TRANSCENDING STEREOTYPES: ANALYZING TRANSPINAY

REPRESENTATION IN FILIPINO CINEMA THROUGH A

CASE STUDY OF 'MAMU; AND A MOTHER TOO'

AND 'CALL HER GANDA'

A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the

Departments of Arts and Communication

College of Arts and Sciences

University of the Philippines Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Philippine Arts 199: Metodolohiya Ng Pananaliksik

Bachelor of Arts in Philippine Arts

By

Carmela Hannah Corrie B. Romero

January 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESEARCH PROBLEM...................................................................................................3
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................. 3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS............................................................................................... 4
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS............................................................................................. 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE............................................................................ 8
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS................................................................................ 8
Transgender Theory: Embodying Research and Practice..................................... 8
Queer Theory: Under Construction........................................................................9
Queer Theory....................................................................................................... 10
Transgender Archipelagos................................................................................... 11
CINEMATIC EXPLORATIONS.................................................................................. 12
The Bakla and the Silver Screen: Queer Cinema in the Philippines....................12
Bodies in Transition: The Bakla as Transgender in Philippine Cinema................13
Precarity and Motherhood in Philippine Trans Cinema........................................14
SOCIETAL CHALLENGES AND INTERSECTIONS................................................. 15
Intersectional Identities and Conceptions of the Self: The Experience of
Transgender People.............................................................................................15
Biyuti from Below: Contemporary Philippine Cinema and the Transing of
Kabaklaan............................................................................................................ 16
Globalization & Discriminatory Practices Against Trans-women in the Philippines.
17
Review Contemporary Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer Theories,
and Their Politics................................................................................................. 18
ATTITUDINAL STUDIES AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT:............................................. 19
Trans Visibility: A Look into Filipinos’ Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals 19
Introduction: Queer Methods............................................................................... 20
SYNTHESIS.............................................................................................................. 21
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 22
Research Approach:..................................................................................................22
Data Collection:......................................................................................................... 23
Participants:........................................................................................................................... 25
Sample Size:..........................................................................................................................26
Inclusion, Exclusion, and Withdrawal Criteria:.......................................................................26
Data Analysis:........................................................................................................... 27
Rationale:.................................................................................................................. 28
Ethical Considerations:.......................................................................................................... 28
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................................... 29
REFERENCES:.............................................................................................................. 32
ENDORSEMENT PAGE/TAB......................................................................................................35
RESEARCH PROBLEM

The representation of Transgender Filipina or TransPinay individuals in Filipino cinema

is a critical and timely issue that warrants in-depth examination. While the film industry

has made strides in diversifying narratives, research needs to address the portrayal of

TransPinay characters more specifically. This study confronts this gap by conducting a

qualitative descriptive analysis of how TransPinay individuals are represented in select

Filipino-directed films. The research problem revolves around the need to critically

assess the nuances, stereotypes, and narratives surrounding TransPinay characters in

these films, and to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact such

representations have on TransPinay individuals and the broader society.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To analyze the portrayal of TransPinay characters in Filipino-directed films with

regard to prevailing narratives, stereotypes, tropes, and thematic elements.

2. To examine the societal attitudes portrayed in the select Filipino-directed films.

3. To assess how audiences perceive TransPinay individuals and their identity,

inclusivity, and social attitudes after viewing the selected Filipino-directed films.

4. To identify recommendations from filmmakers to foster more authentic, respectful,

and inclusive portrayals of TransPinay individuals in Filipino films.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How are TransPinay characters portrayed in the select Filipino-directed films?

1.1 Prevailing Narratives

1.2 Stereotypes

1.3 Tropes

1.4 Thematic Elements

2. What are the societal attitudes portrayed in the select Filipino-directed films?

3. What is the perception of Filipinos of TransPinay Individuals?

3.1 Audience’s Perception of the TransPinay Identity

3.2 Audience’s Practice of Inclusivity

3.3 Audience’s Social Attitudes towards TransPinay Individuals

4. What are the recommendations for filmmakers to foster more authentic, respectful,

and inclusive portrayals of TransPinay individuals in Filipino films?

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This research project centers its focus on the cinematic representation of TransPinay

individuals within the domain of Filipino cinema, with a specific lens on two films:

"Mamu; And A Mother Too" (2018) and "Call Her Ganda" (2018). The chosen art form

for exploration is cinema, recognizing its powerful influence on mirroring and shaping

societal perceptions and cultural attitudes. The study aims to conduct a qualitative

descriptive analysis, unraveling the prevailing narratives, stereotypes, tropes, and

thematic elements associated with TransPinay characters within these films.

The research seeks to engage university students from UP Manila as survey

participants. Diverse UP Manila students, representing various backgrounds, provide

valuable perspectives acting as a microcosm of Filipino society. Their engagement

ensures a thorough exploration of viewpoints across age, gender, socio-economic

status, and cultural backgrounds, preventing findings from being confined to a specific

subset and fostering a nuanced understanding of Filipino societal attitudes. This

inclusive approach allows for the identification of trends, variations, and contradictions

within responses, enhancing the study's analytical depth and offering insights into the

nuanced impact of TransPinay representation in cinema on a diverse audience. Overall,

involving students from a wide range of demographics strengthens the study's capacity

to provide insights applicable not only to UP Manila but also representative of the

broader Filipino society.

While the study endeavors to provide a comprehensive analysis, it acknowledges

certain limitations, one being the exclusive focus on two films within the vast landscape

of Filipino cinema. The films selected fall within the comedy and documentary genres,

respectively. The choice of these films is deliberate, aiming to offer a balanced

exploration of both fictionalized and real-life narratives of TransPinay individuals.

However, it is important to note that the findings may not be entirely representative of

the diversity found in other genres or films within the broader spectrum of Filipino

cinema. Another limitation is the specificity of survey participants—students from UP

Manila. While this demographic brings valuable insights, the findings may not fully

encompass Filipino society's broader range of perspectives.

The rationale behind selecting "Mamu; And A Mother Too" and "Call Her Ganda" lies in

their distinct yet complementary narratives. "Call Her Ganda" portrays the real-life story

of Jennifer Laude, a TransPinay woman, highlighting the epitome of discrimination and

abuse faced by transgender individuals. On the other hand, "Mamu; And A Mother Too"

weaves a fictional tale grounded in the diverse narratives of TransFilipinas. By analyzing

these two films with mirrored narratives, the study aims to provide a comprehensive

understanding of TransPinay representation, exploring the convergence and divergence

of themes within different cinematic contexts. The intentional focus on these films allows

for an in-depth examination that recognizes both the harsh realities depicted in

documentaries and the potential for transformative storytelling in fictionalized narratives.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Transcending Stereotypes: Analyzing TransPinay Representation in Filipino Cinema

through a Case Study of 'Mamu; And A Mother Too' and 'Call Her Ganda'" holds great

importance in the realm of cultural studies and media representation. Investigating the

portrayal of TransPinay individuals in Filipino cinema addresses a critical gap in the

exploration of gender and identity within the cultural narratives of the Philippines. By

delving into the cinematic landscape, the study not only scrutinizes the impact of media

representation on societal attitudes but also contributes to the broader conversation on

diversity and inclusivity in the arts.

This research is intricately connected to the BA Philippine Arts program as it aligns with

the program's core objective of understanding and preserving the rich cultural heritage

of the Philippines. By exploring contemporary Filipino cinema, the study bridges the
traditional and the modern, providing students with a nuanced understanding of how

societal attitudes and artistic expressions interplay. It connects the dots between the

evolving nature of Filipino art forms and the dynamic shifts in societal perspectives,

making it particularly relevant for students pursuing a degree in Philippine Arts.

The contribution of this study to the enrichment of art traditions lies in its potential to

challenge and reshape prevailing stereotypes and tropes associated with TransPinay

characters. As an integral part of the vibrant Philippine art scene, cinema plays a pivotal

role in reflecting, influencing, and even challenging societal norms. By analyzing how

TransPinay individuals are portrayed, the study encourages filmmakers and artists to

adopt more authentic, respectful, and inclusive approaches in their artistic expressions.

This, in turn, contributes to the evolution of art traditions by fostering narratives that

celebrate diversity, challenge norms, and reflect the dynamic nature of Filipino identity.

In terms of knowledge enrichment and the importance of arts and art forms, this study

serves as a beacon illuminating the transformative power of cinema in shaping cultural

perceptions. It highlights the significance of the arts not just as a form of entertainment

but as a potent medium for social commentary and change. By unraveling the

complexities of TransPinay representation, the study prompts a reevaluation of societal

attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community, reinforcing the importance of fostering

empathy, understanding, and respect through artistic endeavors. In this way, the study

positions the exploration of cinema within the broader context of cultural appreciation

and understanding, emphasizing the crucial role that arts and art forms play in

influencing societal values and perspectives.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section engages in a discourse on relevant literature and findings from related

studies that share a connection or similarity with the current research. These sources

provide the author with sufficient context to comprehend the study thoroughly. Chapter 2

is structured into four segments: (1) Theoretical Foundations, (2) Cinematic

Explorations, (3) Societal Challenges and Intersections, (4) Attitudinal Studies and

Societal Context, and (5) Synthesis.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

Transgender Theory: Embodying Research and Practice

The study provides a comprehensive examination of transgender theory and its

applications to both research and social work practice (Nagoshi et al., 2010). It explores

the interrelation between gender identity, societal constructs, and oppression. The

complexities of gender identity and the challenges faced by transgender individuals in a

heteronormative society are discussed. The study advocates for the elimination of

Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnoses and pathologizing transgenderism.

Emphasizing empowerment through lived experiences, transcendent stories, and

coalition building based on shared experiences, the authors argue for a more inclusive

and fluid understanding of gender, challenging the binary gender paradigm. Nagoshi et

al., (2010), encourage a nuanced approach to understanding and supporting

transgender individuals, calling to rethink conventional gender categories and empower

those with multiple, intersectional identities.

Transgender theory is presented as an integrated framework for understanding and

empowering individuals with multiple, intersectional oppressed identities. The nuanced

understanding of how societal constructs influence transgender identities, the concept

of transcendent stories, and the emphasis on narratives and lived experiences shaping

societal attitudes align with the objectives of the thesis.

Queer Theory: Under Construction

This study represents a pivotal exploration of queer theory's significance in educational

research. Dilley (1999), delves into the multifaceted concept of "queer" within

educational studies, particularly its relevance to issues of homosexuality and

non-normative sexual identities. He meticulously traces the history of queer theory,

explaining its implications for identity, sexuality, and societal norms (Dilley, 1999). It

positions queer theory as a postmodern concept challenging conventional notions of

normality and deviance, especially in the realm of sexuality. This provides an analytical

framework for deconstructing societal values and constructs, highlighting the

importance of questioning the status quo. This foundational understanding sets the

stage for the thesis to employ queer theory as a tool for critically analyzing and

redefining societal norms within the cinematic representation of TransPinay individuals.

This study informs the exploration of TransPinay representation in Filipino cinema,

considering the broader implications of queer theory in educational and cinematic

contexts. The dynamic nature of queer theory, as highlighted by Dilley (1999), reflects

its adaptability to evolving social contexts and its capacity to illuminate the changing

landscape of identities and cultures. This insight illustrates the importance of qualitative
educational research, providing a theoretical foundation for the analysis of TransPinay

representation in Filipino cinema within the thesis.

Queer Theory

This study serves as an informative introduction to the foundational concepts and

principles of queer theory. Calafell and Nakayama (2016), emphasize that queer theory

should be understood more as a perspective than a conventional theory, highlighting the

idea that identities are not rigid but rather malleable constructs tailored to serve specific

objectives. Queer theory emerges as a non-traditional framework, challenging

deterministic beliefs about identity and emphasizing that identities are consciously

constructed to fulfill specific objectives. The intersectional nature of queer theory,

advocating for a nuanced understanding of sexualities that transcends simplistic,

monolithic categorizations (Calafell & Nakayama, 2016).

Fundamental to queer theory is its uncompromising challenge to traditional and

normative paradigms surrounding sexuality. It is a call to action for scholars to dissect

how diverse forms of communication and discourse construct and solidify cultural

categories associated with sexuality.

The text unveils a vital connection between queer theory and the activist movement,

Queer Nation. It emphasizes the significance of contextualizing sexualities within a

tapestry of factors, including race, ethnicity, social class, religion, and other socially

constructed identities. The principles of queer theory, with a focus on challenging

normativity and representation, provide a critical lens for scrutinizing the portrayal and
communication of various sexual identities, including TransPinay individuals, in the

nuanced context of Filipino cinema.

In connection to the thesis, Calafell and Nakayama's exploration of queer theory

provides a theoretical foundation for understanding and analyzing the multifaceted

dimensions of sexuality, representation, and identity within Filipino cinema, aligning with

the broader themes of the thesis.

Transgender Archipelagos

This study introduces the "archipelagic analytic" as a framework for transgender

studies, challenging the consolidation of the field and emphasizing a region-specific

approach (David, 2018). Focused on the Queen of Cebu beauty pageant in the

Philippines, the research provides insights into the transformative shift from

representing nations to islands, offering a nuanced understanding of transgender

experiences. David (2018), applies the "archipelagic analytic" to the examination of the

pageant's organizational structure and contestant performances, illustrating

complexities in gender diversity.

The study proposes that transgender studies be conceptualized as "transgender

archipelagos," envisioning multiple chains of islands to consider transgender

positionalities and relations across spatial scales. This approach contributes to a

broader analytical framework for understanding transgender experiences. The

research's significance lies in contextualizing transgender representation through

beauty pageants and providing valuable insights into the evolving representations of
TransPinay individuals in Filipino cinema. The "archipelagic analytic" not only

challenges existing paradigms in transgender studies but also offers a comprehensive

lens for studying gender diversity in localized contexts.

CINEMATIC EXPLORATIONS

The Bakla and the Silver Screen: Queer Cinema in the Philippines

Inton (2017) provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical evolution of bakla

portrayals in Philippine cinema, spanning from 1954 to 2015. The study contextualizes

these representations within global transgender rights discourse and contemporary

trends, laying the groundwork for the qualitative analysis of TransPinay representations.

Focusing Dolphy's influential bakla, the study delves into various tropes and genres.

The research examines the colloquial use of the term bakla, encompassing both gay

men and transgender women, and discusses the misalignment of birth-assigned sex

and gender identity. It highlights the bakla's male body with a female heart as a

contemporary reflection of transgenderism. The study also explores contemporary

portrayals within the Philippine celebrity star system, such as Vice Ganda. The analysis

extends to shifts in bakla sexuality, from desiring macho lalake to desiring other bakla,

aligning with changes in gender performance from "traditional" kabaklaan to a more

homonormative image (Inton, 2017). The examination of these shifts emphasizes the

construction of bakla sexuality through framing the male body as an object of desire.

The historical perspective and nuanced analysis presented provide essential context

and insights. These insights enrich the qualitative analysis of TransPinay portrayals in
selected films, contributing to a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics

surrounding gender diversity in Philippine cinema.

Bodies in Transition: The Bakla as Transgender in Philippine Cinema

Transgender representation in Philippine cinema, as scrutinized by Inton-Campbell

(2020), unfolds as a multifaceted exploration of the bakla community's portrayal in films.

The study delves into cinematic narratives, dissecting the depiction of bakla as

transgender individuals against the backdrop of Philippine culture and society. It

connects these representations to global discourses on gender identity, sexuality, and

human rights, emphasizing the complexities within bakla identity.

Inton-Campbell (2020), analysis highlights the influence of the Sexual Orientation,

Gender Identity (SOGI) framework, rooted in human rights and exemplified by the

Yogyakarta Principles, on LGBTQ+ advocacy in the Philippines. The research

distinguishes between bakla and transgender/transsexual identities in contemporary

urban settings, exploring the evolving global discourse on transgender identity and the

hierarchy within transgender issues. Using film analysis, particularly focusing on

"Miguel/Michelle," the study unveils challenges faced by transgender individuals, such

as societal rejection, discrimination, transphobia, and religious resistance.

Self-acceptance within societal norms and the transgressive power of the bakla identity

occupying an in-between gender space is important (Inton-Campbell, 2020). The study

offers a comprehensive view of bakla identities, this research contributes insight into the

transgender Filipina experience within contemporary films.

Precarity and Motherhood in Philippine Trans Cinema

The study examines the representation of precarity and motherhood in Philippine trans

cinema, emphasizing the intersectionality of issues faced by trans individuals

(Inton-Campbell, 2022). The text draws on Judith Butler's work to highlight how queer

individuals, particularly non-white, non-Christian, and non-heterosexual individuals,

become susceptible to state and social violence. The analysis extends to the

Philippines, demonstrating how economic inequalities and legal challenges contribute to

the perpetual precarity experienced by the trans community. The intersectionality of

economic and social injustices within the LGBTQIA+ populations was emphasized. It

challenges the myth of "Gay Affluence" and points out that even in accepting industries

like the business process outsourcing (BPO) sector, trans individuals, especially trans

women, face marginalization and are expected to conform to specific norms, leading to

a state of precarious acceptance. The study explores the representation of trans

motherhood in Philippine cinema, showcasing its diversity beyond traditional notions. It

argues that trans motherhood is not solely defined by biological ties but encompasses

diverse relationships and responsibilities.

The text is relevant to the thesis as it provides a foundational understanding to the

perpetual precarity that transgender individuals encounter, aligning with the broader

themes of inclusivity and societal attitudes. This literature review establishes a solid

foundation for qualitative analysis by providing insights into the broader societal and

economic challenges faced by trans individuals.

SOCIETAL CHALLENGES AND INTERSECTIONS

Intersectional Identities and Conceptions of the Self: The Experience of

Transgender People

De Vries (2012), conducted interviews with transgender individuals to delve into the

intricacies of intersected identities as the study explores how transgender individuals,

particularly transwomen, experience shifts in social standing within racial and ethnic

communities during and after gender transition. It emphasizes the importance of

comprehending the complexity of intersected identity frames in shaping social visibility,

self-perception, and interactions. Notably, the text delves into the experiences of black

transwomen "moving up" in the African American community, gaining respect, while

transmen face challenges in accessing spaces within their ethnic communities.

Addressing the concept of social visibility, the study illustrates how stereotypes

contribute to the social invisibility of Asian transmen, rendering them non-threatening,

while Asian transwomen may face hypersexualization. It highlights the nuanced ways

transgender individuals navigate societal perceptions based on race, class, and gender,

resulting in changes in visibility that can be protective or hazardous.

This research scrutinizes how transgender individuals navigate societal expectations,

cultural narratives, and media portrayals. This contributes to a deeper understanding of

the complexities surrounding transgender identities, whether within the cultural context

of the United States or the Philippines.

Biyuti from Below: Contemporary Philippine Cinema and the Transing of

Kabaklaan

Diaz (2018), delves into the themes of "biyuti" (beauty) and the transformation of

"kabaklaan" (transgender identity) in contemporary Philippine cinema, using films like

"Out Run" and "Die Beautiful" as primary sources. Focused on the concept of "biyuti,"

the text examines how beauty intersects with transgender identity in films like "Out Run"

and "Die Beautiful." These movies are scrutinized for their portrayal of beauty as a tool

for resistance against societal norms and brutality, particularly in challenging the idea of

disposability and celebrating the resilience of transgender individuals.

The film "Die Beautiful," inspired by the real-life violence against Jennifer Laude,

emphasizing how humor and "kabaklaan" are used to depict transgender individuals as

agents with tenacious wills and creative energies rather than victims (Diaz, 2018). The

study argues for the significance of "biyuti" as a counterpoint to disposability in

contemporary Philippine challenges, positioning moments of beauty in cinema as

powerful tools for resistance and empowerment.

The study offers a comprehensive view of societal attitudes, challenge stereotypes, and

analyze the impact of cinematic portrayals on queer and trans subjects. There is an

assessment of audience perceptions, nuances, stereotypes, and narratives surrounding

transgender characters in films.

Globalization & Discriminatory Practices Against Trans-women in the Philippines

Joseph (2012), investigates the impact of globalization on discriminatory practices

against trans-women in the Philippines, employing participant observation, in-depth

interviews, and focus group interviews. Addressing key themes like awareness, family

dynamics, violence, employment, healthcare, support, and hopes for the future, the

study emphasizes the interplay between self-perception and societal attitudes.

Highlighting the role of early awareness and family recognition, Joseph (2012) explores

how these factors shape the experiences of transwomen. She delves into diverse family

experiences, ranging from positive support to subtle rejection, and the associated

financial benefits. Family dynamics emerge as crucial in participants' experiences of

discrimination and acceptance (Joseph, 2012). In the context of healthcare, Joseph's

findings differ from those in the USA, with participants in the Philippines facing fewer

challenges in accessing community health services. The study highlights the importance

of cultural context in understanding healthcare disparities, emphasizing the significance

of identifying as "bakla" and gender sensitivity in health services.

This provides a contextual framework for cinematic analysis, offering insights into the

societal challenges faced by transwomen in the Philippines. Cinematic analysis,

informed by Joseph's exploration of real-life experiences, aims to unravel societal

attitudes portrayed in films and their potential to challenge prevailing stereotypes.

Review Contemporary Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer Theories, and

Their Politics

(Blasius, 1998) offers a critical analysis of various theoretical approaches within

contemporary LGBTQ studies. It explores key concepts, ideas, and theorists related to

sexual and gender identity, politics, and social change. One of the emphasized ideas is

Intersectionality and Collective Agency, highlighting the importance of intersectionality in

LGBTQ studies. Recognizing the interplay of various social identities, such as race,

gender, and class, it argues that understanding and addressing LGBTQ issues require a

collective and intersectional approach that goes beyond individual experiences.

Blasius's study presents a Critique of Liberal Individualism, examining the limitations of

this perspective within LGBTQ studies. The focus on individual self-expression and

coming out, without considering economic determinants and structural constraints, is

deemed inadequate for achieving social transformation and justice (Blasius, 1998). It

challenges the emphasis on individual "consciousness" and "coming out" as sufficient

approaches to addressing LGBTQ issues.

The study delves into Discursivity and Political Situatedness, raising questions about

the discursive nature of LGBTQ studies and political situatedness. Some theories, such

as third-sex/gender and queer approaches, prioritize discursivity and the creation of

new discourses over conventional political institutions. The potential for these

approaches to influence the political economy of truth is highlighted, raising important

questions about the interrelation between theory, discourse, and political change in the

context of LGBTQ studies.

Blasius's analysis provides a theoretical foundation for understanding contemporary

LGBTQ theories and their political implications. The highlighted concepts of

intersectionality, collective agency, and the critique of liberal individualism contribute to

framing the analysis of TransPinay representation in Filipino cinema, especially in

considering the broader implications of LGBTQ theories in cinematic contexts.

ATTITUDINAL STUDIES AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

Trans Visibility: A Look into Filipinos’ Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals

Reyes et al., (2023), explores the impact of assigned sex at birth, religious affiliation,

generation, relationship status, and perspectives on transgender individuals. Conducted

through online platforms and referrals, the study emphasizes the dominance of

Generation Z participants, attributing their positive attitudes to exposure to diversity and

inclusivity. Notably, it reveals differences in attitudes toward transgender men and

women, with more negative perceptions towards transgender women, highlighting

societal biases and discrimination faced by this group. The study also shed light in the

role of religion in shaping attitudes, noting higher anti-transgender prejudice among

Born Again Christians compared to Roman Catholics. It advocates for religious

sensitivity training and recognizes the complex interplay between religiosity and

LGBTQ+ acceptance.

Providing a foundational understanding of attitudes in the Filipino context, the study

contributes to the analysis of TransPinay portrayals in cinema by shedding light on

potential biases and societal influences. The exploration of generational perspectives,

attitudes towards transgender individuals, and the impact of religion enriches the

nuanced understanding of societal attitudes and their potential manifestations in

cinematic narratives. Overall, the study offers valuable insights relevant to the

qualitative analysis of transgender portrayals in Filipino cinema.

Introduction: Queer Methods

Brim and Ghaziani (2023) tackles themes and discussions related to queer methods.

The interdisciplinary nature of queer methods is highlighted, allowing for a more

comprehensive exploration of queer research practices. There has been a notable shift

in research protocols and practices, prompting a reevaluation of methodologies within

the field. The traditional association of queer studies with theory is evolving, with an

increasing emphasis on the "how" of queer research. The text introduces three major

thematic areas in queer methods, namely eroticized racial registers, the intersection of

quantification and interpretation, and the concept of tethering in queer research. These

themes represent different facets of queer methods, including the role of race and

embodiment in research, the entanglement of quantification and interpretation, and the

challenges of defining objects of investigation in queer studies.

Interdisciplinary perspectives and different genres of writing in the context of queer

methods are important (Brim & Ghaziani, 2016). This recognition highlights the

significance of varied approaches in understanding and employing queer methods

within academic research. This provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the

evolving landscape of methodologies within queer studies. This framework is crucial for
the analysis of TransPinay representation in Filipino cinema, especially in considering

the broader implications of queer methods in cinematic contexts.

SYNTHESIS

The exploration of transgender representation in Filipino cinema, particularly of

TransPinay individuals, unveils a rich tapestry of perspectives and insights from diverse

scholarly works. Foundational principles from transgender and queer theories challenge

normative paradigms, emphasizing fluid identities, intersectionality, and the need to

question societal norms. Queer methods, introduced by Brim and Ghaziani (2023),

extend these theoretical underpinnings, offering diverse approaches to research

practices and methodologies.

The cinematic analysis, guided by Inton-Campbell (2010, 2022) and Diaz (2018),

intersects with broader societal themes, revealing the resilience and precarity faced by

TransPinay individuals. Inton-Campbell's insights into bakla identities and the influence

of the SOGI framework shape the qualitative analysis of cinematic narratives. Diaz's

focus on "biyuti" in films like "Die Beautiful" highlights the transformative potential of

beauty as resistance and empowerment. Emmanuel David's (2018) introduction of the

"archipelagic analytic" offers a novel lens for studying transgender experiences,

providing a comprehensive framework for nuanced representations in localized

contexts.

Attitudinal studies by Reyes et al. (2023) and societal discussions by Brim and Ghaziani

(2023) further contribute to this tapestry, elucidating how generational perspectives,

religious affiliations, and societal biases influence attitudes toward transgender

individuals. Together, these diverse threads form a holistic panorama, setting the stage

for a nuanced and contextualized analysis of TransPinay portrayals in Filipino cinema.

METHODOLOGY

Research Approach:

This study aims to employ a qualitative research approach, as it seeks to gain in-depth

insights into the cinematic representation of TransPinay individuals in Filipino cinema.

Qualitative inquiry enhances understanding and challenges accepted beliefs by

exploring diverse cases and valuing personal, social, and unique meanings (Pariser et

al., 1999). A qualitative approach is most suitable for exploring the nuanced narratives,

stereotypes, tropes, and thematic elements associated with TransPinay characters

within the selected films, "Mamu; And A Mother Too" and "Call Her Ganda." These films

were selected due to their ability to provide a balanced perspective, offering both

fictionalized and real-life narratives, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of

TransPinay representation.

The research specifically adopts a case study design, focusing on two films to conduct a

detailed and context-specific analysis of TransPinay representation. The case study

approach allows for an in-depth exploration of the films' content, providing a rich and

holistic understanding of the cinematic portrayals.

Data Collection:

Content Textual Analysis, anchored in Paul Ricoeur's theory of interpretation, will be the

primary method for analyzing the selected films. Content Textual Analysis focuses on

understanding the meanings conveyed by messages (Frey et al., 1999). Ricoeur's

interpretation theory recognizes the connection between how we understand things

(interpretation) and the nature of the one doing the understanding (interpreter)

(Geanellos, 2000). This provides a framework for understanding the layers of meaning

embedded in cinematic narratives. The analysis will scrutinize prevailing narratives,

stereotypes, tropes, and thematic elements associated with TransPinay characters

within each film. By applying this theoretical lens, the study aims to reveal the implicit

and explicit messages conveyed by the filmmakers, allowing for a comprehensive

interpretation of the cinematic representations. Qualitative content analysis will be

applied to extract themes, tropes, and narratives related to TransPinay characters.

Ricoeur's interpretive approach will deepen the understanding.

According to Pariser et al. (1999), approaches like interviews and text analysis in

qualitative research aim to uncover the depth and complexity of human phenomena,

contributing to a holistic understanding. A film screening event will be organized for UP

Manila students ensuring representation across diverse backgrounds. Before and after

the screenings, semi-structured interviews will be conducted to capture participants'

initial perceptions, expectations, and post-viewing reflections on the cinematic

representations of TransPinay individuals. This approach aligns with the study's

objective to understand audience perceptions and the potential impact of cinematic

portrayals on societal attitudes.

Before the film screenings, participants will engage in semi-structured interviews to

gather their initial perceptions, expectations, and attitudes toward transgender

representation in Filipino cinema. Semi-structured interviews use preset open-ended

questions, offering flexibility for in-depth exploration in individual or group settings

(Jamshed, 2014). The pre-screening interviews will help establish a baseline for

understanding participants' existing beliefs and biases.

Participants will attend a screening of the two selected films, "Mamu; And A Mother Too"

and "Call Her Ganda," within a controlled environment. The screening aims to ensure

that all participants have a shared viewing experience.

Following the film screenings, participants will undergo post-screening interviews.

These interviews will delve into participants' reactions, emotions, and reflections after

viewing the films. Questions will explore the impact of the cinematic representations on

their attitudes, perspectives, and understanding of TransPinay individuals. Quantitative

analysis will be conducted on pre- and post-film surveys to identify changes in attitudes,

accompanied by qualitative analysis of open-ended survey questions.

To complement the audience perspective, the study will conduct interviews with the

filmmakers—Rod Singh, director of "Mamu; And A Mother Too," and PJ Raval, director

of "Call Her Ganda." These interviews will provide valuable insights into the filmmakers'

intentions, challenges faced during production, and their perceptions of the impact of
their work on societal attitudes. Ricoeur's theory will guide the interpretation of

filmmakers' narratives, connecting authorial intent with audience interpretation.

Participants:

The participants in the film screening and interviews will be university students from UP

Manila, chosen for their diverse backgrounds and representation of various

demographics. This inclusion ensures a microcosmic reflection of Filipino society,

capturing a range of perspectives related to age, gender, socio-economic status, and

cultural backgrounds. While the specificity of this demographic is acknowledged as a

limitation, the study aims to draw insights that contribute to a nuanced understanding of

societal attitudes toward TransPinay representation in cinema.

Sample Design:

Convenience sampling, a non-probability method, will be employed to select

participants for this study. The sample will consist of university students from the

University of the Philippines Manila (UP Manila) who are easily accessible to the

researcher. Convenience sampling is chosen due to its practicality, allowing the

inclusion of participants based on factors like geographical proximity, availability, and

their willingness to engage in the research.

Sample Size:

The study aims to include a minimum of 40 participants using convenience sampling.

This size is deemed adequate for qualitative research, facilitating a detailed exploration

of the diverse perspectives and attitudes of UP Manila students regarding TransPinay

representation in cinema. Participants will be recruited based on their availability and

proximity to the researcher. Recruitment efforts will leverage university announcements,

social media platforms, and direct invitations during university events. The convenient

selection of participants aligns with the method's emphasis on ease of access.

Inclusion, Exclusion, and Withdrawal Criteria:

The participant selection process for this study follows a convenience sampling

approach, focusing on the practicality of including individuals based on their

accessibility to the researcher. The inclusion criteria involve current students of UP

Manila who express a willingness to actively participate in a film screening event and

subsequent discussions. The aim is to capture a spectrum of perspectives by

deliberately including participants with varied demographics, considering factors such

as age, gender, socio-economic status, and cultural backgrounds.

Conversely, individuals not affiliated with UP Manila will be excluded from participation,

aligning with the study's specific focus on the university's student body. Additionally,

those who indicate an unwillingness to engage in discussions or surveys will not be

considered eligible for inclusion.

Participants are granted the autonomy to withdraw from the study at any stage without

the need to provide a specific reason. The withdrawal process is designed to be

straightforward, with no penalties or consequences for participants who choose to

discontinue their involvement. Clear and comprehensive communication about the

withdrawal procedure and its implications will be provided to all participants, ensuring

that their decision is informed and voluntary.

Data Analysis:

Data from interviews and cinematic analysis will be thematically analyzed. Ricoeur's

theory will guide the interpretation of textual elements, unraveling underlying meanings

and implications within the films. Comparative analysis between pre and post-screening

interviews will identify shifts in audience perceptions and shed light on the potential

influence of cinematic representations on societal attitudes.

Rationale:

The chosen methodology aligns with the research objectives by allowing an in-depth

exploration of cinematic narratives surrounding TransPinay individuals. The case study

approach facilitates a focused examination of two films, offering a detailed

understanding of the complexities within both fictionalized and real-life narratives.

Combining Content Textual Analysis and Ricoeur's theory enriches the analysis by

providing a theoretical framework for interpretation. The inclusion of audience

perspectives through film screenings and interviews ensures a comprehensive

exploration of societal attitudes, enriching the study's capacity to contribute to the

broader conversation on diversity and inclusivity in Filipino cinema.

Ethical Considerations:

The study will prioritize participant confidentiality and voluntary participation. Informed

consent will be obtained, and participants will have the option to withdraw at any stage.
Filmmaker interviews will be conducted with sensitivity and respect for their creative

choices. All data will be anonymized, and ethical guidelines for research involving

human subjects will be strictly adhered to throughout the study.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The core of this study’s theoretical framework lies Queer Theory, a lens that challenges

and deconstructs traditional norms surrounding gender and sexuality. Branching from
this foundational perspective are the intertwined concepts of Transgender Theory and

Bakla in Cinema. These components are seamlessly connected to the pivotal phase of

film selection, guiding the choice of films that encapsulate both fictionalized and real-life

narratives of TransPinay individuals.

The subsequent layer of the framework delves into cinematic analysis, a comprehensive

examination that dissects prevailing narratives, stereotypes, tropes, and thematic

elements associated with TransPinay characters. This analytical process is not merely

confined to the surface but is deeply rooted in the interpretive approach of Paul Ricoeur,

ensuring a nuanced understanding of cinematic portrayals.

Moving forward, the framework extends to the interactive sphere of film showing and

audience interaction. This involves creating a film screening event for UP Manila

students, where their perceptions and attitudes are gauged through a structured survey.

The symbiotic relationship between the cinematic analysis and the audience's

responses provides a dynamic exploration of how TransPinay representation resonates

with diverse viewers.

Simultaneously, the framework extends its reach to filmmaker interviews, engaging with

the creative minds behind the selected films. This segment offers a unique vantage

point, unraveling the intentions, challenges, and considerations that shape the portrayal

of TransPinay characters on the cinematic canvas.

Harmonizing these elements is the overarching concept of Intersectional Analysis,

recognizing the interconnectedness of Queer Theory, Transgender Theory, Bakla in

Cinema, Cinematic Analysis, Film Showing, Audience Interaction, and Filmmaker

Interviews. This collective approach highlights the complexity of TransPinay

representation in Filipino cinema, acknowledging the multifaceted layers that influence

both creation and reception. The theoretical framework thus sets the stage for a holistic

exploration, delving deep into the cinematic realm while staying attuned to the intricate

dance between theory, practice, and societal attitudes.

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