NRMCA CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY MIDDLE East (CTME) PROGRAM STUDENT GUIDE AND NOTES NRMCA ENGINEERING DIVISION Fry ASH AND NATURAL PoZZOLANS CC NRMCA November 2011 (© National Ready Mixed Concrete Association 900 Spring Stree, Silver Spring, MD 20910 ‘Phone 301.587.1400 Fax 301.585.4219 wunwammcnorgNRMCA Concaere TecuNoLoay Mioote East PRoonaw Puy ASH AND NavuraL PozzoLans Table of Contents 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2 PRonUucrion AND SOURCES FY ASH 2 PavsicaL Cuanacreaisncs. 3 CChsical-Charactensrics 4 FLY ASHCLASSIFICATION. 5 5 6 7 a 0 SrecirearioNs. MIXTURE PRoronTioNtNG FECTS ON PROPERTIES OF FRES CONCRETE. EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE NATURAL POZZOLANS. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES, REVIEW QUESTIONS, Leaning Objectives ‘What's fly ash and how i it produced. Physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash ‘Specifications and factors to consider in mixture proportioning Fresh concrete properties with fly ash Hardened Concrete properties with fly ash Basic discussion on Natural PozzolansNRMCA Concerts TecHNoLocy MiooLE East PROGRAW Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Pozzolans hydraulic cementitious material reacts with water to form compounds that have cementing properties. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement. ‘A pozzolanic matetial does not react with water. Itis a siliceous or alumino- siliceous material that in a finely divided state and in the presence of water will react with the calcium hydroxide resulting from portland cement hydration to form ‘compounds with cementitious properties. ‘The reactions can be represented as follows: Hydraulic reaction with portland cement: CS and CS + water > C-S-H + CH (ime) CS and CS represent the silicates in portland cement, C-S-H is reaction product that hhas cementitious properties, CH is calcium hydroxide, a byproduct of this reaction. Pozzolanic reaction: S+CH + water > CS-H Sis the amorphous silica that reacts with calcium hydroxide or lime to form additional cementitious phases - C-S-H. The composition of C-S-H from the pozzolanic reaction is slightly different from the C-S-H resulting from portland cement hydration. However, the important point is that pozzolanic materials consume CH that does not conttibute to performance of concrete and produces a beneficial cementitious material. Fly Ash Fly ash is the finely divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or powdered coal and that is transported by flue gases from the combustion zone to the particle removal system. It is generally a byproduct of coal-fired power generation plantsNRMGA GoncRere Teckwotooy MiooLe East PROGRAM Fly Ash and Nacural Poszolans Fly ash possesses pozzolanic properties, however, some fly ashes may possess varying degree of hydraulic cementitious characteristics. Typically fly ashes with a higher calcium oxide content have some hydraulic cementitious characteristics. Historical Background © More than 2000 years ago, the Romans used volcanic ash, which was a pozzolanic material, mixed it with lime, aggregate and water to produce ‘mortar and concrete. ‘© More secently, ly ash was used as a pozzolan in concrete ia 1910 in the construction of an aqueduct in Los Angeles. The first major job was the construction of the Hungry Horse Dam in Montana by the US Bureau of Reclamation in 1948. The first comprehensive study on fly ash was done by Davis et al. in 1937 at the University of California ‘Production and Sources of Fly Ash In coal fired power generating plants, the powdered coal ignites in burning zone of the boilers at around 1500°C or 2300°F. At this temperature, most of the carbon and other volatile material burns off and the impurities in the coal, such as quartz, limestone and lay minerals, melt and are carried away with the exhaust gases as stall droplets. When the gases leave the combustion chamber, the droplets cool to form spherical glassy particles called fly ash. Fly ash is typically silicate glass containing iron, calcium and alumina. The fly ash is collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitatots ot bag filters. Coarser particles fall to the bottom of the combustion chamber and are referred to as bottom ash. ‘The amount of ash produced depends on the type of coal being used. Anthracite and subbituminous coals may produce 4 to 5% ash contents. Some lignite coals may produce 35 to 40% of ash content. Fly ash particles are spherical and this shape causes it to flow easily and improve ‘workability of fresh concrete. ‘The standards define two classes of fly ash based on coal source and fly ash composition: Class F and Class C. Figure 1 shows the two fly shes.NRUCA GoncREre Technotoay MipoLe Exst Proanaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Chass F Fig 1. Can & Ca Fy Ac Class F fly ash is normally produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal. Class C fy ash results from burning lignite or subbituminous coal. Physical Characteristics Particle shape and size Fly ash patticles are glassy, solid or hollow spheres. Hollow particles are translucent to ‘opaque, slightly to highly porous, and vary in shape from rounded to elongated. Hollow spheres are called cenospheres. Some hollow particles have embedded smaller particles. The pattile size of fly ash vaties from less than 1 to larger than 100 pum. The ‘median size of fly ash particles depends on the source but i in the range of 5 to 20 wm. Only 10 to 30% of the particles will be larger than 45 yum. The particle size of fly ash can be controlled by passing it through air classifiers to produce a finer particle size distribution that will tend to be more reactive. “The rounded shape of fly ash particles causes it to low easily and attention is necessary when handling and storing fly ash. Material will flow easily through holes and when split silos are used, double walls are necessary to ensure that fly ash docs not contaminate cement silos. Batching accuracy may be compromised due to continuous flow after batches gates are closed. Fineness ‘The fineness of fly ash is in the same range as that of portland cement. Depending on the soutce and processing, the Blaine fineness, referred to as the specific surface, of fly ash is typically in the range of 300 to 500 mi/kg. Fineness of fly ash is quantified in terms of percent retained than the No. 325 (45-um) sieve. Density Loose bulk density of fly ashes vaties from 550 to 850 kg/m’. In compacted state the density will be in the range of 1120 to 1500 kg/m’, The density depends on the composition and the particles of fly ash. Higher content of iron reflects a higher density, while higher carbon content will have a lower density. Fly ashes with a higher fineness will tend to have a higher bulk density. Some fly ashes contain a largerNRMCA Concrete TecHuovogr MiooLe East PRoonaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans ppetcentage of cenospheres (hollow spheres) that float on water and these fly ashes will have a lower bulk density and specific gravity. Class C fly ash tends to have finer particles and smaller percentage of cenospheres. Specific Gravity “The specific gravity of fly ash ranges from 1.9 to 2.8. The specific gravity of class F fly ashes is about 2.40 and that of Class C tends to be around 2.80. Color ‘The color of fly ash ranges from gray to tan or buff color. Typically, Class F fly ashes are gray due to a higher iron and carbon content, while Class C fly ashes tend to be buff colored. Chemical C rh ‘The chemical composition of fly ash varies significantly depending on the source of coal used in the power plant. One of the primary chemical characteristics that govern the reactivity of fly ash and the effects on the performance of concrete is the amount of calcium. Faster US coals are bituminous and tend to produce Class F ly ashes with a very small percentage of calcium oxide. Coal sources in the west ate genetally subbituminous coals and result in Class C fiy ashes with calcium oxide content in the range of 30% by mass. Fly ashes sources in and around ‘Texas have an intermediate calcium oxide content in the range of 8 to 15%, ‘The reactivity of fly ash will depend on the glass content in the patticles when the fly ash solidified. Glass content can vary from 50 to 90 percent of the ash. Langer particles will have glassy surfaces and the material inside the particle cooled slower to form crystalline compounds. A fly ash with a preponderance of fine particles will tend to have a higher reactivity. In Chass F or low calcium fly ashes, the crystalline phases will not react in concrete or contribute to its properties. The glass in Class F fly ash is an aluminosilicate and will react only in the presence of water and calcium hydroxide. This is te pozzolanic reaction, ‘As the calcium content of the fly ash increases, some of the calcium is incorporated into the glass to form a more reactive Ca-AL-Si glass. Further, a higher percentage of crystalline compounds are formed, several which are similar to those in portland cement, such as CS and C,\. The overall result with the increase in calcium content in the ash is an increase in hydraulic cementitious behavior. Class C fly ashes with an increased percentage of calcium oxide demonstrate hydraulic and pozzolanic characteristics.WRMCA CoucReTe TECHNOLOGY MioLE EAst PRocRAW Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans ly ash Classification In the US, fy ashes are classified by the source of coal and the composition Chass F produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal Has pozzolanic properties SiO, + ALO, + Fe,O, > 70% Low in CaO (caleium) Chass C produced from burning lignite or subbituminous coal Has hydraulic and pozzolanic properties SiO, + ALO, + FeO, > 50% High in CaO (calcium) Canadian standards (CSA) classify fly ashes based on the CaO content. ‘Specifications ASTM C 618 is the Standard Specification for Coal Fy Ash and Raw or Cakined Natural Ponsolan for Use as a Mineral Admscare in Conor. Sarmpling, and testing isin accordance with procedures in ASTM C 311, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fy Ash or Natural Porgolans or Use as a Mineral Admiccture in Portland Cement Conor ‘Chemical Requirements: ‘The specification has a maximum limit of 5% on sulfur trioxide, SO, a maximum limit ‘of 3% on the moisture content; and a maximum limit of 6.0% on the loss on ignition (LOD. Loss on ignition is a commonly used measure of the degree of unburnt carbon in the ash. Certain forms of unbumt carbon cause problems with air entrainment in conerete. Physical Requirements ASTM C 618 has requirement for fineness of the fly ash but having a maximum limit of 34% for the percentage of material retained on the 45-yum (No. 325) sieve. It has requirements for the strength activity index and water requirement, to ensure that the fly ash will contsibute to strength in concrete and does not cause a higher ‘water demand, The strength activity index is measured by comparing the strength of fly ash mortars (with 20% fly ash by weight) with that of portland cement control mortars. ASTM C618 requires a minimum strength activity index at 75% at 7 days and 28 days. The strength activity index is intended to be a measure of the reactivity of the fly ash with the portland cement it s tested with. Itis not intended to predict concrete strength. The water requirement evaluates the relative amount of mixing water in the fly ash mortar to obtain similar flow compared to the portland cement control mortar. ASTM C618 requirement for fly ash is a maximum of 105%. ‘A requirement for autoclave expansion protects the user of the fly ash from the presence of ingredients in the fly ash that might cause deleterious expansions when it is ‘used in concrete.NRMCA GoncRere TecwuoLooy MinoLe Exot PRooaaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans ASTM C618 also has requitements for uniformity of fly ash from the same source. ‘The density and should not vary by more than 5% of the avernge. The fineness (measured as percent retained on the 45-um (No. 325) sieve should not vary by more than 5 percentage points from the average. Optional physical requirements include a measure of the change in drying shrinkage of fly ash mortars compared to portland cement mortars, sulfate resistance testing, effectiveness in mitigating alkali sila reactions and an additional source uniformity requirement on the variation in the quantity of air entraining admixture to produce 18% ai content in mortar. ae ‘© Fly ash is used in quantities of 15 to 35% by mass of cementitious materials. ‘The fly ash content will depend on the performance requirement of the concrete mix and the characteristies of the fly ash and cement being used. ‘© In comparing to portland cement mixtures, Class C fly ash replacement on 2 1:1 basis by mass generally results in equivalent 28-day compressive strength. With Class F fly ash, the quantity of fly ash replacing cement might be on the order of 20% ot higher than the mass of portland cement replaced for equivalent 28-day strength. These relationships need to be developed for the specific materials being used. The concept of fly ash replacement of portland cement has evolved by the method of use and is not encouraged practice. Concrete mixtures should be designed for the required performance while balancing the economy of the mix. ‘* High volume fly ash concrete have been designed and used in various locations and for a variety of applications. ‘These concrete mixtures contain 50 to 70% fly ash by mass of cementitious materials and relatively high dosages of high range water reducing admixtures at low water content. © Fly ash is considered as 2 portion of the cementitious materials when calculating water-cementitious matetial ratio (ww/em). ‘© Specific gravity of Class F fly ash is about 2.40, while Class C fly ash is on average 2.80. Fly ash occupies more absolute volume than the same mass of portland cement and the amount of sand may have to be reduced to maintain yield (when compared to a straight portland cement mixture). ‘© Water demand of concrete containing fly ash is typically 5 to 10% lower for similar slump compared to concrete with portland cement. ‘* Retarder and water reducer (including superplasticizes) dosage may be lower compared to similar concrete mixtures not containing fly ash. Air entraining dosage will typically be higher and could be in the ringe of 5 times higher with Class F fly ashes with higher LOLNRMCA Coucnere TeckNoLOGY MiooLE EAST PROGRAW Fly Ash and Natural Porzolans Effects on properties of fresh concrete Water demand and Workability Due to the spherical particle shape of fly ash, it reduces the water demand of concrete for a target slump. On average 10% fly ash by weight of cement will reduce the water content by 2 to 3%. Mixes with 25% ash will typically reduce the mixing water by 6 to 10%. Fly ashes with coarse paticles or a high percentage of unburnt carbon will be less effective in reducing mixing water requirement. Fly ash can be used beneficially in hot weather to affect a reduced rate of slump loss. Fly ash also improves the flow behavior of the cement paste and thereby improves workability of concrete such that it is easier to place, consolidate and finish. Segregation and Bleeding Fly ash in air-entrained and non ait-entrained concrete mixture usually increases the fines and cohesivity of a conctete mix in its plastic state. This improves the resistance to segregation, especialy if the sand is deficient in fine particles. The fact that fly ash hhas greater surface area of solid particles and the concrete mixture has a lower water content for a given workability, mixtures demonstrate a lower amount bleed water and rate of bleeding Air entrainment ‘To entrain air in concrete containing fly ash wall typically require a higher dosage of air entraining admixture. This is generally true with Class F fly ashes and the dosage of AEA with Class C fly ashes might not be significantly greater. The issue with fly ash is that a certain form of unburnt carbon consumes the organic air-entraining admixture, thereby making it ineffective in entraining air. Unburnt carbon is typically quantified by the loss on ignition (LOD. In general, higher the LOI the higher AEA dosage to entrain the target air content. Further, in these mixtures, the stability of the entrained air is not too good and a reduction of air content is observed with time and agitation in the mixer. Concrete producers have a hard time maintaining a target ait content with a fly ash that has a high variability of the LOL A simple test to conduct on fly ash to estimate the AEA dosage is the foam index test (Gee NRMCA QC2). Another indicator of changing characteristics of fly ash is monitoring the change in color of subsequent shipments of fly ash from one particular source. «A darker color might indicate an increase in carbon content in the Ay ash. Heat of hydration Since the reaction of fly ash with calcium hydroxide occurs at a later age, the heat of hydration of concrete with fly ash is typically lower, which reduces the peak temperature in a mass concrete application and it is also observed that the occurrence of this peak temperature is delayed. The reduction of heat of hydration is important in ‘mass concreting, high cement content concreting and hot weather concreting,NRMGA ConcRETE TECHNOLOGY Miao. East PRooRaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Time of setting Concrete mixtures with fly ash will have longer setting time than similar mixtures with portland cement only. The fly ash mixture does not retard setting time; these mixtures have a higher ratio of water to portland cement that controls the setting charactetistics. ‘Mixtures with Class C fly ash might have faster setting characteristics than Class F fly ash concrete mixtures. However, thete are some Class C fly ashes that result in a significant retarded setting time, especially with some admixtures. ‘The specific cement- fy ash combination will govern setting characteristics. Factors affecting the time of setting are ambient and concrete temperature; cement type, source, content, and fineness; water content, water soluble alkalies; use and dosage of other admixtures; the amount of fly ash; and the fineness and chemical composition of the fly ash. It is generally not possible to predict the effect of a fly ash on setting time from its composition, ishability Fly ash concrete generally has a longer time of setting than concrete as explained above. Therefore, finishing operations should be delayed to avoid premature finishing. ‘When fly ashes cause a premature apparent loss of workability, typically with Class C fly ashes, a surface crusting is apparent, especially at cooler ambient temperatures. Fly ash concrete generally have an equal or improved finishability compared to concrete mixes without ly ash. Pumpability Fly ash is likely to improve pumping process due to the fact that the shape of fly ash is, spherical, which improves workability. For mixes with less fine aggregates, less fines in sand, or low cement content, addition of fly ash will improve cohesiveness of the mix for better pumpability It is critical that adequate curing practices are followed, expecially for concrete containing fly ash or any other supplementary cementing material, for all the benefits associated with their use is realized. Effects on properties of hardened concrete Strength development Early age strength (3 days and 7 days strength) of fly ash concrete may be lower compared to that of the companion mixture without fly ash. Accelerating or water reducing admixtutes may be used to offset the marginally lower eatly age strength of concrete. Class C fly ash may be as effective as portland cement in term of rate of strength gain. Due to the pozzolanic reaction, compressive strength development in fly ash concrete continues with time and in comparable mixtures, later age strength of fly ash concrete is typically higher than portland cement concrete mixes. With any change in materials for a concrete mix, a different and unique relationship is true for water- cement satio and strength or other properties. This relationship has to be established by testing and is part of the mixture design and proportioning process.NRUCA Concnere Teewmotoey Mioove Ener Paccmaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Drying shrinkage Drying shrinkage is generally a function of the volume of paste in a concrete mix. Type and quantity of aggregate also affect drying shrinkage. Since fly ash has a higher volume than portland cement, the volume of cementitious materials increases. If the volume of paste is higher, the drying shrinkage will be marginally higher. If water content is lower, the drying shrinkage of a fly ash mise will he equivalent to a portland cement mix Permeability and Corrosion protection Concrete is a permeable material. Water can flow or be absorbed through the interconnecting pores. Permeability of concrete is 2 function of many factors such as amount of cement, water content, aggregate grading, consolidation, and curing. Caleium hydroxide as a by-product of cement reaction reacts with fly ash to create additional C-S-H will cause denset and less porous concrete. ‘The consumption of CH, and the formation and better distribution of additional C-S-H are attributed to the improved microstructure and reduction in permeability of fly ash conerete. Field data hhas indicated that fly ash concrete can be 5 to 20 times less permeable than portland cement concrete in the range of 1 to 30 yeas. If the permeability of conctete is teduced, water and other dissolved chemicals, such as chlorides, will tke a longer time to reach the reinforcing steel and so the time to initiate corrosion of steel is longer. Resistance to freezing and thawing Resistance to freezing and thawing of concrete with or without fly ash is a function of adequacy of air void system, soundness of the aggregates, age, maturity of the cement paste, and moisture condition of the concrete. Care should be taken in order to ensure that concrete has adequate strength before subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Concrete should have attained a compressive strength of at least 3.5 MPa prior to first freeze and atleast 20 MPa prior to exposure to freeze-thaw cycles. Laboratory studies have also shown that concrete containing Ay ash have inferior resistance to scaling in freeze-thaw exposure in the presence of de-icing chemicals. Field evidence of inferior performance is limited. The quantity of fly ash should be limited to a maximum of 25% of cementitious materials when the concrete will be exposed to de-icing salt applications in freeze-thaw exposure. This is a requirement for structural concrete in the ACI 318 Building Code. Abrasion Resistance ‘The main factors affecting the abrasion resistance are concrete strength, curing, finishing, and aggregate properties. Concrete with or without fly ash will exhibit equal resistance to abrasion. Sulfate resistance In genera, class F fly ash can improve the sulfate resistance of concrete mixes. The improvement in sulfate resistance is believed to be due to the continued reaction between fly ash and calcium hydroxide in concrete to form additional calcium silicateNRMCA Concnere TecwwoLogy MIDOLE East PRoGRAW Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans hydrate (C-S-H), which block the capillary pores in the concrete system, reducing the flow of water and sulfate ions in to the concrete. Use of Class F fly ash further reduces the available sluminates in the concrete by reducing the portland cement content. Reduced availability of lime in fly ash concrete has also been attributed to improved sulfate resistance. ‘The situation with the class C fly ash is somewhat unclear. Evidence shows that as the calcium oxide content in fy ash increases, the effectiveness in controlling sulfate attack reduces. Class C fly ash may also contain aluminates that react with sulfates. Reduction of expansion caused by ASR Alkali silica reaction results when sufficient moisture, alkalis in concrete and a reactive form of silica is present in concrete. Fly ash reduces the propensity of deleterious ASR ‘expansion in two ways. Firstly, it reduces the permeability and thereby reduces the availability of moistate to the swelling alkali sila gel. Secondly, the C-S-H formed by low calcium fly ash (Class F) chemically ties up the alkalis in the concrete. Most Class C fly ashes are less effective in reducing ASR expansions and higher quantities are needed for effective mitigation of ASR. The amount of fly ash required to control ASR will increase as the calcium content of the ash increases, the alkali content of the ash increases, the reactivity of the aggregate increases and the amount of available alkalis in the concrete increases. ‘Temperature Rise ‘The reaction between cement and water generates heat. When part of the cement is replaced with fly ash, the heat generated is reduced. In massive concrete structures, the Tower temperature will reduce the temperature rise and the differential thermal stress that could cause cracking, Class F fly ash is used more effectively to reduce heat of hhydration. As the calcium oxide content of the fly ash increases, it becomes less effective in controlling temperature rise and may have to be used at higher percentages of 50% of more to effectively reduce temperature rise. Natural Pozzolans Natural pozzolans originate from naturally occurring mineral deposits. Natural pozzolans are either a raw or calcined natural material that has pozzolanic properties. ‘These are typically siliceous materials that have been through a high temperature ot mined materials that are processed to form glassy siliceous or alumino-sliceous materials. Some natural pozzolans include voleanic ash or pumicite, opaline chert and shales, tuff, calcined shale, calcined clay, diatomaceous earth, calcined rice hull ath, et. ‘The more common natural pozzolans available today in the US include calcined clay or shale. The material is heated in the range of 600 to 1100°C. ‘This heat treatment breaks down the clay mineral to a disordered structure. The temperature to achieve the pozzolanic reactivity varies for different types of materials. The matetial is ground toa fine powder. 40NRMCA Goncrere Huovoey MiooLe Easr PRogRan Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Metakaolin is a calcined or thermally-activated high putity kaolinite clay. The clay is thermally processed at a specific temperature between 650 to 800°C, lower than the temperature used for other calcined clays. Metakaolin is processed to a very fine particle size and impurities are removed. It is a white powder ground to a very high fineness with an average particle size of 1 to 2 um. It has a specific gravity of 25 and affects concrete performance similar to silica fume. Its white color makes it attractive for use in architectural applications. It is frequently referred to as high-reactivity metakaolin (HRM). ‘The composition and properties of natural pozzolans vary considerably. Most natural ozzolans contain constituents in an amorphous state, such as silica, alumina and iron oxide. The reactivity cannot typically be quantified by its composition. Glass content and degree of fineness do determine its rate of reactivity. ACI 232.1R provides a detailed discussion on a variety of natural pozzolans and their properties and use. ‘The reader is referred to that document and the associated reference material. ASTM C 618 recognizes natural pozzolans under the classification Class N. The specification requires a minimum sum of oxides SiO, + ALO, + Fe,O, to be equal to oor greater than 70%. This is to ensure that sufficient potential reactive constituents ate present. The maximum limit on the loss on ignition is 10%; the max limit on SO, is 4% and the maximum limit on the moisture content is 3%. The physical requirements for natural pozzolans are similar to those for fly ash. The specification for natural pozzolans is modeled on the requirements for fly ash. Natural pozzolans are frequently used in blended cements. 1”NRMGA GoucREre TechNovoay MiooLE Extt Procnaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Additional References 4. ACI232.1R Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. 2. ACI2322R Use of Fly Ash in Concrete. 3. ASTM STP 169D Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and ‘Concrete Making Materials - Chapter 43. 4. PCA Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures - Chapter 4 5. Fly Ash in Concrete, V. M. Malhotra and A. A. Ramezanianpour, CANMET publication, 1994, 6 Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials, V. M. Malhotra and P. Kumar Mehta, Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1996. 7. Supplementary Cementing Matesials for Use in Concrete, CD038, CD- ROM training program, Portland Cement Association, 2002 2NRMCA Concnere Tecwuoteay Miopce Exsr Paoanaw Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans Review Questions 1. Mention a principal difference between hydraulic cement and pozzolans? 2. How is fly ash produced? 3. If the sum of SiO,, ALO, and Fe,O, ofa fiy ash source is 55%, it qualifies as a Class F fly ash under ASTM C618. True of False. 4. Fly ash improves the workability and flow of concrete because of it consists of spherical particles. True or False. 5, Fly ash particles are much finer than cement. True or False. 6. When fly ash replaces an equal weight of cement in a concrete mis, the volume of cementitious materials does not change. True or False. 7. ‘The intent of the strength activity index requirement is to ensure that fly ash hhas some reactivity when used in concrete. The minimum strength activity index for fly ash in ASTM C618 is: a. 40% b. 75% 100% d. 115% 8 Apart from reducing costs what ate the main technical benefits of using fly ash in concrete? 9. Fly ash concrete mixtures typically bleed lese than portland cement conerete mixtures. True ot False. 10.Whatiis the most likely quality control problem with using fly ash? a. Control or air content b. Strength. ©. Control of mixing water Increased sheinkage 1LWhat are some situations where an increased quantity of fly ash as a percentage of the cementitious materials could be a problem? 12.Fly ash should not be used in reinforced concrete exposed to sea water. True ‘ot False. 13.What benefit does fly ash provide when its used in mass concrete structural member? 14.What are natural pozzolans? 3