ADVANCE PHYSICS

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: 10

Section: ________________________________________ Date: ______________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Thermodynamics

Background Information

(1a) (1b)

Figure 1. Summer or Rainy season, our body changes and adjust to the best possible condition to achieve
homeostasis in order to function fully and comfortably.

Our body has a defense mechanism and sensing ability in order to control the aggressive
effect of the constantly changing weather condition. However, it is our duty to complement such
aggressiveness of the body to ease the rapid reaction against various conditions. For example,
during hot days, we wear less and thin clothing to better cooldown our body. We drink cold
beverages and sit on non-humid areas to improve and maintain ideal body temperatures. On the
otherhand, during cold days, we wear jackets, drink hot liquids and stay indoors to keep our body
warm.

The concept of keeping our body warm or cool will be explained further in the next
activities.

Learning Competency

At the end of this journey, you should be able to:

1. Trace he historical background and development of thermodynamics
2. Describe the direction of heat flow in natural process
3. Solve problems on heat capacity
4. Differentiate the types of heat transfer

One of the principal branches of physics and engineering is thermodynamics, which

focuses on the study and application of the thermal energy (often called internal energy) of
systems. Thermodynamics comes from the Greek words, “thermes” and “dynamis”, which mean
heat and power, respectively. Specifically, thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with
heat, work and temperature and their relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of
matter. Moreover, it deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and the interconversion of
heat and other forms of energy in a given system. The behavior and descriptions of these
quantities are governed within the context of the four laws of thermodynamics.
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Activity 1. Making it Hot!

Multiple Choice: Below are questions/statements that need to be answered or completed.

Choose the best answer from the choices given and write it on the space
provided.

____1. The energy transferred between the particles of two objects because of the temperature
differences is called ____________.
A. conductor
B. heat
C. insulator
D. temperature

____2. In which state of matter are molecules moving the slowest?

A. gas C. solid
B. liquid D. all of the above

____3. Heat transfer always goes from ___________

A. cold to hot C. heat does not transfer
B. freezing to cold D. hot to cold

____4. What happens to particles as they heat up?

A. Nothing.
B. They don’t move.
C. They slow down.
D. They speed up.

____5. Which of the following is the fastest way of heat transfer?

A. conduction C. insulation
B. convection D. radiation

____6. What law of thermodynamics state that when two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other?
A. First Law of Thermodynamics C. Third Law of Thermodynamics
B. Second Law of Thermodynamics D. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

____7. The average molecular kinetic energy of a gas depends on _________.

A. Number of Moles B. Pressure C. Temperature D. Volume

____8. In an open system, for maximum work, the process must be entirely ___________.
A. adiabatic B. irreversible C. reversible D. none of these

____9. The term, thermodynamics comes from two Greek words, thermes and dynamis, which
mean?
A. Heat Energy B. Heat Motion C. Heat Power D. Heat Transfer

____10. This is defined as the region in space chosen for study.

A. Boundary C. System
B. Surroundings D. Volume

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I. Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Let us start our discussion of thermodynamics with the concept of temperature and how it is
measured. The concept of temperature is rooted in qualitative ideas of “hot” and “cold” based on
our sense of touch. Hot objects have high temperatures while cold objects have lower
temperatures. However, this is vague. Temperature also talks about kinetic energies of the
molecules of a material. Thermal energy refers to the energy contained within a system that is
responsible for its temperature.

Thermal Expansion

There are properties that are affected when the temperature of a

system or body increases. Volume, length and pressure are just some
of these properties. When the volume or length increases as the
temperature increases, it is called thermal expansion. It is usually
expressed as a fraction of the change in length or volume per unit
temperature change. Generally, a linear expansion coefficient is
employed to solid object expansion while a volume expansion
coefficient is more significant for the expansion of gas or liquid. Almost
all materials take up more space when heated (expansion) and less
space when cooled (contraction).

Figure 2: Cooking of rice depicts thermal expansion as it increases in

volume as the temperature increase.

Heat Transfer

Heat is the energy that transfers from a body of higher temperature to another body of
lower temperature. Usually, heat is a waste energy as a result of conversion or transfer of other
forms of energy. We term this ‘energy-in-transit’ as “heat” and not “heat energy” because the term
becomes redundant. Furthermore, we must always take note that temperature and heat are
entirely different and cannot be substitute of each other.
Heat is again a kind of energy that generally move from one location to another. The
mechanisms that convey these kinds of phenomena are considered heat transfer. The most
common ways to transfer heat are convection, thermal radiation and conduction.

Activity 2. Complete the table below:

Type of Heat Transfer Description Samples (3) of situations

showing the type of heat
transfer
1. Convection

2. Radiation

3. Conduction

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat necessary to raise its temperature by
o
1 C. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature by one kilogram of a substance by
one kelvin is called specific heat. The unit of measure for specific heat is joules per kilogram-kelvin
(J/kg·K). Another unit of measure of specific heat is calorie per gram degree Celsius (cal/g· oC),
where 1 cal = 4.186 J. Below are some substances with their corresponding heat capacities.

Table 1. Specific Heat of Certain Substances

Substance J/kg·K cal/g·oC

Water (0oC to 100oC) 4186 1000
Methyl Alcohol 2549 0.609
Ice (-10oC to 0oC) 2093 0.500
Steam (100oC) 2009 0.480
Benzene 1750 0.418
Wood (typical) 1674 0.400
Soil (typical) 1046 0.250
Air (50oC) 1046 0.250
Aluminum 900 0.215
Marble 858 0.205
Glass 837 0.200
Iron/Steel 452 0.108
Copper 387 0.0924
Silver 236 0.0564
Mercury 138 0.0330
Gold 130 0.0310
Lead 128 0.0305

Below is the formula of heat given off or absorbed by a material:

Q = mcΔT
where: Q = amount of heat
m = mass of the material
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature
Example 1. Running a Fever
During an attack with Covid-19, an 80 kg man ran fever of 2 oC; that is, his body
temperature was 39oC instead of the normal 37oC. Assuming that the human body is mostly water,
how much heat was required to raise his temperature by that amount?

Given: m = 80 kg
ΔT = 2.0oC = 2.0 K
c = 4190 J/(kg·K)

Required: Q

Solution: Q = mcΔT
Q = (80 kg)( 4190 J/(kg·K))(2.0 K)
Q = 6.7 x 105 J

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Example 2. Circuit Meltdown
You are designing an electronic circuit element made of 23 mg of silicon. The electric
current through it adds energy at the rate of 7.4 mW = 7.4 x 10-3 J/s. If your design doesn’t allow
any heat transfer out of the element, at what rate does its temperature increase? The specific heat
capacity of silicon is 705 J/(kg·K).

Given: m = 23 mg = 2.3 x 10-5 kg

Q = 7.4 x 10-3 J in 1s
c = 705 J/(kg·K)
Required: ΔT
Q
Solution: ΔT =
mc
−3
7.4 x 10 J
ΔT = =0.46 K
−5 J per second
(2.3 x 10 kg )(705 )
kg·K

Activity 3. Problem Solving: Solve the following problems completely.

1. How many calories of heat will be needed to raise the temperature of 200 g of iron from 27 oC to
80oC?

2. What mass of water is needed to absorbed a 209 300 J of heat when the temperature raised by
10 K?

Activity 4. Measuring temperatures

Using the Venn Diagram below, differentiate a mercurial and an infrared thermal scanner.
Describe how they work explain the importance of these devices in our daily life.

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Thermal Equilibrium

With the last activity, we learned that a thermometer is needed to determine the
temperature of a certain object. For example, to measure a hot coffee, we put a thermometer (not
the scanner) in contact with it for a certain period of time. After a while, the fluid of the
thermometer settles steadily indicating the temperature of your coffee. In such case, the hot coffee
and the thermometer reached an equilibrium state. This condition of the system (thermometer and
coffee) causes no further change in the temperature of any part of the system (when entropy is
negligible). Such state is called thermal equilibrium.

In our busy daily life, we may not sip our coffee on the table but on our way to work or
school. With this scenario, we bring with us a cup that can maintain the high temperature of our
coffee. Devices like this apply insulating material, or insulator, to delay the process of thermal
equilibrium of the coffee and the surrounding.

We can discover an important property of thermal equilibrium if we consider three (3)

systems, A, B and C that are initially not in thermal equilibrium. Let us say, system A and B are
insulated and separated from each other. But if we let system C interact with both systems A and
B, sooner, A and B become in thermal equilibrium with system C. Moreover, if we disengage
system C to both system A and B, nothing will happen on system A and B. Therefore,

If C is initially in thermal equilibrium with both A and B, then A and

B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This result is
called the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.

Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have

the same temperature. This condition is depicted on the figure on
the left (image retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/thermal-equilibrium-definition-
formula-example.html)

Figure 3. Thermal Equilibrium

So, if we have the coffee in the morning and we might want to cool it off a little to sip it
faster, we might add ice or cold water. Now, the hot coffee will give off heat to the ice or cold
water and of course, the ice will absorb such heat to achieve thermal equilibrium. Always note
that, whenever two substances with unequal temperatures are mixed, heat is transferred from
the warmer substance to the cool one until they both reach a common temperature.

Qgiven off = Qabsorbed

Activity 5: Zeroth Law!

Why is it called “zeroth” law and not the first law? Explain.
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______________________________________________________________________________
It’s now time to check your learning from this module. Complete these statements:

Personal Reflection:
I believe that I know
_______________________________________________________________
First, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
Second, I believe (infer) that
_______________________________________________________________
Finally, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
REFERENCES

Crisostomo, R. and Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics modular approach. Vibal
Publishing House Inc.

Halliday, D and Resnick R. (2011). Fundamentals of Physics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 476-490

Urone, Paul Peter and Roger Hinrichs (2015). College Physics. Rice University 489-515
Young, Hugh D. and Roger A. Freedman (2014). Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern
Physics. Pearson Education Limited.570-597

ANSWER KEY
Activity 1: Activity 2: Activity 3: Activity 4: Activity 5:
1. B Answers may vary. 1. 1144.8 cal Answers may vary. Answers may vary.
2. C 2. 5 kg
3. D
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. C

Ian Daryl M. Martin

Teacher III
Bintawan National High School
Writer

Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 ADVANCE PHYSICS

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: 10

Section: ________________________________________ Date: ______________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Thermodynamic Process

Background Information

Phase Changes

We have learned that when an ice melts, it absorbs heat from its environment and when a cup
of coffee becomes cold, it gives off heat to its surrounding. Now, what if a substance was able to
absorb or give off energy while not having any change in temperature? The said amount of energy
is what we call hidden heat or latent heat. For the said ice, the absorbed energy from air without
changing its temperature is called latent heat of fusion of water. On the otherhand, if water
changes to steam without a change in temperature, energy absorbed is called latent heat of
vaporization of water.

Table 2. Specific Latent Heats for Various Substances

Substance Specific Latent Melting Point in Specific Latent Boiling Point in
Heat of Fusion oC Heat of o
C
(Lf) in J/kg Vaporization (Lv)
in J/kg
Aluminum 6.6 x 105 2519 4.0 x 105 10900
Ethyl alcohol 1.1 x 105 -114 8.6 x 105 78.3
5
Carbon Dioxide 1.8 x 10 -78 5.7 x 105 -57
Gold 6.28 x 104 1063 17.2 x 105 2808
Lead 2.5 x 104 327.3 8.7 x 105 1750
5
Water 3.4 x 10 0 2.3 x 105 100

When water is cooled, water can turn into ice. This change of state from liquid to solid is
solidification or freezing and the temperature at which a liquid substance changes to solid is called
the freezing point. In reverse, the process of changing solid to liquid is called fusion or melting and
the temperature at which this takes place is called melting point.
On the other hand, the change from liquid to gas is called vaporization. If vaporization
happens at the surface of a liquid, it is called evaporization while if vaporization happens below the
surface\ of the liquid, it is called boiling. Moreover, the temperature at which a liquid boil when
exposed to the atmosphere is called boiling point. Now, steam can change back into water through
the process of condensation. Other substances, like mothballs, can change directly from solid to
gas through the process of sublimation. These phase changes can be summarized with the
illustration below:

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 Figure 4. Latent Heat of Phase Changes

Activity 1: The water cycle

Draw the illustration of water cycle and explain in your own words how the processes involved in
such cycle.

Learning Competency
At the end of this journey, you should be able to:
1. Relate internal energy, heat and mechanical work in thermodynamic systems
2. Solve problems on internal energy and first law of thermodynamics

Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics

Phase changes are very much important in our daily lives. For example, in the early times,
a steam engine was used to propel trains or carts. Water is heated and boils then the expanding
steam does the work to move the locomotive. In today’s era, a car uses petrol to propel an engine
by changing the liquid gasoline into vaporized gasoline. The heated gas pushes the pistons within
the cylinder of the engine making the car move. Such process is an example of a thermodynamic
process.
Matter consists of atoms and molecules. These particles have kinetic and potential
energies. If we sum up all the kinetic and potential energies of a thermodynamic system, we come
up with the internal energy of the system. We use the symbol U for internal energy. During a
change of state of the system, the internal energy may change from an initial value, U 1, to a final
value, U2;

ΔU = Uf – Ui

However, in a given thermodynamic system, heat can change the amount of internal
energy because heat transfer is also energy transfer. If heat, Q, is added to the system but
it does no work in the process, the internal energy shall increase by the amount of heat
added which is ΔU = Q. Yet, if the system does work, W, by expanding against its surrounding
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and no heat is added into the process, energy leaves the system and so the internal energy shall
decrease. This means that if W is positive, then ΔU is negative. Conversely, ΔU = -W. Now if both
work and heat transfer into the system happens together, then, the change in internal energy will
be Uf – Ui = ΔU = Q – W.

First Law of Thermodynamics

When heat is added into the system, the internal energy of the system changes by an
amount ΔU. Some of the heat remains into the system and the remainder leaves the system as
the system does work against its surroundings.

Uf – Ui = ΔU = Q – W
or
Q = ΔU + W

where: Q = amount of heat flowing into the system during the given process
W = the net work done by the system
ΔU = the change in the system’s internal energy

Example Problem 1:
The internal energy decreases by 700 J when it absorbs 2000 J of heat. How much work is
done during the process? Is the work done by the system or on the system?

Given: ΔU = - 700 J
Q = 2000 J
Required: W
Solution: Q = ΔU + W
W = Q – ΔU
W = 2000 J – (-700 J)
W = 2700 J
Since W is positive, then the system does the work.

Activity 2: Problem Solving.

1. Complete the table below. All values are in kJ.
Q Uf Ui ΔU W
a. 7 12 13
b. 32 11 27
c. 65 78 39

2. A foam cup is filled with hot water and allowed to cool while being stirred by a paddlewheel.
Initially, the water has an internal energy of 200 kJ, and while cooling it loses 150 kJ of heat.
The paddlewheel does 25 kJ of work on the water.

a) Calculate the change in the internal energy of the water.

b) Calculate the final internal energy of the water.

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3. A pump full of compressed gas is allowed to expand and 80 kJ of work is done by the gas on an
object in the lab. At the same time, the gas is warmed by the addition of 100 kJ of heat energy.
If the initial internal energy of the gas is 500 kJ, calculate the final internal energy.

Thermodynamic Process

1. A thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant volume so that no work is done on or
by the system is called isochoric or isovolumetric process.
2. A thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant temperature and in which the system’s
internal energy remains the same is isothermal process.
3. The thermodynamic process wherein energy is not transferred to or from the system by heat is
adiabatic process.
4. Another process that takes place in a system is one wherein there is a change in the internal
energy, the amount of heat flowing into the system and the work done by the system while the
pressure remains constant is called isobaric process.

Figure 5. Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law

Retrieved from http://sharkphysics.weebly.com/thermodynamic-processes.html

Activity 3: Samples on Thermodynamic Processes. Draw situations that you think are
examples of each of the four thermodynamic processes.

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 It’s now time to check your learning from this module. Complete these statements:

Personal Reflection:
I believe that I know
_______________________________________________________________
First, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
Second, I believe (infer) that
_______________________________________________________________
Finally, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
REFERENCES

Crisostomo, R. and Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics modular approach. Vibal
Publishing House Inc.

Halliday, D and Resnick R. (2011). Fundamentals of Physics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 476-490

Urone, Paul Peter and Roger Hinrichs (2015). College Physics. Rice University 489-515
Young, Hugh D. and Roger A. Freedman (2014). Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern
Physics. Pearson Education Limited.570-597

ANSWER KEY
Activity 1: Activity 2: Activity 3:
Answers may vary. 1. -1, -6 Answers may vary.
38, 43
104, 26
2. 25 kJ, -175 kJ
3. 20 kJ, 520 kJ

Ian Daryl M. Martin

Teacher III
Bintawan National High School
Writer

Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.

 ADVANCE PHYSICS

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: 10

Section: ________________________________________ Date: ______________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Background Information

If we add 100 ml of boiling water and 100 ml of ice in an insulated cup, we end up 15 oC of
200 ml of water. That is quite natural. However, we would be surprised that after leaving the
substance and came back later, we found out that it went back to 100 ml of ice and 100 ml of
boiling water. The laws of thermodynamics are not violated but it does not happen in nature. The
study of one-way processes such as the flow of heat from hotter to colder regions leads to the
second law of thermodynamics.

Learning Competency
At the end of this journey, you should be able to:
1. Analyze the directions of thermodynamic processes in heat engines and refrigerators

Directions of Thermodynamic Processes

We have known that the flow of heat from cold to hot object does not happen in nature even
if the first law of thermodynamics allows it. Furthermore, it is very easy to convert heat from
mechanical energy such as when pressing the breaks of a car but not the other way round where
heat is converted to mechanical energy. Many scientists have tried converting heat totally into
other forms of energy such as mechanical energy but have failed. In fact, no one has ever built a
machine that can do that. As such, we can say that all these processes in our follow a preferred
direction. In each case, a process proceeds spontaneously in one direction and not the other way
round.
However, we can still think of cases wherein an idealized situation is said to be reversible.
This means that a system undergoes reversible process if it is very close to being in
thermodynamic equilibrium within itself and its surroundings. So, to achieve a reversible system,
we must only consider an infinitesimal change in the condition of the system. For example, to
make a reversible process of heat flowing between two objects, their temperature should only
differ very infinitesimally and the change on temperature should be very smooth and very small.
In real sense, this does not happen and can never be attained. Yet, ideally, if we can make
the temperature and pressure differences in a substance very small, we can keep the system very
close to equilibrium states.

Activity 1. Thinking Out Loud. If you have the power to create a system that can reverse a
process, what particular earthly process will you consider and why?

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Heat Engines
Heat engines are devices that partially convert heat into work or mechanical energy. It requires a
high temperature source from which heat can be removed, a low receptacle, called sink, into
which heat can be delivered and a way to convert this heat into work. Again, the conversion is just
partly. This means that there is a working substance such as fuel for internal combustion engines
and water for steam engines.

Figure 6. Internal Combustion Engine Process (Four Stroke Combustion Engine)

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joanna_Huxster/publication/319469216/figure/fig1/
AS:534909943255040@1504543876136/Four-stroke-combustion-engine-and-supplementary-
explanation-diagram-The-fourstroke.png

Refrigerators/Heat Pumps
A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a low-temperature reservoir to a
high-temperature reservoir. Its function is basically the reverse of that of a heat engine. A
refrigerator takes heat from a cold place (the inside of a refrigerator) and gives it off to a warmer
place (usually the air in the room where the refrigerator is located). As such, a refrigerator needs
an input of mechanical work.

Figure 7. Heat pump schematic diagram.

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 https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/ext-www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/
2017/07/Inside-outside-coil-refrigerator..jpg-.jpg
Activity 2. Environmental Protection. The use and conversion of energy for human purposes
deplete our resources and add more heat to our planet resulting to global warming. As such, what
can you do through your own efforts to lessen the rapid increase of temperature in our planet? List
and elaborate them down below.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In reality, there is no such engine that can completely convert heat to work. Therefore, there
is no such engine that has 100% thermal efficiency. This impossibility is the basis of the second
law of thermodynamics:

For heat engines:

It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in which it absorbs heat from a
reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat completely to work while
maintaining the same state when the process began.

For heat pumps/refrigerators:

It is impossible for any process to achieve a completely transfer heat from a cooler to
hotter object.

Activity 3. Carnot Engine. The most efficient engine is the Carnot engine. Draw the Carnot Cycle
below and explain how this work.

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Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states form of impossibility of processes. It is not
quantitative nor qualitative. However, we can use the concept of entropy to quantify the second
law. Entropy is the measure of disorder or randomness of a system. For example, if we arrange
the alphabet from A to Z then throw them in the air, the alphabets will go down randomly and will
never be arranged from A to Z as it was before. In natural sense, processes always go into a more
randomly or disorderly system. This is why the second law also states that “natural processes go
in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the universe.” This then correlates to
which systems naturally move toward states of greater disorder. Furthermore, the irreversibility of
natural processes increases the entropy of our system.

Entropy is also a measure of how much energy (heat) is unavailable for conversion of work.
This means that as the entropy increases, more and more heat is generated and will not be
converted to work or any other forms of energy.

Activity 4. Entropy and Energy Resources. Create a campaign song about the importance of
using our energy resources wisely and on how we can decrease the entropy of our planet.

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 It’s now time to check your learning from this module. Complete these statements:

Personal Reflection:
I believe that I know
_______________________________________________________________
First, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
Second, I believe (infer) that
_______________________________________________________________
Finally, I believe that
_______________________________________________________________
REFERENCES

Crisostomo, R. and Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics modular approach. Vibal
Publishing House Inc.

Halliday, D and Resnick R. (2011). Fundamentals of Physics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 476-490

Urone, Paul Peter and Roger Hinrichs (2015). College Physics. Rice University 489-515
Young, Hugh D. and Roger A. Freedman (2014). Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern
Physics. Pearson Education Limited.570-597

ANSWER KEY
Activity 1: Activity 2: Activity 3: Activity 4:
Answers may vary. Answers may vary. Answers may vary. Answers may vary.

Ian Daryl M. Martin

Teacher III
Bintawan National High School
Writer

Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.