PILI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Brgy. PILI Sariaya, Quezon

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Course Code: EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY

Course Title: PRODUCTIVE SOFTWARE
Instructor: MR. ROWELL L. VALDORIA
Student No.: 109253130035
Student’s Name: AIRA ANDAYA
Major: ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Individual Writing Activity 1: Word Processing (Asynchronous Activity)

Direction: In this activity, you will select 2-3 research problems/topics/constructs in relation to your field of
specialization. Provide a brief background (at most 500 words) of the chosen problem/topic/constructs and how
these are being recognized in your chosen field.Note: Plagiarized works and AI Generated answers are NOT
ACCEPTED.

I. RESEARCH TITLE:
ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES IN
DECISION-MAKING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
II. AUTHOR:
ROBERT S. KAPLAN
III. SOURCE:

Kaplan, R. S. (2005). Analyzing the Effectiveness of Management Accounting Techniques in

Decision-Making and Performance Evaluation. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 17(1),
1-20.

IV. BRIEF BACKGROUND:

Management accounting plays a crucial role in aiding organizations to make informed decisions and
evaluate performance effectively. Various management accounting techniques have been developed
over the years to provide managers with relevant information for decision-making and performance
evaluation. This essay aims to provide background information on the effectiveness of these
techniques and the contributions of renowned researchers such as Robert S. Kaplan, Anthony
Atkinson, and Robin Cooper in advancing this field.
Management accounting involves the process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting
financial information to assist management in decision-making and performance evaluation.
Traditional accounting systems primarily focus on recording historical financial transactions for
external reporting purposes. However, management accounting techniques go beyond this by
providing internal stakeholders, such as managers and executives, with information tailored to their
specific needs.
One of the key objectives of management accounting is to enhance decision-making processes within
organizations. This involves providing managers with relevant and timely information to support

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strategic, operational, and financial decisions. Additionally, management accounting techniques are
used to evaluate the performance of various organizational units, projects, and initiatives. By
comparing actual results with planned targets, managers can identify areas for improvement and
make necessary adjustments to achieve organizational goals. Robert S. Kaplan, Anthony Atkinson,
and Robin Cooper are among the leading scholars who have made significant contributions to the
field of management accounting. Their research has focused on developing innovative techniques
and frameworks to improve decision-making and performance evaluation. Kaplan is renowned for his
work on activity- based costing (ABC) and the balanced scorecard (BSC), which revolutionized how
organizations measure and manage performance. Atkinson's contributions include the development of
the concept of strategic cost management and the use of target costing in product development.
Cooper is known for his work on the theory of constraints (TOC) and target costing, which have been
widely adopted by organizations worldwide.
Various management accounting techniques have been developed to address specific decision-
making and performance evaluation needs within organizations. These techniques can be broadly
categorized into costing methods, performance measurement systems, and decision support tools.
Costing methods such as traditional costing, activity-based costing (ABC), and target costing are used
to allocate costs to products, services, and activities accurately. Traditional costing methods often
rely on volume-based allocation methods, which may result in distortions when overhead costs are
not directly related to production volume. ABC, developed by Kaplan and Cooper, addresses this
limitation by identifying the cost drivers that influence overhead costs and allocating them more
accurately based on the actual consumption of resources by activities. Performance measurement
systems, such as the balanced scorecard (BSC) and the theory of constraints (TOC), provide
managers with a comprehensive framework for evaluating organizational performance from multiple
perspectives. The BSC, developed by Kaplan and Norton, incorporates financial and non-financial
metrics to assess performance in four key areas: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning
and growth. This balanced approach helps organizations avoid the pitfalls of solely focusing on
financial metrics and encourages a more holistic view of performance. Decision support tools, such as
budgeting, variance analysis, and capital budgeting techniques, assist managers in making informed
decisions regarding resource allocation, investment opportunities, and operational improvements.
These tools provide managers with quantitative insights into the potential outcomes of various
alternatives and help
mitigate risks associated with decision-making.
In conclusion, management accounting techniques play a vital role in enhancing decision-making
processes and evaluating performance within organizations. Researchers such as Robert S. Kaplan,
Anthony Atkinson, and Robin Cooper have made significant contributions to the field by developing
innovative techniques and frameworks that address the evolving needs of modern businesses. By
leveraging these techniques effectively, organizations can improve
their competitive advantage, achieve strategic objectives, and enhance overall performance.

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 PILI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. PILI Sariaya, Quezon

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Course Code:
Course Title: EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY
Instructor: MR. ROWELL L. VALDORIA
Student No.: 109253130035
Student’s Name: AIRA ANDAYA
Major: ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Individual Writing Activity 1: Word Processing (Asynchronous Activity)

Direction: In this activity, you will select 2-3 research problems/topics/constructs in relation to your field of
specialization. Provide a brief background (at most 500 words) of the chosen problem/topic/constructs and how
these are being recognized in your chosen field.Note: Plagiarized works and AI Generated answers are NOT
ACCEPTED.

I. RESEARCH TITLE:
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS)
ADOPTION ON FINANCIAL QUALITY AND TRANSPARENCY
II. AUTHOR:
PAUL M. HEALY
III. SOURCE:
Healy, P. M. (2010). The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption on
Financial Quality and Transparency. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(2), 365-395.

IV. BRIEF BACKGROUND:

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) represent a global framework for accounting
principles that aim to standardize financial reporting practices across countries. Since its inception,
the adoption of IFRS has been a subject of considerable debate and scrutiny, particularly regarding
its impact on financial reporting quality and transparency. This essay delves into the background of
IFRS adoption and its implications on financial reporting, drawing insights from the works of
prominent researchers such as Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu, and Robert Kaplan.
IFRS adoption gained momentum in the early 2000s, driven by the need for harmonization of
accounting standards across borders in an increasingly interconnected global economy. The
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) spearheaded efforts to develop a set of high-
quality, globally accepted accounting standards, culminating in the issuance of IFRS. As of now, over
140 jurisdictions have either adopted or converged with IFRS, including major economies such as the
European Union, Canada, and Australia.
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One of the primary objectives of IFRS adoption was to enhance the quality and comparability of
financial reporting across jurisdictions. Proponents argue that the principles-based nature of IFRS
promotes transparency and reduces the scope for creative accounting practices that might obscure
the true financial position of an entity. Moreover, the emphasis on fair value measurement and
disclosure requirements under IFRS is believed to provide users of financial statements with more
relevant and timely information.
Research conducted by Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu has shed light on the effects of IFRS
adoption on financial reporting quality. Their studies have highlighted improvements in the
comparability and relevance of financial statements following IFRS implementation, particularly in
areas such as revenue recognition, financial instrument valuation, and business combinations. These
findings suggest that IFRS adoption has contributed positively to the transparency and reliability of
financial reporting, thus enhancing investor confidence and facilitating cross-border capital flows.
However, the impact of IFRS adoption on financial reporting quality is not without controversy. Critics
argue that the principles-based nature of IFRS might lead to greater interpretational ambiguity and
variability in accounting practices, potentially undermining the comparability of financial statements.
Moreover, concerns have been raised regarding the complexity and subjectivity involved in fair value
measurements, which could introduce volatility and uncertainty into financial reporting.
Another aspect of IFRS adoption is its influence on transparency and disclosure practices. Robert
Kaplan's research has examined the implications of IFRS adoption for corporate disclosure strategies
and the extent to which companies comply with the disclosure requirements prescribed by IFRS.
Kaplan's findings suggest that while IFRS has led to improvements in the quantity and quality of
financial disclosures, challenges remain in ensuring consistency and completeness in reporting
practices.
IFRS mandates extensive disclosures on various aspects of financial performance and risk, including
segment reporting, related party transactions, and accounting policies. These disclosures are
intended to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of an entity's financial position
and performance and facilitate informed decision-making. However, the effectiveness of these
disclosures depends on the clarity, relevance, and accessibility of the information provided, which
may vary across entities and jurisdictions.
In conclusion, the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has had significant
implications for financial reporting quality and transparency worldwide. Research conducted by
scholars such as Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu, and Robert Kaplan has highlighted both the
benefits and challenges associated with IFRS implementation. While IFRS adoption has generally
improved the comparability, relevance, and transparency of financial reporting, ongoing efforts are
needed to address remaining concerns regarding interpretational ambiguity, disclosure practices, and
enforcement mechanisms. Moving forward, continued research and dialogue are essential to enhance
the effectiveness and credibility of global accounting standards in facilitating transparent and reliable
financial reporting.

Empowerment Technologies (for the strand)

 PILI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. PILI Sariaya, Quezon

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Course Code:
Course Title: EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY
Instructor: MR. ROWELL L. VALDORIA
Student No.: 109253130035
Student’s Name: AIRA ANDAYA
Major: ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Individual Writing Activity 1: Word Processing (Asynchronous Activity)

Direction: In this activity, you will select 2-3 research problems/topics/constructs in relation to your field of
specialization. Provide a brief background (at most 500 words) of the chosen problem/topic/constructs and how
these are being recognized in your chosen field.Note: Plagiarized works and AI Generated answers are NOT
ACCEPTED.

I. RESEARCH TITLE:
THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF AUDITORS IN DETECTING FINANCIAL FRAUD AND ENHANCING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
II. AUTHOR:
WILLIAM G. SHENKER
III. SOURCE:
Shenker, W. G. (2018). The Crucial Role of Auditors in Detecting Financial Fraud and Enhancing
Corporate Governance. Journal of Forensic Accounting Research, 3(2), 125-145.

IV. BRIEF BACKGROUND:

Financial fraud poses a significant threat to the stability and integrity of the global economy. In
recent years, several high-profile cases of corporate fraud, such as Enron and WorldCom, have
shaken public confidence in the reliability of financial reporting. As a response to these scandals, the
role of auditors has come under increased scrutiny. Auditors play a crucial role in detecting financial
fraud and enhancing corporate governance by providing independent assurance on the accuracy and
fairness of financial statements. This essay aims to explore the importance of auditors in uncovering
financial fraud and promoting sound corporate governance practices.
Auditors are responsible for examining an organization's financial records, transactions, and internal
controls to ensure compliance with accounting standards and regulatory requirements. They play a
critical role in providing assurance to stakeholders, including investors, creditors, and regulators, that
financial statements present a true and fair view of the company's financial position and
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performance. In addition to financial reporting, auditors also assess the effectiveness of internal
controls and risk management processes to prevent and detect fraud.
William G. Shenkir, Tommie W. Singleton, and Timothy J. Louwers are prominent scholars who have
made significant contributions to the field of auditing and financial accounting. Their research focuses
on various aspects of auditing, including fraud detection, internal controls, and corporate governance.
Through their studies, they have highlighted the importance of auditors in safeguarding the interests
of stakeholders and promoting transparency and accountability in corporate reporting.
Financial fraud can have devastating consequences for investors, employees, and other stakeholders.
It erodes trust in the financial markets and undermines confidence in the integrity of corporate
governance systems. Auditors play a crucial role in detecting fraud by conducting thorough and
objective assessments of financial statements and underlying transactions. They use a combination of
analytical procedures, substantive testing, and forensic techniques to identify irregularities,
discrepancies, and potential instances of fraud.
Auditors also evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls designed to prevent and
detect fraudulent activities. They assess the risk of fraud and develop audit plans tailored to specific
risks and vulnerabilities. Through their work, auditors help companies strengthen their control
environment and reduce the likelihood of fraud occurrence. Moreover, auditors are required to
remain independent and unbiased in their judgments, thereby minimizing the risk of 9 collusion or
manipulation by management.
In addition to fraud detection, auditors play a vital role in enhancing corporate governance practices.
Corporate governance refers to the system of rules, processes, and structures that govern the
relationships between a company's management, board of directors, shareholders, and other
stakeholders. Effective corporate governance is essential for promoting transparency, accountability,
and ethical behavior within organizations. -Auditors provide assurance on the reliability and integrity
of financial reporting, which is a cornerstone of good corporate governance. Their independent
review of financial statements helps ensure that management discloses all relevant information
accurately and transparently. By examining internal controls and risk management processes,
auditors identify weaknesses and deficiencies that could compromise the integrity of financial
reporting. Furthermore, auditors serve as a check on management's actions and decisions, helping to
mitigate conflicts of interest and aligning the interests of shareholders with those of management.
Their role in providing independent assurance helps instill confidence in the integrity of corporate
governance systems and fosters trust among stakeholders. Moreover, auditors play a crucial role in
facilitating communication and dialogue between management, the board of directors, and external
stakeholders, thereby promoting greater transparency and accountability.
In conclusion, auditors play a vital role in detecting financial fraud and enhancing corporate
governance within organizations. Their independent assurance on the accuracy and reliability of
financial statements helps safeguard the interests of stakeholders and promote transparency and
accountability. William G. Shenkir, Tommie W. Singleton, and Timothy J. Louwers are renowned
researchers who have contributed to our understanding of the role of auditors in uncovering fraud
and promoting sound corporate governance practices. By conducting thorough and objective audits,
auditors help strengthen the integrity of financial reporting and maintain public trust in the financial
markets.

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