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Praise for Law for Business Students
‘A well considered and designed textbook on business law which enables students to
engage in-depth with key areas of knowledge.’
Kelly-Ann Cannon, Senior Lecturer in Law,
University of Northampton
‘A highly accessible and clearly written book for non-law students.’

Dr Stuart Peck, Senior Lecturer in Law,
University of Westminster
‘The book clearly introduces principles of law to both law and non-law students in a
manner which is easily understood and applied.’
Professor Sukhninder Panesar, Head of Law School,
University of Wolverhampton
‘Law for Business Students presents the key principles of business law in a meaningful
and interactive manner, promoting greater understanding of complex legal principles
and how they relate to current issues.’
Stella Diamantidi, Associate Dean, Student Engagement,
Cardiff School of Management, Cardiff
Metropolitan University
‘The range of topics are broken down into manageable sections, and written in a way
that will cater to all learning abilities.’
Dr Ashley Jane Lowerson, Assistant Professor,
Northumbria University
‘Excellent usage of cases to highlight how the law is applied in practice. Chapter sum-
maries allow the reader to identify if they have understood the principles and the use
of quizzes is a friendly way to reinforce understanding.’
Colin MacFadyen, Lecturer,
University of the West of Scotland
F01 Law for Business Students 40484.indd 1 20/03/2023 18:09

LAW FOR
BUSINESS STUDENTS

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LAW FOR
BUSINESS STUDENTS
TWELFTH EDITION
ALIX ADAMS
STEPHANIE CAPLAN
GRAEME LOCKWOOD
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Brief contents
Contents ix
Preface xix
Table of cases xx
Table of statutes xxxii
Table of statutory instruments xxxvii
Table of European and International legislation xxxix
Part 1: Introduction: getting started 1
1 Study skills 2
2 The nature of law 16
3 How the law is made 26
4 Resolving legal disputes 54
Part 2: Law of contract, agency and sale of goods 75
5 The law of contract: Offer and acceptance 76

6 The law of contract: Consideration, intention and privity 102
7 The terms of the contract at common law 124
8 Statutory terms in contracts for sale of goods and services 144
9 Defects in the contract: Misrepresentation, mistake, duress
and undue influence 174
10 The consequences of illegality and incapacity: Illegality and incapacity 206
11 Discharge of the contract and remedies for breach 226
12 The law of agency 262
Part 3: The law of tort 281
13 The tort of negligence 282

14 Negligence and special duty situations 310
15 Product liability 346
16 Occupiers’ liability, nuisance and vicarious liability 366

viii Brief contents
Part 4: Elements of employment law 401
17 Rights at work: The contract of employment and health and safety at work 402
18 Rights at work: Protection against discrimination in employment 426
19 Rights at work: Protection against termination of employment by
wrongful and unfair dismissal including redundancy 470
Part 5: Introduction to company law 497
20 Business organisations 498

21 Forming a registered company 522
22 Running the company: Raising and maintaining capital 538
23 The management and governance of companies: Functions of directors,
secretary and auditors 550
24 Company meetings, shareholder participation and minority protection 578
Part 6: General principles of intellectual property law 593
25 Statutory intellectual property protection: Copyright, designs, patents

and trade marks 594
26 Common law protection of intellectual property: Passing off, malicious
falsehood and breach of confidence 618
Appendix 1: Additional resources 637

Appendix 2: Worth thinking about? and Review questions – outline answers 640
Index 659
Publisher’s acknowledgements 685
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Contents
Preface xix
Table of cases xx
Table of statutes xxxii
Table of statutory instruments xxxvii
Table of European and International legislation xxxix
Part 1: Introduction: getting started 1
1 Study skills 2
Introduction 2
Starting to study 2
Good study habits 4
Writing law assignments 5
Revision and examination technique 11
Conclusion 15
2 The nature of law 16

Introduction 16
What is law? 16
The characteristics of English law 18
Why do we need law? 19
The differences between criminal and civil law 20
Changing the law 22
Essential legal terms 22
Chapter summary 24
Review questions 1 24
Advanced questions 1 25
Further reading 25
Web activity 25
3 How the law is made 26

Introduction 26
European law 27
Parliament 32

x Contents
The courts 34
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998) 43
Chapter summary 50
Take a closer look 52
Web activity 52
Assignment 1 52
4 Resolving legal disputes 54

Introduction 54
The court system 55
Bringing a case in the civil courts 60
The Woolf reforms 1999 60
Settlement out of court 61
Payment into court and offers to settle 61
Civil litigation procedures 62
The trial of the case 64
Executing the judgment 64
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 66
The tribunal system 69
Chapter summary 71
Web activity 73
Assignment 2 73
Part 2: Law of contract, agency and sale of goods 75
5 The law of contract: Offer and acceptance 76

Introduction 76
The essentials of a binding contract 77
The offer 78
The acceptance 89
Chapter summary 97
Web activity 99
Assignment 3 100
6 The law of contract: Consideration, intention and privity 102

Introduction 102
Consideration 103

Contents xi
Intention to create legal relations 113

Privity of contract 117
Chapter summary 120
Web activity 122
Assignment 4 122
7 The terms of the contract at common law 124

Introduction 124
Express and implied terms 125
The relative importance of contractual terms 130
Exemption clauses: Limitation and exclusion of liability 135
Chapter summary 141
Further reading 143
Assignment 5 143
8 Statutory terms in contracts for sale of goods

and services 144
Introduction 144
Part 1: Commercial sales contracts 145
The terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 146
Other key statutes which regulate contracts involving goods 154
Part 2: Consumer sales 162
An overview of consumer sales protection before the CRA 2015 162
The Consumer Rights Act 2015 164
Chapter summary 171
Further reading 173
Assignment 6 173
9 Defects in the contract: Misrepresentation, mistake,

duress and undue influence 174
Introduction 174
Misrepresentation 175
Mistake 186
Duress and undue influence 196
Chapter summary 202

xii Contents

Web activity 205
Assignment 7 205
10 The consequences of illegality and incapacity:

Illegality and incapacity 206
Introduction 206
Illegality 207
Contractual incapacity 219
Chapter summary 223
Web activity 225
Assignment 8 225
11 Discharge of the contract and remedies for

breach 226
Introduction 226
Discharge of contracts 227
Remedies for breach of contract 244
Chapter summary 258
Web activity 260
Assignment 9 261
12 The law of agency 262

Introduction 262
The creation of agency 263
The rights and duties of the agent 271
The rights and duties of the principal 274
Termination of agency 274
Some common types of specialist agents 276
Chapter summary 278
Web activity 280
Assignment 10 280

Contents xiii
Part 3: The law of tort 281
13 The tort of negligence 282

Introduction 282
Negligence liability 283
1 The duty of care 284
2 Breach of duty 287
3 Proving consequential loss or damage 294
Defences in tort 302
Chapter summary 306
Web activity 308
Assignment 11 308
14 Negligence and special duty situations 310

Introduction 310
Special duty situations 311
Chapter summary 341
Web activity 343
Assignment 12 344
15 Product liability 346

Introduction 346
Liability for defective products 347
The Consumer Protection Act 1987 (Part I) 353
Chapter summary 362
Web activity 364
Assignment 13 364
16 Occupiers’ liability, nuisance and vicarious liability 366

Introduction 366
The occupier’s liability to people on the premises 367
Duties of an occupier to people outside the premises 377
Vicarious liability 390
Chapter summary 397

xiv Contents

Web activity 399
Assignment 14 399
Part 4: Elements of employment law 401
17 Rights at work: The contract of employment and

health and safety at work 402
Introduction 402
The employment contract: a contract of service 403
The law of tort: employers’ civil liability for industrial injuries 414
Criminal law regulation of safety in the workplace 420
Chapter summary 422
Further reading 425
Web activity 425
Assignment 15 425
18 Rights at work: Protection against discrimination in

employment 426
Introduction 426
The Equality Act 2010: the core provisions 427
The operation of the Equality Act 2010 430
Age 431
Disability 434
Gender re-assignment 440
Marriage and civil partnership 441
Pregnancy and maternity 442
Race 443
Religion or belief 447
Sex 452
Sexual orientation 461
Enforcing anti-discrimination legislation 464
The promotion of equality 464
The Equality and Human Rights Commission 465
Chapter summary 466
Further reading 468

Contents xv
Web activity 469

Assignment 16 469
19 Rights at work: Protection against termination of employment

by wrongful and unfair dismissal including redundancy 470
Introduction 470
Wrongful dismissal 471
Unfair dismissal 472
Redundancy 483
Transfer of undertakings 486
Claiming at the employment tribunal 489
Chapter summary 492
Web activity 494
Assignment 17 495
Part 5: Introduction to company law 497
20 Business organisations 498

Introduction 498
Legal personality, incorporation and limited liability 499
The sole trader 500
The partnership 500
The registered company 505
The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998) on business organisations 516
Conclusion 517
Chapter summary 519
Web activity 521
Assignment 18 521
21 Forming a registered company 522

Introduction 522
Promoting the company 522
Forming the company 524
Buying a company ‘off the shelf’ 532
Dissolution of the company 533
Chapter summary 533

xvi Contents

Web activity 536
Assignment 19 536
22 Running the company: Raising and maintaining capital 538

Introduction 538
Share capital 539
Loan capital 544
Chapter summary 547
Web activity 549
Assignment 20 549
23 The management and governance of companies:

Functions of directors, secretary and auditors 550
Introduction 550
The directors 551
The company secretary 566
The auditors of the company 569
Insider dealing 570
Chapter summary 574
Web activity 576
Assignment 21 576
24 Company meetings, shareholder participation and

minority protection 578
Introduction 578
General meetings 579
Protecting the rights of minority shareholders 585
Chapter summary 590
Web activity 592
Assignment 22 592

Contents xvii
Part 6: General principles of intellectual property law 593
25 Statutory intellectual property protection: Copyright,

designs, patents and trade marks 594
Introduction 594
Statutory regulation of intellectual property 595
The impact of EU law and international treaties on intellectual property rights 612
Chapter summary 613
Web activity 616
Assignment 23 616
26 Common law protection of intellectual property:

Passing off, malicious falsehood and breach of confidence 618
Introduction 618
Passing off 619
Malicious falsehood 624
Breach of confidence and protection of privacy 626
Remedies for passing off, malicious falsehood and breach of confidence 634
Chapter summary 634
Web activity 636
Assignment 24 636
Appendix 1: Additional resources 637

Appendix 2: Worth thinking about? and Review questions – outline answers 640
Index 659
Publisher’s acknowledgements 685

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Preface
We, Stephanie Caplan and Graeme Lockwood of King’s College, London have written
a revised 12th edition of this textbook. The book has been updated, where required,
to reflect updates in the law and particularly the impact of Brexit and the law in a
post-Covid arena. Once again, the changes were developed in response to feedback
from those lecturers who had used previous editions. Their responses were invaluable
to the process of developing improvements to the content and presentation of the
material included.
The law is covered in an accessible manner, but without over-simplification of the

subject matter. The text provides coverage of the fundamental legal principles and an
understanding of the practical application of the law to the business environment.
In addition, each chapter includes the well-received Review Questions section designed
to encourage students to develop a deeper understanding of legal application.
Many thanks to all at Pearson who have helped in the preparation of this addition. We
appreciate the efficiency, patience and practical assistance that has been provided.
We hope that the text will help non-law degree students (who are often required to
study law covering a very diverse range of areas relating to the business environment)
to understand legal concepts and principles relating to business activity and encourage
them to develop their study of the law further.
Good luck with your studies. We hope you find the subject interesting and challenging
and find the book retains the clarity for which Adams is renowned and which makes it
such an invaluable tool across a wide spectrum of business law modules.
Stephanie Caplan and Graeme Lockwood

Table of cases
A (a child) v Ministry of Defence [2004] EWCA Civ 641, Arnold v Britton & others [2015] UKSC 36 128–129, 142
[2005] QB 183, CA, affirming [2003] EWHC 849 (QB) Ashbury Railway Carriage Co. v Riche (1875) LR 7 HL
396 653, HL 527
A and Others v National Blood Authority [2001] 3 All Aslam, Farrar and others v (UBER) London & others
ER 289 354, 355, 360, 364 [2018] EWCA Civ 2748 406–407
Abouzaid v Mothercare (UK) Ltd [2000] 1 All ER (D) Associated Japanese Bank (International) v Credit du
2436 358 Nord [1989] 1 WLR 255 188
AB v Tameside & Glossop Health Authority (1997) 8 Associated Newspaper Holdings v Insert Media Ltd
Med LR 91 328 [1991] 3 All ER 535 620
Achbita and Bougnaoui v G4S Secure Solutions and Associated Tyre Specialists v Waterhouse [1976] IRLR
another (2017, EUECJ) 446, 450–451, 468 386 413
Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681 95, 647 Aswan Engineering Establishment Co. Ltd v Lupadine
Addie (Robert) & Sons (Collieries) Ltd v Dumbreck [1987] 1 All ER 135, CA 151, 173
[1929] AC 358, HL 640 Ate My Heart Inc v Mind Candy Ltd [2011] EWHC 2741
Addis v Gramophone Ltd [1909] AC 488, HL 248 (Ch) 611
Adler v George [1964] 1 All ER 628 37 Atkin v Enfield Hospital Management Committee
Aerial Advertising v Batchelors Peas [1938] 2 All ER 788 [1975] IRLR 217 477
249 Atlas Express v Kafco Importers & Distributors [1989]
Albert v Motor Insurers Bureau [1971] 2 All ER 1345, 1 All ER 641 197
HL 114 Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers (No. 2)
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1991] [1990] AC 109, HL 627, 628
UKHL 5, [1992] 1 AC 310 329–330, 332, 343, 642, Attwood v Small (1838) 6 Cl & F 232 181
651 Atwal v Rochester [2010] EWHC 2338 (TCC) 232, 239
Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 202 Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Alliance Bank v Broome (1864) 2 Drew & Sm 289 105 [2009] UKHL 5 48
Allin v City & Hackney Health Authority (1996) 7 Med Autoclenz v Belcher [2011] UKSC 41 404
LR 167 328 A v B, sub nom Garry Flitcroft v Mirror Group
Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd v John Newspapers Ltd [2002] 2 All ER 545 49 49, 628–629,
Walker & Sons [1977] 1 WLR 164 234–235 631, 633, 636
Anderton v Ryan [1985] 2 All ER 355 640 Avery v Bowden (1855) 5 E & B 714 244
Andreae v Selfridge [1938] Ch 11 381 Avon Finance v Bridger [1985] 2 All ER 281, CA
Andrews v Singer [1934] All ER 479 139 198–199
Anglia TV v Reed [1971] 3 All ER 690 247 Azimut-Benetti Spa (Benetti Division) v Healey [2010]
Anglo Overseas Transport Ltd v Titan Industrial EWHC 2234 (Comm), [2011] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 251 253
Corporation [1959] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 152 271, 280 Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council (2007)
Appleby v Myers (1867) LR 2 CP 651 237, 239 The Times, 17 April, [2007] ICR 1154, EAT 449, 468
ARB v Hammersmith [2018] ECWA Civ 2803 260
Archer (Lady) v Williams [2003] EWHC 1670 (QB) 630 Badger v Ministry of Defence [2006] 3 All ER 173 305,
Arcos v Ronaasen [1933] AC 470 148 651
Arensen v Casson Beckman Rutley & Co. [1977] AC 747 Bairstow Eves London Central Ltd v Smith [2004]
272, 280 EWHC 263 (QB) 170
Armhouse Lee Ltd v Chappell (1996) The Times, 7 Baker v National Air Traffic Services Ltd (2009)
August, CA 208 ET/2203501/2007 432
Armstrong v Jackson [1917] 2 KB 822 273 Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571, CA 113–114

Table of cases xxi
Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 287
C-262/88 [1991] 1 QB 344, [1990] ICR 616, ECJ 458 Bowen v National Trust [2011] EWHC 1992 370–371
Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] UKHL 13, HL Boychuk v Symons Holdings [1977] IRLR 395 477
417 BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1983] 2 AC
Barclays Bank v O’Brien [1993] 4 All ER 417, HL 200 352, [1982] 1 All ER 925, HL 238
Barclays Bank v Various Claimants [2018] EWCA Civ Bracebridge Engineering v Darby [1990] IRLR 3 413
1670 392, 652 Brace v Calder [1895] 2 QB 253 254, 650
Barker v Corus UK Ltd; Murray v British Shipbuilders Bradbury v Morgan (1862) 1 H & C 249 85
(Hydrodynamics) Ltd; Patterson v Smiths Dock Ltd Branco v Cobarro [1947] 2 All ER 101, CA 90
[2006] 3 All ER 785, HL 296, 297, 298 BRC Engineering Ltd v Schelff [1921] 2 Ch 563 217
Barkway v South Wales Transport Co Ltd [1950] 1 All ER Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandels
392 294 GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34, [1982] 1 All ER 293, HL,
Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management affirming [1980] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 556, CA 10, 93
Committee [1969] 1 QB 420 294 Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservatories Custom
Barnett v Packer [1940] 3 All ER 575 349 Built Ltd [1989] RPC 455 620
Barrett v Deere (1828) Moo & M 200, HL 266, 650 British Celanese v Hunt [1969] 1 WLR 959, CA 378
Barrett v Enfield Borough Council [1999] 3 WLR 79 337, British Home Stores v Burchell [1978] ICR 303 477
339 British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] 2 WLR 537,
Barton v Armstrong [1975] 2 All ER 465, PC 196, 649 HL 375, 640
Batcheller v Tunbridge Wells Gas Company (1901) 84 Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) 2 App Cas
LT 765 387 666, HL 10, 92
Batisha v Say [1977] IRRLIB 109 453 Brown v Cotterill (1934) 51 LTR 21 348
Baxter v Barnes [2015] EWHC 54 155–156, 173 BTI v Sequana [2019] EWCA Civ 112 559
Bayley v Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Bull and Another v Hall and Another [2013] UKSC 73
(1873) LR 8 CP 148 392 464
Beale v Taylor [1967] 3 All ER 253, CA 148 Bunker v Charles Brand [1969] 2 QB 480 368
Beard v London Omnibus Co. [1900] 2 QB 530 393 Bushell v Faith [1970] 2 WLR 272, HL 565
Bell Houses Ltd v City Wall Properties Ltd [1966] 2 WLR Butler Machine Tools v Ex-cell-o Ltd [1979] 1 All ER 965
1323, CA 527 89
Bell v Lever Bros 1932 AC 161 187 Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344 10, 95
Benveniste v University of Southampton [1989] ICR 617
459 C (a Debtor), Re (1994) 11 May, unreported 111
Berlei (UK) v Bali Brassiere Co. [1969] 2 All ER 812 609, Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather [1994]
615 2 AC 264, [1994] 1 All ER 53, HL 388
Bernstein v Pamson [1987] 2 All ER 220 166 Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [2004] 2 All
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 256, 257 ER 995, HL 626, 629, 631, 633, 636, 658
Bettini v Gye (1875–76) LR 1 QBD 183 131, 239, 648 Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Beck (2010)
Bickerstaff v Butcher NIIT/92/14 435 UKEAT/0141/10/RN, [2010] All ER (D) 102 (Sep)
Bigg v Boyd Gibbons [1971] 1 WLR 913, CA 83 432
Bissett v Wilkinson [1927] AC 58 176, 649 Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568, HL
Blackburn and Another v Chief Constable of West 285, 286, 311, 319, 320, 321, 570, 576
Midlands Police [2008] EWCA Civ 1208 459 Capital and Counties Bank plc v Hampshire Fire
Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Council Brigade [1997] QB 1004, CA 336
[1990] 3 All ER 25, CA 85, 99 Capper Pass v Lawton [1977] IRLR 366 456
Bloom v American Swiss Watch Co [1915] App D 100 Car & Universal Finance Co. Ltd v Caldwell [1964] 1 All
84 ER 290 190
Bogle and Others v Mcdonald’s Restaurants Ltd [2002] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256,
EWHC 490 (QB) 357 CA 84, 99, 647
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee Cartwright v Cartwright (1853) 3 De G M 982 210
[1957] 1 WLR 582, CA 289, 291 Cavendish Square Holdings BV v Talal El Makdessi
Bolitho v City and Hackney Area Health Authority [2015] UKSC 67 253–254
[1997] 4 All ER 771 291 Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft (The Hansa
Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 2 All ER 1322 229 Nord) [1975] 3 All ER 739 132, 135

xxii Table of cases
Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Cooperative Insurance Society v Argyll Stores
[1947] KB 130 42, 112 (Holdings) Ltd [1998] AC 1, [1997] 3 All ER 297, HL
Century Insurance v Northern Irish Road Transport 257
Board [1949] AC 406, HL 393 Corby Group Litigation v Corby Borough Council [2009]
Chadwick v British Rail [1967] 1 WLR 912 326 EWHC 2109 (TCC) 386
Chandok & Another v Tirkey [2014] UKEAT/0190141912 Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 2 All ER
444 943 299
Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 All ER 456, CA 137 Cosmetic Warriors Ltd and Lush Ltd v Amazon.co.uk
Chappell v Nestlé & Co. Ltd [1959] 3 WLR 701, HL 106 Ltd and Amazon EU Sarl [2014] EWHC 181 (Ch) 610
Chaproniere v Mason (1905) 21 TLR 633 150 Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HLC 673, HL 188
Chaudhry v Prabhaker [1988] 1 WLR 29, CA 264, 272, Coventry and Others v Lawrence [2015] UKSC 50 380
323 Cox v Ministry of Justice [2014] EWCA Civ 132 392
Chief Constable of Hertfordshire Police v Van Colle; Cox v Post Office (1997) (unreported) The Daily
Smith v Chief Constable of Sussex [2008] UKHL 50, Telegraph, 5 November 434
[2008] 3 All ER 977, HL 338 Craig, Re [1971] Ch 95 199
Chipchase v British Titan Products [1956] 1 QB 545 419 Cream Holdings Ltd v Davenport [2011] EWCA Civ
City Equitable & Fire Insurance Co. Ltd, Re [1925] Ch 1287; [2011] All ER (D) 59 (Nov) 529
307 555–556, 559 Credit Lyonnais v Burch [1997] IRLR 167, [1997] 1 All ER
Clay v Crump [1963] 3 All ER 687 322 144, CA 201, 204
Clea Shipping Corpn v Bulk Oil International [1984] 1 Crowhurst v Amersham Burial Board (1878) 4 Ex D 5,
All ER 129 243 [1874–80] All ER Rep 89, Ex D 387
Cleveland Petroleum v Dartstone Ltd [1969] 1 All ER Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459, HL 190–191, 193
201 218 Cunningham v Reading Football Club Ltd (1991) 157
Clyde & Co v Van Winkelhof [2011] ECHC 668 (QB); LG Rev 481, [1992] PIQR P 141 369
[2011] All ER (D) 270 (Mar) 66 Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 103
Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169 256 Currie v Misa LR 10 Ex 153; LR 1 App Cas 554 647
Coleman v Attridge Law (Case C-303/06) [2008] All ER Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co, Ltd [1951]
(EC) 1105, [2008] 3 CMLR 777, ECJ 435–436 1 All ER 631, CA 138–139
Collins v Associated Greyhound Race Courses Ltd Cutter v Powell (1795) 6 Term Rep 320 227, 230, 239
[1930] 1 Ch 1 270
Collins v Godefroy (1831) B & Ad 950 106–107 D & C Builders v Rees [1965] 3 All ER 837, CA 113
Colour Quest Ltd v Total Downstream UK plc [2009] Dalkia Utilities Services Plc v Caltech International Ltd
EWHC 540 (Comm); [2009] All ER (D) 311 (Mar), [2006] EWHC 63 (Comm) 241
Comml Ct 388–389 Dalton v Burtons Gold Medal Biscuit Co. Ltd [1974] IRIR
Colour Quest Ltd v Total Downstream UK plc [2009] 45 410, 653
EWHC 823 (Comm), [2009] All ER (D) 152 (Apr), Dany Lions Ltd v Bristol Cars Ltd [2014] EWHC 817
Comml Ct 388–389 (QB) 79
Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215, CA 112 Davey v Harrow Corporation [1957] 1 QB 60, CA 378
Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] IRLR 8, Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] 2 All ER 145,
CA 444 HL 234, 260
Community Dental Centres Ltd v Sultan-Darmon (2010) Davison v Kent Meters [1975] IRLR 145 476
UKEAT/0532/09/da, [2010] IRLR 1024 405 De Beers Products Ltd v International General Electrics
Community Integrated Care Ltd v De Smith (2008) [1975] 1 WLR 972 625
UKEATS/0015/08/MT, EAT 476 De Francesco v Barnum (1890) 45 Ch D 430 221
Computer Associates UK Ltd v The Software Incubator Dennis v Ministry of Defence [2003] EWHC 793 (QB)
Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 518 280 382, 389
Condor v The Barron Knights [1966] WLR 87 231 De Souza, E Souza v Primark Strores Ltd: 2206063/2017
Confetti Records (a firm) v Warner Music UK Ltd 440
(trading as East West Records) [2003] EWHC 1274 Devon Primary Care Trust v Readman [2013] EWCA Civ
(Ch), [2003] All ER (d) 61 (Jun) (Ch) 92 1110 CA 485
Convery v VW Dealership and Bristol Street Fourth Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463, CA 10, 87
Investments Ltd: 1807364/2020 438 Dimmock v Hallett (1866) 2 Ch App 21 178

Table of cases xxiii
Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] 2 All ER 5, CA 177,
[2001] 1 All ER 97, HL 169, 170, 173 204
Dollman v Hillman [1941] 1 All ER 355 387 Etam plc v Rowan [1996] IRLR 75, EAT 454, 654
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, HL 284, 286, European Commission v UK (C-300/95) [1997] ECR
308, 322, 347, 348, 349, 364, 642, 650, 652 I–2649, ECJ 354
Dooley v Cammell Laird & Co [1951] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 271 Europe PLC v Selskabet (Formerly Roskilde Bank) (2016)
326 EWCA 321
Douglas and Another v Hello! Ltd [2001] 2 All ER 289, Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd [1936] 1 All ER 283
CA 629, 632, 633 350, 651–652
Douglas and Another v Hello! Ltd [2005] 4 All ER 128, Evans v Xactly UKEATPA/0128/18/LA 429–430
CA 629 Everet v Williams (1725) cited in [1899] 1 QB 826 207
Douglas and Another v Hello! Ltd (No. 3) [2007] 2 WLR Eweida and Others v United Kingdom (Applications
920, [2007] 4 All ER 545 629, 630, 636 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10 and 36516/10)
Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) [1969] 2 QB 158 182 [2013] ECHR 48420/10, [2013] All ER (D) 69 (Jan)
DSD and NBV v Commissioner of Police for the 449–450, 468
Metropolis [2014], EWHC 2493 (QB) 45–46, 52, 339 Eweida v British Airways [2010] EWCA Civ 80 449
Dufosse v Melbry Events [2011] EWCA Civ 1711 370
Dulieu v White & Sons [1901] 2 KB 669, [1900–3] All ER Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] 1 All ER 617, CA
Rep 353, KBD 323 214, 631
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. v New Garage & Motor Co Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services [2002] 3 All ER
Ltd [1915] AC 79, HL 252, 253 305, HL 296, 297, 298, 308
Dunlop Rubber Co. Ltd v Selfridge [1915] AC 847, HL Farley v Skinner (No. 2) [2001] 4 All ER 801, HL 250
103, 117, 647 Farr v Hoveringham Gravels Ltd [1972] IRLR 104 479,
Dunn v Institute of Cemetery and Crematorium 494
Management (2011) UKEAT/0531/10/DA, [2012] All Fawcett v Smethurst (1914) 84 LJKB 473 220
ER (D) 173 (Feb), EAT 441 Feldaroll Foundry Plc v Hermes Leasing London Ltd
D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust and [2004] EWCA Civ 747 163
Others [2005] UKHL 23; [2005] 2 All ER 443 340 Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CB (NS) 869 96
Dyer v London Ambulance NHS Trust [2014] Fenty v Topshop/Topman Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 3
UKEAT/0500/13 437 620–621, 636
Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe
Eastham v Newcastle United Football Club [1964] EC Barbour Ltd [1942] UKHL 4 233, 237
413, [1963] 3 All ER 139, AUS HC 214, 225 Fisher v Bell [1960] 3 WLR 919, QBD 37, 81, 647
Eastwood and Another v Magnox plc; McCabe v Fitch v Dewes [1921] 2 Ch 159, HL 213
Cornwall County Council [2004] UKHL 35; [2004] 3 Flack v Baldry [1988] 1 WLR 214 36
All ER 991 249 Fletcher v Countrywide Estate Agents
Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 ChD 459 177 ET/3400899/2016 474
Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Flitcroft (Garry) v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [2002]
Trust [2011] UKSC 58, [2012] 2 AC 22 249 2 All ER 545, see A v B, sub nom Garry
Electrolux v Hudson [1977] FSR 312 604, 615 Foley v Classique Coaches [1934] All ER 88, CA 80
Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co. (1876) 1 ExD 88 529 Forster & Sons Ltd v Suggett (1918) 35 TLR 87 213
English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 1421 Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 585, 590, 645
462 Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties
Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 All ER (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480 555, 655
493, CA 10, 93, 99 Froom v Butcher [1976] QB 286, [1975] 3 All ER 520
Errington v Errington & Woods [1952] 1 All ER 149, CA 304
88 Fuller v Stephanie Bowman Ltd [1977] IRLR 87 485
Erven Warnink BV v Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1979]
AC 731 620 Gallie v Lee (Saunders v Anglia Building Society) [1970]
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper’s Garage (Stourport) Ltd 3 All ER 961, HL 195
[1968] Ac 269, [1967] 1 All ER 699, HL, varying [1966] Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd [1995] 1
2 QB 514, CA, affirming [1965] 2 All ER 933, QBD 218 WLR 1226 231, 237

xxiv Table of cases
Games Retail Ltd v Laws [2014] UKEAT/0188/14 477 Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552 82
Gan Menachem Hendon Ltd v De Groen [2019] UKEAT Hashman v Milton Park (Dorset) Ltd (t /a Orchard Park)
59/18 452 (2011) ET/3105555/2009 448
GB v Home Office [2015] QBD 31 (March) 396 Hatton v Sutherland [2002] 2 All ER 1 417
Geddling v Marsh [1920] 1 KB 668 150 Hayes v James & Charles Dodd [1990] 2 All ER 815, CA
George Mitchell Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] 2 251
All ER 737, HL 159 Haynes v Harwood [1935] 1 KB 147, CA 303
Gibson v Lothian Leisure ET/4105009/20 482 Hayward v Cammell Laird Shipbuilders [1988] 1 All ER
Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972, 503, HL 457, 653
HL 83 Hedley Byrne v Heller [1963] AC 465, [1963] 2 All ER
Gillingham Borough Council v Medway (Chatham) Dock 575, HL 182, 316, 317, 319, 322, 323, 328, 343,
Co Ltd [1993] QB 343, [1992] 3 WLR 449, QBD 379 510, 651
Gill v SAS Ground Services UK Ltd (2009) Hellard and Others v Carvalho [2013] EWHC 2876 (Ch),
eat/2705021/09 478 [2013] All ER (D) 240 559
Glasbrook Bros v Glamorgan County Council [1925] AC Herman v Charlesworth [1925] 2 KB 123 210
270, HL 108 Herne Bay Steam Boat Co. v Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683 233
Glasgow Corporation v Taylor [1922] AC 44, HL 371 Herschtal (or Herschthal) v Stewart & Ardern Ltd [1939]
Godley v Perry [1960] 1 WLR 9 153 4 All ER 123, KBD 348
Golden Ocean Group v Salgaocar [2012] EWCA Civ Heywood v Wellers [1976] QB 446 250
265 78 Hickman v Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders Association
Goldsoll v Goldman [1915] 1 Ch 292, CA 219 [1915] 1 Ch 881 528
Goldsworthy v Brickell [1987] 1 All ER 853, CA 199 Hilder v Associated Portland Cement [1961] 1 WLR
Gordon v Selico [1986] 278 EG 53 176 1434 287
Gorfin v Distressed Gentlefolks’ Aid Association [1973] Hillas v Arcos (1932) 147 LT 503, HL 79–80
IRLR 290 479, 494 Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1988] 2 All ER
Grainger plc v Nicholson [2010] 2 All ER 253, [2010] 238, HL 286, 338, 650
ICR 360 448 Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2) (Application no
Granada Group Ltd v Ford Motor Co Ltd [1972] FSR 74025/01) (2005) 42 EHRR 849, [2005] All ER (d) 59
103, [1973] RPC 49, Ch 622 (Oct) 45
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] AC 85, PC 348 Hochster v De La Tour (1853) 2 E & B 678 240
Gravil v Carroll and Redruth Rugby Club [2008] EWCA Hodges (Gt) & Sons v Hackbridge Residential Hotel
(Civ) 689, [2008] IRLR 829, CA 395 [1939] 4 All ER 307 271
Greater Manchester Police Authority v Power [2010] All Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176 229
ER (d) 173 (Oct) 448 Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd [1967] Ch 254 557, 558
Great Northern Railway v Swaffield (1874) LR Exch 132 Holis Metal Industries v GmB [2008] ICR 464, [2007] All
269 ER (d) 304 (Dec), EAT 487
Great Peace Shipping v Tsavliris (International) Ltd Hollywood Silver Fox Farm v Emmett [1936] 2 KB 468
[2002] 4 All ER 689 187 381
Green v Cade Bros [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 602 159 Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 All ER 161, CA 96
Gregg v Scott [2005] UKHL 2, [2005] 4 All ER 812 298 Home Counties Dairies v Skilton [1970] 1 All ER 1227
GryfLowczowski v Hinchingbrooke Healthcare NHS 216, 219, 225
Trust [2006] ICR 425 234, 258 Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd [1970] AC 1004,
Guinness plc v Saunders [1990] 2 AC 663 561, 576 HL 335
Guthing v Lynn (1831) 2 B&AD 231 79 Home Office v Holmes [1984] 3 All ER 549 454, 654
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341 245, 246, 259 Kaisha [1962] 2 WLR 474, CA 131–132, 648
Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 All ER 579, CA 387 Hood v West End Motor Car Packing [1917] 2 KB 38 178
Halsey v Esso Petroleum [1961] 1 WLR 683 378 Hotson v East Berkshire Health Authority [1987] 2 All
Hambrook v Stokes [1925] 1 KB 141, CA 328–329, 642 ER 909 298
Harlingdon & Leinster Enterprises Ltd v Christopher Household Insurance v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216, CA 94
Hull Fine Art Ltd [1990] 1 All ER 737, CA 148–149 Howard Marine & Dredging Co. Ltd v Ogden & Sons
Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 EL BL 872 108 Ltd [1978] QB 574, CA 182
Hartog v Colin & Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566 194 Howden v Capital Copiers [1998] IRLR 586 434

Table of cases xxv
Howmet Ltd v Economy Devices Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ Jolley v London Borough of Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082,
847 349–350 HL 300
HRH Prince of Wales see Prince of Wales (HRH) Jones v Daniel [1894] 2 Ch 332 10, 89
Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co. Ltd [1957] 2 QB Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832 509, 520
348 415, 425 Jones v Tower Boot Co. Ltd [1997] IRLR 168, CA 447
Hufford v Samsung Electronics (UK) Ltd [2014] All ER Jones v Vernons Pools [1938] 2 All ER 626 116
(D) 60 360 Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC 520 352,
Hufton v Somerset County Council [2011] EWCA Civ 364
789; [2011] All ER (D) 72 (Jul) 372
Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837, HL 299 K, Re; Re M plc [2005] EWCA Civ 619, [2005] All ER (D)
Humble v Hunter [1848] 12 QB 310 270, 650 23 (Mar), (2005) The Times, 15 March, CA 509, 520
Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] 2 All ER 426 384, 399 Kaltoft v Billund (Case C–354/13) [2014], ECJ 434
Hurst & Others v Hone & Others [2010] EWHC 1159 Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 618
(QB), [2010] All ER (D) 256 (May) 179 Kearley v Thompson (1890) 24 QBD 742 211
Hussain and Livingstone v Lancaster City Council [1999] Kearney v Eric Waller [1966] 1 QB 29 368
2 WLR 1142, CA 384, 390 Keir v Leeman (1809) 6 QB 308 209
Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M &W 406 Exch 129 Kelly and Another v GE Healthcare [2009] EWHC 181
Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 86, 647 (Pat), [2010] Bus LR D28 605
Kendall v Lillico [1968] 3 WLR 110, HL 137
ICI v Shatwell [1964] AC 656, HL 304, 398 Kent v Griffiths and Others (No. 3) [2001] QB 36, CA
IDC v Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443 557, 560, 576 336
Ide v ATB Sales Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 424 359–360 Keown v Coventry Healthcare NHS Trust [2006] EWCA
Immingham Storage Company Ltd v Clear plc [2011] Civ 39, [2006] 1 WLR 953, CA 376
EWCA Civ 89 90, 94, 99 Khorasandjian v Bush [1993] QB 727 384
Ingram v Little [1960] 3 WLR 504 191–192 Killen v Horseworld Ltd [2012] EWHC 363 (QB) 562
Inland Revenue Commissioners v Fry [2001] STC 1715, King’s Norton Metal Co. v Edridge, Merrett & Co.
[2002] 06 LS Gaz R 30, Ch 92–93 (1897) 14 TLR 98 190
Insley v Accent Catering [2014] ET/3200687/2014 478 Kiriri Cotton Co. Ltd v Dewani [1960] AC 192 211
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Productions Kleinwort Benson v Malaysia Mining Corporation Bhd
[1988] 1 All ER 348, CA 138, 142 [1989] 1 All ER 785, CA 116–117
Interlego AG’s Trademark Application Re [1998] RPC Knapp v The Railway Executive [1949] 2 All ER 508 418
69, Ch 608 Knowles v Liverpool CC [1993] 1 WLR 1428 415
Isabella Ship Owners v Shagang Shipping Co. Ltd (The Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council v Willmore
Aquafaith) [2012] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 61 243 [2011] UKSC 10, [2011] 2 WLR 523 298
Isle of Wight Tourist Board v Coombes [1976] IRLR 413 Kohli v Lit and Others [2009] EWHC 2893 (Ch), [2010] 1
413 BCLC 14 587–588
IWGB v Deliveroo (2017) TUR1/985 (2016) 405 Kolmar Group AG v Traxpo Enterprises PVT Ltd [2010]
EWHC 113 (Comm) 198
Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd [1975] 3 All ER 92, CA Koufos v Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1969] 1 AC 350,
119, 122 HL 246, 260
James McNaughten Paper Group Ltd v Hicks Anderson Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 233
& Co. [1991] 2 QB 113, CA 319, 320 Kubilius (Deimantas) v Kent Foods Ltd: 3201960/2020
Jarvis v Swans Tours [1973] 3 WLR 954, CA 249–250, 439
260
JD v Mather [2012] EWHC 3063 (QB), [2012] All ER (D) Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 288
77 (Nov) 298 Lawrence v Lexcourt Holdings Ltd [1978] 2 All ER 810
Jeancharm v Barnet Football Club [2003] EWCA Civ 58, 177
CA 252–253 Lawrence v Pembrokeshire County Council [2007]
Jet2.com v Blackpool Airports [2012] EWCA Civ 417 79 EWCA Civ 446, [2007] 1 WLR 2991, CA 340
Johnson v Unisys [2001] 2 All ER 801, HL 248 Leakey v The National Trust [1980] QB 485, CA 383
Johnston and Others v NEI International and other Leeman v Montague [1936] 2 All ER 1677 381
Conjoined Claims [2007] UKHL 39, [2007] 4 All ER Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd and Others [2018]
1047, HL 324 UKSC 49 463

xxvi Table of cases
Leslie v Sheill [1914] 3 KB 607 222 Managers (Holborn) Ltd v Hohne [1977] IRLR 230 485
L’Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 138 Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] IRLR 209, HL 444, 446
Levola Hengelo BV v Smilde Foods BV C-310/17 [2018] Marc Rich & Co. AG v Bishop Rock Marine (The
615 Nicholas H) [1996] AC 211; [1995] 3 All ER 307 285
Lewis v Averay [1971] 3 WLR 603, CA 192 Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935]
Lewis v Six Counties [2005] EWCA Civ 1805; (2006) The AC 524 236
Times, 20 January, CA 369 Marks & Spencer plc v One in a Million Ltd [1998] FSR
Lisk v Shield Guardian Co. Ltd (2011) ET/3300873/11 265 128, 624
448 Martin v Parkham Foods (2006) ET/1800241/06 EAT
Lister v Hesley Hall [2001] 2 All ER 769, HL 394, 399 463, 474, 654
Litster v Thom & Sons Ltd [1975] IRLR 47 475 Mathieson v Noble [1972] IRLR 76 478
Littlewoods Organisation v Harris [1978] 1 All ER 1026, Mattocks v Mann [1993] RTR 13 302
CA 217, 225 Max Mosley see Mosley (Max) v News Group
Liverpool City Council v Irwin 1977 AC 739 126 Newspapers Ltd [2008] EWHC 1777 (QB), (2008)
Lofty v Harris (t/a First Café) 2018 IRLR 512 434 The Times 28 July 2008
Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth [1987] QB Merret v Bubb [2001] ILR 23/2/2001 341
527, CA 133, 142 Merritt v Merritt [1970] 2 All ER 760, CA 114
LRH Services v Trew, Brewer and O’Neill [2018] EWHC Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr & Co. [1918] AC
600 (Ch ) 562, 576 119, HL, affirming [1917] 2 KB 1, CA 234, 235
Lucasfilm v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39; [2012] 1 AC 208 Michael v Chief Constable of South Wales Police &
596 Anor [2015] UKSC 2 339
Luxmoore May v Messenger May Bakers 1 WLR 1009, Mihalis Angelos, The [1970] 3 WLR 601, CA 134, 135
CA 291 Miller v Karlinski (1945) 62 TLR 85 209
Lyons & Co. v Gulliver [1914] 1 Ch 631 386 Milner and Milner v Carnival plc (t/a Cunard) [2010]
EWCA Civ 389, [2010] 3 All ER 701, CA 245, 251,
McArdle, Re [1951] Ch 669, CA 104, 122, 648 255, 260
Macarthys v Smith [1981] QB 180, [1980] 3 WLR Minter v Wellingborough Foundries (1981) The Times
929,[1981] 1 All ER 111, [1980] ICR 672 457 202 477
McCarthy v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1996) Mint v Good [1950] 2 All ER 1159 386
(unreported) 331 Mohamud v WM Morrison Supermarkets [2014] EWCA
McCutcheon v David McBrayne Ltd [1964] 1 All ER 430 Civ 116 393–394
137 Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte
McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR 1, [1972] Shipping Ltd [1995] CLC 1011 93
3 All ER 1008 295 Monk v Harrington Ltd and Others [2008] EWHC 1879
McKenna v British Aluminium Ltd [2002] Env LR 30 389 (QB); [2009] PIQR P52 326, 327–328
McKew v Holland & Cubitts Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1621, Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD 64, CA 126
HL 300 Moore v C & A Modes [1981] IRLR 71 476
McKinnon Industries v Walker [1951] WN 401 382 Morgan Crucible Co. plc v Hill Samuel Bank [1991] Ch
McLoughlin v O’Brien [1982] 2 WLR 982, HL 329, 651 295 321
McMillan & Co. v Cooper (1923) 40 TLR 186 595 Morgan v Manser [1947] 2 All ER 266 233
McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commissions (1951) Morrish v Henlys (Folkestone) Ltd [1973] 2 All ER 137
84 CLR 377 188 410
McWilliams v Arrol [1962] 1 WLR 295 294 Morris v Saxelby [1916] 1 AC 688, HL 214
Maga v Trustees of the Birmingham Archdiocese [2010] Mosley (Max) v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2008]
EWCA Civ 256 394–395 EWHC 1777 (QB), (2008) The Times 28 July 2008
Majrowski v Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Trust [2006] 626, 658
UKHL 34, [2007] 1 All ER 224, HL 395 Moyhing v Barts and London NHS Trust [2006] IRLR 860
Malik v Bank of Credit & Commerce International 453, 653
[1998] AC 20, HL 248, 413 Moy v Stoop (1909) 25 TLR 262 381
Malone v Laskey [1907] 2 KB 141 384 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialties Ltd [1986] QB
Maloney v Lambeth Council (1966) 198 EG 895 371 507 351, 352
Maloney v Torfaen CBC [2005] EWCA Civ 1762, CA Murphy v Bradford Metropolitan Council (1991) The
368, 375 Times 11 February 370

Table of cases xxvii
Murphy v Brentwood Council [1990] 3 WLR 414, HL Orchard v Lee [2009] EWCA Civ 295; (2009) The Times,
312, 314, 315 14 April 290
Murray v Big Pictures UK Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 446, Osman v Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344, CA 337
[2008] 3 WLR 1360, CA 632 Osman v UK [1999] 1 FLR 193 286, 337, 338, 343
Othman (abu Quatada) v United Kingdom application
NAD Electronics v NAD Computer Systems [1997] FSR 8139/09 (2012) 50
380, Ch 622, 636 Ottoman Bank v Chakarian [1930] AC 277, PC 409
Nash v Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 220 Overseas Medical Supplies v Orient [1999] 1 All ER
National Telephone Co v Baker [1893] 2 Ch 186, 57 JP (Comm) 981 161
373 387 Overseas Tankship & Engineering (UK) v Mort Dock &
Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 All ER 581, CA 290 Engineering Co (The Wagon Mound) (No 1) [1961]
Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Conarken Group Ltd; AC 388, [1961] 1 All ER 404, PC 43, 299, 308
Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Farrell Transport Owen v Professional Golf Association (2000)
Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 644, CA, affirming [2010] (unreported) 447
EWHC 1852 (TCC); [2010] TCC 132, Tech & Constr
Ct 308, 364 Pagano v HGS [1976] I RLR 9 415
Newcastle International Airport Ltd v Eversheds LLP Page One Records v Britton [1968] 1 WLR 157 257
[2012] EWHC 2648 (Ch), [2012] All ER (D) 20 (Oct) Page v Smith [1995] 2 All ER 736, HL 301, 323, 324,
267, 555 325, 651
Newman v Alarm Co. Ltd [1976] IRLR 45 477 Palmer v Tees Health Authority [1999] Lloyd’s Rep Med
Noble v David Gold & Sons (Holdings) Ltd [1980] IRLR 351, CA 331
252 456 Panesaar v Nestlé [1980] IRLR 64 446
Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunition Panorama Developments v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics
Co. Ltd [1894] AC 535 217, 649 Ltd [1971] 3 WLR 440, CA 568, 576
North Glamorgan NHS Trust v Walters [2002] EWCA Pao On v Lau Yiu Long Long [1980] AC 614, [1979] 3
Civ 1792 331–332 All ER 65, PC 196
Northumberland & Durham District Banking Co., ex Paris v Stepney Council [1951] AC 367 288
parte Bigge (1858) 28 LJ Ch 50 180 Parker v Clark 1960 1 WLR 286, CA 114
North Yorkshire County Council v Ratcliffe [1995] ICR ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis [2015] UKSC 254
833, HL 459 Parkinson v College of Ambulance [1925] 2 KB 1 210
Nottingham Patent Brick & Tile Co. Ltd v Butler (1886) Parks-Cramer Co. v Thornton Ltd [1966] RPC 407, CA
16 QBD 788 178 603, 615
Numatic Ltd v Qualtex [2010] EWHC 1237 (Ch) 611–12, Parsons v McLoughlin [1981] IRLR 65 477
619, 621 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 81, 82
Patel v Ali [1984] Ch 283 257
O’Brien v Associated Fire Alarms [1969] 1 All ER 93 484 Patel v Mirza [2014] EWCA Civ 1047, [2014] All ER (D)
Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc and Others 279 (Jul) 211–212, 225
[2009] UKSC 6, [2010] 1 AC 696 170 Payne v Cave 3 TR 148 10
Office of Fair Trading v Ashbourne Management Pearce v Brooks (1866) LR 1 Exch 213 208, 642
Services Ltd and Others [2011] EWHC 1237; [2011] Pennington v Surrey County Council and Surry Fire &
CTLC 237 164 Rescue Services [2006] EWCA Civ 1493, CA 415
Office of Fair Trading v Foxtons [2009] EWCA Civ 288, Pepper v Hart (1993, HL) 36, 39
[2009] 3 All ER 697 164 Pereira Fernandes (J) SA v Mehta [2006] 2 All ER 891 94
Ogwo v Taylor [1987] AC 431, HL 367, 399 Perry v Harris [2008] EWCA Civ 907 290, 292
Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel [1949] 1 All ER 127, Perry v Sidney Phillips & Son [1982] 1 WLR 1297, CA 250
CA 136 Peters v Fleming (1840) 6 M & W 42 220, 649
Omnibill (Pty) Ltd v Egpsxxx Ltd and Another [2014] Pharmaceutical Society (GB) v Boots Cash Chemists
EWHC 3762 (IPEC) 509–510 (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 All ER 482, CA 81
O’Neill v Symm & Co. Ltd [1998] ICR 481, [1998] IRLR Phillips Electronics NV v Remington Consumer Products
232, EAT 434, 468 [1998] RPC 283 608
Opel GmbH and Renault SA v Mitras Automotive Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 191, 192
[2008] EWHC 3205 (QB), [2008] CILL 2561 108–109, Phillips v William Whitely [1938] 1 All ER 566 290
196, 197 Phipps v Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB 450 371

xxviii Table of cases
Phones 4u Ltd v Phone4u.co.uk Internet Ltd [2006] R (On the application of Begum) v Headteacher and
EWCA Civ 244, CA 609 Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] 2 All ER
Phonogram v Lane [1982] QB 939, CA 523, 535 487, HL 49, 52
Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] 2 R (on the application of F and another) v Secretary of
WLR 283, HL 140 State for the Home Department [2010] 2 WLR 992
Pickstone v Freemans plc [1988] 2 All ER 803 457 46–47
Pierce v Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council R (on the application of Laporte) v Chief Constable of
[2007] EWHC 2968 (QB), reversed in part [2008] Gloucestershire Constabulary [2007] 2 All ER 529 47
EWCA Civ 1416, [2009] 1 FLR 1189, CA 340 R (On the application of Moos and Another) v
Pilkington v Wood [1953] 2 All ER 810 255 Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2011]
Pimlico Plumbers v Smith [2014] All ER (D) 88 (Dec) 405 EWHC 957 (Admin); [2011] All ER (D) 146 (Apr) 48
Pink Floyd Music v EMI Records [2010] EWCA Civ 1429, R (on the application of Pearson) v Secretary of State
[2011] 1 WLR 770 127 for the Home Department and Martinez; Hirst v
Pinnel’s case (1602) 5 Co. Rep 117 111, 109–110, 648 Attorney-General [2001] EWHC 239 (Admin) 45
Piper v JRI (Manufacturing) Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1344 R (On the application of Unison) v The Lord Chancellor
359 [2017] UKSC 51 490
Planché v Colburn (1831) 8 Bing 14 228 R & B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v United Dominions
PMS International Group v Magmatic [2016] UKSC 12 Trust [1988] 1 WLR 321, CA 163
601–602 Racing UK Ltd v Doncaster Racecourse Ltd and
Polemis & Furness, Withy & Co. Re [1921] 3 KB 560, Doncaster Borough Council [2005] EWCA Civ 999
[1921] All ER Rep 40, CA 299 266–267
Polkey v A.E. Dayton Services Ltd [1987] 3 All ER 974 480 Radmacher v Granatino [2010] 3 WLR 1367, SC 210
Porcelli v Strathclyde Regional Council [1986] IRLR 134, Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H&C 906 189
Scottish Court of Session 454 Rainbow Estates Ltd v Tokenhold [1998] 3 WLR 980 256
Poussard v Spiers & Bond (1876) 1 QBD 410 131, 240, Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] AC 224,
648 HL 458–459, 468
Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284 10, 92 Ramsay v Love [2015] EWHC 65 (Ch) 265
Power v Greater Manchester Police Authority see Ramsgate Hotel Co. v Montefiore (1866) LR 1 Exch 109
Greater Manchester Police Authority v Power [2010] 86
All ER (d) 173 (Oct) Ratcliffe v Evans [1892] 2 QB 524 624
Power v Panasonic (UK) Ltd [2003] IRLR 151, [2002] All Ratcliff v McConnell and Harper Adams Agricultural
ER (D) 297 (Nov) 435 College [1999] 1 WLR 670 304, 376, 399, 651
Pride & Partners v Institute for Animal Health and Rayfield v Hands [1958] 1 Ch 333, [1958] 2 All ER 194
Others [2009] EWHC 1617 (QB), [2009] NPC 56 312 528, 535
Prince of Wales (HRH) v Associated Newspapers Ltd RDF Media Group plc v Alan Clements [2007] EWHC
[2007] 2 All ER 139 596, 626 2892 (QB), [2008] IRLR 207 413, 425
Proactive Sports Management Ltd v Wayne Rooney and Read v Lyons & Co Ltd [1947] AC 156, [1946] 2 All ER
Others [2010] EWHC 1807 (QB) 215 471 387–388
Proform Sports Management Ltd v Pro-Active Sports Ready Mixed Concrete v Ministry of Pensions and
Management Ltd [2007] 1 All ER 542 221 National Insurance [1968] 2 WLR 627 391
PSG Franchising Ltd v Lydia Darby Ltd [2012] EWHC Real and Personal Advance v Palemphin (1893) 9 TLR
3707 (QB) 216 569 265
PSJ v Newsgroup Newspapers Plc [2016] EWCA Civ Re and Others v Huddersfield and Calderdale NHS
393 627 Foundation Trust [2017] EWHC 824 (QB) 325
PSM International v Whitehouse & Willenhall Ltd [1992] Reardon Smith Line v Hansen-Tangel [1976] 1 WLR 989,
FSR 489 626–627 HL 135
Redfearn v Serco Ltd (t/a West Yorkshire Transport
Quelch v Courtiers Support Services Ltd: 3313138/2020 Service) [2006] EWCA Civ 659, [2006] All ER (D) 366
481 (May), CA 445, 643–644
Quilter v Hodson Developments Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 181
1125 183 Reeves v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
Quinn v CC Automotive Group (t/a Carcraft) [2010] EWCA [2000] 1 AC 360, [1999] 3 WLR 363, HL 301, 305
Civ 1412; [2011] 2 All ER (Comm) 1412 268, 274, 280 Regazzoni v Sethia [1957] 3 All ER 286, HL 208

Table of cases xxix
Regus v Epcot Solutions Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 361, CA Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales [1974] AC
161 235, HL 133
Reid v PRP Architects [2006] EWCA Civ 1119, [2007] Scott v London and St Katherine Docks Co [1885] 3
ICR 78, CA 419, 420, 425 H&C 596 293, 651
Re Jon Beauforte (London) Ltd case, (1953) 1 Ch 131 Secretary of State for Work & Pensions v Wilson
530 UKEAT/0289/09/DA 438
Reveille Independent plc v Anotech International (UK) Sedleigh-Denfield v O’Callaghan [1940] AC 880, HL
Ltd [2016] EWCA 443 91, 93 383
Rickards v Lothian [1913] AC 263, [1911–13] All ER Rep Selectmove, Re [1995] 1 WLR 474, CA 109, 111
71, PC 387 Selsdon v Clarkson Wright [2012] UKSC 16, [2012] 3 All
Ritche v Atkinson (1808) 10 East 95 228 ER 1301 433
Ritchie (J & H) Ltd v Lloyd Ltd [2007] 2 All ER 353, Shah v TIAA Ltd UKEAT/0180/19/BA 437–438
[2007] 1 WLR 670, HL, reversing [2005] CSIH 3, IH Shanklin Pier Ltd v Detel Products Ltd [1954] 2 KB 854
153–154, 173 118
Roberts v North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust Shanks (Brooke) v Heat Source Solutions Ltd,
[2012] UKEAT/0085/11 438 4103660/2019 432
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police Shepherd v Jerrom [1987] QB 301 233
[2018] UKSC 4 286, 337, 343 Shergold v Fieldway Medical Centre [2006] ICR 304,
Robinson v Kilvert (1889) 41 Ch D 88, 58 LJ Ch 392, CA EAT 494
382 Shields v Coomes (Holdings) Ltd 1 All ER 456 456
Rodgers v Leeds Laser Cutting Ltd: [2022] EAT 69 482 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2002] 4 All ER 572, CA,
Rogers v Parish [1987] QB 933 166 affirming [2003] UKHL 62, [2004] 1 All ER 215, HL
Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 289, 371 193, 204
Ronayne v Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Sienkiewicz (Administratrix of the estate of Enid
Foundation Trust [2015] EWCA Civ 588 325 Costello deceased) v Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10
Rose & Frank Co. v J. R. Crompton & Bros [1925] AC 298
845 116 Simpkins v Pays [1955] 3 All ER 10, CA 114–115, 122
Routledge v Grant [1828] 4 Bing 653 10, 88 Smith and Grady v UK [1999] IRLR 734 461
Rowland v Divall [1923] 2 KB 500, CA 147 Smithton Ltd v Naggar and others [2014] EWCA Civ
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No. 2) [2001] 4 All ER 939 554
449, HL 201 Smith v Baker [1891] AC 325, HL 302
Royal College of Nursing v DHSS [1981] AC 800, HL 38, Smith v Eric S. Bush [1989] 2 WLR 790, HL 318, 321
39, 52 Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 178
Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson [1991] 2 QB 297 182 Smith v Hughes [1960] 1 WLR 830 37
Ruxley Electronics & Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1995] Smith v Land & House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7
3 All ER 268 247 176, 649
R v Registrar of Companies, ex parte Attorney-General Smith v Leech Brain & Co. Ltd [1962] 2 WLR 148 301,
[1991] 2 QB 197 525, 535 651
R v Shivpuri [1986] UKHL 2 640 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation [1987] 1 All ER 710,
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Association [1893] 1 Ch 116 256 HL 334, 651
Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330, [1861–73] All ER Société des Produits Nestlé SA v Cadbury UK [2017]
Rep 1, HL 305, 387, 388, 389 EWCA Civ 358 608
Soden v British Commonwealth Holdings plc [1997] 4
Sachs v Miklos [1948] 1 All ER 67 269, 280 All ER 383 529, 535
Sagar v H. Ridehalgh & Son Ltd [1930] All ER 288, CA Spartan Steel Alloys v Martin [1972] 3 WLR 502, CA
408 312, 313–314
Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd [1897] AC 22, HL 508, Spearmint Rhino Ventures UK Ltd v Revenue and
520, 656 Customs Commissioners [2007] STC 1252
Sandhar v Department of Transport [2004] EWCA Civ 263–264
1440, [2005] PIQR 13 311 Spencer-Franks v Kellogg Brown & Root Ltd [2008]
Saunders v UK (1997) 23 EHRR 313 517 UKHL 46, [2008] ICR 863, HL 419–420, 425
Sayers v Harlow Urban District Council [1958] 1 WLR Spring v Guardian Assurance [1994] 3 All ER 129, HL
623, CA 304 318

xxx Table of cases
St Albans City & District Council v International Thomas v BNP Paribas (2016) 486
Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 481, CA 158, 344 St Thomas v Eight Members Club and Killip (2007)
Helen’s Smelting CO. v Tipping (1865) 11 HLC 642, et/2202603/2007 431
HL 160, 348 Thomas v Thomas [1842] 2 QB 85 106
Stansbie v Troman [1948] 1 All ER 599, CA 335 Thompson v Smiths Ship Repairers Ltd [1984] 2 WLR
Stennett v Hancock [1939] 2 All ER 578 284, 285, 286, 522 290
348 Thorney Park Golf Ltd (t/a Laleham Golf Club) v Myers
Stephens v Avery [1988] 2 All ER 477 626 Catering Ltd [2015] EWCA Civ 1 127
Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 KBD 346 86 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 WLR 585, CA
Stewart v Casey (Casey’s Patent), Re [1892] 1 Ch 103, 136
CA 105 Tillery Valley Foods v Channel Four Television [2004]
St Helen’s Smelting Co v Tipping [1865] UKHL J81, HL EWHC 1075 (Ch) 631
379 TMO Renewables Ltd (in liquidation) v Yeo and others
Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317 107, 108, 109, 641 [2021] EWHC 2033 (Ch) 557
St John of God (Care Services) Ltd v Brooks [1992] ICR Tomlinson v Congleton Borough Council [2003] UKHL
715, EAT 480, 494 47, [2004] 1 AC 46, HL, reversing [2002] EWCA Civ
Stocks v Wilson [1913] 2 KB 235 222 309, [2004] 1 AC 46, [2003] 3 All ER 1122, CA 365
Stocznia Gdanska SA v Latvian Shipping Co. (No. 3) 369, 377
[2002] EWCA Civ 889, [2002] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 436 242 Tool Metal Manufacturing Co. Ltd v Tungsten Ltd [1955]
Stone and Rolls (in liquidation) v Moore Stephens (a 2 All ER 657 112
firm) [2009] UKHL 39, [2009] 4 All ER 431, HL 508 Towers v Premier Waste Management Ltd [2011] EWCA
Stone v Taffe [1974] 1 WLR 1575, CA 305 Civ 923 [2012] IRLR 73 560, 561
Stovin v Wise [1996] 3 All ER 801 333 Trac Time Control Ltd v Moss Plastic Parts Ltd and
Stringfellow Restaurants Ltd v Quashie [2013] IRLR 99 Others [2005] All ER (D) 06 (Jan) 149
405 Transco plc v Stockport Corporation l [2003] UKHL 61,
Stuart Delivery Ltd v Augustine [2021] EWCA Civ 1514 [2004] 2 AC 1, HL, affirming [2001] EWCA Civ 212,
405 CA 388
Sturges v Bridgeman (1879) 11 Ch D 852 379, 385 Transfield Shipping Inc. v Mercator Shipping Inc. [2008]
Sumpter v Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673 229 UKHL 48, [2008] 4 All ER 159, HL 246–247
Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust v Norris Trebor Bassett Holidays and Cadbury UK Partnership v
(2012) UKEAT/0031/12/SM 434 ADT Fire & Security [2012] EWCA Civ 1158; [2012]
Sutton v Syston Football Club Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ All ER (D) 153 (Aug) 156
1182, [2011] All ER (D) 182 (Oct) 290 292, 295 Tribe v Tribe [1995] EWCA Civ 20 211
Sweet v Parsley [1969] 1 All ER 347, HL 40, 52 Trustees of Portsmouth Youth Activities Committee v
Sylvester v Chapman (1935) 79 SJ 77 303 Poppleton [2008] EWCA Civ 646, [2009] PIQR P1,
CA 373
Taittinger SA v Allbev Ltd [1993] FSR 641, CA 622–623 Tsakiroglou & Co. v Noblee Thorl GmbH [1961] 2 WLR
Tarling v Wisdom Toothbrushes [1997] IDS Brief 597, 633, HL 234
September 437 Tullet Prebon Group v Ghaleb El Hajjali [2008] EWHC
Taylorson v Shieldness Products Produce [1994] PIQR 1924 (QB), [2008] IRLR 760 253
P329, CA 330 T v Surrey County Council [1994] 4 All ER 577 316, 322
Taylor v Alidair [1978] IRLR 82 476 Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B & S 393, [1861–73] All
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B&S 826 231 ER Rep 369, Ct of QB 117, 648
Taylor v Ladbrokes Betting & Gaming Ltd
UKEAT/0353/15/DA 434 UK Atomic Energy Authority v Claydon [1974] IRLR 6 409
Taylor v Novo (UK) Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 194, [2013] All
ER (D) 167 (Mar) 332
Teggart v Teletech UK Ltd 2012 NIT 00704/11 477 Vahey v Kenyon [2013] EWCA Civ 658, [2013] All ER (D)
Tesco Stores Ltd and Antoerh v Pollard [2006] EWCA 152 (Jun) 179
Civ 393 358 Valencia v Lupar 2012] EWCA Civ 396 501
Tetley v Chitty [1986] 1 All ER 663 384 Valilas v Janusaj [2014] EWCA Civ 436 134, 142
Thomas Sanderson Blinds Ltd v English [2008] EWCA Venables v News Group Newspapers [2001] 1 All ER
Civ 1421, (2009) The Times, 5 January, 2009 462 908 517

Table of cases xxxi
Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries Ltd [1949] 1 All Whittington v Seal-Hayne (1900) 82 Lt 49 185
ER 997, CA 245 Wieland v Cyril Lord Carpets [1969] 3 All ER 1006
Vidal-Hall v Google Inc [2015] EWCA Civ 311 633, 636, 300–301
658 Williams and Another v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd
Vitol SA v Norelf [1996] 3 All ER 193, HL 241–242 and Mistlin [1998] 2 All ER 577, HL 510, 520
Vivendi SA & Centenary Holdings III Ltd v Richards and William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire County Council
Bloch [2013] EWHC 3006 553 [1993] EWCA Civ 14, [1994] 1 WLR 1016 184–185,
204
Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] 1 All Williams v Bayley (1866) LR 1 HL 200, HL 198, 649
ER 737 416 Williams v Roffey Bros [1990] 1 All ER 512, CA 108,
Walmesley v UDEC [1972] IRLR 80 410 109, 111, 121, 122
Ward v Tesco [1976] 1 WLR 810 293 Williams v Settle [1960] 1 WLR 1072 597, 615
Warner Bros v Nelson [1936] 3 All ER 160 258, 650 Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] 2 WLR
Warner v Armfield Retail & Leisure Ltd [2014] UK EAT 232 557, HL, reversing [1987] QB 730, [1986] 3 All ER
Warren v Henlys Garage Ltd [1948] 2 All ER 935 393 801, CA 290, 295, 296
Watford Electronics v Sanderson [2001] EWCA Civ 317, Wilson and Another v Burnett [2007] EWCA Civ 1170,
[2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 696, [2001] BLR 143, [2002] [2007] All ER (d) 372 (Oct), CA 115
FSR 19, (2001) 3 TCLR 14, [2001] Masons CLR 57 Wilson v Haden [2013] All ER (D) 145 (Mar) 289
160–161, 173 Wilson v Rickett Cockerell Ltd [1954] 1 QB 598 150
Watson and Others v Croft Promo-Sport Ltd [2009] Wilts United Dairies Ltd v Thomas Robinson & Sons Ltd
EWCA Civ 16, [2009] EG 86 380, 381 [1958] RPC 94 625
Watt v Hertfordshire County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835 Wiluszynski v London Borough of Tower Hamlets [1988]
292 IRLR 259, CA 410
Webb v EMO Cargo (No. 2) [1995] IRLR 645 442 Withers v Perry Chain Ltd [1961] 1 WLR 1314 288
Webster & Others v Liddington & Others [2014] EWCA With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575, CA 178, 649
Civ 560, CA 180 Wolman v Islington LBC [2006] EWCA Civ 1060, CA 38
Wells v Cooper [1958] 2 All ER 527, CA 290, 292 Woodland v Essex County Council [2013] UKSC 66,
West Bromwich Albion Football Club Ltd v El-Safty [2013] All ER (D) 252 (Oct) 396
[2007] EWCA Civ 1299 316 Woods v Tiu Travel Plc [2017] EWCA Civ 11 155
Wheat v Lacon [1966] 2 WLR 581, HL 368, 653 Wood v Scarth (1858) 1 F&F 293 194
Wheeler v Saunders Ca [1996] Ch 19, [1995] 2 All ER W v Edgell [1990] Ch 359 632
697 379
White & Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor 2 WLR 17, X v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 3 WLR 152, HL
HL 242 339, 340
White Hudson & Co. Ltd v Asian Organisation Ltd X v Mid Sussex Citizens Advice Bureau UKSC 59, [2013]
[1964] 1 WLR 1466, PC 619 1 All ER 1038 430
White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 105
White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1999] 1 All Yapp (John) v Foreign & Colonial Office [2014] EWCA
ER 1, HL 326, 327 Civ 1512 418
White v Jones [1995] 1 All ER 691, HL 315, 319 Young v Bristol Aeroplane Company [1944] 2 All ER 293
White v London Transport Executive [1971] 2 QB 721 413 41
White v Mellin [1895] AC 154 625
Whitlow v Alkanet Construction [1987] IRLR 321 479 Z and A v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 3 340

Table of statutes
Abortion Act 1967 s 32 526 s 175(2) 562

s 1(1) 38 s 33 528, 535 s 176 560
Administration of Justice Act 1969 Part 4 (ss 39–52) s 176(1) 560
60 s 39 531, 656 s 176(2) 560
Arbitration Act (AA) 1996 66 s 40 531, 554 s 176(3) 560
s 41(2) 531 s 176(4) 560
Business Names Act 1985 s 51 523–524 s 176(5) 560
s 4 505 Part 5 (ss 53–85) s 177 560, 561, 656
s 53 525 s 177(1) 560
Children Act 1989 56 s 58 526 s 178 561
Civil Aviation Act 1993 s 59 526 s 180(1) 560
s 76 305 s 66 525 s 182 560
Companies (Audit, Investigations s 82 525 s 182(1) 560–561
and Community Enterprise) Act s 83 526 s 182(5) 561
2004 569 Part 6 (ss 86–88) s 183 561
ss 21–24 588 s 86 471–472, 524 s 188 552
s 499 570 s 87 524 s 189 563
Companies Act 1985 502, 516, 531, Part 7 (ss 89–111) s 190 563
541, 555 ss 89–111 532 ss 197–214 563
s 3A 527 s 90 532 s 217 564
s 317 560 s 91 532 s 239 586
s 431 588 s 94 532 s 251 553
s 432 588 Part 10 (ss 154–259) s 252 553
s 459 585 s 154 551 Part 11 (ss 260–269)
Companies Act 1989 506 s 157 551 Chapter 11 585–586, 589,
s 3A 527 s 162 551 591
s 35 531 s 163 551 s 260 585, 592
Companies Act 2006 27, 505–506, s 167(5) 565 s 260(1) 585
516, 534, 535, 548, 555–558, s 168 565, 582, 656 s 261 585, 586
574, 645, 654 s 169 565 s 262 585, 586
Part 2 (ss 7–16) s 170(1) 558 s 263 543, 585, 586
s 7 524 s 170(4) 558 s 264 585
s 8 524 s 170(5) 553 Part 12 (ss 270–280)
ss 9–13 524–525 s 171 558, 559 s 270 566
ss 14–16 526 s 172 558, 559, 564, 573 s 270(3) 506
s 17 526 s 172(1) 558, 563, 645, 656 s 273 567
Part 3 (ss 17–38) s 173 558, 559 Part 13 (ss 281–361)
s 19 526 s 173(1) 559 s 281 582
s 21 529 s 174 558, 559, 656 s 288(2) 582
s 28 526 s 174(2) 559–560 s 291 582
s 31(1) 528 s 175 560 s 292 582
s 31(2) 528 s 175(1) 562 s 301 583

Table of statutes xxxiii
s 303 580 Company Directors Disqualification s 45 167

s 306 580 Act 1986 (CDDA 1986) 566 s 46 167, 168
s 307 579, 580 Compensation Act 2006 291–294 s 49 168
s 308 581 s 1 291–292, 372 s 50 168, 175, 204
s 310 581 s 3 297–298 s 51 168
s 311 581 s 3(5) 297 s 52 168
s 318 581 Competition Act 1998 207 s 55 168
s 336 579 Constitutional Reform Act (CRA) s 56 168
s 338 583 2005 s 57 168, 648
Part 16 (ss 475–539) s 23 59 Part 2 (ss 61–76) 169–170
s 477 569 Consumer Arbitration Act 1988 67 s 61 169
s 485(2) 569 Consumer Credit Act 1974 33, 78 s 62 169
s 487 507 Consumer Credit Act 2006 78 s 64 169
s 487(2) 569 Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 65 170, 648
s 488 569 (CPA 1987) 20, 346, 353–362, s 66 170
s 489(2) 569 363, 652 s 67 170
s 490 569 Part I (ss 1–9) s 68 169
s 499 570 s 1 355–356 Part 3 (ss 77–101) 170
s 510 582 s 2 355, 356 s 83 277
s 515 582 s 2(1) 354, 355 Sch 2 169
s 518 580 s 3 356–358 Sch 3 170
Part 17 (ss 540–657) s 4 358, 359, 361, 652 Consumers, Estate Agents and
s 542 539 s 5 361 Redress Act 2007 276
s 553 541 Part II (ss 10–19) 361 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties)
s 561 589, 591 Part V (ss 36–50) Act 1999 102, 103, 105, 642, 648
s 580 527, 541 s 46 355 s 1 119
s 582 541 Consumer Rights Act 2015 (CRA) s 2 119
s 610 541 20, 27, 130, 140, 141, 145, 153, s 5 119
s 630 589, 591 155, 158, 164, 171, 173, 181, s 6 119–120
s 656 580 319, 373 s 7 120
Part 18 (ss 658–737) Part 1 (ss 1–60) 165–169 s 7(2) 157
Chapter 4 541–542, 656 s 2 165 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
s 658 542 s 9 165 1988 (CDPA 1988) 657
s 684 540 s 10 165 Part I (ss 1–179)
s 690 541, 542, 656 s 11 165 s 1 595
s 691 542, 656 s 12 165 s 2 595
s 692 542 s 13 165 s 3 595–596
s 693 542 s 14 165 s 4 596
Part 21 (ss 768–790) s 15 165–166 ss 9–11 597
s 769 543 s 16 166 ss 12–15 597
s 776 543 s 17 165 ss 17–21 598
Part 24 (ss 853A–859) s 20 167 ss 22–26 598
s 855 567 s 22 166, 649 ss 29–40 598
s 856 567 s 23 166, 167, 649 s 85 597
s 857 567 s 24 166 s 96 598
s 858 568 s 31 167 s 107 598
Part 30 (ss 994–999) s 34 167 s 144 598
s 994 585–586, 587, 588, s 35 167, 168 ss 154–158 596
591, 592, 657 s 36 165, 167, 168 s 163 597
s 995 588 s 37 167 Part II (ss 180–212) 596, 599
s 996 587 s 41 167, 168 Part III (ss 213–264) 599, 657
Part 41 (ss 1192–1208) s 43 167 s 213(2) 600
s 1202 505 s 44 167 s 213(4) 600

xxxiv Table of statutes
s 213(6) 600 s 100(1)(d) 482 s 14 428

s 215 600 s 100(1)(e) 482 s 15 436, 438, 439
s 216 600 s 102 482 s 16 440
ss 217–220 600 s 103 482 s 18 443
s 222 600 s 103A 482 s 18(2) 442, 654
s 226 600 s 104 482 s 18(4) 443
s 227 600 s 105 482, 483 s 18(5) 442
s 229 600 s 105A 482 s 18(6) 442
s 237 600 s 108 445, 643 s 19 428, 440, 448, 454, 462
s 238 600 s 108(4) 483 s 19(1)(b) 446
s 240 600 s 113 490 s 19(2) 433
s 243 600 s 114 491 s 19(2)(d) 428, 446
Coronavirus Act 2020 33 s 117 491 s 19(3) 436
Corporate Manslaughter and s 119 491 s 20 436–437, 438, 439
Corporate Homicide Act 2007 s 120A 491 s 21 437–438
(CMCH 2007) s 123 491 s 23 428, 431, 436
s 1 512 s 136 484 s 23(3) 461
s 1(2) 512 s 138(1) 485 s 24 428
s 2 512 s 138(2) 485 s 26 429–430, 434, 454, 462, 653
Countryside and Rights of Way Act s 139 484 s 26(2) 454
2000 375 s 209 473 s 27 430, 434
Courts and Legal Services Act s 227 485 s 40 434, 454, 462
(CLSA) 1990 56, 64 s 230(3) 404, 405 s 44 505
Criminal Justice Act 1993 656 Employment Tribunals Act 1996 s 45 505
Pt IV 571 490 s 60 439
Enterprise and Regulatory Reform s 61 458
Damages (Asbestos-related Act 2013 (E&RRA 2013) 418, s 64(2) 457
Conditions) (Scotland) Act 2009 429, 445, 466, 472, 482, s 65 455
325 489–490 s 66 453, 455
Data Protection Act 2018 22 Environmental Protection Act 1990 s 67 455
Defective Premises Act 1972 (DPA) 386 s 67(1) 458
s 1(1) 315 Equal Pay Act 1970 (EPA 1970) 455, s 69 458
Deregulation Act 2015 492 458 s 71 458
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Equality Act 2010 27, 82, 426 s 73 459
(DDA 1995) 434 s 1 465 s 74 459, 654
s 4 427, 442 s 75(1)–(6) 459
Emergency Powers Act 1939 33 s 5 431 s 75(9) 459
Emergency Powers Act 1984 33 s 6(1) 434 s 77 460
Employer’s Liability (Defective s 7 440 s 77(3) 460
Equipment) Act 1969 415 s 8 441 s 78 460
Employment Relations Act 1999 s 9 443, 444, 445 s 109 430
482, 485, 491 s 9(1) 443 s 109(3) 430
s 12 483 s 9(2) 443 s 109(4) 462
s 14 483 s 9(4) 443 s 110 430
Sch 5 483 s 10 448 s 132 460
Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA s 10(1) 448 s 138(4) 460
1996) 27, 69, 423, 472 s 11 452, 653 s 138(5) 460
s 1 406, 653 s 12 461 s 144(1) 66
s 86 471, 472 s 13 427–428, 431, 432, 435, s 149 464, 465, 467
s 98 475, 486 440, 443, 446, 448, 453, 462 s 149(1) 465
s 98(4) 480 s 13(2) 433 s 153 465
s 99 482 s 13(3) 436 s 159 465, 467
s 100 482 s 13(5) 446 Sch 1 434

Table of statutes xxxv
Sch 1(9) 435 Insolvency Act 1986 110, 514, 533, s 2(3) 374
Sch 9(1) 429, 433, 436, 446, 566 s 2(3)(a) 370, 371
453, 653, 654 s 124A 588 s 2(3)(b) 371
Sch 9(1)(3) 442 s 213 511 s 2(4) 372
Sch 9(2) 451 s 214 559, 562, 656 s 2(5) 374
Sch 9(3) 441, 452, 462 Intellectual Property Act 2014 602, s 2(6) 368
Sch 19 464 606, 607 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 (OLA
Estate Agents Act 1979 276 Interpretation Act 1978 35 1984) 366, 369, 372, 374–377,
EU Withdrawal Act 2020 17 397, 652
European Communities Act 1972 Joint Stock Act 1844 644 s 1(3) 375
402, 527 s 1(4) 376
s 2 33 Law of Property (Miscellaneous s 2(9) 377
s 9(1) 531 Provisions) Act 1989 77 Offices, Shops and Railway
European Union Withdrawal Act Law Reform (Contributory Premises Act 1963 422
2018 22 Negligence) Act 1945 255, 304 Official Secrets Act 1920 37
European Union (Withdrawal) Act Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts)
2020 (EU(WA) 2020 402, 403 Act 1943 230, 258 Parliament Act 1911 33
s 1(2) 237, 238 Parliament Act 1949 33
Factories Act 1802 420 s 1(3) 238 Partnership Act 1890 27, 501, 502,
Factories Act 1961 418 Limitation Act 1980 655
Factors Act 1889 s 11A 361 Patents Act 1977 (PA 1977)
s 1 277 Limited Liability Act 1855 644 ss 1–4 603
Financial Services and Markets Act Limited Liability Partnerships Act s 2 603
2000 506, 541 2000 504 s 13 605
Firearms Act 1968 36 Limited Partnerships Act 1907 ss 14–19 605–606
Food Safety Act 1990 20 503–504 s 30 606
s 39 604
Gender Recognition Act 2004 441 Marine Insurance Act 1906 178 s 40 605
Growth and Infrastructure Act 2013 Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act s 46 606
404 2004 441 s 48 607
Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) s 55 607
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act s 2 276 s 60 606
1974 55, 422, 424, 513, 653 s 9 276 ss 109–113 607
s 2 420–421 s 11 276 Patents Act 2004 (PA 2004)
s 3 421 Minimum Wage Act 1998 411 s 1 604
s 7 421 Minors’ Contracts Act 1987 224 s 10 605
s 21 422 s 1 222 Pensions Act 1995
s 23 422 s 2 222 ss 62–66 458
s 24 422 s 3 222 Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933
s 47 418 Misrepresentation Act 1967 81
s 47(2) 418 s 2 185 Powers of Attorney Act 1971
Health and Safety (Offences) Act s 2(1) 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, s 4 276
2008 422 202, 321 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
Housing Act 1985 384 s 2(2) 183, 184, 185, 186, 202 s 41(1) 509
Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) 17, s 2(3) 184, 185 Protection from Harassment Act
27, 43–50, 51, 52, 305–306, s 3 181 1997 395
340, 390, 466, 516–518, 519, Protection of Birds Act 1954 81
619, 632–633, 643, 658 Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 (OLA Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
s 2 44, 49 1957) 35, 366, 367, 368–374, 482
s 3 44–45, 49 376, 397, 398, 643, 652
s 4 45 s 1(3) 368 Race Relations Act 1976 (RRA 1976)
s 6 44, 49 s 2(1) 373, 374 443
s 8 45, 46 s 2(2) 369, 652 s 1(1)(a) 445

xxxvi Table of statutes
Registered Designs Act 1949 (RDA s 14(3) 146, 149, 151–152, Trade Descriptions Act 1968 55
1949) 599, 657 648 Trade Marks Act 1938 607
s 1 601 s 15 146, 152–153, 361, 648 Trade Marks Act 1994 526, 607,
s 2 602 s 20 167 623
s 7 602 s 23 167 s 1 607
s 8 602 s 24 166 s 3 608
s 10 602 s 31 167 s 4 609
s 11A 602 s 35 153–154, 648 s 5 609
s 34 603 s 35(6) 153 s 10 609
s 35 603 s 50 247 s 29 611
Sch 1 603 s 57 87 s 32 609
Representation of the People Act Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (SDA s 37 609
1983 45 1975) 440, 442, 452, 458 s 38 609
Restriction of Offensive Weapons s 3 441 s 40 609
Act 1959 Small Business, Enterprise and Trade Union and Labour Relations
s 1(1) 37, 81 Employment Act 2015 (SBEEA (Consolidation) Act 1992
Retail Price Index (Employment 2015) (TULR(C)A)
Relations Act 1999) s 80 544 s 152 483
s 29 491 s 87 552 s 238A 483
s 89 553 Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement
Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 s 92 568 Act 2007 69
129–130, 145 s 150 492
Sale of Goods Act 1893 144 s 152 411 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA) 129, s 153 412 (UCTA) 141, 145, 162–163, 164,
145, 146–154, 158, 162, 171, s 178 460 171, 181, 373
172, 361, 648 Sch 3 544 s 1(3) 157
s 2(1) 146 Social Action, Responsibility and s 2 157, 319, 374, 648
s 3 219, 220, 222 Heroism 2015 292 s 2(1) 157
s 8 80 s 2 292 s 2(2) 157
s 12 146, 147, 648 s 3 292 s 3 158, 161, 321
ss 12–15 146 Statute of Frauds 1677 78 s 6 158, 163
s 13 146, 147–149, 152, 153, Street Offences Act 1959 37 s 6(4) 158
361, 648 Supply of Goods and Services Act s 7 158, 163
s 14 150, 151, 152, 361 1982 (SGSA) 146, 154–157, 171, s 11 158
s 14(2) 149–151, 648 361 s 11(1) 158
s 14(2A) 149 Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) s 11(3) 158
s 14(2B) 149 Act 1973 (SGIT) 146, 171 s 12 163
s 14(2C) 150 ss 8–11 157 Sch 2 158

Table of statutory instruments
Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes (Amendment) Regulations 2015 68–69
Civil Procedure Rules (CPR), SI 1998/3120 60–63

Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment)
(Amendment) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/16
reg 3 487
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1277 274
Companies (Single Member Private Limited Companies) Regulations 1992, SI 1992/1699 506
Company, Limited Liability Partnership and Business (Names and Trading Disclosures)
Regulations 2015, SI 2015/17 525
Company, Limited Liability Partnership and Business Names (Sensitive Words and Expressions)
Regulations 2014, SI 2014/3140 525
Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013, SI
2013/3134 168, 649
Consumer Protection Act 1987 (Product Liability) (Modification) Order 2000, SI 2000/2771 356
Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1277 82
Consumer Protection (Amendment) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/870 82
Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 1996, SI 1996/2967 599
Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, SI 2003/2498 599
Copyright and Rights in Performances (Quotation and Parody) Regulations 2014/2356 598
Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC 94

Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2013 82
reg 11 94
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, SI 2006/1031 431
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003, SI 2003/1660 447
Employment Equality (Repeal of Retirement Age Provisions) Regulations 2011, SI 2011/1069
433
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, SI 2003/1661 461
Employment Rights (Employment Particulars and Paid Annual Leave) (Amendment) Regulations
2018, SI 2018/1378 406
Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983, SI 1983/1794 455
Equality Act (Gender Pay Gap) Regulations 2017, SI 2017/172 460
General Data Protection Regulations 2016, SI 2016/679 22
Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020, SI 2020/129 33
Legislative Reform (Limited Partnerships) Order 2009, SI 2009/1940 504
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992, SI 1992/2051 422

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3242 418, 421

xxxviii Table of statutory instruments
Partnership (Unrestricted Size) No. 17 Regulations 2001, SI 2001/2422 502

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, SI 1998/2306
reg 3(2) 419
reg 5(1) 419
Redress Schemes for Lettings Agency Work and Property Management Work (Requirement to
Belong to a Scheme etc) (England) Order 2014, SI 2014/2359 277
Registered Designs (Amendment) Rules 2001, SI 2001/3950 601, 657
Registered Designs (Fees) Amendment Rules 2001, SI 2001/3951 601, 657
Registered Designs Regulations 2001, SI 2001/3949 601
Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 2002/3045 162

Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999, SI 1999/1102 440
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 1981, SI 1981/1794 (TUPE

1981) 486
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006, SI 2006/246 (TUPE
2006) 486, 488, 489, 493, 654
Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 2014, SI
2014/16 (TUP£ 2014) 488, 489
Unfair Dismissal and Statement of Reasons for Dismissal (Variation of Qualifying Period) Order
2012, SI 2012/989 473
Unfair Dismissal (Variation of the Limit of Compensatory Award) Order 2013, SI 2013/1949 491
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, SI 1999/2083 (UTCCR) 145, 163–164, 169
Working Time Regulations 1998, SI 1998/1833 409
Zero Hours Contracts (Redress) Regulations 2015, SI 2015/2021 412

Table of European and
International legislation
European Community legislation

Treaties
Patent Cooperation Treaty, 613
Single European Act 1987, 29
Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, 30, 31
Treaty of Lisbon 2009
Art 50, 31
Treaty of Nice 2003, 30
Art 203, 28
Treaty of Rome 1957
Art 119 (Now Art 141), 30
Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) 1992, 27, 30
Protocols
Madrid Protocol on International Registration of Trade Marks 1995, 613
Directives
Directive 75/117/EC (Equal Pay Directive), 455
Directive 77/187/EEC (Acquired Rights Directive), 486, 487
Directive 85/374/EC (Product Liability Directive), 353
Directive 89/92/EC (Insider Dealing Directive), 571
Directive 89/667/EEC (First Company Law Directive), 531
Directive 91/13/EC (Unfair Terms Directive), 163
Directive 92/85/EC (Pregnant Workers Directive), 442
Directive 93/104/EC (Working Time Directive), 409
Directive 99/34/EC (Product Liability Directive), 356
Directive 2000/31/EC (E-Commerce Directive), 94
Directive 2000/78/EC (Equality Framework Directive), 447, 461
Directive 2001/29/EC (European Community Directive), 599
Directive 2002/73/EC (Equal Treatment Amendment Directive), 431
Directive 2006/54/EC (Equal Treatment Directive), 442
Directive 2011/83/EU (Consumer Rights Directive), 164
Regulations
Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes (Amendment) Regulations 2015, 68
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2016, 22

xl Table of European and International legislation
International Conventions
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886, 613
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (ECHR), 17, 26,
43–44, 619
Art 2, 44, 47, 338
Art 3, 45
Art 5, 44, 46, 47, 48
Art 5(1), 48
Art 6, 44, 337, 517
Art 8, 47, 340, 389, 441, 461, 517, 632, 633
Art 9, 44, 49, 448
Art 10, 44, 45, 47, 517, 643
Art 11, 44, 47
Art 12, 441
Art 13, 461
Art 14, 441, 461
Protocol 1, 389
Art 1, 389, 516
Art 2, 44, 49
Interlaken Convention 2011, 50
Universal Copyright Convention, 613

1
PART
Introduction:
getting started
M01 Law for Business Students 40484.indd 1 17/03/2023 14:45

Study skills
Introduction
This chapter, which aims to help acquire the skills essential to the successful study of
law, is divided into four sections:
1 starting to study;
2 good study habits;
3 writing law assignments;
4 revision and examination technique.
Starting to study
Get rid of misconceptions
Many students will be studying law for the first time and as one component of a
course. Studying law is interesting and challenging. Contrary to common belief, the
study of law is not primarily concerned with ancient, dry and precise regulations that
have to be learnt by heart. The law as it is applied will have been decided in previous
cases that have come to court because the law was not precise and consequently
gave rise to the dispute. This text looks at how the law applies to real-life business
and social situations, which will enable legal principles to be applied to legal sit-
uations. Effective communication of understanding of those principles is the main
requirement for examination success.
While remembering all the cases by name and being able to quote extracts from
statutes would improve answers, this is impressive, but not essential.
Law is relevant
Remember that the law responds and develops as required by the society within
which it operates. For example, the Bribery Act 2010 was introduced to make the

1
law more effective in tackling corruption in relation to corporate activities whether
committed in the United Kingdom or abroad. The law affects people personally every
day of their lives. For example, it determines eligibility for a student loan, rights to
treatment under the National Health Service and entitlements and responsibilities as
a consumer, business, employer or employee.
Widen horizons
Studies will be more rewarding if law is not considered as something to be thought
about only when in class or reading a relevant text. The effects of many areas of the
law are widely reported and discussed in the media. Such reports can help to see
how the law works (or does not work), as well as being a reminder of what has been
studied. Keep up to date with the news, try to look at a quality newspaper and look
out for relevant TV and radio programmes. (Some suggestions for resources appear
in Appendix 1.) The internet is an excellent research tool. (Try visiting the websites
suggested by the web activity references at the end of Chapters 3–26.)
Make connections
The more one studies, the easier it gets. Studying law is rather like doing a large
jigsaw without the help of a picture – progress is initially slow while the framework is
established, but patience is rewarded. Once the picture begins to reveal itself, it can
be seen more easily how the different pieces fit together and then the task gets eas-
ier and quicker.
Try not to think of each topic as a separate entity to be ‘done’ and neatly filed
away in the memory. Exploit the links with other related topics; this aids both rec-
ollection and understanding. Exam and assignment questions may involve a legal
problem, raising issues about a number of different topics; the ability to see con-
nections is vital to an effective response. To help to do this, frequent cross-refer-
ences appear in the text. Pondering on the questions in the ‘Worth thinking about?’
boxes in this textbook, and maybe discussing these with fellow students, will help
with the process.

4 Part 1 Introduction: getting started
Read and practise, applying knowledge

Reading thoroughly and widely is essential; practising the written skills required by
the examinations is also crucial.
The study of law is interesting but can be challenging for those unfamiliar with legal
language and concepts. All may not be clear on first reading so be prepared to go back
and re-read a section that is not understood. (The chapter summaries may help to under-
stand the main points of each chapter.) Often it is best to try to get a general picture on
the first reading of a topic, continuing to read on even if it is not fully understood.
Get all the writing practice that is possible. Self-directed study will help to develop
legal writing skills and to prepare for assessments. Try the review questions and
assignments in this textbook. Prepare written answers to tutorial questions and be
prepared to participate when attending them. This is much more valuable (and more
fun) than listening silently to other people’s answers.
Good study habits

Create a structure for learning
Success in studies depends more on being well organised and developing a good
knowledge of the subject.
Time management
It is important that a reasonable amount of time each week is set aside for private
study, as this is a crucial supplement to the tuition received. Attending a lecture is the
first step towards understanding a topic, but this initial learning must be reinforced in
private study by reading and preparing for and participating in tutorials.
Students could produce a study timetable with realistic goals. Short bursts spread
across the week may be more manageable than aiming to study in lengthy blocks,
particularly in the early stages of the course.
Note-taking
Lecture notes are an essential lifeline. Perhaps use a loose-leaf folder and write on
one side of the paper only. That enables more notes to be added later on having
read the textbook.
Take some notes from personal reading, rephrasing with plenty of side headings.
Note the sources of any extra notes taken, as they may need to be cited later in an
assignment.
Take care to follow the correct academic referencing style. If an extract is copied,
be sure to use quotation marks and indicate the source. This will ensure that an idea

Another random document with
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argumento que pueda
desbaratarla, la cual os quiero
poner en término que me podáis
responder á ella si hallareis qué
poder decir para confundirla.
Antonio.—Proponed, que yo iré
respondiendo como supiere,
aunque, según la habéis
encarecido, desde agora me
puedo dar por concluso; pero
todavía tengo creído que no
faltará respuesta, y mejor de la
que vos pensáis.
Albanio.—Decidme: si un
religioso reza sus horas
canónicas con mucho cuidado y
devoción, y un seglar hace lo
mismo y en la misma igualdad,
¿cuál de ellos merecerá mayor
premio y será digno de más
gloria?
Antonio.—Paréceme que el
religioso, porque assí como
tendría mayor pena y mayor
castigo no cumpliendo con la
obligación que tiene sobre sí, assí
es justo que se le dé mayor
premio por hacerlo que es
obligado; que de otra manera
sería notorio agravio el que
recibiese, y como Dios sea juez
tan justo, quiere que sean iguales
en la gloria y en la pena, para que
el que fuere digno de más crecida
pena también lo sea para llevar
más crescida la gloria.
Albanio.—Lo cierto habéis
respondido, y de vuestra
respuesta sale la razón que he
dicho, y así me responded á lo
que diré: ¿cuál es digno de mayor
infamia, uno que es de muy buen
linaje y hace alguna vileza ó cosa
fea de que pueda ser
reprehendido, ó uno que ha
alcanzado valor por su sola
persona y comete la misma vileza
haciendo lo que no debe?
Antonio.—El que ha ganado el
merecimiento y valor por su
persona.
Albanio.—Pues ¿cómo puede
ser esso, que vos mesmo os
contradecís, porque esta razón
tiene la mesma fuerza que la
pasada? Claro es y notorio á
todos que mayor obligación tiene
un bueno á obrar cosas buenas y
virtuosas que uno que no lo es
tanto, digo en la calidad y linaje, y
así por esta obligación que tiene
sobre sí merece mayor premio y
honra en ser bueno siguiendo la
virtud de sus pasados, que no el
que es de bajo y oscuro linaje;
porque éste no está tan obligado
á usar de aquella bondad, y así
como al bueno se le ha de dar
mayor premio por esto, es digno
de mayor infamia si se desvía del
camino que fundó el que dió
principio á su linaje y siguieron los
que dél han procedido, y si es
digno de mayor infamia faltando á
su obligación, justo será que se le
dé mayor honra sin contradicción
ninguna.
Antonio.—Hermosa y fuerte
razón es la que, señor Albanio,
habéis traído, y argumento muy
aparente, aunque no dexa de
tener respuesta bastante, porque,
como suelen decir, debaxo de la
buena razón á veces está el
engaño, y asi lo está debaxo
desto que vos habéis dicho
cuando quisiéredes bien
entenderlo, porque yo no niego
que al que es de buen linaje y hijo
de buenos padres se le debe
mayor honra, siendo bueno, que
al que es de humilde linaje
aunque sea bueno; pero esto se
entiende cuando son igualmente
buenos, que bien podría ser
bueno el que es de buen linaje y
tener mayor bondad el que es de
más bajo estado; y en este caso
todavía me afirmo en que es
digno de mayor honra el que
mayor bondad tuviere; esto
podréis mejor entender por lo que
agora diré. Notorio es que
muchos romanos de oscuros y
bajos linajes hicieron hechos tan
valerosos que por ellos
merecieron ser recebidos en
Roma con muy honrados y
sumptuosos triunfos, y á algunos
dellos se les pusieron públicas
estatuas en los lugares públicos y
fueron tenidos y estimados como
dioses que decian, héroes entre
los hombres. No faltaban
juntamente en Roma algunos
hombres de antiguos y claros
linajes, muy virtuosos y sin
mancilla que les pudiese
embarazar la honra; pero con no
igualar en los hechos, ni en la
fortaleza y virtud del ánimo con
los otros, no se igualaban con
ellos en la honra que se les hacía,
antes eran tenidos y estimados en
menos. El rey David, pastor fué
que guardaba ganado, y en su
tiempo muchos varones sanctos y
virtuosos hubo que descendían
de sangre de reyes, á los que no
les faltaba virtud ni fortaleza; pero
con no igualarse en ellas ni en las
hazañas tan valerosas,
principalmente cuando mató á
Golias, no fueron tan honrados ni
tan estimados de las gentes como
lo fué el rey David. Y así podría
traeros otros diversos exemplos,
los cuales dexo por la prolixidad y
porque entre nosotros lo vemos
cada día; que dos hijos de un
padre y de una madre igualmente
buenos, si á algunos dellos por
permisión y voluntad de Dios
ayuda y le favorece la industria en
poder acabar y salir con hechos
más hazañosos, le tenemos y
estimamos por más honrado que
al otro.
Jerónimo.—Desa manera al
acaecimiento se ha de atribuir la
honra de los hombres y en él está
darla á los unos y quitarla á los
otros.
Antonio.—Principalmente se ha
de atribuir á Dios, pues todas las
cossas se gobiernan por su
summo poder y voluntad. Pero
con esto permite que algunos
sean más bien empleados que
otros, y así cuando unos se
ensalzan, otros se humillan y
abaten, que no pueden estar
todos en una igualdad. Y así
resolviendo me digo, que cuando
dos hombres, el uno de buen
linaje y el otro de no tan bueno,
fueren igualmente buenos, que ha
de ser preferido y antepuesto en
la honra el de buen linaje al otro,
y si no son iguales, siendo mejor
en virtud y fortaleza el que es
inferior en linaje ha de ser más
estimado y preferido; y conforme
á esto se ha de entender el
decreto sobredicho, porque la
razón que habéis dicho de que
merece mayor pena el bueno,
haciendo lo que no debe, que el
que no es tal como él, yo os lo
confieso que así es digno de
mayor gloria. Pero (como en lo
que arriba he dicho bien á la clara
yo he probado) el que tiene más
virtud y valor, aunque sea
desigual en linaje, ya se ha hecho
tan bueno con ello como el otro, y
aun mejor. Y así está ya puesto
debajo de la mesma obligación de
usar la virtud y bondad, y obligado
á la mesma pena. Lo que
entenderéis por un ejemplo que
diré: Si un fraile ha que es fraile
cuarenta años, y otro no ha más
de uno que hizo proffesión, ¿no
estará éste obligado á los
preceptos de la orden como el
otro? ¿y no pecará igualmente?
Albanio.—Aunque en parte le
relevaría no estar tan habituado á
las observancias de la orden;
pero si no es pecado por
inorancia, eso no puede negarse.
Antonio.—Pues lo mesmo es en
lo que tratamos; que cuando uno
se ensalza y engrandece con
virtudes y hazañas, hace
profesión en la orden de la honra,
de manera que tan obligado
queda á guardar los preceptos
della y conservarla como aquel
que de antiguo tiempo tiene esta
obligación, pues que á todos nos
obliga la naturaleza igualmente á
ser virtuosos, no quiero decir en
un mesmo grado, sino que nos
obliga á todos sin excetar alguno,
dexando la puerta abierta para
que sea vicioso, y á lo mesmo la
verdadera ley christiana que
tenemos y seguimos nos obliga
juntamente á todos, y desta
manera, si bien lo consideramos,
no tenemos por qué decir que es
más obligado á sustentar la honra
de sus antepasados uno que
desciende de claro y antiguo
linaje que uno que por si mesmo
la ha ganado de nuevo.
Albanio.—En fin, la común
opinión es contraria de lo que
decís, porque tienen en tanto una
antigua y clara sangre, que el que
della participa, siempre es
juzgado digno de mayor honra.
Antonio.—No entendemos qué
cosa es ser buena y clara la
sangre, pues ya conocemos qué
cosa es ser antigua. Por cierto á
muchos juzgamos de buena
sangre que la tienen inficionada y
corrompida de malos humores, y
dexando de ser sangre se vuelve
en ponzoña que, bebiéndola,
bastaría á matar á cualquier
hombre, y algunos labradores hay
viles y que no sabiendo apenas
quiénes fueron sus padres tienen
una sangre tan buena y tan pura
que ninguna mácula hay en ella.
Esta manera de decir de buena
sangre es desatino y un impropio
hablar. Pero dexando esto, yo
estoy espantado de las
confusiones, novedades,
desatinos que cada día vemos en
el mundo acerca desto de los
linajes; pluguiesse á Dios que
tuviesse yo tantos ducados de
renta en su servicio para no vivir
pobre, como hoy hay hidalgos,
pecheros y villanos que no
pechan, que en esto hay algunos
que se saben dar tan buena
maña, que gozan del privilegio
que no tienen, y otros hay tan
apocados y tan pobres, que no
son bastantes á defender su
hidalguía cuando los
empadronan, y assí la pierden
para sí y para sus descendientes.
Y assí hemos visto dos hermanos
de padre y madre ser el uno
hidalgo y pechar el otro, y ser el
uno caballero y el otro no
alcanzar á ser hidalgo. Algunos
de los que son hidalgos no hallan
testigos que juren de padre y
agüelo, como la ley lo manda;
otros que no lo son, hallan cien
testigos falsos que por poco
interese juran. Y assí anda todo
revuelto y averiguada mal la
verdad en este caso.
Jerónimo.—Así es, señor
Antonio, como vos lo decís, que
muchas veces lo he considerado
y aun visto por experiencia. Pero
decidme, ¿qué diferencia hay
entre hidalgo y caballero, que yo
no lo alcanzo?
Antonio.--Yo os la diré. En los
tiempos antiguos, los reyes
hacían hidalgos algunos por
servicios que les hacían ó por
otros méritos que en ellos
hallaban; á otros armaban
caballeros, que era mayor
dignidad, porque gozaban de más
y mejores essenciones; pero esto
se entendía en sus vidas, porque
después sus descendientes no
gozaban de más de ser hidalgos.
Los que eran caballeros se
obligaban á cumplir ciertas cosas
cuando recebían la orden de
caballería, como aun agora
parece por algunas historias
antiguas, y en los libros de
historias fingidas, que tomaron
exemplo de lo verdadero, se trata
más copiosamente, y por esta
causa eran en más estimados.
Agora no se usa aquella orden de
caballería, y así hay muy pocos
caballeros á los cuales nuestro
emperador ha dado este
previlegio ó por sus virtudes ó por
otros respetos, y con ser la mayor
dignidad de todas en la milicia,
puede tanto la malicia de las
gentes, que si antes que
hubiessen la orden de caballería
no eran de buen linaje, los llaman
por despreciados caballeros
pardos ó hidalgos de privilegio,
paresciéndoles que por ser en
ellos más antigua la hidalguía
tiene mayor valor, y dexando de
guardar en esto la verdadera
orden que se ha de tener. A los
hidalgos ricos llaman caballeros, y
á lo que creo es porque tienen
más posibilidad para andar á
caballo, que yo no veo otra causa
que baste, porque tan hidalgo es
un hidalgo que no tiene un
maravedí de hacienda como un
señor que tiene veinte cuentos de
renta, si, como he dicho, no es
armado caballero; y hay tan
pocos caballeros en Castilla, que
aunque el rey ha dicho algunos,
no sería muy dificultoso el número
dellos, y con todo esto no veréis
otra cosa, ni oiréis entre los que
presumen sino á fe de caballero,
yo os prometo como caballero, sin
que tengan más parte con ser
caballeros que quien nunca lo fué
ni lo soñó ser, ó diremos que
toman este nombre en muy ancho
significado porque el vulgo tiene
por caballero que es hombre rico
que anda á caballo. Desta
manera son todas las otras cosas
que tocan á esto de la honra, que
ningún concierto ni orden hay en
ellas, sino que cada uno juzga y
defiende como le parece y como
más hace á su apetito.
Albanio.—¿Sabéis, Antonio, qué
veo? Que cuando comenzamos
esta materia prometisteis de no
sentenciar en ella, y á lo que he
visto, por más que sentenciar
tengo vuestras palabras, pues
ningún lugar habéis dejado con
ellas para ser más estimados los
herederos de la honra que los que
por sí la ganaron, y no os veo tan
desapasionado en esto que
queráis volver atrás de lo que
habéis dicho en ninguna cosa.
Antonio.—Yo digo lo que siento,
y no por esso dejo de pensar que
habrá otros que lo sientan
differentemente y de manera que
tengan otras muchas razones
contrarias para contradecir lo que
he dicho, y así me pongo debaxo
de la correción de los que más
sabios fueren y mejor lo
entendieren; pero esto ha de ser
no les yendo en ello su propio
interese, que desta manera
podrán ser buenos jueces, como
vemos que lo fué Salustio que
cuando competía con Marco
Tulio, porque le iba su propia
pasión, fué del parecer vulgar,
mas cuando habló desapasionado
y como filósofo moral en la batalla
que escrebió del rey Ingurta dice
asi:
Quanto vita majorum plæclarior
est,
tanto posterorum socordia flagitior
est.
que quiere decir: cuanto la vida
de los antepasados fué más
illustre, tanto la pereza de los
descendientes es más culpada.
Y pues que ya hemos dicho
brevemente todo lo que alcanza á
nuestros claros juicios, y yo he
cumplido lo que quedé mejor que
he sabido, justo será que nos
vamos, que ya el sol tiene tanta
fuerza que no basta el frescor de
la verdura para resistirla.
Jerónimo.—Es ya casi medio día
y con el gusto de la cuestión no
hemos sentido ir el tiempo.
Caminemos, porque no hagamos
falta, que ya el conde habrá
demandado la comida.
Finis.
COLLOQUIO
PASTORIL
En que un pastor llamado

Torcuato cuenta á otros dos
pastores llamados Filonio y
Grisaldo los amores que tuvo
con una pastora llamada
Belisia. Va compuesto en
estilo apacible y gracioso y
contiene en sí avisos
provechosos para que las
gentes huyan de dexarse
vencer del Amor, tomando
enxemplo en el fin que
tuvieron estos amores y el
pago que dan á los que
ciegamente los siguen, como
se podrá ver en el proceso
deste colloquio.
Á LOS LECTORES DICE LAS

CAUSAS QUE LE
MOVIERON Á PONER ESTE
COLLOQUIO CON LOS
PASSADOS.
Bien cierto estoy que no faltarán
diferentes juicios para juzgar esta
obra, como los hay para todas las
otras que se escriben, y que
aunque haya algunos á quien les
parezca bien, habrá otros que
tendrán otro parecer diferente y
murmurarán diciendo que no fué
bien acertado mezclar con los
colloquios de veras uno de burlas,
como es el que se sigue, y que yo
debiera excusarlo assí, y quiero
decir los motivos que para ello
tuve y me parecieron bastantes,
en los cuales pude acertar y
también he podido engañarme,
que creo que habrá assimesmo
en esto diversos pareceres como
en lo pasado. Lo primero que me
movió, fué que, dirigiendo este
libro al Sr. D. Alonso Pimentel, y
estando su señoría en edad tan
tierna, cuando viniese á leer
cosas más pesadas que
apacibles, como son las que se
tratan en estos colloquios, que
por ventura se enfadaría dellas, y
convenía hallar en qué mudar el
gusto para tomar más sabor en lo
que se leyese, y así quise poner
por fruta de postre la que también
podrá servir en el medio cuando
entre manjar y manjar quisiere
gustar della; y demás desto, no
dexa de tener en sí este colloquio
muy buenos enxemplos y dotrina,
pues se podrá entender por él el
fin que se sigue de los amores
que se siguen con vanidad, y
cuán poca firmeza se suele hallar
en ellos. También en la segunda y
tercera parte se hallarán algunas
cosas que, considerándolas, se
sacará dellas muy gran provecho,
pues tienen más sentido en sí del
que en la letra parece; y sin estas
causas que he dado, parecióme
que podría yo hacer lo que otros
autores muy graves hicieron sin
ser reprehendidos por ello, y que
tenía escudo y amparo en su
enxemplo contra las lenguas de
los que de mí por esta causa
murmurar quisiessen.
El primero es el poeta Virgilio, que
con los libros de La Eneida,
siendo obra tan calificada, no le
pareció mal poner las Bucólicas,
que tratan cosas de amores, y los
Parvos, que son todos de burlas y
juegos. El poeta Ovidio también
mezcló con sus obras el de Arte
amandi y el de Remedio amoris.
Eneas Silvio, que después se
llamó el papa Pío, escribió cosas
muy encarecidas y con ellas los
Amores de Eurialo Franco y
Lucrecia Senesa. Luciano, autor
griego, con los colloquios de
veras mezcló algunos de burlas y
donaires, y también puso con
ellos los libros en que escribe el
Mundo nuevo de la luna,
fingiendo que hay en ella
ciudades y poblaciones de gentes
y otras cosas que van pareciendo
disparates. Petrarca muchas
obras escribió en que se mostró
muy gran teólogo y letrado, y no
por esto dexó de poner entre ellas
la que hizo sobre los amores que
tuvo con madona Laura, y así yo
pude escribir el colloquio que se
sigue con los pasados, teniendo
por mi parte tantos autores con
quien defenderme de lo que fuere
acusado. Y si estas razones y
excusas no bastaren, bastará
una, y es que á los que les
pareciere mal no lo lean y hagan
cuenta que aquí se acabaron los
colloquios, que para mí basta
solamente que á quien van
dirigidos se satisfaga de mi
intención, la cual ha sido de
acertar á servir en esto y en todo
lo que más pudiere hacerlo, como
soy obligado.
Torquemada.
COLLOQUIO PASTORIL
En que se tratan los amores de

un pastor llamado Torcato con
una pastora llamada Belisia: el
cual da cuenta dellos á otros
dos pastores llamados Filonio
y Grisaldo, quexándose del
agravio que recibió de su
amiga. Va partido en tres
partes. La primera es del
proceso de los amores. La
segunda es un sueño. En la
tercera se trata la causa que
pudo haber para lo que Belisia
con Torcato hizo.
INTERLOCUTORES
Grisaldo.—Torcato.—Filonio.
Filonio.—¿Qué te parece,
Grisaldo, de las regocijadas y
apacibles fiestas que en estos
desposorios de Silveida en
nuestro lugar hemos tenido, y con
cuánto contento de todos se ha
regocijado? Que si bien miras en
ello, no se han visto en nuestros
tiempos bodas que con mayor
solemnidad se festejasen, ni en
que tantos zagales tan bien
adrezados ni tantas zagalas tan
hermosas y bien ataviadas y
compuestas se hayan en uno
juntado.
Grisaldo.—Razón tienes,
Filonio, en lo que dices, aunque
yo no venga del todo contento,
por algunos agravios que en ellas
se han recibido, que á mi ver han
sido en perjuicio de algunos
compañeros nuestros, que con
justa causa podrán quedar
sentidos de la sinrazón que
recibieron. Y porque no eres de
tan torpe entendimiento que tu
juicio no baste para haber
conocido lo que digo, dime, así
goces muchos años los amores
de Micenia y puedas romper en
su servicio el jubón colorado y
sayo verde con la caperuza azul y
zaragüelles que para los días de
fiesta tienes guardados, ¿no fué
mal juzgada la lucha entre
Palemón y Melibeo dándose la
ventaja á quien no la tenía y
poniendo la guirnalda á quien no
la había merecido; que si tuviste
atención no fué pequeña ventaja
la que tuvo el que dieron por
vencido al que por vencedor
señalaron?
Filonio.—Verdaderamente,
hermano Grisaldo, bien
desengañado estaba yo de que el
juicio fué hecho más con afición
que no con razón ni justicia;
porque puesto caso que Palemón
sobrepujase en fuerzas á
Melibeo, no por eso se le debía
atribuir la victoria, pues nunca le
dió caída en que ambos no
pareciesen juntamente en el
suelo, y demás desto, si bien
miraste la destreza de Melibeo en
echar los traspiés, el aviso en
armar las zancadillas, la buena
maña en dar los vaivenes,
juzgarás que no había zagal en
todas estas aldeas que en esto
pudiese sobrepujarlo; y cuando
Palemón con sus fuertes brazos
en alto lo levantaba, así como
dicen que Hércules hizo al
poderoso Anteo, al caer estaba
Melibeo tan mañoso que, apenas
con sus espaldas tocaba la tierra,
cuando en un punto tenía á
Palemón debaxo de sí, que quien
quiera que le viera más
dignamente le juzgara por
victorioso que por vencido. Pero
¿qué quieres que hiciese el buen
pastor Quiral, puesto por juez,
que por complacer á su amada
Floria le era forzado que, con
justicia ó sin ella, diese la
sentencia por Palemón su
hermano?
Grisaldo.—Si al amor pones de
por medio, pocas cosas justas
dexarán de tornar injustamente
hechas. Y dexando la lucha, no
fué menos de ver el juego de la
chueca, que tan reñido fué por
todas partes, en el cual se mostró
bien la desenvoltura y ligereza de
los zagales, que en todo un día
no pudieron acabar de ganarse el
precio que para los vencedores
estaba puesto; ni en la corrida del
bollo se acabó de determinar cuál
de los tres que llegaron á la par lo
había tocado más presto que los
otros, y en otras dos veces que
tomaron á correr, parecía que
siempre con igualdad habían
llegado.
Filonio.—Bien parece que con
faltar Torcato en estos regocijos y
fiestas, todos los pastores y
mancebos aldeanos pueden tener
presunción que cuando él
presente se hallaba, ninguno
había que con gran parte en
fuerzas y maña le igualase; todas
las joyas y preseas eran suyas,
porque mejor que todos lo
merecía y en tirar á mano ó con
una honda, en saltar y bailar á
todos sobrepujaba, en tañer y
cantar con flauta, rabel y
cherumbela, otro segundo dios
Pan parecía. No había zagala
hermosa en toda la comarca que
por él no se perdiese; todas
deseaban que las amase, y, en
fin, de todas las cosas de buen
pastor á todos los otros pastores
era preferido; mas agora yo no
puedo entender qué enfermedad
le trae tan fatigado y abatido, tan
diferente del que ser solía, que
apenas le conozco cuando le veo
su gesto, que en color blanca con
las mejillas coloradas á la blanca
leche cubierta de algunas hojas
de olorosos claveles semejaba,
agora flaco, amarillo, con ojos
sumidos, más figura de la mesma
muerte que de hombre que tiene

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Law for Business Students, 12th

Edition Alix Adams

‘A highly accessible and clearly written book for non-law students.’

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We combine innovative learning technology with trusted

From classroom to boardroom, our curriculum materials, digital

Every day our work helps learning flourish, and

To learn more, please visit us at www.pearson.com/uk

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Part 1: Introduction: getting started 1

Part 2: Law of contract, agency and sale of goods 75

5 The law of contract: Offer and acceptance 76

Part 3: The law of tort 281

13 The tort of negligence 282

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Part 4: Elements of employment law 401

Part 5: Introduction to company law 497

20 Business organisations 498

Part 6: General principles of intellectual property law 593

25 Statutory intellectual property protection: Copyright, designs, patents

Appendix 1: Additional resources 637

Companion Website ON THE

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Part 1: Introduction: getting started 1

2 The nature of law 16

3 How the law is made 26

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4 Resolving legal disputes 54

Part 2: Law of contract, agency and sale of goods 75

5 The law of contract: Offer and acceptance 76

6 The law of contract: Consideration, intention and privity 102

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Intention to create legal relations 113

7 The terms of the contract at common law 124

8 Statutory terms in contracts for sale of goods

9 Defects in the contract: Misrepresentation, mistake,

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Review questions 8 203

10 The consequences of illegality and incapacity:

11 Discharge of the contract and remedies for

12 The law of agency 262

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Part 3: The law of tort 281

13 The tort of negligence 282

14 Negligence and special duty situations 310

15 Product liability 346

16 Occupiers’ liability, nuisance and vicarious liability 366

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Advanced questions 15 398

Part 4: Elements of employment law 401

17 Rights at work: The contract of employment and

18 Rights at work: Protection against discrimination in

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Web activity 469

19 Rights at work: Protection against termination of employment

Part 5: Introduction to company law 497

20 Business organisations 498

21 Forming a registered company 522

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Advanced questions 20 535