering the given, the appropriate test statistic is t-test. We need to

compute for the sample mean and sample standard deviation first before we could
compute for t - value:
252 + 251 + 253 + 249 + 248 + 251 + 254 + 249
𝑥̅ = = 250.88
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∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 (252 − 250.88)2 + (251 − 250.88)2 + (253 − 250.88)2 + ⋯ + (249 − 250.88)2
=
𝑛−1 8−1
= 4.41
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ = √4.41 = 2.10
𝑛−1

b. Substitute the given information to the formula:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
250.88 − 250
𝑡=
2.10
√8
𝑡 = 1.19

Writing Conclusion

In activity 2, we noticed that there must be a precedent statement or situation

before we could make a conclusion. In this lesson, conclusion will be based on the
decision whether the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted.

To properly make decision, we need to consider the following:

a. the type of test (one-tailed or two-tailed test)

b. the critical value

c. the rejection region

d. the computed value (depending on the appropriate test statistic)

e. comparison of the critical value and the computed value

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 Let us consider a two-tailed test with 0.05 level of significance and computed
𝑧-value of 2.05. Looking at the 𝑧-table, we could get that the critical value is ± 1.96.

Rejection Region
Acceptance Region Rejection Region

-1.96 1.96

Since the critical value serves as the boundary between the acceptance region
and the rejection region (shaded region), we could set a decision rule that the null
hypothesis will be rejected if the computed value is less than -1.96 or greater than
1.96 (critical value).

Rejection Region Acceptance Region Rejection Region

-1.96 1.96 2.05

Now, we can see in the illustration that 2.05 is located to the right of the
critical value. This means that the computed value (2.05) is greater than the critical
value (1.96) and which fall in the rejection region. Therefore, we need to reject the
null hypothesis.

It is important to note that the rejection of a null hypothesis is to conclude

that it is false, while the acceptance of a null hypothesis merely implies that we have
no evidence to believe otherwise.

How are we going to write the conclusion?

Let us consider the following examples.

1. A researcher reports that the average salary of private school teachers is Php
10,000.00. A sample of 40 teachers has a mean salary of Php10,870.00 a month
at 𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that the private school teachers’ salary is not equal to
Php 10,000.00 a month. The standard deviation of the population is Php 1,500.00.
a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10,000.00, it is a two-tailed test
b. Looking at the z-table (𝛼 = 0.05), the critical value is ± 1.96
c. Rejection region is 𝑧 > 1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < −1.96
d. the computed z-value is 3.67 (refer to the previous lesson, calculation of test
statistic)
e. The computed 𝑧-value of 3.67 is greater than the critical value of 1.96 which fall
in the rejection region. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we could now conclude that there is
sufficient evidence to suggest that the salary of private school teachers is not equal to
Php 10,000.00 at 0.05 level of significance.

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2. Mrs. Patata claims that each pack of potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt
per pack. But a random sample of 130 packs yielded an average salt content of 145
mg with standard deviation of 25 mg. Use 0.01 level of significance to test the null
hypothesis 𝜇 = 150 against the alternative 𝜇 < 150.

a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 150, it is a one-tailed test (left)

b. Looking at the 𝑧-table (𝛼 = 0.01), the critical value is −2.33
c. Rejection region is 𝑧 < −2.33
d. the computed 𝑧-value is −2.28 (refer on the previous lesson, calculation of test
statistic)
e. The computed 𝑧-value of -2.28 is less than the critical value of -2.33 which falls
in the rejection region. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Since the null hypothesis is rejected, we can now conclude that there is
sufficient evidence to suggest that each pack of potato chips contain less than 150 mg
of salt per pack at 0.01 level of significance.
3. A certain brand of coffee is advertised to have a net weight of 250 grams. If the net
weights of a random of 8 packs are 252, 251, 253, 249, 248, 251, 254, and 249, can
it be concluded that the average net weight of the packs is greater than the advertised
amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

a. Since 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 150, it is a one-tailed test (right)

b. Looking at the 𝑡-table (𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑓 = 7), the critical value is 1.895
c. Rejection region is 𝑡 > 1.895
d. the computed 𝑡-value is 1.19 (refer on the previous lesson)
e. The computed 𝑡-value of 1.19 is less than the critical value of 1.895 which falls
in the acceptance region. Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

Since the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, we can now conclude that there is
no sufficient evidence to suggest that the average net weight of each pack is greater
than the advertised amount at 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis Testing

Let us now apply the concepts we have learned to perform hypothesis

testing.

Five essential steps in hypothesis testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

2. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.
3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

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Sample Problem

Coffee powder is packed in 1 kg bag. An inspector from the department of trade

and industry suspects the bags may not contain 1 kilogram. A sample of 35 bags
produces a mean of 0.98 kg and standard deviation of 0.12 kg. Is there enough
evidence to conclude that the bags do not contain 1 kg as stated at α = 0.05?

Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses

H0: 𝜇 = 1

H1: 𝜇 ≠ 1

Step 2. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.

z - test
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
Step 3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the critical region.

𝛼 = 0.05
𝑧 > 1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < −1.96

Step 4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
𝑥̅ = 0.98
𝑥̅ = 1
𝑠 = 0.12
𝑛 = 35

0.98 − 1
𝑧=
0.12
√35
𝑧 = −0.99

Step 5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

Since the computed z-value of -0.99 is greater than the critical value of -
1.96, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. Therefore, there is no sufficient
evidence to suggest that the bags do not contain 1 kg of coffee powder.

Let’s Dig In

A. Directions: Solve for 𝑧-value or 𝑡-value based on the given information.

1. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 657; µ = 663; 𝜎 = 12; 𝑛 = 35

2. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 135; µ = 137; 𝜎 = 30.2; 𝑛 = 50
3. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 6.8; µ = 7; 𝜎 = 1.2; 𝑛 = 15
4. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 24.35; µ = 28.46; 𝑠 = 2.35; 𝑛 = 25

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 5. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑥̅ = 89; µ = 85; 𝜎 = 8; 𝑛 = 70

B. Directions: Decide whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis based on the
given information.

1. H0: µ = 63,000; H1: µ > 63,000; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑧 = 3.043

Decision: ________________

2. H0: µ = 50; H1: µ ≠ 50; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑧 = 1.697

Decision: ________________

3. H0: µ=8.2; H1: µ > 8.2; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑧 = 2.199

Decision: ________________

4. H0: µ =110; H1: µ ≠ 110; 𝛼 = 0.01; 𝑛= 10; 𝑡 = 1.936

Decision: ________________

5. H0: µ = 496; H1: µ > 496; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑛 = 20; 𝑡 = 2.236

Decision: ________________

Let’s Remember

To compute for 𝑧 – value where the population standard deviation is given, we

use the formula:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
To compute for 𝑧 – value where the population standard deviation is not given,
we use the formula:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛

To compute for 𝑡 – value, we use the formula:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛

Five essential steps on hypothesis testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

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2. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.

3. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.

4. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.

5. Decide and draw the appropriate conclusion.

Let’s Apply

Directions: Perform hypothesis testing for the following problems.

1. Santos Farm takes pride in its poultry produce and claims that each dressed
chicken they sell provides 180 grams of protein. Test this claim at 0.01 level of
significance based on a random sample of 70 dressed chickens that yielded an
average of 176 grams of protein with sample standard deviation of 15 grams.

2. The SSG president claims that the average number of hours the students study
their lesson is more than 30 hours per week. If 30 students are surveyed and their
average is 32 hours per week with standard deviation of 4 hours, is there sufficient
evidence to reject the SSG president’s claim at the 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance?

3. MLC claims that students who avail of their services get an average score of 385
on scholastic aptitude test. The scores of random samples of 10 students were
recorded as follows: 350, 440, 350, 375, 400, 450, 475, 320, 300, 375. Use the level
of significance 0.01 to test whether the average of 385 is too high to claim.

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the second step in hypothesis testing?

A. Choose the level of significance (𝛼) and establish the rejection region.
B. Compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
C. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
D. Select an appropriate test statistic and procedure.

2. If the critical value falls in the rejection region, then the null hypothesis must be
______.

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 A. rejected C. accepted
B. restated D. reexamined

3. Calculate the z-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 63; µ = 57; 𝜎 = 2; 𝑛 = 45.
A. 20.12 C. -20.12
B. 0.19 D. -0.19

4. Calculate the t-value given the following: hypothesis test on population mean;
𝑥̅ = 33; µ = 35; 𝑠 = 5; 𝑛 = 25.
A. 2 C. -2
B. 0.18 D. -0.18

5. If H0: µ=5.2; H1: µ > 5.2; 𝛼 = 0.05; 𝑧 = 2.222, then the null hypothesis ________.
A. is rejected C. cannot be rejected
B. cannot be determined D. is significant

For items 6-10, consider the following situation.

Everyday Company has developed a new battery. The Engineering Department of

that company claims that each battery lasts for 180 minutes. To test this claim, the
company selects a random sample of 100 new batteries and this sample has mean
of 175 minutes with standard deviation of 25 minutes. Test the engineering
department’s claim that the new batteries run with an average of 180 minutes. Use
𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.

6. Which is the correct alternative hypothesis for the given problem?

A. H1: 𝜇 = 180 C. H1: 𝜇 > 180

B. H1: 𝜇 ≠ 180 D. H1: 𝜇 < 180

7. What type of test statistic is applicable for given problem?

C. z- test C. t- test
D. p-test D. x-test

8. What is the value of the applicable test statistic?

B. -2 C. 2
B. 1.99 D. -1.99

9. Which of the following is the critical region for a two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05?

A. z < -1.96 or z > 1.96 C. z < -1.645 or z > 1.645

B. z < -2.33 or z > 2.33 D. z < -2.575 or z > 2.575

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10. What should be the decision and conclusion for the given problem?

E. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to

suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
F. Reject the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
G. Accept the null hypothesis; therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.
H. Accept the null hypothesis; therefore, there is sufficient evidence to
suggest that the new batteries do not run an average of 180 minutes.

References

Mathematics for Engaged Learning Statistics and Probability by Yvette F. Lim,

Rizaldi C. Nocon, Ederlina G. Nocon, and Leonor A. Ruivivar
Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole (Third Edition)
Basic Probability and Statistics by Winston S. Sirug
Statistics and Probability by Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo
Statistics and Probability by Lino C. Reynoso, Recto Y. Ponciano, and Belinda T.
Conde

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 Development Team of the Module

Writers: JOEY N. ABERGOS

Editors:
Content: LAMBERT QUESADA
Language: AILEEN GENOSO

Reviewers: MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA

MR. ARMANDO V. EROLIN

Illustrators:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD-Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA, EPS - MATH
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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