2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 1회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear parents,
As you gather to meet your child’s teacher at
parent-teacher conferences, we would like to take this
opportunity to tell you that we are looking for your
feedback as we initiate small counseling groups for your
children. Group counseling can be helpful for all students.
Each of our groups promises to incorporate social skill
development, healthy communication skills, peer support,
and self-awareness. Please check off as many of the
areas below that you think may pertain to your child’s
needs. Depending on the results of this survey, we will
begin to organize small groups specific to these topics.
Please note that checking off these boxes does not
guarantee or obligate your child to participate in any future
group counseling interventions. If you have any questions
about these topics, please feel free to contact us.
Sincerely,
Debbie Sanders, School Counselor
① 학부모회 회의 일정을 공지하려고
② 학부모 대상 상담 강좌를 홍보하려고
③ 집단 상담 참여 절차와 유의점을 안내하려고
④ 온라인 상담 프로그램에 대한 평가를 요청하려고
⑤ 집단 상담 운영을 위한 설문 조사 참여를 부탁하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Skeeter의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
No balls came out to Skeeter during the second half of
the inning. In the next inning a high fly was hit to deep
left. Skeeter watched it soar into the blue sky and thought
for sure that it was heading for the fence behind him. He
turned and rushed back, stumbled, regained his footing,
turned again. His eyes widened as he saw the ball coming
down far in front of him. Boy, had he misjudged that one!
He bolted forward, running as hard as he could. When he
saw that he would not be able to catch it by running, he
dove at it. The ball brushed the tip of his glove and struck
the ground, and he went sprawling forward on his stomach.
He scrambled to his feet, picked up the ball, and pegged it
to second. The man was already there. Laughter exploded
from the Thunder’s fans. “Holy cow, Skeet!” exclaimed third
baseman Henry Mall. “If you’d stayed in your position, you
could’ve caught that ball in your hip pocket!” Skeeter hid his
face in his hands and wished that he could disappear at the
moment.
*bolt 뛰어나가다 **sprawl 큰 대자로 눕다 ***peg (공을) 던지다
① hostile ② grateful ③ relieved
④ indifferent ⑤ humiliated
20. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
If facial movements have so much variation within an
emotion category like “Fear,” you might wonder why we find
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it so natural to believe that a wide- eyed face is the
universal fear expression. The answer is that it’s a
stereotype, a symbol that fits a well-known theme for
“Fear” within our culture. Preschools teach these stereotypes
to children: “People who scowl are angry. People who pout
are sad.” They are cultural shorthands or conventions. You
see them in cartoons, in advertisements, in the faces of
dolls, in emojis ― in an endless array of imagery and
iconography. Textbooks teach these stereotypes to
psychology students. Therapists teach them to their patients.
The media spreads them widely throughout the Western
world. “Now, wait just a minute,” you might be thinking. “Is
she saying that our culture has created these expressions,
and we all have learned them?” Well... yes.
*scowl 얼굴을 찡그리다 **pout 입을 삐쭉 내밀다
***iconography 도상(종교나 신화에 대한 미술 작품에 나타난 인물 또는 형상)
① 표정을 읽는 기술은 대인관계에 긍정적 영향을 끼친다.
② 기계는 표정으로 감정을 읽는 능력을 결코 지닐 수 없다.
③ 표정에 나타나는 감정은 상대방의 감정까지 바꿀 수 있다.
④ 표정에 나타나는 감정을 읽는 방식은 문화적으로 학습된 것이다.
⑤ 감정 변화를 숨기지 못하는 사람은 사회생활에서 성공할 수 없다.
21. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Students who struggle with visual-spatial working memory
may have a difficult time with math and science tests. In
order to do well on these kinds of tests, it is necessary to
visualize and manipulate images. Think of how you solve
physics problems or answer questions about cellular division.
The brain needs to be able to picture these things, hold
these images in mind, manipulate them, and then hold the
answer in mind while the student records it on paper.
Students who build their visual-spatial abilities early in life
may be more successful later in fields of math and science.
Preschool teachers who focus on building their students’
visual-spatial skills enhance the development of these
regions and positively influence students’ learning in
subsequent years. Because experience changes the brain,
early experience strengthens these processes in the
developing brain, making them more robust later in life.
*robust 강건한, 튼튼한
① 취학 전 수학과 과학 교육은 학습 동기를 약화시킬 수 있다.
② 시공간적 능력을 기르는 것이 수학과 과학 학습에 도움이 된
다.
③ 수학과 과학을 전공하는 사람들은 이미지 중심의 사고에 능
숙하다.
④ 추상적 사고력이 발달한 아동이 수학과 과학에서 높은 성취
도를 보인다.
⑤ 흥미로운 체험 활동으로 수학과 과학에 대한 학생들의 인식
을 바꿀 수 있다.
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22. 밑줄 친 the detour가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절
한 것은?
On the basis of a knowledge of genre, etc., we as
spectators will expect the film we are watching to follow a
particular logic of development. So while we are watching
the film we will always have expectations as to how it will
continue. Films require that the audience participate actively
in the ongoing process by making hypotheses about “what
will happen next” and readjusting expectations accordingly
and by adapting their expectations in accordance with this,
Bordwell and Thompson write, emphasizing that our
involvement in works of art depends to a great extent on
such expectations. The point of course is that films and
other works of fiction never take a direct route to their
goal; they constantly refute our expectations and force us to
change our hypotheses as to “what will happen next”, and
often it is not the goal at all but the detour that is the most
important thing.
*refute ~이 틀렸음을 보이다
① analyzing the film’s use of images and sound in telling its
story
② adjusting our perspective to lessen the film’s emotional
intensity
③ reestablishing the similarities and differences between
film genres
④ reconstructing predictions about the plot based on the
film’s events
⑤ comparing the film’s characters with ones we’ve seen in
other films
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Studies of people grappling with major health problems
show that the majority of respondents report they derived
benefits from their adversity. Stressful events sometimes
force people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities,
learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. In other
words, the adaptation process initiated by stress can lead to
personal changes for the better. One study that measured
participants’ exposure to thirty-seven major negative events
found a curvilinear relationship between lifetime adversity
and mental health. High levels of adversity predicted poor
mental health, as expected, but people who had faced
intermediate levels of adversity were healthier than those
who experienced little adversity, suggesting that moderate
amounts of stress can foster resilience. A follow-up study
found a similar link between the amount of lifetime adversity
and subjects’ responses to laboratory stressors. Intermediate
levels of adversity were predictive of the greatest resilience.
Thus, having to grapple with a moderate amount of stress
may build resilience in the face of future stress.
*grapple with ~을 해결하려고 노력하다, ~와 씨름하다
① stages of training to build resilience
② practical ways to manage stressful situations
③ harmful impacts of chronic stress on the brain
④ common signs and symptoms of too much stress
⑤ positive effects of moderate stress levels on resilience
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
We live in times of great change, in which much is being
asked of us. We live at a time when we are less and less
able to listen and really hear one another in society, at a
time when those with different views, beliefs, or
backgrounds are so easily cast as the “other.” At this time
when great forces of political, social, economic, and
environmental change are sweeping the globe and
intensifying our separation from self, others, and life, we
need to learn how to speak and listen in a new way. We
need to learn how to reperceive our world with fresh eyes,
beyond inherited historical and economic structures of
competition and separation that can so easily determine our
relationships. True dialogue is more than the mere exchange
of ideas. It is a transformative process based on trust and
mutual respect, in which we come to see another in new
and more accurate ways. As theologian David Lochhead
explains, “it is a way of knowing truth that neither party
possesses prior to the dialogue.”
① What Are the Benefits of Sharing Ideas?
② Find Your True Self Through Your Dreams
③ How to Keep Up in the Fast Changing World
④ Meditation: Why We Need It in the Modern World
⑤ The Importance of True Dialogues in Times of Change
25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The graph above shows the percentages of the U.S.
population’s dietary intakes compared to the recommended
levels for different food groups from 2007 to 2010. ① Of
the six food groups, Vegetables showed the highest
percentage of people who failed to meet the recommended
level, at 87 percent. ② Protein Foods showed the lowest
percentage of people who consumed less than the
recommended intake level, at 42 percent. ③ With the cases
of Fruit and Oils, the proportions of people who ate less
than the recommended intake level were higher than the
proportions of those who did not. ④ Specifically, the
percentage of people who ate less than the recommended
amount of Fruit was three times higher than that of people
who did not. ⑤ The percentage of people who consumed
Vegetables at or above the recommended level was higher
than that of Dairy, but by only 1 percentage point.
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26. Kate Chopin에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1850.
Chopin’s Irish father died when she was five years old,
leaving her to be raised by her mother, grandmother, and
great-grandmother. At twenty, she married Oscar Chopin,
and the couple settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. They
moved around southern Louisiana, where she would learn
much of the Creole Culture that would become instrumental
in her writing. In 1882, her husband died, leaving her to
raise their six children and with a large debt. Two years
later, she moved back in with her mother, but her mother
died the following year. In a depression, she sought help
from her doctor, who suggested writing as a means to ease
her grief and loss. By the 1890s, Chopin was finding not
only comfort in her writing but also success with her short
works. Stemming from that success, she began to write
novels. Her second, published in 1899, The Awakening,
would come to be regarded as her finest work but was
largely criticized during her life.
① 다섯 살 때 아버지를 여의었다.
② 남부 루이지애나에서 Creole 문화에 관한 많은 것을 배웠다.
③ 남편이 사망한 후에 여섯 명의 자녀 양육을 맡게 되었다.
④ 글 쓰는 것을 통해 슬픔과 상실감에 대한 위안을 받았다.
⑤ The Awakening이라는 작품은 일생 동안 대체로 호평을 받
았다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
A determinant of developmental differences in the social
effects of television ① is the amount of information or
experience a child has accumulated. ② As children mature
they are exposed to different people, actions, and norms.
This provides a range of choices when they have an
opportunity to perform or opine. For example, children who
encounter Puerto Ricans only on Sesame Street may learn
that interactions with them are always cordial and ③ use
that as a model for a first encounter with a live Puerto
Rican. In contrast, a child who grows up close to a Puerto
Rican enclave will understand much more about the variety
of ways ④ which he or she could interact with Puerto
Ricans. Hopefully, Sesame Street will provide information for
this child too, but the information will take ⑤ its place
alongside other relevant information rather than providing the
single model for interaction.
*opine 의견을 말하다 **enclave 소수 민족 거주지
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30. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적
절한 것은?
One stance to approach literary production is one that
completely (A) ignores / emphasizes taste and hence is a
purely scientific approach. Using this approach, we never say
something is well or badly done. If we are to evaluate a
script, we say that the structure is such and such, the plot
is such and such — but we never praise or criticize based
on our taste. This is the polar opposite of the (B) analytic /
appreciative stance and is an approach that very few critics
have adopted. In the rare cases it has been adopted, it
seems to have been limited to dull people. Moreover, people
generally do not fancy such an approach. They say that it
lacks taste or that it is incomprehensible. But this is a
different stance, and we must accept the fact that it
features an objective attitude that precludes taste. We must
also accept that such a stance is permissible in discussing
literary works. In fact, leaving aside an analysis of a single
work, this approach becomes especially (C) useful / useless
series of works.
(A) (B) (C)
① ignores …… appreciative …… useful
② ignores …… appreciative …… useless
③ ignores …… analytic …… useful
④ emphasizes …… analytic …… useless
⑤ emphasizes …… analytic …… useful
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. Occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time. If you
are busy doing something while you are waiting, the time
seems to go by faster. Most line waits can be made more
enjoyable and made to feel less lengthy if guests can
. Disney planners are the masters of
managing time waits by giving their guests something to
stop them from thinking about the wait. If the line for a
particular Walt Disney World Resort attraction has become
extraordinarily long and a service failure is imminent, a
strolling band or acrobats or some other distraction arrives
to entertain and occupy the guests while they wait. For long
lines, Universal Orlando Resort spaces television sets
throughout the time which show a video or movie. People
can watch an interesting program while moving toward the
entrance to the attraction.
① be informed of the length of the wait
② be sure that the attraction is exciting
③ be certain that they are treated fairly
④ be distracted or diverted in some way
⑤ be permitted to return to their place in line
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32. Social exchange is the general category of social process
and involves people in the organization trading resources and
attempting to make sure that . Many of
the social interactions occurring in an organization consist of
transactions in which one person offers resources to the
other person and in return receives something from that
individual. There are costs involved in the transactions as
well as benefits, and the motivation of each party to the
exchange is to maximize the positive and minimize the
negative. Social exchange theorists propose that all
interactions among people constitute social exchanges, even
those involving love and marriage. Explaining something as
personal as love as an exchange that continues as long as it
is profitable may seem cynical. You might protest and say
that remaining in a loving relationship is not reducible to
rewards and costs. Social exchange theorists would counter
by stating that an important part of any continuing
relationship is achieving a favorable balance sheet in the
transactions with the other person.
① future transactions will continue
② their rewards outweigh their costs
③ they complement their weaknesses
④ innovative ideas are put into practice
⑤ they get favorable reviews from clients
33. Causal relationships are not always simple or
straightforward. For one thing, effects can have more than a
single cause. It may be, for example, that my lateness was
in part caused by a traffic jam. But suppose that while hung
up in traffic I ran low on gas and so had to stop and fill up.
Suppose also that neither event, alone, would have made me
late. In the jargon of causal research, multiple related causes
are referred to simply as “causal factors.” Moreover, effects
. We know, for example, that cigarette
smoking causes lung cancer despite the fact that some
cigarette smokers will not contract lung cancer and that
some who will contract lung cancer will not be smokers. As
this last example suggests, causal explanations are often
about groups, not individuals. The claim that smoking causes
lung cancer means that, among people in general (and
several kinds of laboratory animals), smoking is one factor
that contributes to lung cancer.
*jargon (특정 분야의) 전문 용어
① are sometimes caused by chain reactions
② tend to actually happen to those who have bad habits
③ do faithfully reflect individual and situational differences
④ need not invariably be associated with a given causal
factor
⑤ frequently occur to every member in a group without
exception
34. Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense
of what data may be relevant. Think, for example, of a
detective at the scene of a crime. What small details need
to be noted or perhaps preserved for future reference?
Moreover, a set of observations may yield unanticipated
information — data that does not conform to the observer’s
sense of what is relevant — but information that is
nonetheless of some importance. Recently, medical
researchers at a large university were studying the effect of
calcium on pregnancy-related high blood pressure. Though
they observed no significant reductions in the blood pressure
of the women in their study who took calcium, they did
notice something quite interesting and unexpected. The
women in their study who took calcium during pregnancy
had lower rates of depression than those who took a placebo
instead of calcium. As a result, the researchers began an
entirely new study, one designed to determine the extent to
which calcium can prevent depression in pregnant women. As
this example suggests, it is important not to become too
attached to .
Otherwise, we run the risk of missing something that may
turn out to be significant.
*placebo 위약(僞藥)
① shared opinions on which experiments could be fruitful
② predesigned methods to gather suitable subjects for a
study
③ fixed notions of what may constitute relevant
observational data
④ outdated theories on how a medication can be harmful to
a person
⑤ serious doubts whether a hypothesis is contradictory to
existing theories
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Does advertising encourage you to eat more? Advertisers
often say that their advertising is to promote their brand
and to get you to choose their brand over the competitor’s.
This may be true, but the ads also encourage food
consumption in general. ① Advertising for food and
beverages communicates potentially powerful food
consumption cues. ② The subtle effects of food advertising
on what you eat and how much you eat are usually outside
of your own awareness or intention. ③ Research confirms
that external cues such as food advertisements have a
significant influence on food consumption behaviors. ④
Contrary to popular belief, there is much more to obtaining
success in the food industry than simply selling food that
tastes delicious. ⑤ The evidence suggests that advertising
for food has a direct causal link to greater consumption of
food in general, not just of the food being advertised.
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
Many authors have implied that heritable traits are
difficult or impossible to alter. Heritability is defined in
percentages.
(A) Nevertheless, the fact that a trait is heritable does not
mean we cannot modify it. Instead, a high heritability
means that current environmental factors impact minimally
on individual differences in a trait. The figure does not
relate to the potential effects of new environments.
(B) If a characteristic is 0% heritable, all differences in the
trait are entirely determined by the environment, and if it
is 100% heritable, then all differences are defined by
genetics. The majority of personality traits are 60%
heritable.
(C) We can also treat heritable conditions. Phenylketonuria
(PKU) is 100% heritable and means carriers cannot break
down the amino acid phenylalanine. Those with PKU can
avoid the negative symptoms (mental retardation) by
excluding phenylalanine from their diets, thus modifying
the effects of the heritable trait.
*phenylketonuria 페닐케톤뇨증 **phenylalanine 페닐알라닌(필수
아미노산의 일종)
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
To begin understanding how some clays can be more
medicinally effective than others we have to look at where
they are mined.
(A) Other clays are known as secondary or transported
deposits and they are more in line with sediments. These
clays are veins which have moved from their original
location usually by the force of water or erosion. In many
cases they ultimately rest as sediment at the bottom of
lakes, rivers or some other kind of marine basin.
(B) Ultimately it is often found that these deposits prove to
be less pure than the primary clays. No doubt this is due
to the fact that the secondary deposits have collected
numerous other compounds on their journey to the water.
As such these clays, although they can be effective, are
usually diminished in quality and purity.
(C) It is recognized that the better quality clays come from
what are known as primary or residual deposits. These
are clays which are found where they were initially
deposited after the volcanic eruption.
*sediment 퇴적물 **residual deposit 잔류 광상
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
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[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
Using the Youth Panel of the British Household Panel
Survey, they document that children exposed to an
authoritative parenting style not only obtain stronger
academic results but also report higher levels of subjective
well-being and self- esteem.
In developmental psychology, there is a great deal of
research that aims to understand how specific parenting
styles affect child development. ( ① ) A main finding in a
number of empirical studies is that, on average, the children
of authoritative parents perform better in school than
children exposed to other parenting styles. ( ② ) A
frequently cited article by Sanford Dornbusch of Stanford
University and a number of coauthors considers a sample of
7,836 high school students in the San Francisco Bay Area
and finds that children who experience authoritative
parenting obtain higher grades. ( ③ ) Several other studies
using data from other areas of the United States confirm
their findings. ( ④ ) Sociologists Tak Wing Chan and Anita
Koo study the effect of parenting styles beyond school
performance. ( ⑤ ) In addition, these children enjoy better
health and are less likely to indulge in risky behavior such
as smoking cigarettes or engaging in fights.
*empirical 실증적인 **indulge in ~에 빠지다, ~에 탐닉하다
39.
Furthermore, there is often disagreement about the degree
of risk associated with agricultural chemicals.
Many agricultural chemicals have long been known to have
toxic effects when improperly handled, stored, or applied. (
① ) It is clear that neither manufacturers nor producers
intended or wanted these consequences, and both groups
have made efforts to mitigate and control unintended
consequences. ( ② ) Nevertheless, unintended consequences
of agricultural chemicals pose ethical problems in that it is
impossible to eliminate the risk of an unwanted event
entirely. ( ③ ) Some individuals express far greater concern
about exposure to pesticides than others. ( ④ ) Producers,
scientists, and chemical manufacturers thus face the problem
of managing concern for unwanted effects, even when the
empirical evidence for such effects is scant, controversial,
and even nonexistent. ( ⑤ ) Whether real or imagined,
unwanted consequences of agricultural chemicals have
significantly affected the reception of many agricultural
technologies, including mechanization and biotechnology,
among producers and food consumers since 1962.
*mitigate 완화하다, 누그러뜨리다 **empirical 실증적인
***scant 불충분한
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In a study, participants first had to perform a series of
very lengthy, extremely tedious tasks (like turning pegs in
peg holes). Afterwards they were asked to tell the next
participant that the tasks they would do were actually
really interesting! The idea was to create in each
participant the dissonant cognitions that, on the one hand,
they had disliked the experiment but, on the other hand,
they had told another person that they enjoyed it. In
addition, half of the participants were given $20 for
compliance with the ‘lying’ request and the other half a
meagre $1. The idea here was that those in the $1 group
would experience a higher level of cognitive dissonance
than those in the $20 group because they had insufficient
justification for the inconsistency between their attitudes
(i.e. ‘that really was a boring task’) and their actual
behaviour (i.e. lying about the behaviour to another
person). The $20 group had the justification of a decent
money payout and would thus experience less dissonance.
It was predicted that the $1 participants, being highly
cognitively dissonant, would change their attitude towards
enjoying or liking the tasks so as to re-establish
consonance; those in the $20 condition would not. This
was exactly what happened when attitudes towards the
task were measured after the experiment.
*peg 못 **dissonant 조화되지 않는 ***meagre 변변찮은
 ***technological prowess 기술력
The above study suggests that when people perform a
behaviour that goes against their attitude with (A)
reason, they are more likely to undergo an attitude change,
thereby (B) the dissonance.
(A) (B)
① sufficient …… resolving
② sufficient …… creating
③ additional …… reinforcing
④ inadequate …… resolving
⑤ inadequate …… reinforcing
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
The ace in the hole for the inevitability of the end of
animal farming is the incredible (a) inefficiency of making
meat, dairy, and eggs from animals. Farmed animals
consume calories and nutrients from plants, and they use
that energy to do a lot more than produce meat, dairy, and
eggs. They have all the normal bodily functions like
breathing, movement, and growing by-products like hoofs,
organs, and hair. These processes mean farmed animals
have a caloric (b) conversion ratio of 10:1 or more. For
every ten calories of food we feed them, we get only
about one calorie of meat in return. And for every ten
grams of plant-based protein, we get at most two grams
of animal-based protein.
Culinary professionals and food scientists are increasingly
cutting this waste by taking the constituents of animal
products (fats, proteins, nutrients, water) directly from
plants and (c) assembling them into the architecture of
meat. They can also make cultured meat like the Memphis
Meats meatball, real animal flesh made by using cell
cultures to grow meat in the same process that happens
inside an animal’s body, so it’s molecularly (d) identical to
conventional meat. The efficiency of both these processes
suggests that, in the long run, humanity will use its
technological prowess to make meat, dairy, and eggs
directly without the (e) economical process of raising and
killing animals, regardless of ethics. To put it another way,
a big reason we’re going to see the end of animal farming
is that it doesn’t have to mean the end of meat.
*ace in the hole 비장의 무기 **culinary 요리의
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Bioethics: Ethical Issues of Biotechnology
② Can Artificial Meat Put an End to Famine?
③ Factory Farming Is Killing the Environment
④ Lab-grown Meat Can’t Replace Farm-raised Meat
⑤ Technology: A Solution for the Problems of Animal
Farming
42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않
은 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 2회
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18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Catherine Olson,
I read this month’s issue with great interest. Your feature
article on the Grand Palm Beach Wedding caught my
attention. What a lovely wedding! The photos were beautiful
and the contents of the article were very informative. No
wonder you’re the most prominent editor of the country’s
number one wedding magazine. I’m writing this letter
because I am getting married the last week in May in the
garden of a beautiful church. The feature article was very
helpful in planning my wedding, except that I couldn’t find
any information on the bridesmaid dress in the photo. I
would really appreciate it if you could give me information
about the dress through the Dear Reader section in next
month’s issue. Thanks in advance, and I look forward to
reading more of your articles in the future.
Sincerely,
Janine Robinson
① 결혼식 초대에 대해 감사하려고
② 기사 내용의 오류를 지적하려고
③ 결혼식 참석 가능 여부를 물어보려고
④ 드레스에 관한 정보 게재를 요청하려고
⑤ 결혼식 장소 선정에 관한 조언을 구하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
I drove home, undressed, and got into bed. I was
exhausted, but I couldn’t sleep. My eyes kept sliding open
and it was too great an effort to keep them closed. I got
out of bed, went downstairs, and made a cup of camomile
tea from the box Reeny had left behind. After the first sip,
I poured the distasteful stuff down the drain. I trudged
upstairs and climbed back into bed, to lie staring into the
dark for another hour, unable to erase the image of Bobbi,
looking thin and drawn, surrounded by beeping machines,
with tubes down her throat, needles inserted into her veins,
and electrodes glued to her head and chest. I couldn’t help
but think why she had to go through all this. I didn’t know
what frightened me more: that she might die, that she might
never wake up, or that when she did wake up she wouldn’t
be Bobbi anymore.
*trudge 터덜터덜 걷다 **electrode 전극
① hateful and jealous
② worried and scared
③ relaxed and secure
④ outraged and furious
⑤ ashamed and embarrassed
1
20. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
There are times when even the best leaders lose their
emotional balance. Leadership brings with it responsibility,
and responsibility, in times of serious adversity, brings
emotional confusion and strain. In this sense responsibility is
like a lever, which can upset a leader’s emotional balance
when adversity presses down hard on one end. When the
adversity is threatening enough or comes without warning, it
can unbalance the leader at a single stroke. Even a leader as
great as Lincoln was floored more than once in this way.
Other times the effect is cumulative, coming after a period
of sustained high tension — of pressure on one end and
resistance on the other — until finally the leader’s
equanimity begins to give way. The point is that every
leader has their emotional limits, and there is no shame in
exceeding them.
*floor 곤혹을 겪게 하다 **cumulative 누적된
***equanimity 평정, 침착
① 일하는 지도자는 많아도 책임감 있는 지도자는 부족하다.
② 지도자가 느끼는 막중한 책임감은 질병의 원인이 될 수 있다.
③ 지도자는 다른 사람과 구별되는 자신만의 철학을 가지고 있다.
④ 지도자도 극심한 역경으로 인해 감정적 불균형을 겪을 수 있다.
⑤ 지도자는 고난을 이겨내기 위해 평소에 정신적 수련이 필요하다.
21. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
It’s tempting to believe that we can trust the media with
our kids, that we don’t need to pay close attention to what
movies or TV shows our kids are watching, what computer
games they’re playing, or where they’re surfing on the
Internet. It’s much easier to believe that we can trust the
media. After all, we’re only adding more work and more
worry to our lives if we admit that we now need to be as
wary of the media as we are of strangers approaching our
children on the street. As a result, many parents are in a
state of “media denial,” while others feel overwhelmed and
helpless. But the fact is, we need to take as much
responsibility for our children’s media consumption as we do
for their performance in school and their physical
well-being. If we’re worried about what our kids eat, then
we should certainly be worried about what our kids are
watching.
*wary of ~을 조심하는
① 미디어가 줄 수 있는 교육적인 효과에 주목해야 한다.
② 미디어는 다양한 분야의 정보를 골고루 다루어야 한다.
③ 자녀의 미디어 이용에 대해 부모가 책임감을 가져야 한다.
④ 자녀의 언어 능력 향상을 위해 미디어 활용 능력을 길러주어
야 한다.
⑤ 부모는 자녀 세대의 미디어 활용 방식에 익숙해지도록 노력
해야 한다.
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22. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
As more companies expand their operations globally, the
need to understand the cultures of foreign countries becomes
more important. A firm has little chance of selling products
in a culture it does not understand. Like people, products
have cultural values and rules that influence their perception
and use. Culture, therefore, must be understood before the
behavior of individuals within the cultural context can be
understood. Colors, for example, may have different
meanings in global markets than they do at home. In China,
white is the color of mourning and brides wear red. In the
United States, black is for mourning and brides wear white.
American designers at Universal Studios had to learn about
Japanese culture when planning a new theme park for Japan.
After extensive surveys and product testing, the result was
a Universal Studios theme park with an orderly clockwise
layout, Japanese-style American food, and a Jurassic Park
water slide designed to prevent riders from getting wet.
① Involve Customers in Advertising
② Different Cultural Meanings of Colors
③ The Higher the Risk, the More Preparation
④ Understand Cultural Differences to Sell Products
⑤ Two Contrasting Ideas About Balance and Beauty
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Among the powers of government is meting out
punishment, and writers such as Montesquieu, Cesare
Beccaria, and the American founders thought afresh about
the government’s license to harm its citizens. Criminal
punishment, they argued, is not a mandate to implement
cosmic justice but part of an incentive structure that
discourages antisocial acts without causing more suffering
than it prevents. The reason the punishment should fit the
crime, for example, is not to balance some mystical scale of
justice but to ensure that a wrongdoer stops at a minor
crime rather than escalating to a more harmful one. Cruel
punishments, whether or not they are in some sense
“deserved,” are no more effective at preventing harm than
moderate but surer punishments, and they desensitize
spectators and brutalize the society that implements them.
*mete out ~을 가하다 **mandate 권한
***desensitize 둔감하게 만들다
① unintended consequences of criminal punishment
② expected effects of declining crime rates in society
③ legal procedures for executing governmental punishment
④ psychological and physiological causes of criminal
behavior
⑤ prevention of crime through appropriate governmental
punishment
24. 다음 표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Internet Users in North America Who Use Select
Professional/Sharing
Economy Services, by Age, March 2017
% of respondents in each group
18-34 35+
Preowned goods (e.g., eBay) 50% 36%
Car services (e.g., Uber) 32% 12%
Space to stay (e.g., Airbnb) 30% 11%
Personal services (e.g., house clean/repair) 22% 10%
Professional services (e.g., tax preparation) 20% 7%
Money lending (e.g., Kiva) 17% 4%
Borrowing or lending cars/bikes (e.g., car2go) 14% 4%
The above table shows the result of a March 2017 survey
of adult Internet users in North America who used select
professional/sharing economy services. ① Respondents in the
18-34 age group participated in all of the surveyed aspects
of the professional/sharing economy at a greater level than
the older respondents. ② Half of the respondents in the
younger group had experience of finding a space to stay
from sites like Airbnb, and one-fifth of them used
professional services like tax preparation. ③ The younger
group were more likely to use car services; 32% of
respondents in the younger age group said they used car
services, while only 12% of respondents aged 35 and older
said they did so. ④ More than a third of respondents 35
years and up said they shopped on sites that sell preowned
goods, such as eBay. ⑤ Borrowing or lending cars/bikes was
the service that showed the smallest difference between
the two age groups.
25. The Care and Feeding of Children에 관한 다음 글의 내용과
일치하지 않는 것은?
In 1909, L. Emmett Holt, M.D., published The Care and
Feeding of Children which was the first widely available
parental advice book. It had been originally published in
1894 as a manual for nursery maids working in a hospital.
He revised the book and put out a new edition specifically
for home use. Holt covered the physical care of infants and
children, feeding babies, the diet of older children and
miscellaneous advice on diseases, emergencies, playtime, and
baby temperament. Holt wrote the book in a question and
answer format and included much that could be considered
common sense. In the book, he emphasized the importance
of breast milk and supported this fact by citing decreased
mortality rates among breast-fed infants. He concluded
“there is no perfect substitute for good breast feeding.” Holt
was a realist, however, and while he devoted nine pages of
his book to breast-feeding, including when, why, and how to
wean the baby by one year of age, he devoted sixty pages
to the ins and outs of artificial feeding.
*miscellaneous 갖가지의 **temperament 기질 ***wean 젖을 떼다
① 최초로 널리 이용 가능한 부모용 조언서였다.
② 원래는 병원에서 일하는 보모들을 위한 안내서로 출판되었다.
③ 질문과 대답의 형식으로 구성되었다.
④ 모유의 중요성을 강조했다.
⑤ 인공 수유보다 모유 수유를 더 많이 다루었다.
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28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
Pet owners themselves often give signals that can create
behaviors that are the ① opposite of what they want. For
example, bite ② inhibition in animals is a lesson taught by
mother, father, and/or siblings in the wild. All puppies
have the instinct to bite and the need to chew during the
teeth-cutting months, so they must be taught by us, their
surrogate parents, what they are allowed and not allowed
to put their teeth on. Many humans, however, will play
“rough” with their young animals, ③ forbidding them to be
“mouthy” by grabbing clothing, arms, or hair “in play.”
That only teaches the animal to associate placing their
teeth on humans as something fun to do — a behavior that
only ④ escalates as they get older. What started out as a
cute puppy antic of grabbing your arm becomes ⑤ unacceptable
behavior when that cute little puppy has grown into a
hundred-pound Rottweiler!
*surrogate 대리의 **antic 장난, 우스꽝스러운 일
29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장
적절한 것은?
Novice counselors learning active listening techniques often
find silences difficult, just as many of us do in social
settings. (A) Remember / Remembering however, that in an
active listening setting your client may be processing some
very difficult emotions and struggling to find the right
words. Your client may need space to stop, think and feel.
When you are a novice a short silence feels very long. It is
unlikely to feel as long to the client as it does to you. You
may be tempted to jump in, usually with a question, (B)
how / which to the client can feel like an intrusion on their
thoughts. You may need to learn to be comfortable with
silence. And you may need to learn to trust yourself with
this space in the helping relationship. If eventually you need
to break the silence then it is probably better to do this
with some kind of reflection (C) that / than it is to ask a
question.
*intrusion 침해
(A) (B) (C)
① Remember …… which …… than
② Remember …… which …… that
③ Remember …… how …… than
④ Remembering …… which …… that
⑤ Remembering …… how …… that
30. 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
Five minutes before dinner, Mom goes to Stephanie’s room
and gently touches her on the shoulder, reminding ① her it’s
time to come to dinner. Just before dinner, ② she gives one
last call of, “Stephanie, we’re starting dinner in one minute.”
A minute later, the family sits down at the table, without
Stephanie. A pleasant conversation takes place until 10
minutes later when Stephanie storms in, complaining that ③
3
she’s starving. Mom calmly says, “We’ve already started
dinner. There’s extra food on the kitchen counter and you
can eat there.” Stephanie argues that the food is cold. Mom
calmly repeats the message that she can eat the extra food
on the counter and that they expect ④ her to eat alone in
the kitchen. There’s no yelling or arguing. Stephanie is
getting her dinner. ⑤ She simply needs to serve herself and
eat alone.
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. Food politics is not a new phenomenon. A battle over the
production of bread in Paris was the occasion of Marie
Antoinette’s unfortunate remark about eating cake, and
increases in prices or taxes on food have provoked revolt in
countless countries including colonial America. But in Europe
in the twenty-first century, food politics is directed not at
scarcity or justice but at . The Slow Food
movement’s prime concern is to protect the diverse, local
traditions responsible for artisanal food production and
encourage people to eat local ingredients. The threatened loss
of specific tastes and the local cultures that produce them
animate this movement. They deploy the aesthetic and
symbolic content of food in a search for a more authentic
lifestyle anchored in local traditions, which then becomes the
idiom through which political mobilization occurs. Thus, the
Slow Food movement understands the food artisan, not as a
conservative standing in the way of progress but as someone
charged with the preservation of local heritage.
*artisanal 장인의 **deploy 활용하다
① health ② identity ③ equality
④ globalization ⑤ environment
32. There is a story about William Penn, founder of the state
of Pennsylvania. Part of his apparel as an aristocrat was to
wear a sword. He asked George Fox, one of the early
members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers),
whether it was all right to wear one. Fox’s response was not
“Take it off this instant; we are a pacifist organisation” but
“Wear it as long as you can.” I find that a good rule to live
by: eat meat for as long as you can, fly to overseas holidays
for as long as you can, drink alcohol for as long as you can;
give up when and if the discomfort grows too much. Pay
attention to . We speak of having
choices and, of course, compared to those who struggle to
survive, we do. But to talk of making decisions is to speak
from an external perspective. There is an interior imperative,
and the way becomes clear.
*apparel 복장 **imperative 명령
① the inner truth
② a childish impulse
③ the historical details
④ any social pressures
⑤ the practical possibilities
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33. The figures regarding the comparative cost of bottled water
show just how unacceptable it is for public money to be spent
on bottled water. At 36 cents a liter, tap water is 141 times
cheaper than the best-selling mineral water in Europe. Arguably
the costs of producing bottled water can be borne by Western
industrialized countries, but from the perspective of
middle-income countries, such as Mexico, such prices are
disproportionately high, and it is worrying that the proliferation
of bottled water could induce municipal authorities in developing
nations to . A related issue involves
the rapid proliferation of “dual water pipe” systems, especially
in China and East Asia. On the basis of the assumption that
standard municipal hook-ups are unfit for human consumption,
developers have been quick to “add value” (and profit) to their
developments by installing separate “pure water” supply lines,
at great cost to the consumer. What is more, the greater the
proliferation of such systems, the more municipal supply of
drinking water (which depends on extensive cross-subsidies,
from urban to rural, from rich to poor, etc.) is undermined.
*municipal 시의 **hook-up (수도의) 연결부
***cross-subsidy 상호 보조금
① do nothing to solve the water shortage
② ignore negative environmental impacts
③ deemphasize public drinking water provision
④ pass legislation banning the sale of bottled water
⑤ secure monopoly access to the international market
34. Much drinking that people and other animals do does not
reduce a water deficit. For example, the amount that rats
drink depends greatly on the time of day, independent of when
the water is actually needed. Rats receiving 50% of their food
during the day drink only about 25% of their water during that
time; they drink most of their water at night even though they
aren’t getting most of their food then. Let’s consider an
example that you may be able to relate to more directly. If
you keep a record, you’ll see that you do most of your
drinking while you’re eating a meal. One possible reason might
be that you need the water to help digest your food, to
maintain the optimal food to water ratio in your GI tract.
Another possible reason might be that you need the water
because the food is salty and you need to replenish the water
that the salt draws out of your cells. Both reasons are,
however, only partly correct. You don’t actually need the
water until several hours after you eat. When you drink during
a meal, you’re anticipating a need for water and taking
advantage of available water to prevent a deficit. Animals
drink, as well as eat, before there’s any actual need for doing
so, following the maxim, “ .”
*GI tract 위장관 **replenish 다시 채우다
① Dig a well before you are thirsty
② You seek hot water under cold ice
③ Half a loaf is better than no bread
④ It’s the thirsty man who digs the well
⑤ Little drops of water make the mighty ocean
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Ancient cultures traditionally told stories under the stars
and around the flickering flames of the campfire. ① Some
cultures still do so to this day, even in the United States of
the twenty-first century. ② Many continue such traditions
in backyards, on family trips, and at camp. ③ There is no
denying, however, that in the past half century or so the
flickering light around which we gather as clans trends more
and more toward the electronic screen, and in recent years
these have become increasingly individual and hand-held
rather than communal. ④ Whereas European folklorists
remained focused on the oral folklore of the peasant
populations in their regions, the American folklorist chose to
consider Native American cultures in their research, and
included the totality of their customs and beliefs as folklore.
⑤ Nevertheless, the storytelling potential of constantly
evolving social media has much to recommend it as a vehicle
for the transmission of cultural information, and any outright
rejection of technology and other new avenues of
communication for the transmission of American “folklore” is
premature and, in the end, unwise.
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
The sense of touch is one of the factors which prevent
people from being convinced of the truth that the senses of
sight, hearing and taste occur within the brain.
(A) For instance, if you touch a rough surface, you can never
know whether the surface is, in reality, indeed a rough
surface, or how a rough surface actually feels. That is
because you can never touch the original of a rough
surface. The knowledge that you have about touching a
surface is your brain’s interpretation of certain stimuli.
(B) For example, if you told someone that he sees a book
within his brain, he would, if he didn’t think carefully,
reply “I can’t be seeing the book in my brain — look, I’m
touching it with my hand”. Or, if we said “we cannot
know whether the original of this book exists as a
material object outside or not”, again the same
superficially minded person might answer “no, look, I’m
holding it with my hand and I feel the hardness of it —
that isn’t a perception but an existence which has material
reality”.
(C) However, there is a fact that such people cannot
understand, or perhaps just ignore. The sense of touch
also occurs in the brain as much as do all the other
senses. That is to say, when you touch a material object,
you sense whether it is hard, soft, wet, sticky or silky in
the brain. The effects that come from your fingertips are
transmitted to the brain as an electrical signal and these
signals are perceived in the brain as the sense of touch.
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
When the amygdala is triggered, it “hijacks” or
commandeers our entire biological system to respond to
threats. When we detect danger, the response time of the
amygdala is around thirty-three milliseconds — and for
some people, half that time.
(A) In the “tooth and claw” days, this adrenaline-charged
system allowed our ancestors to club the predator, or
grab the baby and run. In modern life, the stress
response still saves lives when we hit the brakes to avoid
an oncoming car. However, since our hair-triggered
reactions to extreme stressors do not include a “cognitive
review,” we also react to a lot of false alarms.
(B) The prefrontal cortex (our “thinking” brain) requires at
least ten times that amount of time to process
information from the environment as a conscious thought.
For millions of years in human evolutionary history, the
“fight or flight” reaction pattern triggered by the amygdala
has survived because it saves lives.
(C) Think of road rage as the adult equivalent of a
two-year-old’s (or twelve-year-old’s) temper tantrum.
Every day, in families all over the world, people yell,
5
scream, curse, and take flight from loved ones when their
buttons (amygdalae) are pushed.
*amygdala 편도체(뇌의 변연계에 속하는 구조의 일부)
**commandeer 징발하다 ***temper tantrum 짜증
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
This verified the original hypothesis made by the famous
physicist Michael Faraday in 1850 that all ice has an
intrinsic thin layer of water at the surface.
For years people thought that ice melting under pressure
was the only reason for ice being slippery. ( ① ) But it
turns out that the story is more complex than that, because
it doesn’t explain why ice is still slippery at temperatures
well below its freezing point, or when the pressure isn’t
enough to melt it (e.g. ice is still slippery if you wear flat
shoes, not just ice skates). ( ② ) It turns out that friction
plays a big part — as the ice skates, skis, or glaciers slide,
the friction generates heat, which melts the surface of the
ice slightly. ( ③ ) But that’s still not the whole story, as it
doesn’t explain why ice is slippery even if you stand still. (
④ ) Modern analysis has shown that because the molecules
at the surface of ice are inherently unstable due to the lack
of molecules above them, the surface reconstructs to form a
liquid-like layer. ( ⑤ ) So ice is slippery due to its
inherent surface water layer, which can be enhanced using
pressure and friction.
39.
However, extinction can also work on good, desirable
behaviors that are not rewarded.
Extinction involves the removal of a positive reward.
Extinction occurs when one tries to eliminate an undesirable
behavior by withholding rewards when the behavior occurs.
( ① ) A student who is late for class misses the teacher’s
reward for promptness that day. ( ② ) By withholding the
reward, the teacher can eventually eliminate the chronic
tardiness (the tardiness becomes extinct). ( ③ ) A student
who works hard during class, but whose hard work goes
unnoticed, may soon stop working as diligently. ( ④ ) Can
you imagine receiving the chapter, state, or American FFA
(Future Farmers of America) degree with no awards, no
banquet, and no State Convention or National Convention to
attend? ( ⑤ ) Without these awards or some other type of
recognition, students would no longer do the work that goes
into earning these awards — that behavior would become
extinct.
*tardiness 지각 **chapter (협회 등의) 지부 ***banquet 연회, 만찬
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
As railroads developed during the nineteenth century in
People tend to overestimate how harshly others will the United States, they offered the world’s first means of
judge them. This dynamic may apply to the case of transportation that was largely resistant to the effects of
help-seeking. Even a small request can make the help- bad weather and able to function throughout the year. The
seeker feel self-conscious, embarrassed, and guilty. In our development of the nation’s rail network from 1840
research, we have found that the anxiety help-seekers through the 1890s brought (a) reliable movement of people
and goods throughout the nation, with many fewer seasonal
experience over how their request will come across is
impacts than happened to other existing forms of
surprising to potential helpers who do not know what all
transportation, all of which suffered greatly with the
the fuss is about. In one study, we asked two samples of weather’s capriciousness. Railroads now enabled farmers to
potential helpers (teaching assistants and peer advisors) to get their harvested crops to market in a matter of days,
estimate the number of students who would seek their whether they were shipped in July or January. Prior to the
help during a single semester. The peer advisors coming of the railroads, shipments of anything could not be
overestimated by over 60%, and the teaching assistants by (b) accomplished during many months of the year, and
20%, the number of students who would ask them for other forms of moving goods were extremely slow and apt
help. This prediction error emerged even though the peer to be halted for days and weeks by conditions such as low
water, muddy roads, and storms. By contrast, except in
advisors had been students themselves the prior year, and
extreme weather conditions, trains could be counted on to
the majority of teaching assistants had worked as teaching
(c) reach their destinations on time. Even today, fog,
assistants before (often for the same class). Nevertheless, heavy rain or snow and ice stop commercial aircraft
their past experience as help-seekers offered no clues in operations and slow vehicular traffic, often causing multiple
predicting others’ future help-seeking behavior. accidents. But trains continue to operate in such conditions.
*fuss 쓸데없는 걱정 Over the past 150 years, with ever-newer
technologies, the railroads have (d) constantly worked to

minimize their weather problems. They have buried cables
Potential helpers (A) predicted the number of and employed radios for communication to (e) suffer the
help-seekers that would visit them because they failed to major losses that snowstorms and freezing rain once
see that help-seeking behavior might make help- seekers caused to their exposed wire-based communication
feel (B) . systems. They built snow sheds in mountainous areas
where heavy snow caused trouble. They installed gas-fired
(A) (B) heaters to keep their switches from freezing. Taller and
① mistakenly …… included stronger bridges have reduced many flood-related
② mistakenly …… uncomfortable problems.
③ pessimistically …… included *capriciousness 변덕스러움, 불규칙적임 **snow shed 눈사태 방지
④ reliably …… special 설비
⑤ reliably …… uncomfortable
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Effects and Problems of Railroad Expansion
② Traffic Chaos: A Major Effect of Severe Weather
③ Railroads: A Weatherproof Means of Transportation
④ Traveling Green: Are Trains Environmentally Friendly?
⑤ Why Are Trains Cheaper than Other Means of
Transportation?

42. 밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않

은 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 3회

제 3 교시 영어 영역
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18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은? 20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
If you’re a young athlete, you, your parents, and your
Dear library users,
coaches want you to experience success now because you
and they believe that early success is highly predictive of
Since the Book Tree Library was founded in 2001 as a
place for research and study, we have made efforts to meet later success in your sport. Our athletic culture is obsessed
the users’ various needs. We are about to modernize our with the “phenom” and the “can’t-miss kid,” who show
services. We strive to develop electronic library resources, earlier dominance in a sport. Yet, although there have been
as well as provide remote services to our users. We need phenoms who went on to great success later in their
to buy more paperback books to sustain a library you can careers, this perception is as much fantasy as reality. For
trust. Funds are needed to employ more administrative example, out of the thousands of young baseball players who
staff. For 20 years, our dream has been to build the library
have competed in the Little League World Series throughout
of everything and make it available to everyone. Please help
the years, fewer than 50 went on to major-league careers.
the Book Tree Library. If everyone donates $5, we can end
this fundraising campaign successfully. With your donation In fact, phenoms are a statistical rarity, and those
we can make our dream come true. If you find our library can’t-miss kids often do miss later in their athletic careers.
useful, please help us. Thank you. More often than not, it is the athletes who keep at it
through setbacks, plateaus, and failures who ultimately “make
Sincerely, it.” Your efforts early on as you strive for your sports goals
Sarah Lamb should be devoted to preparing yourself for success in the
Library Director future, when it matters most, not achieving quick and
① 도서관 운영 예산 사용 내역을 공지하려고 immediate success.
② 도서관 기금 조성 캠페인의 성과를 보고하려고 *phenom 천재 **plateau 정체기
③ 도서관 발전 기금을 기부해 줄 것을 요청하려고 ① 운동선수는 과정을 즐기며 작은 성취의 경험을 많이 쌓아야
④ 새로 생긴 도서관 편의 시설 이용을 안내하려고 한다.
⑤ 도서관 이용에 관한 설문조사 참여를 부탁하려고
② 정부와 지역 사회는 유소년 리그에 대한 지원을 대폭 강화해
야 한다.
③ 부모와 코치들은 어린 운동선수에게 지나친 부담을 주지 말
아야 한다.
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Billy의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
It was July 1985. Billy gazed up at the enormous building ④ 어린 운동선수는 즉각적인 성공보다 장기적 목표를 위해 노
with its nine floors and its thousand windows. It was the big 력해야 한다.
day, a watershed in his life, and he couldn’t get his head ⑤ 재능이 뛰어난 어린 운동선수를 위한 장기적 프로그램을 개
round it. He’d retired! At last! The enormity of the event 발해야 한다.
began to sink in, and a shiver of joy ran down his spine.
He’d left! Actually left! Finally got away from the William
Pitt College of Technology. What a nightmare of a job it’d
been. Now he was free. No more trying to persuade
uncooperative colleagues to take one of his improvement
courses; no more having to bow and scrape to bosses who
paid lip service to the need for his job. No more having to
join the morning rush hour to get to work on time. No more
being ruled by the demands of tight timetables and having to
jump whenever some superior gave the command. Farewell
to all that! Now he knew how a prisoner felt on the day of
his release when he heard the gate finally clang behind him.
*watershed 분수령, 분기점 **bow and scrape 굽실거리다
① pleased and relieved
② bored and indifferent
③ jealous and depressed
④ disappointed and irritated
⑤ surprised and sympathetic
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21. 밑줄 친 It wouldn’t take long before you quickly left the
gene pool이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Why did evolution decide to ban muscle activity during
REM sleep? Because by eliminating muscle activity you are
prevented from acting out your dream experience. During
REM sleep, there is a nonstop barrage of motor commands
swirling around the brain, and they underlie the
movement-rich experience of dreams. Wise, then, of Mother
Nature to have tailored a physiological straitjacket that
forbids these fictional movements from becoming reality,
especially considering that you’ve stopped consciously
perceiving your surroundings. You can well imagine the
disastrous outcome of falsely enacting a dream fight, or a
frantic sprint from an approaching dream foe, while your
eyes are closed and you have no comprehension of the
world around you. It wouldn’t take long before you quickly
left the gene pool. The brain paralyzes the body so the mind
can dream safely.
*barrage 집중 공세 **straitjacket 구속복
① Movement commands rarely occur while you dream, so
you never severely injure yourself.
② If you were deprived of REM sleep, your physical health
would immediately be put at real risk.
③ As paralysis provides an instant protective mechanism,
you can’t distinguish between dream and reality.
④ Because the body is paralyzed during REM sleep, you
couldn’t move even if something urgent was happening.
⑤ If you converted dream-related motor impulses into
real-world physical actions, it might soon lead to deadly
consequences.
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
When you and your daughter hear the word volunteering,
what’s the first image that comes to your mind? Donating
your outgrown clothes to the Salvation Army? Maybe you
think volunteering means you have to go to Africa and live
in a mud hut and eat raw bugs while teaching Sunday School
to starving children. Actually, those are ways to volunteer,
yet the world of volunteering is much broader than the
stereotypical ideas most people have. There are hundreds of
ways to volunteer, from collecting newspapers for the
Humane Society to playing the guitar at an assisted living
center. There’s a volunteer possibility just right for your
daughter. I have a friend who loves gymnastics, so she
volunteers at a local gym and teaches kids to somersault
and do cartwheels. That’s a long way from eating raw bugs
in Africa! She found something that she loved doing and
gives her time helping others.
*gymnastics 체조 **somersault 공중제비를 하다
***cartwheel 옆으로 재주넘기
① 자원봉사를 통해 다양한 사람들과 교류할 수 있다.
② 자원봉사자의 연령층 및 직업별 구성이 다양해지고 있다.
③ 자원봉사는 남들뿐만 아니라 자신을 위한 활동이기도 하다.
④ 자원봉사는 고정관념을 벗어나 다양한 방식으로 할 수 있다.
⑤ 자원봉사는 단기간에 끝내기보다는 지속적으로 행해야 한다.
23. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
How often do we think about the air we breathe, the
water we drink, or the soil our agribusiness conglomerates
plant our vegetables in? Not often enough. The typical
attitude toward natural resources is often deliberate
ignorance. Only when someone must wait in line for hours
to fill the car gas tank does gasoline become a concern.
Only when people can see — and smell — the air they
breathe and cough when they inhale does air become a
visible resource. Water, the universal solvent, causes no
concern (and very little thought) until shortages occur, or
until it is so foul that nothing can live in it or drink it. Only
when we lack water or the quality is poor do we think of
water as a resource to ‘‘worry’’ about. Is soil a resource or
is it “dirt?” Unless you farm, or plant a garden, soil is only
‘‘dirt.’’ Whether you pay any heed to the soil/dirt debate
depends on what you use soil for — and on how hungry you
are.
*conglomerate 복합 기업 **inhale 숨을 들이쉬다
***pay heed to ~에 주의를 기울이다
① When We Care About Natural Resources
② How Agricultural Policies Promote Pollution
③ Why Environmental Health Matters to Human Health
④ Economic Impacts of Natural Resource Development
⑤ Corruption Problems in Natural Resource Management
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Twenty to thirty years is a long time in the annals of
information technology — long enough to allow us to discern
a fundamental rift between the inner workings of yesterday’s
and today’s computational tools. At the beginning, in the
1990s, we used our brand-new digital machines to
implement the old science we knew — in a sense, we
carried all the science we had over to the new computational
platforms we were then just discovering. Now, to the
contrary, we are learning that computers can work better
and faster when we let them follow a different, nonhuman,
postscientific method; and we increasingly find it easier to
let computers solve problems in their own way — even
when we do not understand what they do or how they do it.
In a metaphorical sense, computers are now developing their
own science — a new kind of science. Thus, just as the
digital revolution of the 1990s (new machines, same old
science) generated a new way of making, today’s
computational revolution (same machines, but a brand-new
science) is generating a new way of thinking.
*annals 역사 **rift 간극, 균열
① Finding Global Solutions to Computer Viruses
② Building Computational Tools Using New Technology
③ Computational Engineers: Moving to the Driver’s Seat
④ Today’s Computational Tools: Developing Their Own Science
⑤ The Integrated Future of Computational Science and
Engineering
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25. 다음 표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? 29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Ten Countries’ Tourism Density Index in 2017 In no way is the use of the word “concept” intended to
Tourist/Local Number of Number of suggest that perceiving is an intellectual operation. The
Country processes in question must ① be thought of as occurring
Ratio Locals Tourists
Croatia 13.81 4,170,600 57,587,000 within the visual sector of the nervous system. But the term
Iceland 5.66 334,250 1,891,000 concept is intended to suggest a striking similarity between
Hungary 5.39 9,817,960 52,890,000 the elementary activities of the senses and the higher ② ones
Denmark 5.01 5,731,120 28,692,000 of thinking or reasoning. So great is this similarity ③ which
France 3.03 66,896,110 202,930,000
Czech many psychologists attributed the achievements of the senses
2.93 10,561,630 30,915,000 to secret aid supposedly rendered them by the intellect.
Republic
Singapore 2.93 5,607,280 16,404,000 Those psychologists spoke of unconscious conclusions or
Cyprus 2.81 1,170,130 3,286,000 computations because they assumed that perception itself
Greece 2.61 10,746,740 28,071,000 could do no more than ④ mechanically register the
Spain 2.49 46,443,960 115,561,000 impingements of the outer world. It seems now that the same
The table above compares the number of tourists to the mechanisms operate on both the perceptual and the
number of locals in the selected ten countries in 2017. ① intellectual level, so that terms like concept, judgment, logic,
Of the ten countries, France had the largest number of abstraction, conclusion, computation, ⑤ are needed in
locals, but its tourist /local ratio ranked fifth, with a ratio of describing the work of the senses.
3.03. ② Iceland had the smallest number of tourists and *impingement 영향, 충돌
locals, but its tourist/local ratio was the second highest
among the ten countries. ③ Of the ten countries, Croatia
had the highest tourist/local ratio, at 13.81. ④ The Czech
Republic and Singapore had the same tourist/local ratio of
2.93, but the Czech Republic surpassed Singapore both in
the number of tourists and locals. ⑤ Spain had the lowest
tourist/local ratio, but it had the largest number of tourists
among the ten countries. 30. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적
절한 것은?
One alternative to self-disclosure is to keep your thoughts
26. Walter Mischel에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것
and feelings to yourself. You can get a sense of how much
은?
you rely on silence instead of disclosing by keeping a record
Walter Mischel was born in Vienna in 1930, in a house
of when you do and don’t express your opinions. You’re
that was a short walk away from where Sigmund Freud
likely to find that (A) exposing / withholding thoughts and
lived. His family moved to New York when he was 10 years
feelings is a common approach for you. Telling the whole
old to escape from the Nazis. He studied psychology but
truth may be honest, but it can jeopardize you, the other
qualified as a social worker. He suggested that the early link
person, and your relationship. Most (B) inconsiderate /
with Freud led him to begin his career as an advocate of
thoughtful communicators would keep quiet rather than give
Freud and psychoanalysis. However, he found that the
unwanted opinions like “You look awful” or “You talk too
psychoanalytic approach was of little help in his work with
much.” Social scientists have found that people often make
inner- city aggressive youngsters. This led him to
distinctions between “lies of omission” and “lies of
undertake a PhD in psychology at Ohio State University,
commission” — and that saying nothing (omission) is usually
where he worked with George Kelly and Julian Rotter. After
judged less (C) harshly / moderately than telling an
graduation he worked at Harvard University and then
outright lie (commission). One study showed that in the
Stanford University before moving to Columbia University
workplace, holding back information is often seen as a better
in 1984. While at Harvard he worked on a project assessing
alternative than lying or engaging in intentional deception.
performance for the Peace Corps and found that global trait
measures of personality were not good predictors of *jeopardize 위태롭게 하다
performance. (A) (B) (C)
① exposing …… inconsiderate …… harshly
① 프로이트가 살던 곳과 가까운 집에서 1930년에 태어났다.
② exposing …… thoughtful …… moderately
② 10살 때 가족이 나치를 피해 뉴욕으로 이주했다.
③ withholding …… thoughtful …… harshly
③ 프로이트와 정신분석학 지지자로서 자신의 경력을 시작했다.
④ withholding …… thoughtful …… moderately
④ Ohio 주립 대학교에서 심리학 박사 학위 과정을 시작했다.
⑤ withholding …… inconsiderate …… harshly
⑤ Columbia 대학교를 거쳐 Harvard 대학교에서 근무했다.
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[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. Sociologist Erving Goffman notes “that when an individual
appears before others he will have many motives for trying to
control the impression they receive of the situation.” We want
to be liked and to have our ideas accepted. We want others to
show regard for our feelings and for the values that serve as
the anchors for our actions. Goffman reminds us that children,
teachers, parents, close friends, employees, employers,
spouses, lovers, and coworkers all have strategies for
projecting their interests to those with whom they come in
contact. He referred to such strategies as impression
management. Since we perform many of these roles
simultaneously, we are constantly faced with the imperatives
of making our actions and attitudes acceptable to others.
Every role we play carries a number of possible strategies for
influencing others. In words, gestures, and small signs, we
leave a trail of cues that are meant to guide the responses of
our audiences. No moment in the routine events of the day is
too small to be completely without .
① conflict ② variation ③ persuasion
④ cooperation ⑤ responsibility
32. Entrepreneurs succeed by providing customers with
businesses and services they value. This requires knowledge
of what people value and how to provide those goods and
services. It is hard to succeed without that knowledge. The
person who observes a change in consumption patterns will
not necessarily realize its importance unless he or she is
familiar with the product or industry. Business people draw on
their knowledge acquired from experience to make more
accurate assessments of areas of possible demand. Part of this
involves getting into the heads of the consumers to see how
they perceive products in relation to their needs. In so doing,
you need to be aware of changes in lifestyles of consumers
and their product needs. With this knowledge, you can create
a product that connects with the changing lifestyles of the
potential market. Firms that put together new combinations of
technologies and build products that should
have greater potential for survival than those that do not.
① fit into buyers’ thought systems
② can be manufactured at a low cost
③ reflect employees’ innovative ideas
④ occupy markets ahead of competitors
⑤ are guaranteed with services available anytime
33. The mystery of is a
particularly fascinating paradox that has puzzled philosophers
for centuries, with very little empirical research on the subject
until the last decade. ‘Negative’ emotions such as sadness are
generally held to involve avoidance behaviours according to
most models of emotion, impelling us to escape from
situations or people that make us feel sad, thus protecting us
from potential danger. We could expect, therefore, that people
would usually display a preference for listening to happy
music. Research supports this idea, with findings that people
do mostly prefer to listen to up-tempo music in major keys,
music which is usually perceived as happy. Counterintuitively,
however, in the case of music or other aesthetic experiences,
the evidence suggests that we also willingly seek out
experiences of sadness, even seeming to enjoy them. As David
Hume says, “they are pleased as they are afflicted, and never
so happy as when they employ tears, sobs and cries to give
vent to their sorrow.”
*empirical 실증적인 **give vent to (감정 등을) 발산하다
① why we are attracted to sad music
② how the brain processes musical emotion
③ why people respond differently to the same music
④ how music can be a more powerful tool than language
⑤ how music alters our emotional perceptions of other people
34. The form of street art .
In open, pluralistic societies, collectives competing for political
space often utilize all forms to record their historical memory.
However, in noncompetitive, authoritarian systems where
government dominates public space, graffiti becomes the
primary medium; posters, wallpaintings, and murals are more
risky. Until the twilight of the Augusto Pinochet regime, the
painting of murals ceased because of the high political risks.
Leaflets supplemented the underground graffiti. At times they
were displayed as wallposters. Themes also adapt to reflect
pressing national problems. In an authoritarian system, political
matters take precedence over social, cultural, and economic
questions. The opposition’s push is to resolve political
questions first; their themes record a regime’s sins. In a
competitive system, once the transition questions are resolved,
the street art begins to reflect an array of pressing problems
— political, social, economic, or cultural in nature. These are
recorded in posters, graffiti, wallpaintings, and murals.
*pluralistic 다원적인
**graffiti 그라피티, (건물 등의 벽에 그린) 낙서 ***mural 벽장식, 벽화
① sparks varied opinions about its influence
② reflects the unfulfilled dreams of the creator
③ determines what the future of a society will be like
④ changes to meet the conditions of the political system
⑤ responds to the overwhelming support from the public
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35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
The American Revolution (1774–83) ranks among the most
written about episodes in history. It achieved independence
and forged a great nation. ① But historians and readers have
mostly approached it as an isolated American drama, the
decisive formative episode in the history of the
nation-state. ② That it also exerted an immense social,
cultural, and ideological impact on the rest of the world that
proved fundamental to the shaping of democratic modernity
has attracted little attention since the mid-nineteenth
century until very recently. ③ The American Revolution,
preceding the great French Revolution of 1789–99, was the
first and one of the most momentous upheavals of a whole
series of revolutionary events gripping the Atlantic world
during the three-quarters of a century from 1775 to 1848–
49. ④ The United States that emerged in 1787 was
predominantly undemocratic and by and large not designed to
promote the welfare of society as a whole. ⑤ Like the
French Revolution, these were all profoundly affected by,
and impacted on, America in ways rarely examined and
discussed in broad context.
*forge (힘들여) 만들어 내다 **upheaval 대변동, 격변
[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
A very few animal species have rudimentary culture. A
local troop of Japanese macaques have learned, from the
example an innovative female in their midst provided, how
to clean sweet potatoes by washing them in water.
(A) Linguists define it as the highest form of communication,
an endless combination of words translatable into symbols,
and arbitrarily chosen to confer meaning. They are used
to label any conceivable entity, process, or one or more
attributes that define entity and process.
(B) These are among the very rare examples of true cultures
— behavior invented by individuals and groups and passed
on by the social learning of others. But no animal species,
at least none out of the more than one million known, has
a language. What then is language — what exactly?
(C) Equally impressive, members of at least one chimpanzee
troop use bush stems stripped of leaves to fish for
termite soldiers, the suicidally aggressive insect fighters
that bite and hold on to any invader of their nest.
Members of a second group of chimpanzees have learned
from one another how to swim and dive or otherwise
move through water.
*rudimentary 초보적인 **Japanese macaque 일본원숭이
***termite 흰개미
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
5
37.
Fear of radiation is problematic considering the trend in
radiation exposures. Since 1980, the background radiation
exposure level for Americans has doubled, and is likely to
continue to climb. Similar patterns are occurring in all of
the developed and developing countries.
(A) Under such circumstances, the “average” background
radiation level means little to the individual. People need
to be aware of their personal radiation exposures and
weigh the risks and benefits before agreeing to subject
themselves to medical radiation procedures.
(B) This increase in background radiation is almost entirely
due to the expanding use of radiation procedures in
medicine. The benefits of diagnostic radiology in
identifying disease and monitoring treatment progress have
been significant.
(C) However, radiation has also been overused in many
circumstances, conveying little or no benefits to patients
while still subjecting them to increased risks.
Furthermore, medical radiation is not distributed evenly
across the population. While some people are getting no
medical radiation exposure at all, others are receiving
substantial doses.
*diagnostic radiology 진단 방사선학
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
Fans have an emotional attachment to their favorite teams
and athletes, irrespective (mostly) of their recent
performances.
Unlike conventional marketing activities, like advertising
and promotions, that are planned and scripted, sports events
are inherently unpredictable. Fans, athletes, teams, and
companies do not know outcomes. ( ① ) Despite even the
most formidable track records of success, one cannot know
for certain whether past sport performances will continue or
whether expectations will be turned upside down. ( ② )
This very unpredictability separates sports from almost all
other corporate marketing activities. ( ③ ) Indeed, many
business managers find this prospect of uncertainty distinctly
uncomfortable and consequently shy away from using sports
as a marketing platform. ( ④ ) Yet sports fans follow
sports partly because outcomes are not guaranteed. ( ⑤ ) If
sports were scripted then they would lose credibility,
spontaneity would be lost, and they would be no different
than a conventional company-directed ad campaign.
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39.
The problems that undermine their efforts to succeed
(and instructors’ efforts to help them) arise from numerous
sources.
Formal education has had a major and positive impact on
society, but it is also true that not all students meet their
learning aspirations. ( ① ) Many children and adults struggle
to learn and many are left behind. ( ② ) A short list
includes poor nutrition, poor physical or mental health, a lack
of motivation, boredom, social and interpersonal problems at
school or at home, ineffective approaches to learning,
learning disabilities, and poor access to educational
resources. ( ③ ) Successfully solving these problems will
require many solutions and only a subset of them are
targeted by cognitive psychologists. ( ④ ) This subset of
problems is nevertheless fundamental to education and, in
general, includes the difficulties that many students have in
effectively learning and understanding new ideas and
concepts, correcting misconceptions, achieving proficiency in
math and reading, and thinking critically. ( ⑤ ) Even in the
best of circumstances, many students will still struggle, and
many of the efforts of cognitive and educational
psychologists are aimed at helping students more effectively
learn and teachers more effectively teach.
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Whereas nineteenth-century dietary reformers worried
that we’d stopped baking our own bread, today’s food
evangelists worry that we’ve stopped cooking altogether.
It’s true that families eat out more than in the past. And
women spend less time cooking than they did a few
generations ago. But oversimplified comparisons of today’s
families with those of previous generations fail to
acknowledge the fact that Americans have long depended
on the labor of others to get dinner on the table. Poor
white women and women of color prepared many people’s
meals a century ago, just as they do today. The difference
is that these women previously worked inside the home,
as domestic laborers, rather than in restaurants. At the
peak, almost two million domestic workers were employed
in American households. Anthropologist Amy Trubek notes
that idealized visions of home cooking persistently neglect
“the many generations of paid cooks who first worked in
homes and then in commercial settings to make these
meals possible.”
*evangelist 전도사
 42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않
While (A) cooking has decreased in the United States,
it has been overlooked that regardless of their service location,
(B) cooks have provided meals for many people for
many generations.
(A) (B)
① domestic …… foreign
② domestic …… hired
③ elaborate …… devoted
④ elaborate …… experienced
⑤ simple …… underpaid
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
In an experiment, more than one hundred volunteers were
shown two photographs, each of a woman’s face. After
looking at both pictures for a few seconds, they had to
choose the one that looked most attractive to them.
Immediately after three such choices, subjects were shown
again the face they had just chosen and were asked to
explain their choice. They readily complied. On three other
trials, the experimentalist, in a sleight of hand, exchanged
the picture of the chosen woman with the opposite image.
That is, immediately after deciding that woman A was
more attractive, a double-card ploy was used to (a)
confront subjects with the picture of woman B and they
had to explain why they chose her (the two women
depicted on the photos were quite distinct). Remarkably,
most of the time the subjects were fooled. Only in fewer
than 25% of trials were participants (b) aware that their
original choice was not honored, that they had been fooled.
Most of the time, they ignored the (c) agreement between
their original conscious decision and what they were told
they had decided. And even more remarkably, they
proceeded to (d) justify this choice even though it
contradicted what they actually did a few seconds earlier:
“She’s radiant. I would rather have approached her than the
other one. I like her earrings,” even though the original
choice looked solemn and had no earrings. What choice
blindness reveals is that people often have no idea why
they choose the way they do. But their (e) urge to explain
their actions is such that this does not prevent them from
making up a story on the spot, confabulating without
knowing it.
*a sleight of hand 날랜 손재주, 교묘한 속임수
**confabulate 얘기를 만들어 내다
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Your Choices Define Who You Are
② What Constitutes Rational Choice?
③ Minor Choices Can Impact Your Entire Future
④ Decision Making: What Is Best vs. What Looks Best
⑤ Do You Know Why You Make the Decisions You Do?
은 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ ©
④ (d) ⑤ (e)
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 4회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Mr. Singelton,
We at Bovice Children’s Trust work for underprivileged
children and sometimes need volunteers to help us in our
project. A few months back, Chris came forward and helped
us in reaching out to the underprivileged children in the
Griffin Street region. He ensured that the children’s parents
understood the program that our organization was working
for and thus it helped us a lot in succeeding in enrolling
these children for our program. Besides, Chris also engaged
in popularizing our organization mission that gave us the
financial assistance as well as community participation by
many organizations. Hence, I would like to confirm that
Chris has put in about fifty hours of community service and
a certificate for his service is enclosed along with this
letter for your reference.
Best regards,
Karl Lewis
① 자원봉사 활동 참여 방법을 문의하려고
② 자원봉사 활동 단체에 기부를 요청하려고
③ 자원봉사 활동 참여 사실을 확인해 주려고
④ 새로운 자원봉사 활동 프로그램을 소개하려고
⑤ 자원봉사 실적 확인서 발급 방법을 안내하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 David의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
There were about ten people standing around a long table,
dressed in black robes and chanting. David could not make
out what they were saying; he only saw their mouths move
in slow motion as if he was not there at all, and he felt his
hands and knees trembling with fear. Then, he caught a
glimpse of a table with a shadow of someone on it; he
couldn’t see the face. He felt he was outside a window
looking in. He tried to speak, but nothing came out of his
mouth. He tried to run, but his legs wouldn’t move. He
wanted to leave, but something seemed to be holding him
there. As he slowly started to move back, the circle of
people turned and looked at him. They waved their hands
for him to come to join them. He didn’t want to join them;
he was afraid of what they might do to him. Despite his
struggle not to join them, he was pulled slowly toward them.
He was no longer in control of his own body.
① pleased and relaxed
② jealous and envious
③ bored and indifferent
④ terrified and desperate
⑤ disappointed and regretful
1
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
If you want a friend, get a dog. Journalism professors and
professionals have shared this humorous, colloquial saying
with countless neophytes in classrooms and newsrooms
because it points to a serious underpinning. The media
generally and reporters in particular do not need to be loved
or even to have their motives fully understood in order to
carry out their obligations to inform the public. But,
according to Stephen Klaidman and Tom Beauchamp in The
Virtuous Journalist, it is essential that the public trust the
press and see it as credible in its role as watchdog over
governments and their agencies. Credibility is an attitude, a
belief that citizens hold about whether the news media
legitimately have the power to call out elected officials or
others in high positions who are not playing by the rules. In
order to be seen as legitimate, the media must be seen as
truthful, accurate, unbiased, and fair.
*neophyte 초보자 **underpinning 기본 사항, 토대
① 언론의 신뢰도를 개선할 수 있는 법을 제정해야 한다.
② 권력의 감시자로서 언론은 대중의 신뢰를 얻어야 한다.
③ 언론은 정치 뉴스 위주의 보도 관행에서 탈피해야 한다.
④ 공정한 언론인 육성을 위한 교육 시스템을 구축해야 한다.
⑤ 기자는 대중이 이해할 수 있는 표현으로 기사를 써야 한다.
21. 밑줄 친 a mindful habit이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장
적절한 것은?
Psychologist and author Jeremy Dean explains in relation
to cultivating happiness-boosting habits that ‘unfortunately
there’s rather a large fly in the ointment. That fly is
habituation’. Habituation means that we adapt to positive
experiences more quickly than negative ones. This means
that we lose the pleasure from good habits more quickly
than the pain from bad ones. Dean suggests that one way
that we can deal with our automatic adaptation to pleasure
is by varying our habits rather than repeating them in
exactly the same way over and over again. This could mean,
for example, making a conscious effort to respond more
consciously to the question ‘how are you?’ (rather than
saying ‘Fine’ every time). Introducing conscious variations in
some of our habits can be effective in reducing the effects
of habituation. Although Dean explains that this idea
stretches the formal definition of a habit which involves the
same behaviour or thought in the same situation, for ‘happy’
habits we need an ‘automatic initiation of the behaviour, but
then a continuously mindful way of carrying it out. A new
type of hybrid habit: a mindful habit’.
① becoming aware of one’s old habits
② breaking a bad habit with all one’s mind
③ getting into the habit of calming one’s mind
④ making a conscious effort to express happiness openly
⑤ consciously varying habitual patterns of behaviour
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22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Social workers need to recognize that it is the client who
owns the problem and therefore has the chief responsibility
to resolve it. In this respect, social work differs markedly
from most other professions. Most professionals, such as
physicians and attorneys, advise clients about what they
ought to do. Doctors, lawyers, and dentists are viewed as
experts. Clients’ decision making in such situations is
generally limited to the professional’s advice. In sharp
contrast, social workers seek to establish not an
expert-inferior relationship but rather a relationship between
equals. The expertise of the social worker does not lie in
knowing or recommending what is best for the client; it lies
in assisting clients to define their problems, to identify and
examine alternatives for resolving the problems, to maximize
their capacities and opportunities to make decisions for
themselves, and to implement the decisions they make.
Many students, when they first enter social work or some
other helping profession, mistakenly see their role as that of
“savior” or “rescuer.”
① 전문적인 사회 복지사 양성을 위한 제도적 뒷받침이 부족하다.
② 사회 복지사는 고객의 정보를 외부에 유출하지 않을 의무가 있다.
③ 사회 복지사의 기본 자세는 고객을 편견 없이 받아들이는 것이다.
④ 사회 복지사의 임무는 고객 스스로 문제를 해결하도록 돕는 것이다.
⑤ 사회 복지사는 고객과 정서적 유대 관계를 형성하는 것이 중요하다.
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
One key to the problem of the shopping information gap is
to realize that we need a better way of presenting and
organizing information. Such a method is to organize
information into different levels, where different amounts of
consumer demand for information are presented at each
level. Any shopper, at any point in the shopping experience,
has a certain level of interest in products. Sometimes this
level of interest is intense, where the consumer just cannot
get enough, and sometimes this level is one of indifference,
where the consumer is just browsing. The best way to
convey information to consumers is to look at them as
shopping on a number of possible levels of interest and to
direct information to them according to their level. If a
consumer has a high level of interest then more information
should be available to him. Conversely, if a consumer is
indifferent to a product, then he should not be overwhelmed
with information.
① How to Raise the Level of Shoppers’ Interest in Products
② Shopping Information: A Basis for Determining the Level of
Interest
③ Shoppers’ Interest Level: A Determinant of the Amount of
Information
④ The Amount of Information Required to Determine the Purchase
⑤ What Shoppers Do When Overwhelmed with the Amount of
Information

25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
While memories in STM (short-term memory) are
encoded acoustically, information held in LTM (long-term
memory) seems to be different. Here, memories are encoded
according to their meaning — that is, using a semantic code.
Baddeley provided evidence for this in an experiment that
required participants to learn lists of words and recall them.
The lists contained some items that were acoustically similar
(such as mad, man, cad, can) and others that were
semantically similar (such as big, long, broad, high). When
asked for immediate recall, participants’ errors were affected
by the similar-sounding words, reflecting the use of an
acoustic code in STM. When recall was delayed for 20
minutes, however, more errors were made on list items with
similar meanings. This latter finding can be explained by the
use of a semantic code in LTM; items were confused when
they had similar meanings, so were less likely to be recalled
accurately.
The graph above shows the percentage of the U.S.
*acoustically 청각적으로
population with total diabetes (diagnosed and
① a close link between short-term and long-term memory
undiagnosed) and the percentage with undiagnosed
② different codes used by short-term and long-term memory
diabetes both as a whole and by ethnic/racial subgroup in
③ ways to optimize the process of memory encoding
2011 – 2012. ① Non-Hispanic whites had the lowest
④ the role of perception in starting the process of encoding percentage of total diabetes among all ethnic/racial
⑤ the process of encoding and decoding information subgroups. ② More than 1 in 5 non-Hispanic blacks had
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total diabetes, and non-Hispanic blacks had a lower
proportion of undiagnosed diabetes than non-Hispanic
Asians. ③ Non-Hispanic Asians showed the highest
proportion of undiagnosed diabetes among all of the
ethnic/racial subgroups. ④ All Hispanics showed the highest
percentage of total diabetes, with 10 percent undiagnosed
diabetes. ⑤ The percentage of all Hispanics with
undiagnosed diabetes was lower than that of overall
Americans with undiagnosed diabetes.
26. Caspar David Friedrich에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지
않는 것은?
Caspar David Friedrich, a 19th-century German Romantic
landscape painter, began with topographical drawings in
pencil and sepia wash and did not take up oil painting until
1807. His choice of subjects often broke new ground and he
discovered aspects of nature so far unseen: an infinite
stretch of sea or mountains, snow-covered or fog-bound
plains seen in the strange light of sunrise, dusk, or
moonlight. He seldom used obvious religious imagery, but his
landscapes convey a sense of haunting spirituality. Friedrich
had a severe stroke in 1835 and returned to his small
sepias. He was virtually forgotten at the time of his death
and his immediate influence was confined to members of his
circle in Dresden, notably Georg Friedrich Kersting, who
sometimes painted the figures in Friedrich’s work. It was
only at the end of the 19th century, with the rise of
Symbolism, that Friedrich’s greatness began to be
recognized. Most of his work is still in Germany.
*topographical 지형의 **sepia wash 세피아 물감
① 19세기 독일 낭만파 풍경화가이다.
② 명백한 종교적인 이미지를 주로 사용했다.
③ 임종할 당시에는 거의 잊혔다.
④ 19세기 말이 되어서야 그의 위대함이 인정받기 시작했다.
⑤ 그의 작품 대부분은 여전히 독일에 있다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Modern science emerged out of traditions that are clearly
Western. It seems that the process of sorting into either/or
categories can be traced to ancient Greek thought. The
process of organizing objects according to ① whether they
have or do not have a particular property, with no
intermediate category, is sometimes called Aristotelian. This
very formal approach to classifying, unlike the version of
classifying we might use in everyday living, ② making no
allowance for fuzziness. It is important to recognize that
thinking scientifically is not natural or automatic. Indeed
learning to perceive the world in ways ③ consistent with
this dichotomous, observation-based perspective is
something we must learn. For some of us, this may seem to
3
be very natural. In actuality it is an extension of the cultural
traditions ④ within which we were raised. Classifying is an
example of a very particular way of thinking that teachers
must introduce to students to familiarize ⑤ them with the
culture of science.
*fuzziness 불분명함, 모호함 **dichotomous 이분법의
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
Each of us views reality through the thoughts we have
① accumulated in our individual preserved state of
awareness. When you encounter a new thought, you call
upon this state to derive meaning, agree, disagree, judge,
or remain neutral. Every thought you encounter or conjure
up you ② filter through this state. You can observe this
scrutiny as you produce thoughts that stimulate your
feelings. Pay attention the next time you disagree with
somebody. Notice how your mind instantly produces
thoughts that ③ validate your point of view. For example,
as your friend ④ defends a political candidate who you
dislike, notice the rush of opposing thoughts that enter
your mind. As this happens, consider for a moment where
these thoughts came from and why you produced them at
this particular moment. Consider their purpose. You did
attract them and they do have a purpose. Their purpose is
to ⑤ contradict your beliefs.
*conjure up ~을 떠올리다, ~을 상기하다
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. As an academic discipline, architecture is outside of the
humanities — so in that sense there’s no question that it is
not one of the humanities. Not institutionally at least, even if
there is something of a family resemblance. Architecture
students aren’t oriented to thinking, reading, and writing in
quite the same way as are students within the humanities.
What’s interesting about architecture is that it has always
been unsure as to where to position itself and its own identity
as a discipline: it is itself internally divided about whether it
is a science, a technological discipline, or a mode of art or
aesthetic production. This regarding its own
identity has led it to be quite open to philosophical and critical
theory in a way that is unimaginable for other disciplines, like
engineering or medicine, for example. What I can say
positively as an outsider is that architecture is a discipline
seeking self-definition, and for that self-definition it looks
outside of itself, to see what others say about it.
① simplicity ② uncertainty ③ manipulation
④ independence ⑤ misconception
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32. Important work regarding preservatives indicated that
making organ meats look familiar (through their cuts, shapes,
and packaging) influenced perceptions of taste. This insight
was found during research on what made preserved foods
most acceptable. At the beginning of World War II, there was
a need for canned meats that tasted like fresh meat, for
powdered milk that was reconstituted to taste like fresh
whole milk, and for preserved bread that tasted like fresh
bread. The government pushed food companies to preserve
foods to resemble fresh foods. Because they looked and
tasted fresh, people believed they must be safe and that
preservatives were not harmful. Because of this work, initial
efforts introduced some organ meats as filler in ground beef
and sausages. In both ground meat and sausage forms,
replacing existing meat with organ meats was accepted
because they . and are part of a complex evaluative process. Information
*reconstitute (물을 부어) 원상태로 만들다
① gained popularity thanks to their low price
② were produced fresh in an eco-friendly way
③ did not increase the possibility of developing a disease
④ did not cause the meat to look different than expected
⑤ could be provided in large quantities anytime and anywhere
33. Most people exhibit physical symptoms when they lie.
Their bodies respond to the stress they feel when they think
they will be found out. Immediately, their hearts beat faster
as adrenaline bathes their system, their breathing becomes
more shallow in response to feelings of panic, their hands
become colder as blood flow becomes constricted, nd their
hands sweat and their muscles become tense. Examiners can
see this pattern on the lie detector equipment and the liar is
caught. This technology works nicely for most people. Most of
us have brains that want to tell the truth, want to be trusted,
and we feel guilty when we lie or when e think we will be
caught. Our bodies respond to our thoughts and feelings. There
is even new brain imaging lie detector equipment and
companies springing up, such as No Lie MRI, to swear in
court whether or not you are telling the truth. Not only does
your body react to lies, your brain does as well. Whenever
most people lie, their brain becomes overall much more active
than when telling the truth. It really does to
lie than to tell the truth.
*constrict 위축시키다
① require more time
② seem easier to some
③ evoke more pleasure
④ take more out of you
⑤ make your body calmer
34. Social domain theory views emotions and moral judgments
as reciprocal processes that cannot be disentangled. This view
differs from emotivist or intuitionist approaches to morality,
which are principally based on research with adults and give
priority to emotional and implicit processes while avoiding
reasoning as largely post hoc rationalizations. From the social
domain perspective, this treatment of emotions and reasoning
as distinct, opposing influences represents a false dichotomy.
Rather, the assumption is that affective experiences are an
important component of moral judgment and that the latter
involves a complex integration of thoughts, feelings, and
experiences. To borrow from Kant’s famous saying, moral
reasoning without emotion is empty; emotions without
reasoning are blind. Children’s affective experiences influence
their understanding, encoding, and memory of moral violations
obtained from observing the affective consequences of acts for
others, as well as past or immediate emotional responses to
moral situations, may .
*disentangle 떼다, (엉킨 것을) 풀다 **post hoc 사후(事後)의
***dichotomy 이분법
① undermine the underlying assumptions of moral reasoning
② be helpful in deciding whether to intervene or not in situations
③ indicate that moral judgment depends on the intention of the
act
④ prove that emotional competencies greatly enhance
performance
⑤ constitute the foundation on which moral understanding is
constructed
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Creativity researchers now believe that creativity cannot
always be defined as a property of individuals; creativity can
also be a property of groups. ① For example, the
performance that is generated by an improvisational theater
ensemble is the creative product of the entire ensemble;
there is no way to attribute the performance to any single
member of the group. ② In the same way, organization
theorists and socioculturalists argue that problem solving in
work groups, and learning in classrooms and informal
settings, often occurs in social interactions characterized by
group creativity. ③ These researchers are still exploring the
complex relationship between group creativity and the
creativity of individual members of the group. ④ Creativity
can come from the accumulation of knowledge: the more
knowledge you have, the more creative you can be. ⑤
These are different types of creativity; the interactional
processes of group creativity that we can observe among
improvising actors are not likely to look anything like the
cognitive processes going on within any single actor’s head.
*improvisational theater 즉흥극
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
Socrates provided a theater of presence in Athens for the
young people who gathered to watch him show that their
elders — even the ones with the most brilliant reputations
for wisdom — could not answer the vital questions he put to
them, questions like “What is justice?”
(A) It was also dramatic, more tightly focused on the false
claims to wisdom that people actually made in the public
places of Athens, false claims that affected directly the
young men who clustered around Socrates as his
audience. And the elders who were refuted, did they gain
wisdom?
(B) And so these watchers were drawn into philosophy as
they learned something about human limitations. They
could have picked this lesson up from comedy, but
Socratic theater was more immediate, more transformative
of watchers into thinkers.
(C) In most cases, they plainly did not. They were deep
inside the space of theater, unable to see themselves, and
all they knew at the end was that they had been
humiliated by a fiendishly clever man. So they went away
not wiser but more angry at Socrates and his cleverness.
*refute 반박하다 **humiliate 굴욕감을 주다 ***fiendishly 지독하게, 극도로
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
Wildlife management in North America is complicated
because most land is owned by individuals who can restrict
public access or manage it as they see fit, so long as their
actions do not adversely impact other people.
(A) Consequently, in North America, we have this interesting
phenomenon in which society owns and manages the
wildlife, but private individuals own and manage the land
and habitat on which wildlife depend. Clearly a partnership
is required between landowners and government if the
wildlife resource is going to be managed wisely.
(B) When the colonies gained their independence following the
American Revolution and became states, they continued to
own wildlife but now on behalf of “the people” who had
replaced the crown as the ultimate authority on which
government was based.
(C) Wildlife, however, is not owned by individuals or
landowners but by society. This is the result of English
common law, which stated that wildlife was owned by the
crown. When English colonies were established in
America, colonial governments administered on the
crown’s behalf, and they owned the wildlife.
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
5
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
It seems also accepted that this principle of allocation of
responsibilities also applies to manufactured goods.
The concept of ‘producer responsibility’ reflects a
fundamental legal principle for the allocation of
responsibilities: the person acting must ensure that each
action is performed in a way that does not cause damage or
nuisance to other legally protected interests. ( ① ) In
relation to the manufacturing of goods, this concept requires
operators to prevent pollution, hazards, the risk of damaging
public health and damage to neighboring properties — or at
least to minimize these negative externalities to a certain
level defined by legislation and/or a specific permit. ( ② )
Hence, the preventative costs must be paid by the producer.
( ③ ) It is generally accepted that these preventive
responsibilities apply to manufacturing processes and include
the waste generated by the manufacturing process. ( ④ )
Products placed on the market must be safe and secure in
general. ( ⑤ ) For certain products, such as pesticides,
genetically modified organisms and vehicles, the placing of
these products on the market is subject to a prior licensing
scheme.
39.
As our head started to increase in size to accommodate
our expanding brains, this put pressure on hominid mothers
to deliver their babies before their heads got too big.
Up until 2 million years ago, the relative brain size of our
hominid ancestors was the same as that of the great apes
today. However, something happened in our evolution to
change the course of the development of our brain, which
grew significantly larger. ( ① ) Human brain size increased
to be 3-4 times larger than the brain of our ancestral apes.
( ② ) However, this is not a problem for our nearest
non-human cousins, the chimpanzee. ( ③ ) In terms of
movement, chimps do not naturally walk upright and so did
not develop a narrow pelvis. ( ④ ) Their birth canals are
large enough to give a relatively easier birth to their babies,
which is why chimpanzees waddle when they do try to walk
upright. ( ⑤ ) They usually deliver by themselves in less
than 30 minutes, whereas human delivery takes considerably
longer and is most often assisted by other adults.
*hominid 인류(의) **pelvis 골반 ***waddle 뒤뚱뒤뚱 걷다
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Historians have observed that the peak age for scientific
productivity was about 25 years of age in the year 1500,
but by 1960 it was 37. The increasing complexity of
scientific domains seems to have caused this increase; this
complexity makes the ideation and elaboration rates
decline, and this results in a later career peak. Educational
psychologist B. F. Jones studied 700 Nobel Prize winners
and technological inventors in the 20th century and found
that over the course of the century, the greatest
achievements occurred at later and later ages; the mean
age at great achievement rose by about six years over the
century, and in 2000, the peak age was 36 to 40. His
data showed that the peak age increased because early
age innovation is declining, and that’s a result of the
increased educational demands required to acquire the
knowledge necessary to contribute to an innovation. At the
beginning of the 20th century, great minds began their
work at age 23; at the end, at age 31. There’s been no
increase in the productivity of innovators beyond middle
age to make up for this shortened career, and as a result,
there’s been a decline in innovative output per researcher
over the century.

According to B. F. Jones’s study, increased complexity of
scientific fields and higher levels of (A) seemed to have
resulted in the delay of researchers’ start and peak age for
scientific achievements, which in turn (B) their shortened
careers and a decrease in innovation.
(A) (B)
① tolerance …… reversed
② education …… caused
③ education …… reversed
④ automation …… caused
⑤ automation …… sustained
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Environmental problems associated with agricultural
production for export in developing countries can be
difficult to tackle using conventional regulations because
producers are typically so numerous and dispersed, while
regulatory agencies are commonly inadequately funded and
staffed. In principle, eco-certification of production could
circumvent these problems by providing a means for the
socially conscious consumer to (a) identify environmentally
superior products, thereby providing a basis for paying a
price premium for them. These premiums, in turn, would
create financial incentives for producers to meet the
certification standards.
Do socially conscious buyers care enough to actually
pay a price premium that is high enough to (b) motivate
changes in the way the products are produced? Apparently,
for Costa Rican coffee at least, they do. One study
examined this question for certified organic coffee grown in
Turrialba, Costa Rica, an agricultural region in the country’s
central valley, about 40 miles east of San José, the capital
city. This is an interesting case because Costa Rican
farmers face significant pressure from the noncertified
market to (c) raise their costs, a strategy that can have
severe environmental consequences. In contrast, organic
production typically not only involves higher labor costs,
but the conversion from chemically based production can
also reduce yields. In addition, the costs of initial
certification and subsequent annual monitoring and reporting
are (d) significant.
The authors found that organic certification did improve
coffee growers’ environmental performance. Specifically,
they found that certification significantly reduced the use of
pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides, and
increased the use of organic fertilizers. In general, their
results suggest that organic certification has a (e) stronger
causal effect on preventing negative practices than on
encouraging positive ones.
* dispersed 분산된 **circumvent 피하다
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Costa Rica Leads the Way in Global Coffee Production
② Why Is Organic Production Becoming Increasingly Popular?
③ Can Eco-certification Make a Difference in Environmental
Problems?
④ Coffee Production: The Main Cause of Environmental
Degradation
⑤ Consumer Awareness of Environmentally-friendly
Products: A Long Way to Go
42. 밑줄 친 (a)∼(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않
은 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c)
④ (d) ⑤ (e)
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 5회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Mr. Robinson,
A customer, Mr. Liam Baker, wants to return a pair of
shoes he bought from this showroom a week ago. He
claims that there is a manufacturing defect in the design. In
fact, he is accusing us of selling seconds from this shop.
Mr. Newman and I tried to convince him about our policies
and explained worn shoes are not refundable, but it was all
in vain. Finally, to prevent him from creating a scene, we
promised that we would let him know our after consulting
the head office. I have also been successful in convincing
him to take the shoes back with him. But he will certainly
want an answer from us within a couple of days. Please
advise us as to what course of action we should take.
Regards,
Martin Fredrick
① 고객의 환불 요청 처리 방법에 대해 문의하려고
② 최근 출시된 상품의 제조 결함에 대해 항의하려고
③ 본사의 상품 환불 정책에 대한 개선안을 제시하려고
④ 수리를 요청한 상품에 대한 신속한 처리를 부탁하려고
⑤ 환불 절차를 성실히 안내하지 못한 점에 대해 사과하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Jake의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Jake lifted his head high and tried to control his breathing.
He would start his new life with Leah. His heart pounded in
his chest with joy. Jake watched as a vision of beauty
floated down the stairs. He’d never seen anyone look as
lovely in his whole life. Leah smiled at him, and his heart
beat double time. He still had a hard time believing that
Leah loved him and would soon be his wife. He only half
listened to the wedding vows. Leah’s voice was soft when
she vowed to “love and to cherish, until death do us part.”
She said it with such conviction that Jake’s heart felt as if
it would explode. Jake then repeated the same vows. He
placed the ring upon Leah’s finger. Someone cleared their
throat. “You may now kiss your bride.”
① bored and irritated
② worried and nervous
③ jealous and resentful
④ delighted and thrilled
⑤ relieved and comforted
1
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Most of the eating people do while standing up is impulse
eating, like nibbling on something you see when opening the
fridge to get something else out, grabbing a chocolate as
you walk past an open box sitting on your colleague’s desk
or taking little bites as you prepare food or clean up after
meals. There’s a real tendency to think that little nibbles
here or there while going about your business don’t actually
count or won’t have any consequences. But here’s the thing:
all the little nibbles here and there do count and will have
consequences. It’s important that you make every bite count.
Not only will eating sitting down make you feel more
physically satisfied, it will also make you feel more
psychologically satisfied if you see a full meal or snack
spread out in front of you rather than grabbing bites here or
there while on the move.
*impulse 충동 **nibble 조금씩 먹다; 한 입 분량
① 사람들과 함께 어울려 식사하라.
② 적은 양의 음식을 자주 섭취하라.
③ 음식의 열량을 계산하면서 먹으라.
④ 제대로 차린 음식을 앉아서 먹으라.
⑤ 정해진 시간에 정해진 양의 식사를 하라.
21. 밑줄 친 History does not know of acts of war without
eventual attribution이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것
은?
The objective of battle, to “throw” the enemy and to make
him defenseless, may temporarily blind commanders and
even strategists to the larger purpose of war. War is never
an isolated act, nor is it ever only one decision. In the real
world, war’s larger purpose is always a political purpose. It
transcends the use of force. This insight was famously
captured by Clausewitz’s most famous phrase, “War is a
mere continuation of politics by other means.” To be
political, a political entity or a representative of a political
entity, whatever its constitutional form, has to have an
intention, a will. That intention has to be articulated. And
one side’s will has to be transmitted to the adversary at
some point during the confrontation (it does not have to be
publicly communicated). A violent act and its larger political
intention must also be attributed to one side at some point
during the confrontation. History does not know of acts of
war without eventual attribution.
① History tells us that politics is like war.
② The outbreak of war is inevitably attributed to conflicts.
③ It has been proven that the battle is never over in politics.
④ Historically, political struggles have been fought in the
name of rights.
⑤ A look back in history shows that war can be traced
back to politics.
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22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
In the field of education, the sequence of human ages is
reflected in the relationship between teacher and student. In
past centuries, this relationship was a close and intimate
bond of apprenticeship (paradigmatically captured in the
Indian formula of guru-shishyaparampara) in which the
teacher transmitted to the student not only information but
also the continuity of a tradition of learning, the fruits of
the slow labor of intellectual and moral seasoning (far
removed from clever dexterity). A short label for these
ripened fruits of learning is the “classics,” and in this sense,
every major cultural tradition on earth can boast a
storehouse of classical texts and insights. What needs to be
remembered, however, is that classics is not simply a
synonym for oldness or for wisdom construed in the past
tense. Treated in this manner, the classics would be a
pastime reserved only for teachers and older people, which
would vitiate the need for continuity of transmission.
*dexterity 재능 **construe 이해하다 ***vitiate 폄하하다
① 전통문화를 현대적으로 계승하여 발전시킬 필요가 있다.
② 고전은 당대의 시대적 배경에서 연구되는 것이 중요하다.
③ 고전을 올바르게 이해하기 위해서는 전문 지식이 요구된다.
④ 소수 집단의 문화적 정체성과 다양성을 보존하는 것이 바람
직하다.
⑤ 고전은 과거에 국한된 것이 아니라 현재에도 계속 이어지는
것이다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
The words used in survey questions should not trigger
biases, unless doing so is the researcher’s conscious intent.
Biased words and phrases tend to produce misleading
answers. Some polls ask obviously loaded questions, such as
“Isn’t it time for Americans to stand up for morality and
stop the shameless degradation of the airwaves?” Especially
when describing abstract ideas (e.g., freedom, justice,
fairness), your choice of words can dramatically affect how
respondents answer. Take the difference between welfare
and assistance for the poor. On average, surveys have found
that public support for more assistance for the poor is about
39 percentage points higher than for welfare. Most people
favor helping the poor; most people oppose welfare. The
“truly needy” gain our sympathy, but “loafers and bums” do
not.
*loafer 빈둥거리며 시간을 보내는 사람 **bum 게으름뱅이
① methods of survey data collection
② techniques for analyzing survey data
③ ways to create a multiple-choice survey
④ the importance of survey research standards
⑤ the influence of word choice on survey responses
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Competitive activities can be more than just performance
showcases where the best is recognized and the rest are
overlooked. The provision of timely, constructive feedback to
participants on performance is an asset that some
competitions and contests offer. In a sense, all competitions
give feedback. For many, this is restricted to information
about whether the participant is an award- or prizewinner.
The provision of that type of feedback can be interpreted as
shifting the emphasis to demonstrating superior performance
but not necessarily excellence. The best competitions
promote excellence, not just winning or “beating” others. The
emphasis on superiority is what we typically see as
fostering a detrimental effect of competition. Performance
feedback requires that the program go beyond the “win,
place, or show” level of feedback. Information about
performance can be very helpful, not only to the participant
who does not win or place but also to those who do.
① All That Matters Is That You Did It!
② Why Is Competition Good for You?
③ Excellence vs. Superiority: What’s the Difference?
④ Positive Feedback Is Better than Negative Feedback
⑤ Constructive Feedback: A Key Part of Competitions
25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The two pie charts above show past world energy
consumption for 2011 and projected world energy
consumption for 2040. ① In 2011, the combined share of
“Petroleum”, “Natural Gas”, and “Coal” accounted for more
than three quarters of world energy consumption, and the
share of each fuel is expected to decrease except for
“Natural Gas” in 2040. ② “Petroleum” is expected to remain
the most consumed fuel, even with its share projected to
fall from 37 percent in 2011 to 31 percent in 2040. ③
“Biomass” accounted for 4 percent of world energy
consumption for 2011, ranking fourth. ④ By 2040, the
consumption of “Other Renewables” and “Nuclear” is expected
to increase by 1 percentage point, respectively. ⑤
“Hydropower” was the second least consumed energy source
at 3 percent in 2011 and is expected to account for the
same share in 2040.
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26. eagle dance에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The eagle dance is a dramatization of the relationship
believed to exist between man and the eagle and deific
powers. Two young men are costumed as eagles, one a male
and the other female; in the course of the dance, they
imitate almost every movement of these great birds. One
sees them in the act of soaring, hovering over the fields,
circling, perching on high places, and resting on the ground.
Although the costume may vary from pueblo to pueblo, the
basic features are the same. Each dancer’s body is painted
realistically; he wears a kilt, usually decorated with an
undulating snake design. On the head, is a close fitting
headdress covered with feathers; the eyes are indicated, and
at the front, is a long, curved beak — in all, a very good
representation of an eagle’s head; over the shoulders and
attached to the arms, are great feathered wings, and a
feathered tail is attached to the belt in the back. This dance
is a favorite with the public and is frequently performed at
public exhibitions.
*deific 신적인 **pueblo 인디언 부락 ***undulating 물결 모양의
① 두 명의 젊은 남성이 각각 독수리 의상을 입는다.
② 독수리의 거의 모든 움직임을 모방한다.
③ 인디언 부락마다 의상의 기본적인 특징이 다르다.
④ 무용수들은 깃털로 뒤덮인 머리 장식물을 쓴다.
⑤ 대중들에게 매우 인기가 있다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
In graphic form and function, the newspaper is coming to
resemble a computer screen, as the combination of text,
images, and icons turns the newspaper page into a static
snapshot of a World Wide Web page. In many newspapers
the index now consists of summaries ① gathered in a
column running down the left-hand side of the page, and a
small picture is often included with the summary. Anyone
familiar with multimedia presentations can easily read such a
picture as an iconic button, ② which the user would press
in order to receive the rest of the story. USA Today in fact
makes considerable use of “hypertextual” links back and
forth throughout ③ its pages, and these links are sometimes
cued by small graphics. The purpose of these icons together
with the other pictures and graphics ④ is not merely
decorative. Together they help to redefine the function of
the newspaper, which is no longer only to transmit verbal
information, but also to provide an appropriate visual
experience and through that experience ⑤ dictating an
appropriate reaction to the stories being told.
*static 정적인
3
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose, by any
other name would smell as sweet.” This thought of
Shakespeare’s points up a ① difference between roses and,
say, paintings. Natural objects, such as roses, are not ②
interpreted. They are not taken as vehicles of meanings and
messages. They belong to no tradition, strictly speaking
have no style, and are not understood within a framework of
culture and convention. Rather, they are sensed and savored
relatively directly, without ③ intellectual mediation, and so
what they are called, either individually or collectively, has
little bearing on our experience of them. What a work of art
is titled, on the other hand, has a ④ modest effect on the
aesthetic face it presents and on the qualities we correctly
perceive in it. A painting of a rose, by a name other than
the one it has, might very well smell different, aesthetically
speaking. The painting titled Rose of Summer and an
indiscernible painting titled Vermillion Womanhood are
physically, but also semantically and aesthetically, ⑤ distinct
objects of art.
*savor 음미하다 **semantically 의미적으로
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. There is a long-standing debate within psychology as to
whether emotions per se are stored in memory. Some
investigators argue that emotion cannot be stored in memory
but must be reconstructed based on knowledge concerning the
circumstances in which the emotion was experienced.
According to this view, when asked to remember emotions,
people retrieve not the fleeting emotional experience but a
of it based on memory for relevant details
concerning the event or based on beliefs about how one is
likely to have felt. Remembering the circumstances in which
an emotion was experienced also may cause people to
experience a similar but new emotion in the present, and it is
this new emotion that is then reported. As William James put
it, “The revivability in memory of the emotions, like that of
all the feelings of the lower senses, is very small.... We can
produce, not remembrances of the old grief or rapture, but
new griefs and raptures, by summoning up a lively thought of
their exciting cause.”
*rapture 환희
① collection
② recognition
③ classification
④ redescription
⑤ reinforcement
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32. The apparent “mess” of the bacterial domain is
understandable. From the examples of the macrobiological
world, it is clear that lifestyle or morphology is only of
limited use to establish relatedness, and many bacteria look
more or less the same under a microscope. So how should we
group bacteria, if not by their looks and behavior? In the old
days, when research was dedicated to medical microbiology,
distinctions were frequently made based on the diseases
bacteria could cause. This has led to that we live with
even today. For example, shigellosis is a type of severe
diarrhea caused by Shigella species, for instance Shigella
dysenteriae, which, by objective criteria, are just particular
nasty brands of E. coli (the “E.” of E. coli stands for the
genus Escherichia). There is no scientific reason to grant
Shigella bacteria their own genus name, but taxonomists have
not renamed Shigella bacteria to be incorporated into the
Escherichia genus — yet.
*morphology 형태 **diarrhea 설사 ***genus 속
① very strict naming rules
② some inaccurate classifications
③ threats of bacterial contamination
④ limitations in the detection of harmful bacteria
⑤ many conflicting data on the treatment of diseases
33. Many people, perhaps even you, associate philosophy with
an image of bearded men in togas discussing deep thoughts.
There were such people in fact, and our Western intellectual
heritage owes a lot to the ancient Greeks (which is why we
have this mental picture). But it wasn’t just the ancient
Greeks who did philosophy. Philosophy is a basic human
intellectual activity that has been pursued in every advanced
culture since time immemorial. Its universality and timeless
appeal should tell you something about it right off the bat: the
doing of philosophy does not depend on . This
distinguishes it from any of the other “social sciences.” For
example, in history, it is absolutely necessary to know specific
facts about events. You can’t study history just by reasoning
or by thinking about ideas. Likewise, you can’t do psychology
without having a certain scientific view toward human nature
and observing actual patterns in human behavior (this is why
psychology is, in fact, a relatively recently developed
discipline).
*toga 토가(고대 로마 시민의 겉옷)
① all the wisdom of past ages
② systematic approaches to reasoning
③ interpersonal comparisons of the good
④ any particular body of outside knowledge
⑤ some understanding of historical contexts
34. Musical judgments are never made in complete isolation.
The formation of “taste cultures” has always been socially
defined. Participation in certain genres of music was
historically determined by a person’s social position, not by a
purely independent aesthetic choice. Indeed, from a sociological
perspective, taste is always a social category rather than an
aesthetic one; it refers to the way we use cultural judgments
as social “currency,” to mark our social positions. This may be
less clear today, since contemporary society is characterized
by the fragmentation of older taste cultures and the
proliferation of new ones. In this context, cultural transactions
take place with increasing rapidity — hence the heating up of
the cultural economy and its rapid turnover of new products.
Not only are taste cultures themselves shifting, but people
now tend to move between them with greater ease. These
factors contribute to a sense of the relativity of any single
position. Contemporary musical choices are plural as never
before, and the effect of that plurality is inevitably to confirm
that, in matters of musical judgment, .
*proliferation 확산
① expertise might be the best answer
② popularity is probably a sole criterion
③ profitability must be the utmost index
④ the individual can be the only authority
⑤ society is definitely the most reliable judge
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Mathematics and logic are closely related, and in many
branches of science forms of mathematics are available
which are suitable for the deduction of the consequences of
hypotheses. ① When this is so, much more elaborate and
far-reaching deductions become possible because of the
great power of mathematical notation and methods, which
permit deductions to be made that would be overwhelmingly
complex if argued in ordinary language. ② Nevertheless a
sacrifice is usually made when reliance is placed on
mathematics, because the existing forms of mathematics are
adequate only for simplified cases. ③ For example, much of
organic chemistry has been developed with little assistance
from mathematics. ④ Furthermore, the development of
organic chemistry has led to cheap methods for the
synthesis of both naturally occurring and new substances. ⑤
As a consequence the methods of argument which have
developed in this field are not exact and certain, but they
are applicable to a very wide range of problems quite
beyond the reach of more formal procedures.
*deduction 연역적 추론 **notation 표기법
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
As we trap more heat in the atmosphere, weather
patterns become more volatile. A rise in temperature of 1
degree can translate into an increase in the most severe
extremes by several degrees
(A) And indeed, across the United States, while precipitation
is up 6 percent, droughts are also up, and the amount of
rain that falls in the hardest 1 percent of rainstorms is up
20 percent. There’s more rain, concentrated in fewer
places, with more left to dry out, and those that do get
rain receive more intense rainstorms.
(B) The greater moisture capacity of the air means that water
can be sucked out of one area and deposited in another.
Moisture becomes more concentrated in a few times and
places, leading to droughts in one area or one season,
followed by torrential rains in another.
(C) And warmer air can move more moisture around more
quickly. For every degree Celsius that the planet warms,
the atmosphere can absorb 7 percent more moisture. That
7 percent isn’t uniform, though.
*volatile 변동성이 심한 **precipitation 강수량 ***torrential rain 폭우
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
Personal adornment may reflect inner emotional states
called mood. It may also reinforce, disguise, or create mood.
(A) Typically, color contrast can be attained by using a
number of different colors together, by using bright colors
that contrast with a somber background, and by using
sharp differences in lightness and darkness of color.
Linear contrast occurs if lines suddenly change direction
or intersect when proceeding in different directions.
(B) An individual caught up in a certain mood may wish to
externalize it so it can be conveyed to and shared with
others. Perhaps an individual feels light-hearted and
energetic. In America, a culturally recognized way to
create this effect is to choose costume with colors and
linear arrangements that show contrast rather than
sameness.
(C) The culturally encouraged interpretation is that the
redirection of eye movements required by line contrasts
is symbolic of a dynamic inner state within the wearer.
Thus, at least for Americans, contrasting line and color in
costume can express exuberant mood to others and also
reinforce the same mood in the wearer.
*adornment 치장 **somber 칙칙한 ***exuberant 활기찬
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
5
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
These laws often do not reflect contemporary scientific
understandings of injury and disease (e.g., surveillance,
prevention, and response) or legal norms for protection of
individual rights.
The most striking characteristic of state public health law
— and the one that underlies many of its defects — is its
overall antiquity. Certainly, some statutes are relatively
recent in origin. However, much of public health law was
framed in the late nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth
centuries and contains elements that are 40 to 100 years
old. ( ① ) Old public health statutes are often outmoded in
ways that directly reduce their effectiveness and conformity
with modern standards. ( ② ) Rather, public health laws use
scientific and legal standards that prevailed when they were
enacted. ( ③ ) Society faces different sorts of risks today
and deploys different methods of assessment and
intervention. ( ④ ) When many of these statutes were
written, public health (e.g., epidemiology and biostatistics)
and behavioral (e.g., client-centered counseling) sciences
were in their infancy. ( ⑤ ) Modern prevention and
treatment methods did not exist.
*antiquity 아주 오래됨 **statute 법규 ***epidemiology 역학(疫學)
39.
In most cases this did not mean that people all suddenly
died of hunger or were consumed by storms.
The lesson of history is that civilizations have never
learned to live in harmony with their environment. There is
abundant historical evidence to show that disregard for the
environment leads to human disaster. ( ① ) The current
furore over climate change is reminiscent of events within
many doomed societies. ( ② ) Archaeological research
shows that many, perhaps most, ancient civilizations
destroyed themselves by degrading their environment. ( ③ )
Instead, by depleting natural resources, they eventually
reached a point where they could no longer maintain their
civil and military infrastructure adequately. ( ④ ) At that
point, they became vulnerable to invaders who wiped them
out. ( ⑤ ) This pattern seems to have been the case for
the Mayans, for Angkor and for Sumeria.
*furore 소동 **reminiscent 연상시키는
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In the few studies indicating somewhat favorable
outcomes for aggressive humor, we note that mildly
aggressive humor, when enacted as teasing or ridicule, may
serve as a means of delivering certain types of messages.
For example, research by Janes and Olsen examined young
adults’ perceptions of peer teasing and ridicule, which they
labeled “jeer pressure.” The researchers studied whether
observing peers being ridiculed and teased in a video was
related to college students’ fear of failure, creativity, and
conformity. Participants viewed one of three videos (i.e.
other-ridicule, self-ridicule, or no-target humor) and then
performed different tasks to assess fear of failure,
conformity, and creativity. Compared to participants who
viewed the self-ridicule or no-target humor video, those in
the other-ridicule condition were more conforming in
completing their tasks and indicated a greater fear of
failure.
*jeer 조롱, 야유

Janes and Olsen’s research demonstrated that observing others
being ridiculed can (A) concern about failing in the observer
and encourage him/her to display more (B) behaviors.
(A) (B)
① induce …… compliant
② induce …… offensive
③ diminish …… compliant
④ diminish …… consistent
⑤ maximize …… offensive
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Rather than offering suggestions to your students, offer
them questions instead. By responding with questions you
(a) avoid being prescriptive. Asking a student questions
about his writing, as would an honest reader attempting to
understand the student’s point of view, (b) allows you to
indicate places where his logic breaks down, to inquire
about missing data or ideas, or to register confusion.
Asking questions doesn’t fix the broken logic, fill in the
missing data, or clear up the writing that’s confused you.
It’s up to the student to do these things as he adjusts his
writing in response to your questions. Instead of showing
the student how to fix his work, you’ve challenged him to
find a way to fix it himself.
Admittedly, it can be hard for us to respond as the
honest readers for whom our students intend to write.
We’re considerably more (c) knowledgeable about our
disciplines than our students are, so it’s easy for us to
pave over the holes in our students’ logic without them
having to do it for us. Ideally we should (d) encourage the
urge to read their writing this way. We should read as
though we are coming to the topic afresh, with no more
knowledge than our students present us in their work. We
should allow ourselves to become confused when a
student’s writing wanders and to lose our way when that
writing is (e) unclear. Challenge the student to understand
why it is you are confused and to confront that confusion
by adjusting her explanation. After all, it’s her task to
explain her meaning to you, and should you lose yourself in
her arguments it’s up to her to help you find your way
out.
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① How Can Writers Fix Unclear Writing?
② Teaching: How to Make Students Good Readers
③ Be an Honest Reader in Responding to Students’ Writing
④ How to Deal with Questions from Students in Writing
⑤ What’s the Difference Between Writing and Reading?
42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않
은 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
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18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은? happen on its own. Other students remain in their rooms
because they feel shy or are uncertain about how to
Dear Mr. Chalton,
approach other people. For the first few weeks of the
Our school library is very nice, and I am proud of being a
member of the library maintenance team. And as a student semester, you should try to spend as little time as possible
and a member of the team, I would like to suggest a few in your room. Walk down your residence hall corridor and
improvements that would make our library even better. look into other rooms where doors are propped open. If you
First, a library should be a quiet place, but noise from the see a student sitting alone in a room, knock lightly, say
school cafeteria can easily be heard in the school library. hello, and introduce yourself. If nothing else, get out and
Therefore, I think the library should be moved to the first walk around campus. Look for groups of new students who
floor so that the noise can be minimized. There is also a are hanging out together and join them. Whatever you do,
need for additional bookshelves to accommodate the books
don’t isolate yourself. Most students form friendships within
that have been piled up in a corner of the library. Finally, a
the first couple of months of college, and it is much harder
magazine and newspaper section should be created so that
students can come to the library to read about current to join existing groups than it is to meet new people
events. Thank you in advance for considering my one-on-one.
suggestions. I look forward to talking with you about them. * corridor 복도 ** prop (받침대 등으로) 받치다
Yours faithfully, ① 진정한 친구를 사귀는 것에 대해 조급해하지 말고 때를 기다리라.
Gloria Evans ② 대학 신입생 초기에 혼자 있지 말고 친구를 사귀러 나가라.
① 도서관 증축 기념식을 알리려고
③ 소외된 사람들에게 도움의 손길을 먼저 내밀라.
② 사서의 헌신적 활동에 감사하려고
④ 대학 생활을 통해 평생 인간관계의 기반을 쌓으라.
③ 학교 도서관 개선 사항을 건의하려고
⑤ 무리를 형성하기보다는 마음이 통하는 참된 벗을 사귀라.
④ 학교 도서관에 도서 기증을 독려하려고
⑤ 도서관 활용 애플리케이션을 소개하려고
21. 밑줄 친 roots and wings가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장
적절한 것은?
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Annette의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
The freedom to choose one’s identity is critical, since the
The day of the salsa contest arrived and practically all the
sources of identity are shifting from “belonging” to
local dance schools took part. The hostess introduced
“achievement.” Speaking for many, Kymlicka says that
Annette and Reiner, from Diego Santiago’s dance school, on
“identification is more secure, less liable to be threatened, if
stage. They walked up onto the dance floor. While they
it does not depend on accomplishment.” But this is absurd.
bowed to the jury and the audience, Reiner noticed that
Achievement increasingly is the basis for a satisfying life.
Annette was trembling with anxiety. “Don’t worry,” he
To be sure, some people want unconditional acceptance by
encouraged her in a low voice. “You were born to dance.
their “in” group. But more and more, people in rich countries
We’ll be OK!” He squeezed her hand and Annette felt the
achieve many of their identities. They choose their careers,
warmth that radiated from his hand flowing like calming
friendships, allies, mixing and matching pieces and styles.
energy through her body. Her goosebumps disappeared and
Even their ethnic, racial and national affiliations are forged
were replaced by excitement and joyful anticipation. Annette
in various ways, despite the fact that a person’s self-image
stood in the spotlight in front of a large crowd and felt not
depends partly on how he’s viewed by others. Indeed, the
afraid but absolutely supported by her partner. It was as
ability to make one’s own self is the essence of freedom. A
though, when he held her hand, he absorbed all her fears,
good society recognizes and does not pit roots and wings
leaving her with only positive feelings.
against one another. If roots are the necessary condition for
* radiate 뿜어져 나오다 ** goosebumps 소름, 닭살 happiness, then wings are the sufficient condition. A good
① scared → confused life is not possible without both.
② excited → frustrated
* affiliation 소속, 가입, 입회 ** forge 구축하다 *** pit 싸움 붙이다
③ surprised → delighted
④ nervous → reassured
① the group one is naturally from and the achievements that
⑤ confident → embarrassed
one makes
② spiritual and social sides of people and their political
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? identity
A big mistake many new college students make is just ③ one’s family heritage and the support it offers to the person
sitting in their rooms. Some students stay in their rooms ④ one’s nationality and the place where they work and live
waiting for friends to come find them, convinced that it will ⑤ desired images of a person and their social existence
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22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
The efficient and valuable use of big data needs the
personal and organizational capacity of asking the right
questions and in the right way. Big data is powerful only if
it is generated, combined, or supported by the creation of
strong narratives, organizationally and contextually framed.
This means that the big data has to be “thick,” i.e., not only
quantitatively but most importantly qualitatively relevant.
The arts/humanities are important in the age of digital
transformation and big data because they dominate the
knowledge domains of the creation and communication of
narratives as well as meanings of human life. In other
words, the arts and humanities are capable of embedding
into big data the aesthetic human-based dimensions that
ultimately make them relevant in order to identify, address,
and solve key questions for sustainable societal, economic,
and environmental wealth creation. The arts and humanities
are essential in order to make big data, analytics, data
mining, and digital transformation significant for stakeholders.
* embed 끼워 넣다, 단단히 박아 넣다 ** stakeholder 이해 당사자, 주주
① 빅데이터의 적절한 생성과 이용에서 예술과 인문학 지식이
중요하다.
② 빅데이터 소유권 문제를 해결하려면 인간에 대한 이해가 필
요하다.
③ 수집된 데이터는 처리와 가공 방법에 따라 그 용도가 결정된
다.
④ 데이터의 양이 커지면 정확도가 증가한다는 통념은 잘못되었
다.
⑤ 사물인터넷 기술은 사물과 인간의 관계를 변화시키고 있다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Once you have firmly established the habit of placing a
pair of commas around a nonessential element that interrupts
or changes the normal order of the English sentence, you
can consider a few situations in which this mark of
punctuation may safely be omitted. You are doubtless aware
that the tendency of modern writers is to make considerably
less use of punctuation than their predecessors did. One
reason for this, of course, is that we have ceased to use the
“musical notation” that was once fashionable, probably
because most modern prose is designed to be read silently,
to be taken in by the eye and not by the ear. These marks
were never marks of actual punctuation, in the sense that
they clarified meaning, and today they have almost
disappeared from printing. A more important reason for the
diminishing amount of punctuation in modern writing is that
our writers are learning to construct their sentences in such
a way that the word�symbols themselves communicate the
meaning clearly.
* punctuation 구두점 ** prose 산문
① creating musical effects by using commas
② effects of the printing technology on grammar
③ reasons for the current declining use of commas
④ reading literature aloud as a form of entertainment
⑤ importance of correct punctuation in formal writing
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Like the downtown office complex, tourism has frequently
developed as islands of renewal in seas of decay. The
strategy of carving out sharply demarcated and defended
zones for middle-class consumers of entertainment and
leisure came naturally to older cities confronted with
problems of crime, poverty, and physical neglect. Creating a
“tourist bubble” was tempting — some might say necessary
— as a way not only of securing a space for development,
but for achieving an efficient application of scarce resources.
In a hostile environment, zones of demarcation can solve
seemingly insolvable problems of image and social control.
Tourists who visit converted cities are unlikely to see the
city of decline at all, except on their way from an airport.
For tourists, the city can be reduced to a simulacrum, a set
piece representing the city in its entirety. Thus, reduced to
Harborplace or the Renaissance Center and Greektown, both
Baltimore and Detroit can be presented as gleaming new
places to play.
* demarcate 경계를 설정하다 ** bubble (외따로 있는) 특별한 장소
*** simulacrum 복제품
① Tourist Bubbles: A Plan to Rescue Run-Down Cities
② The Roles and Dynamics of City Development
③ The History of Cities: Rising and Falling
④ Rebuilding Cities Without Tourism
⑤ Tourist Bubbles Increase Crime
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25. Henry Cavendish에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Henry Cavendish was born in 1731 in Nice, where his
parents had gone because of his mother’s health, which
continued to fail. She died two years later, after giving birth
to a second son. Henry’s father never remarried. When
Henry was 11, he was enrolled in Hackney Academy, a
progressive school outside London. From there, he proceeded
to St. Peter’s College (Peterhouse), Cambridge University in
1749, leaving after three years without a degree. For the
next thirty-odd years, he lived at his father’s house on
Great Marlborough St., London. Freed from the need to
support himself, he followed his inclinations, which were to
study and carry out researches in the physical sciences.
Around the time his father died, in 1783, he acquired two
houses of his own, one in and one outside London, both of
which he adapted to his scientific habit. He was a prominent
member and administrator of the Royal Society of London.
His manner of living was modest, and over time he
accumulated an immense fortune. He died in 1810, at age
78.
① 1731년에 Nice에서 태어났다.
② 3년 만에 St. Peter’s College에서 학위를 취득했다.
③ 자연 과학을 연구하는 것을 좋아했다.
④ 자신의 과학적 기질에 맞춰 주택 두 채를 개조했다.
⑤ 생활 방식이 수수했고 막대한 재산을 모았다.
29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장
적절한 것은?
Vagueness is an obstacle to efficient communication.
Sometimes people who want to avoid committing themselves
to a particular course of action (A) use / uses vagueness as
a ploy. For instance, a politician asked how precisely he
intends to save money in the public sector might make
vague generalisations about the need for improved efficiency,
which, while true, don’t commit him to any particular way of
achieving this. A good journalist would then press for further
information about precisely how this efficiency was to be
achieved, (B) forced / forcing him to come out from behind
this veil of vagueness. Or someone who was late for an
appointment but didn’t want to admit that this was because
he’d stopped for a drink on the way might say ‘Sorry I’m
late, I had something I needed to do on the way here and it
took slightly longer than I expected’, deliberately leaving the
cause of the delay (C) vague / vaguely , and exercising a
particular kind of economy with the truth.
* ploy 책략, 계략
(A) (B) (C)
① use forced vague
② use forcing vague
③ use forcing vaguely
④ uses forcing vaguely
⑤ uses forced vaguely
3
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
When opposites blend, they are placed on the far ends of
a continuum, and between the two extremes there is a ①
gradation that mixes the two opposites. For instance, black
and white blend into each other through shades of gray. As
the amount of white decreases through shades of gray, the
amount of black ② increases. The two opposites are always
in a proportional relationship, but at any point along the
continuum there is some amount of ③ each (except at the
very extremes). In contrast, a zero-sum game where the
winner takes all also establishes a proportional relationship,
but at any point along the continuum there is only one or
the other, black or white, and each retains its ④
compromised identity. In a blend, pure black and pure white
are diluted when combined into gray. They both ⑤ lose
their identity; gray is not black and it is not white.
* continuum 연속(체) ** dilute 희석하다
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. In sports, attendance is nearly always (98-99 percent of
the time) with at least one other person. The sports fan pays a
price for the right to enjoy an emotional experience with others.
The fan goes to the game to be with others, to share the
experience in this social exchange. More broadly speaking,
unlike most other retail settings, have positive
psychological effects. No line at the grocery checkout will
make most shoppers happy, but no line to see a ballgame is a
definite hint to a fan either that this is a terrible sporting
event or that the fan has arrived at the stadium on the wrong
date. The excitement of the competition and the aura of the
star power of the players on the team are such that the
experience is best enjoyed in the presence of others.
* aura 기운, 매력
① large crowds
② customer rights
③ reduced prices
④ expected outcomes
⑤ open competitions
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32. As writers, we need to share our experiences of writing
and to encourage one another, but we also need to work
independently. We may also need to do certain things which,
paradoxically, do not involve words. So the point you might
consider is this: if you have a piece of writing in mind, or in
some half-finished state— which is actually the case for
almost all writers much of the time — stop, go for a walk,
draw a picture, enjoy something different, go
window-shopping, or even fly-fishing, but observe, take
notice, bring to your surroundings and other people an extra
special level of attention, see them as unfamiliar and worth all
your attention, store up what you see, hear or think, and let it
lie in that part of your mind which has no obvious practical
function, which isn’t continually worrying about what you have
to do today or next week. Writing needs that stocked
reservoir of . When the time comes and
you need them, they’ll find you.
① real but aimless sensations
② various technical terms
③ editing and revising techniques
④ literary masterpieces to learn from
⑤ higher motivations for self-expression
33. When asked, “what was one of your best days at work?”
very few of us recount the time everything went smoothly and
the big project we were working on came in on time and
under budget. Considering how we work so hard to make
things go well, that example should count as a pretty good
day at work. But strangely, the days everything goes smoothly
and as planned are not the ones we remember with fondness.
For most of us, we have warmer feelings for the projects we
worked on where everything seemed to go wrong. We
remember how the group stayed at work until 3 a.m., ate cold
pizza and barely made the deadline. Those are the experiences
we remember as some of our best days at work. It was not
because of the hardship, per se, but because . It
is not the work we remember with fondness, but the
fellowship, how the group came together to get things done.
* per se 그 자체(로)
① there was a reversal
② the goal was achieved
③ the hardship was shared
④ everyone’s voice was heard
⑤ the group succeeded on a low budget
34. If you’re a small herbivore, it’s a bad idea to run in the
face of danger. Wolves could easily follow you and attack, so
it’s better for you to hide. Roe deer don’t run very far before
they turn around and try to return to their original location,
and when they do, they cross their own tracks, which
confuses their pursuers — which trail should they follow?
Once they’re safely back on home grass, roe deer hide in
groups of small trees. And because herds are easier to spot
than single animals, roe deer live alone. But another reason
for their solitary existence is the lack of food in ancient
undisturbed forests. A herd of deer would have to cover a lot
of territory to find sufficient food. Travelling long distances,
however, increases the risk of coming across a pack of
wolves. And so .
* herbivore 초식동물
① the single life is better
② laziness is an essential trait
③ mating season often lasts longer
④ mothers leave their offspring behind
⑤ predators and prey delicately coexist
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
It was not until the advent of the Industrial Revolution —
the historical period beginning in the late 1700s when the
economies of the United States and many nations in Europe
shifted from manual labor and hand tools to machines and
factory manufacturing — that human-produced garbage
became a critical issue. ① The full effect of the Industrial
Revolution, however, was not felt until around the turn of
the twentieth century, when systems of mass production and
mass distribution were developed. ② This economic change
produced many more products for people to purchase, and it
also created jobs that helped to increase wealth that could
be used to purchase products. ③ For example, most types
of human garbage started to be frequently reused and
recycled in many industrialized societies. ④As people were
able to buy more and more new things, they stopped seeing
value in broken and used items and began seeing these old
items as trash. ⑤ New forms of colorful advertising and
packaging encouraged this burgeoning consumer culture.
* burgeoning 싹트기 시작한, 급증하는
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
The reasons for the deficiencies in human-machine
interaction are numerous. Some come from the limitations of
today’s technology.
(A) Those who have not studied human behavior often think it
is pretty simple. Engineers, moreover, make the mistake
of thinking that logical explanation is sufficient: “If only
people would read the instructions,” they say, “everything
would be all right.”
(B) Some come from self-imposed restrictions by the
designers, often to hold down cost. But most of the
problems come from a complete lack of understanding of
the design principles necessary for effective
human-machine interaction. Why this deficiency?
(C) Because much of the design is done by engineers who are
experts in technology but limited in their understanding of
people. “We are people ourselves,” they think, “so we
understand people.” But in fact, we humans are amazingly
complex.
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
When you buy from large corporations, you support the
increasing consolidation of wealth and power in the hands of
the few.
(A) Paying in cash, rather than by credit card, can also help
local businesses as they are often the ones least able to
afford the hefty fees the credit card companies charge
them for each and every transaction. Look in the phone
book for local alternatives to large corporate chains.
(B) Chain businesses often take those dollars directly away
from smaller local businesses that cannot afford to lose
the income. By making your purchases at local businesses,
you spread that wealth out to more local people and
increase your community’s standard of living.
(C) This is because local businesses rely more on local
suppliers and service providers, forming a kind of local
economic web of interdependence that creates jobs and a
thriving community. Therefore, every dollar you spend at
a local business helps your community maintain its
individual character, uniqueness, and diversity while
supporting your neighbors in their quest for the good life.
* consolidation 공고히 하기 ** hefty 과중한, 무거운
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
5
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
In addition to these applications, nitrogen is used in oil
production, in which it is pumped in compressed form
underground to force oil to the surface.
Nitrogen in its gaseous form is often used in situations in
which it is important to keep other, more reactive
atmospheric gases away. ( ① ) It serves industry as a
blanketing gas, for example, in protecting materials such as
electronic components during production or storage. ( ② )
To prevent the oxidation of wine, wine bottles are often
filled with nitrogen after the cork is removed. ( ③ )
Nitrogen has recently also been used in blanketing fruit after
it has been picked to protect it from rotting. ( ④ ) Apples,
for example, can be stored for up to 30 months if they are
kept at low temperatures in an atmosphere of nitrogen. ( ⑤
) Ordinary air cannot be used for this purpose because some
of the gases that make up air would react with the oil,
producing undesired by-products.
* oxidation 산화(酸化)
39.
Even with the benefit of gossip to circulate information
about other people’s reputations, to boost our social
capacities, if a group of humans has more than 150
members, we end up losing track of who’s who.
The bigger the group, the greater the benefits — up to a
point. Communities of humans tend to be relatively stable up
to around 150 people. ( ① ) This appears to be the optimal
size for a cooperative group of humans both across the
world and throughout history. ( ② ) It is thought to reflect
limitations in how much social information a human brain can
keep track of, not just regarding their own relationships, but
other people’s too. ( ③ ) Our capacity to sustain larger
cooperative groups than any other primate probably stems
from our ability to learn not just from our own personal
experience, but also from other people’s experiences. ( ④ )
That makes the maintenance of social harmony within the
group much more challenging. ( ⑤ ) For human cooperatives
to remain stable across populations larger than 150 people,
we needed to invent God (or gods).
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
How can we make decisions in the face of scientific
uncertainty? The answer is that our plans generally have to
be conditional and contextual. Scientific information can help
us understand environmental issues, but the policies we
create based on this understanding will always depend on
further study and more confirming evidence. An approach
currently favored by many natural resource managers is
called adaptive management, or “learning by doing.” In
adaptive management, policies are designed from the outset
to use scientific principles to examine alternatives and
assess outcomes. Rather than assume that what seems the
best initial policy option will always remain so, adaptive
management sets up scientific experiments to monitor how
conditions are changing, and what effects our actions (or
inactions) are having on both target and nontarget elements
of the system. The goal of adaptive management is to
enable us to live with the unexpected. It aims to yield
understanding as much as to produce answers or solutions.
 they can facilitate the productive exchange of resources to
Adaptive management aims to create policies that respond to
(A) changes, and it uses (B) to figure out ongoing
changes and effects of the policies.
(A) (B)
① technological experiments
② technological estimations
③ qualitative consultations
④ potential consultations
⑤ potential experiments
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Recent research on solutions to social dilemmas
provides an example of the positive value of regulatory
authorities. In a social dilemma, a society must prevent
citizens from engaging in actions that are individually
beneficial in the short term but that hurt society in the
long term. Studies suggest that one solution that groups
voluntarily adopt when faced with social dilemmas is to
(a)designate formal leaders who are empowered to control
the behavior of the group’s members. Similarly, groups
(b)develop rules governing members’ conduct to preserve
valuable social relationships. These informal rules are the
precursors of formalized law. It is also important to
recognize the potential dangers of giving authorities the
power to affect public behavior. Authorities may use that
power to (c)limit their own interest, or the interest of a
particular group or individual, over the interest of others. It
cannot be assumed that authorities will be compassionately
motivated and will use their power and legitimacy to
(d)promote the positive objectives outlined above. Although
the benefit of all members of society, it is not (e)inherent
in the nature of authority that it will function in this way.
The effects of authority depend on the motives of those
exercising it.
* precursor 선행물, 효시, 전신 ** legitimacy 정당성
41. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the effects of regulations on economic activities
② the importance of social consensus to solve social
dilemmas
③ the need for various welfare policies to help members of
society
④ the positive benefits and potential risks of empowering
authorities
⑤ the necessity of innovative regulatory reform by
government authorities
42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않
은 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 7회
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18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
① 인터넷 보안 접속 방법을 설명하려고
② 새로운 컴퓨터 보안 프로그램을 홍보하려고
③ 호텔 웹사이트 접속 장애에 대해 사과하려고
④ 변경된 호텔의 개인 정보 처리 방침을 안내하려고
⑤ 고객의 개인 정보가 유출되었을 가능성을 알리려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Ruth의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
“Megan?” Ruth waited for an answer that didn’t come.
The sound of the child singing continued. That put Ruth
very much on edge. “Megan, why won’t you answer me?”
The singing was uninterrupted. Ruth began to move toward
the sound of the singing, and stopped where she had thought
21. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
it had been coming from and turned the flashlight around.
Only the black-brown bark of the trees was visible, and the
singing now seemed to be the same distance away. Suddenly
she thought the singing might be the sound of some animal
and only her imagination made it sound like a child. The
very thought made her hair stand on end. Now she was too
frightened to keep going into the dark forest. She decided to
return to the encampment, turned, and was confronted by
1
the unnerving fact that she didn’t know the way back. She
couldn’t see the lights of the encampment and wasn’t certain
how far into the forest she had come.
① angry and upset
② calm and relieved
③ jealous and anxious
④ panicked and scared
⑤ excited and delighted
Like our electronics’ reliance on cloud storage, many
companies are turning to crowdsourcing to solve complex
problems. In this fluid staffing model, project teams come
together like flash mobs of talent. They assemble, learn,
contribute, and then disband. This model of work demands
heightened levels of collaboration and learning. To
contribute, individuals must swiftly ramp up their
understanding of the situation, the problem, the players, the
options, etc. They must then learn how to quickly assemble
expertise, without the benefit of long-term relationships.
When the flash of collective brilliance ends, they must let
go and move on to the next rapid-learning,
rapid-ontribution cycle. Business strategist Jennifer Sertl
has observed, “Our role as conduit is more vital than our
role as source in this knowledge economy.” Much like I
found with my research for the book Multipliers, the critical
skill of this century is not what you hold in your head, but
your ability to tap into and access what other people know.
The best leaders and the fastest learners know how to
harness collective intelligence.
✽flash mob 번개 모임(에 모인 사람들) ✽✽ramp up ~을 증가시키다
✽✽✽conduit 전달자
① 집단 지성을 이용하는 능력이 사업에서 중요하다.
② 자유롭게 정보를 공유하는 시스템 구축이 필요하다.
③ 지식과 정보의 이용권을 보호하기 위한 노력이 필요하다.
④ 성공적인 기업 운영을 위한 지식 보호 시스템이 필요하다.
⑤ 기업 성공을 위해 남보다 앞선 사업 모델을 구축해야 한다.
Our ability to process and store information dictates
whether our experiences parlay into background knowledge.
To illustrate, consider two students who visit a museum and
see exactly the same exhibits. One student has an enhanced
capacity to process and store information, or high fluid
intelligence; the other has a diminished capacity to process
and store information, or low fluid intelligence. The student
with high fluid intelligence will retain most of the museum
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experience as new knowledge in permanent memory. The
student with low fluid intelligence will not. In effect, the
student with the enhanced information-processing capacity
has translated the museum experience into academic
background knowledge; the other has not. As Sternberg
explains: “What seems to be critical is not the sheer amount
of experience but rather what one has been able to learn
from and do with experience.”
✽parlay 전환되다
① 직접적인 경험이 정보 처리 역량을 향상하는 데 효과적이다.
② 지식을 생산하고 적용할 수 있는 인재 양성이 교육의 핵심이
다.
③ 지식 환경의 변화와 발전 단계에 부응하는 교육 정책이 필요
하다.
④ 정보 처리 역량 강화는 학생들의 비판적 사고를 기르는 데
도움이 된다.
⑤ 정보 처리와 저장 역량에 따라 경험을 배경지식으로 전환하
는 정도에 차이가 있다.
22. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
To begin with a psychological reason, the knowledge of
another’s personal affairs can tempt the possessor of this
information to repeat it as gossip because as concealed
information it remains socially inactive. Only when the
information is repeated can its possessor turn the fact that
he knows something into something socially valuable like
social recognition, prestige, and notoriety. As long as he
keeps his information to himself he may feel superior to
those who do not know it. But knowing and not telling does
not give him that feeling of, “superiority that, so to say,
latently contained in the secret, fully actualizes itself only at
the moment of disclosure.” This is the main motive for
gossiping about well-known figures and superiors. The
gossip producer assumes that some of the “fame” of the
subject of gossip, as whose “friend” he presents himself, will
rub off on him.
✽latently 보이지 않게
① various cultural attitudes toward gossip
② psychologists’ tips for stopping gossiping
③ reasons for gossiping about famous figures
④ the way to avoid being the subject of gossip
⑤ the negative influence of gossip on relationships
23. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Did you know that a plant knows when it is being eaten?
Well, as recent research reveals, it does, but it doesn’t just
sit there and accept its fate. It deploys troops to defend
itself, in an effort to stop the predator. In this case, the
research subject was a plant called thale cress (Arabidopsis
thaliana), a member of the cabbage family. Thale cress was
the first plant to have its genome sequenced, so researchers
have a better understanding of its inner workings than of
most other plants. To find out if the plant was aware of
being eaten, the scientists recreated the vibrations that a
caterpillar makes as it eats the leaves. They also recorded
other vibrations that the plant might experience, such as that
of wind blowing. Sure enough, the cress responded to the
vibrations that mimic a munching caterpillar by upping its
production of mildly toxic mustard oils and delivering them
to the leaves to deter predators. The plant showed no
response to wind or other vibrations.
✽sequence (유전체의) 배열 순서를 밝히다 ✽✽munch 우적우적 먹다
① How Plants Use Vibrations as Protection
② What Effects Do Insects Have on Plants?
③ Plants Defend Themselves Against Predators
④ Can Plants Communicate with Other Plants?
⑤ Amazing Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants
24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The graph above shows the percentages of food budget
spent on Eatwell Plate categories by lowincome households
per person per week in the UK in 2010 and the Eatwell
ideal spend. ① The ideal spend on bread, rice, potatoes,
pasta & other starchy foods was 33%, which was the same
as the ideal spend on fruit & vegetables. ② It was on milk
& dairy foods that the low-income households spent the
smallest chunk of their food budget in 2010. ③ The ideal
percentage of foods & drinks high in fat and/or sugar was
7%, which was the smallest among the given categories. ④
The lowincome households spent the largest chunk of their
food budget on meat, fish, eggs, beans & other non-dairy
sources of protein in 2010, while the Eatwell ideal spend for
these foods was only 12%. ⑤ The largest percentage point
difference between the actual spend and ideal spend was
shown in the category of fruit & vegetables.
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25. Maria Carson에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Maria Carson enjoyed natural history, botany, and
bird-watching and possessed a great respect for nature. She
would never even kill an insect in the house and would only
unwillingly cook the rabbits that her son Robert brought
home after hunting. She was interested in the nature-study
movement that was popular around the turn of the century.
This movement, which had a spiritual element, was in part a
reaction against industrialization, and its advocates dedicated
themselves to instilling in children a love of nature so that
they would not be alienated from it in an increasingly urban
world. From the time her daughter Rachel was a year old,
Maria would take her outside every day to explore the
family property. Maria taught her the outdoor lessons from
Anna Botsford Comstock’s Handbook of Nature Study,
published in 1911, a popular book at the time for proponents
of the nature-study movement.
✽instill 주입하다
① 자연사, 식물학, 새 관찰을 즐겼다.
② 아들이 사냥해 온 토끼들을 마지못해 요리하곤 했다.
③ 세기의 전환기에 인기 있었던 자연 연구 운동에 관심이 있었
다.
④ Rachel이 한 살이 된 이후에는 가족 소유지를 자주 답사 하
지 못했다.
⑤ Rachel에게 ‘Handbook of Nature Study’의 내용을 가르쳤다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]
Democritus lived around 460 to 370 BC and is today best
known for his átomos theory, which holds that the things we
see ① are made up of small, indivisible parts. He also
believed that the soul was made up of these indivisible
parts, called atoms, and like others at the time ② to assume
that the soul is responsible for human intellect. His attitude
toward emotions can be inferred from his notion ③ that a
pleasant life presupposes little “movement of the soul” and a
satisfaction with one’s own achievements. This suggests that
he viewed both too positive and too negative emotions as
unsettling and therefore bad. This negative view toward
emotions is even more ④ evident from his statement that
“wisdom frees the soul from emotions”, which implies that
emotions are like a disease that needs curing. Apart from
these propositions, however, we know little about ⑤ what
Democritus thought emotions are, how they are related to
reason, and where they are located in the body.
✽átomos 원자(atom)를 뜻하는 그리스어
30. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적
절한 것은?
One reason our children may ignore our instructions is
that if we have not been consistent about following through
on instructions and rules in the past, our children will not
3
assume that we really mean it this time. So they will just
wait and see what happens, which buys them more time to
do what they feel like doing. The (A) consistency /
unpredictability of parents’ responses leaves a lot of room
for subtle testing and outright misbehavior. Even children
who are usually cooperative will test in situations where
they sense, from their parents’ initial reaction, that parents
are (B) comfortable / uncomfortable about following through.
They may try to “bend the rules” without quite breaking
them. This often happens in public, where children can see
that the parents’ embarrassment is keeping them from
following through. Sometimes what we think of as being (C)
flexible / rigid about rules looks to the child as if we’re
giving in. The more consistently we follow through, the
more our children will listen to us, take our instructions
seriously, and cooperate.
(A) (B) (C)
① consistency … comfortable … flexible
② consistency … uncomfortable … rigid
③ unpredictability … uncomfortable … flexible
④ unpredictability … uncomfortable … rigid
⑤ unpredictability … comfortable … rigid
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. A study from the 1970s illustrates some of the
underlying our psychiatric diagnoses. In 1973
David Rosenhan described an experiment in which eight
healthy people who briefly simulated fake auditory
hallucinations and went for psychiatric evaluations were all
hospitalized (for an average of nineteen days) and forced to
agree to take antipsychotic drugs before their release. This
by itself is not surprising, since doctors tend to trust
patients’ description of symptoms. But what was revealing
was the second part of this experiment, in which a psychiatric
hospital challenged Rosenhan to repeat it using its facility and
Rosenhan agreed. In the subsequent weeks, the hospital’s
psychiatrist identified 19 (of 193) presenting patients as
potential pseudopatients, when in fact Rosenhan had sent no
one to the hospital at all.
✽auditory hallucination 환청 ✽✽antipsychotic 항(抗)정신병의
① honesty ② morality
③ efficiency ④ superiority ⑤ subjectivity
32. Humans are remarkably resourceful and our ancestors were
able to develop ways to survive quite nicely in every
environment on earth. Want to live in the desert, the tundra,
or the jungle? No problem. People found ways to work within
the limits and constraints of their environments. If it was
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really hot for part of the year, they didn’t have the option to
install central air. Instead, they figured out ways to stay cool
by creating thermally comfortable microclimates. However,
after the discovery of fossil fuels, the need to
became less important. Buildings could be
constructed with a central heating and air-conditioning system
that allowed the interior to be climate controlled and thus
thermally comfortable at all times. As a result, many of the
traditional ways of staying comfortable have been lost or
forgotten.
✽thermally 온도 면에서
✽✽microclimate 미기후(微氣候, 주변 다른 지역과는 다른, 특정 좁은
지역의 기후)
① construct a building that is endurable
② address human-caused climate change
③ find ways to use labor more effectively
④ gather in one place to save energy and money
⑤ fit a building into the local climatic environment
33. Life can be precarious and scary at times. If you start
dwelling on all the things that could happen to you or to the
country/world such as another war, terrorist attacks, super
volcanoes, etc., you may become extremely stressed, or at
the least you will most likely experience an array of anxiety
symptoms. When your mind begins to wander and your
thoughts are becoming too negative, work towards thought
stopping. Say “Stop” to yourself and immediately change your
mindset. Begin thinking about something that makes you feel
serene and positive such as lying on a sunny beach or being
with those you love. After some practice this will work
almost automatically. If possible, change your activity in
addition to changing your thoughts. For example, if you are
reading, stop and go for a walk. Exercise almost always
helps. is crucial.
✽precarious 불안정한 ✽✽serene 평화로운, 고요한
① Focusing on yourself and your goals
② Distracting yourself from unsettling thoughts
③ Thinking about what will happen in the future
④ Associating abstract thinking with concrete objects
⑤ Remembering the details of emotional experiences
34. Political leaders pursue their own interests as well as their
nations’ interests. To the extent that leaders of strong states
in negotiations become convinced that a negotiated settlement
of a dispute is important for their country, for their political
future, or for their place in history, such increased
commitment . When Canada walked
out of the Free Trade Agreement negotiations and thereby
placed US–Canada relations in a state of crisis, the U.S.
Secretary of State James Baker became actively concerned
about placing those relations on a better foundation by
reaching a settlement. The French president’s commitment to
reach an agreement over Andorra also strengthened the
principality’s position. The extent of commitment of the
stronger side to a negotiated solution can be a factor that
strengthens the weaker side. As a result, it is important for
the weaker party in a negotiation to determine how committed
the leadership of the other side is to reaching an agreement
and to find ways to heighten the intensity of that
commitment.
✽Andorra 안도라(프랑스·스페인 접경의 피레네산맥 가운데 있는 공국)
✽✽principality (대공(prince)이 다스리는) 공국
① contradicts the stronger side’s arrogance
② is likely to lose its intensity sooner or later
③ can be seen as a barrier to problem solving
④ slows down the pace of reaching an agreement
⑤ serves to enhance the power of the weaker side
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Computer and information literacy are very important for
educators because today’s teachers must use computers as a
tool to facilitate learning. ① Teachers must be able to
assess technology resources and plan classroom activities
using available technologies. ② This is why their students
need to be reminded that technology and its purposes are
interpreted differently within different cultures and
educational systems. ③ These skills are part of integration
literacy, which is the ability to use computers, mobile
devices, digital media, and other technologies combined with
a variety of teaching and learning strategies to enhance
students’ learning. ④ Integration literacy means that
teachers understand how to match appropriate technology to
learning objectives, goals, and outcomes. ⑤ A solid
foundation of computer and information literacy is essential
to understanding how to integrate technology into the
classroom curriculum successfully.
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
For many in the recording industry, the relationship between
music’s business and artistic elements is an uneasy one. The
lyrics of hip-hop or alternative rock, for example, often
question the commercial value of popular music.
(A) The truth, in most cases, is that the business needs artists
who are provocative, original, and appealing to the public;
and the artists need the expertise of the industry’s
marketers, promoters, and producers to hone their sound
and reach the public.
(B) And both sides stand to make a lot of money from the
relationship. But such factors as the enormity of the major
labels, and the complexities of making, selling,
profiting from music in an industry still adapting to the
digital turn, affect the economies of sound recording.
(C) Both genres are built on the assumption that musical
integrity requires a complete separation between business
and art. But, in fact, the line between commercial success
and artistic expression is hazier than simply arguing that
the business side is driven by commercialism and the
artistic side is free of commercial concerns.
✽hone (감각·기술 등을) 연마하다 ✽✽hazy 모호한, 흐릿한
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
37.
The stars, at first glance, appear to be constant lights in the
sky. While many stars do vary in brightness, comparatively
few vary so much that the unaided eye can detect the change.
(A) By coincidence, the orbital plane of this second, dimmer
star intersects the earth. So once per revolution, the
companion passes behind Algol and, instead of seeing the
combined light of two stars, we see the light of only one.
Their combined brightness dims.
(B) A notable exception is Algol, in the constellation Perseus.
Every few days, Algol dims noticeably for about ten hours.
This is not because the star varies intrinsically
brightness. Algol has an orbiting companion star that
cannot be resolved (separated from Algol) by the naked
eye. Algol is, in fact, a binary star.
(C) Also, once per revolution, the smaller companion star
passes in front of Algol. It blocks out some of Algol’s
5
light. As the surface brightness of the companion is less
than that of Algol, again the combined brightness of the
pair dims.
✽constellation 별자리
✽✽binary star 쌍성(雙星, 서로 끌어당기는 힘의 작용으로 공동의 무게
중심 주위를 일정한 주기로 공전하는 두 개의 항성)
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
However, not all people’s moral values, achievement
motivation or communication styles are the same.
and One aspect of diversity in psychology lies in the wide range
of people that psychologists study and serve. This change is
significant because most psychologists once assumed that all
people were very much alike and that whatever principles
emerged from research or treatment efforts with one group
would apply to everyone, everywhere. ( ① ) They were partly
right, because people around the world are alike in many
ways. ( ② ) They tend to live in groups, have religious beliefs
and create rules, music, dances and games. ( ③ ) The
principles of nerve cell activity or reactions to heat or a sour
taste are the same in men and women everywhere, as is their
recognition of a smile. ( ④ ) These and many other aspects of
behaviour and mental processes are affected by sociocultural
factors, including people’s gender, ethnicity, social class and
the culture in which they grow up. ( ⑤ ) These variables
create many significant differences in behaviour and mental
processes, especially from one culture to another.
39.
This degree of similarity is so close that some scientists have
proposed it might be possible to perform crossbreeding and
make a hybrid species.
Evolution is much like a big highway that species travel
down. Changes in direction are fairly gradual, since too
sharp a turn will cause the quickly traveling vehicles (or
evolving species) to fly off the road into extinction. ( ① )
At the biological level, this idea of a highway shows up in
in
the form of continuous slow change, with a lot of similarity
between various animal species, especially at the genetic
level. ( ② ) It might be surprising, or even disturbing, for
some people to learn that recent findings in modern
biochemistry suggest that humans are not so genetically
unique as we might have thought. ( ③ ) DNA analysis
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suggests that at the molecular and genetic levels, humans [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
and chimpanzees are at least 98 percent identical. ( ④ ) Of
A nutritionist was involved in a very large community
course, presumably moral and ethical considerations would
food demonstration project. She had organized volunteers
forbid such a genetic experiment, but this possibility does
and instructed them to have their meals back at the
illustrate how similar human beings are to other primates. (
venue for the training (not in the village where they were
⑤ ) Even an animal as apparently distant from humans as
our pet dog is still quite similar to us. doing the food demonstration). The nutritionist had only
budgeted enough funding to feed the people of the village
✽crossbreeding 이종 교배 ✽✽primate 영장류
who would be attending the food demonstration. Just
before the food was prepared, the nutritionist went around
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와
to remind the volunteers not to eat and to feed only the
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
natives of the villages. Once the time came to serve the
The aims of the electric power system can be
food, the nutritionist noticed the people there were not
summarized as “to transport electrical energy from the
too enthusiastic about eating the food provided. She
generator units to the terminals of electrical equipment”
questioned herself: What had she not understood about
and “to maintain the voltage at the equipment terminals
food and culture? Finally, one of the Ghanaian volunteers
within certain limits.”For decades research and education
came up to her and told her that in their culture, “if you
have been concentrated on the first aim. Reliability and
prepare food with or for someone but you yourself do not
quality of supply were rarely an issue, the argument being
take the food, it is believed that you have put a curse on
that the reliability was sooner too high than too low. A
the food.” So the locals were thinking that she and the
change in attitude came about probably sometime in the
volunteers had cursed the food and were afraid to try it.
early 1980s. Starting in industrial and commercial power
Now having this cultural understanding, the nutritionist
systems and spreading to the public supply, the power
instructed four volunteers to represent their group and
quality virus appeared. It became clear that equipment
partake in the food. With this , the
regularly experienced spurious trips due to voltage
village participants happily brought up their plates and
disturbances, but also that equipment was responsible for
completed the food demonstration project. Having a grasp
many voltage and current disturbances. A more
of culture and food sharing can be particularly important
customer-friendly definition of reliability was that the
in many cross-cultural settings. One need not have to
power supply turned out to be much less reliable than
travel to Africa to put one’s foot in their mouth.
always thought. Although the hectic years of power quality
✽partake in ~에 참여하다
pioneering appear to be over, the subject continues to
attract lots of attention. This is certain to continue into
41. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
the future, as customers’ demands have become an
important issue in the deregulation of the electricity ① influence of cooking methods on taste
industry. ② risks of providing unconditional food aid
✽spurious trip 의사 트립(계획되지 않은 차단기의 개방) ③ necessity of ensuring adequate amounts of food intake
✽✽deregulation 규제 완화 ④ difficulties in distributing food to poverty-stricken
 nations
For decades, research and education on the electric power ⑤ importance of cross-cultural understanding about food
system focused on the (A) of electrical energy, sharing
but since the early 1980s, power quality has taken center
stage and will certainly do so in the future, as customers 42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
demand (B) power supplies. ① joke ② shift
(A) (B) ③ delay ④ defense
① storage …… inexpensive ⑤ compliment
② generation …… eco-friendly
③ generation …… dependable
④ transmission …… inexpensive
⑤ transmission …… dependable
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 8회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
In June, last year, I paid for a one-year membership at
your health club. At the time I joined the club, I was
given permission to postpone my membership for three
months, from August to October, because I had lots of
business trips. I was told by the former manager, Robert
Adams, that my membership would be extended by three
months. But on July 1, I was informed by the new
manager that he could not respect that agreement. I think
the agreement I made with the former manager should
still hold good. Under the terms of my agreement with
your health club, I’m allowed to suspend my membership
if I turn in a document that proves why I should be
absent from the club. I am asking you to reconsider and
extend my membership through September this year. I
look forward to receiving your positive reply.
① 헬스클럽 강사 제안을 거절하려고
② 불친절한 직원에 대해 항의하려고
③ 헬스클럽 시설 개선을 제안하려고
④ 신규 회원 가입 방법을 문의하려고
⑤ 회원권의 사용 기간 연장을 요청하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Laura Hays의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
On this autumn night that would change her life forever,
Laura Hays sat in front of her dressing room mirror for the
last time, carefully penciling her eyes to make them huge,
and thought what a miracle it was that every single one of
her dreams had come true. For little girls training to be
ballerinas, their dream was to be accepted by the famed
Rudofsky at his Metropolitan Ballet. And greater than that, if
a girl would allow herself such a dream, would be to have
Rudofsky create a ballet just for her. If that happened, then
forever after people who loved dance would remember her.
Rudofsky had created Sinners for Laura Hays. She had
danced the lead for three years now, to critical acclaim. And
tonight at twenty-eight she was leaving her envied career,
telling everybody goodbye with no regret at all, because the
last of her dreams had come true: the baby she now knew
she carried inside her.
✽acclaim 찬사
① satisfied and proud
② nervous and worried
③ puzzled and frightened
④ touched and sympathetic
⑤ disappointed and frustrated
1
20. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
So much of our lives take place online these days. You
can order groceries online. You can hang out with friends
online. You’re probably expected to do a lot of your
homework online, too. But as easy and as effortless as this
all seems, there are dangers to it all. Just like you wouldn’t
try to drive for the first time on a twelve-lane expressway,
you shouldn’t delve into the fast lane of the Internet before
you know what you’re doing. Information is so easy to
transmit these days, and it’s all too easy to post
compromising information — like a picture of your house
with the address clearly visible, or a part of your body
that’s private — online for the world to see. Next time,
before you post something, take a minute to ask yourself,
“Do I need to post this? What’s the benefit of doing it? And
will anyone — including me — get hurt by it?”
✽delve 깊이 파고들다
① 지나친 규제가 온라인 산업의 발전을 저해한다.
② 개인 정보 보호법의 위반 사례가 급증하고 있다.
③ 인터넷 사용 기록을 주기적으로 삭제하는 것이 좋다.
④ 온라인에 개인 정보를 함부로 올리는 것은 위험하다.
⑤ 개인 정보 유출을 막기 위한 프로그램 개발이 시급하다.
21. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Some parents worry ― and even express a sense of
shame ― about not being able to afford to give money for
all the stuff that their kid desires. If you’re that parent, get
over it. It’s actually really good to say no to your kid
sometimes, and to make it clear that if he really wants
something, he might need to chip in or even pay for it
himself. That’s true whether you actually have the money to
buy it for him or not. Kids who typically get whatever they
want without having to save and wait are missing out on
acquiring key life skills. The next time he asks for
something extra, have a conversation about what you’ll cover
and what he needs to pay for from his own savings. Don’t
apologize to your kid for not being able to get him
everything; he is lucky that you’re giving him the
opportunity to learn to save up for what he wants himself.
① 말보다는 행동으로 자녀의 본보기가 되라.
② 자녀를 설득할 때 부모의 권위에 의존하지 말라.
③ 자녀의 성장을 위해 모든 것을 주되 아무것도 요구하지 말
라.
④ 자녀가 원하는 모든 것을 사 주기보다는 저축하는 것을 배우
게 하라.
⑤ 자녀의 부족한 모습을 들추지 말고 자존감 회복을 위해 감싸
주어라.
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22. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? Europe and America, and to some extent the places
colonized by those powers, has sleep been both reliably
Interactive digital media experiences provide a unique
compressed into a single stretch of time and become a
interface between the realm of the biologically based
private affair necessitating bedtime rituals.
processes of psychology and the silicon-based processes of
✽indigenous 토착의 ✽✽muffled 소리를 낮춘
today’s computing machines. Computers create experiences
that engage a user’s psychology and motivate a response.
With today’s latest virtual reality technologies, it is now ① effective sleep training methods for children
possible for designers to create real-world situations in a ② risks and benefits of co-sleeping with a child
digital environment and trigger behavioral responses that ③ characteristics of culture-specific sleep customs
mirror their real-world responses. In fact, the application of ④ importance of regular sleeping habits in Western countries
virtual reality exposure therapies has been shown to be ⑤ influence of bedtime stories on a child’s personality
effective in the treatment of anxiety and specific phobias.
These therapies work because the virtual reality presentation
provides perceptual cues similar to the real-world
experiences that trigger the physiological stress response.
Sufferers learn to overcome their anxiety and phobia by
carefully designing the virtual experience, varying the
24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
severity of the stimuli, and entraining interventions to
reduce sympathetic nervous system activation.
✽phobia 공포증 ✽✽sympathetic nervous system 교감 신경계

① Why Do Humans Have Anxiety?

② Surviving the Age of Virtual Reality
③ Pros and Cons of Utilizing Virtual Reality Technology
④ Digitally Constructed Experiences: A Method of
Psychotherapy
⑤ Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication

The graph above shows the percentages of daily

23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by gender and
age in Ireland in 2017. ① As for the total number of
In their seminal 2002 review of cross-cultural sleep
individuals, the daily consumption rate of sugar-sweetened
practices, anthropologists Carol Worthman and Melissa Melby
beverages of males accounted for more than 15%, which
found that, in general, sleepers in Westernized, postindustrial
was higher than that of females. ② In the 15-24 and
countries have routine times for bed and waking to
25-34 age groups, the daily consumption rates of
accommodate work or school, while traditional,
sugar-sweetened beverages of males and females were the
non-Westernized sleepers have more fluid sleep schedules,
same. ③ As for males, the daily consumption rate of
moving in and out of sleep in the course of a day. They
sugar-sweetened beverages in the 25-34 age group was
also discovered that in most cultures around the world (in
the same as that in the 35-44 age group, and so was the
Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Southern Europe,
case in the 55-64 and 65-74 age groups. ④ In all the age
and parts of Scandinavia), children sleep within arm’s reach
groups from 35-44 to 65-74, the percentage of daily
of other family members, what anthropologists term
consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages of males was
co-sleeping, despite colonial efforts to encourage indigenous
higher than that of females, but in the age group of 75
peoples to develop solitary sleep arrangements. They do not
years and over, the percentage of males was lower than that
necessarily sleep in the same bed, but they are near enough
of females. ⑤ The daily consumption rate of
to each other to observe movements and hear sounds, even
sugar-sweetened beverages of males aged 35-44 was more
muffled ones. Only in the societies of Northern mainland
than twice that of females in the same age group.
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25. Yad Sarah에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Yad Sarah is a volunteer organization with a budget of
over $12 million that helps some 380,000 people annually by
lending medical equipment on a short-term basis for anyone
in need. Yad Sarah has a stock of approximately 300,000
items and 300 types of medical rehabilitative equipment,
including crutches, wheelchairs, beds, and oxygen pumps.
Founded in 1976, Yad Sarah has over 6,000 volunteers and
103 branches throughout the country, making it Israel’s
largest volunteer organization. Yad Sarah also makes over
34,000 home visits a year and provides meals-on-wheels,
transportation and day care centers, dental clinics, laundry,
and other services for the elderly or handicapped. In June
2003, Yad Sarah signed an agreement with the government
of Uzbekistan to advise on building an organization in
Uzbekistan that caters to 10,000 children of special needs.
In November 2004, a delegation from South Korea visited
Yad Sarah to explore setting up a similar organization in
their country.
*rehabilitative 재활의 **cater 음식을 공급하다
① 어려움에 처한 사람에게 단기간 동안 의료 장비를 대여해준
다.
② 약 300종의 의료 재활 장비를 보유하고 있다.
③ 1976년에 설립된 이스라엘의 가장 큰 자원봉사 단체이다.
④ 노인이나 장애가 있는 사람들의 집을 방문하여 돕기도 한다.
⑤ 우즈베키스탄 정부가 아이들을 위한 단체를 설립하는 데 조
언을 하겠다는 합의에 실패했다.
29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장
적절한 것은?
Writing goes beyond the mere transcription of spoken
language. Although writing is a medium (A) its / whose
content is spoken language, its uses differ from those of
speech. It organizes and stores information quite differently
than speech; in effect, it is a different form of language.
Written language has evolved in ways quite different from
speech. The rules for the construction of speech and prose
(B) is / are quite different. Prose is not recorded speech
but a much more formal organization of information. The
closest form of writing to speech is poetry, which is meant
to be heard. Prose is not meant to be heard and, in fact, the
most efficient form of accessing the information (C)
containing / contained in prose writing is to read it silently.
(A) (B) (C)
① its …… is …… containing
② its …… are …… contained
③ whose …… is …… contained
④ whose …… are …… contained
⑤ whose …… are …… containing
3
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
Pastures used for hay or animal grazing are generally
inhospitable to bees, but there are ways to manage them in
a manner consistent with a bee conservation programme.
One way to do this is to make pastures more or less
permanent. The ① older the pasture, the more likely it is to
have suitable bee nest sites and numerous plant species.
Temporary pastures, such as those grown in crop rotation,
have very ② low plant diversity even though the cover crop
may be a rich resource for one season. Overgrazing is
inadvisable because it ③ promotes invasion of fast-growing
grasses that crowd out nectar-yielding herbaceous plants.
Herbicides similarly can reduce the number of pasture plant
species. It is ④ preferable for land managers to delay
cutting pasture for hay until after a certain period of bloom.
Cutting forage plants before they bloom essentially renders
the pasture nutritionally ⑤ useful to bees.
✽herbaceous 초본의, 풀 같은 ✽✽herbicide 제초제
✽✽✽forage plant 사료 작물
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. In studying the attachment between babies and their
parents, John Bowlby took an evolutionary perspective. In
his classic treatise of the field, Bowlby coined the term
environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). This
concept pertains to the environmental conditions that typified
the ancestors of a species, with the idea that organisms
didn’t evolve the features that they have to match their
current environments. All organisms are the products of
thousands of generations of selection prior to their
existence. Yet evolution has no crystal ball. So the best that
selection processes can do is provide an organism with
adaptations that were helpful to its ancestors under whatever
the ecological conditions were then — essentially making a
probabilistic-based “guess” that the environment will be the
same. Of course, environments change, but with no
knowledge of if, how, and when such change will occur,
preparing organisms for is
essentially the best bet.
✽treatise 저서, 서적 ✽✽typify ~의 특징을 나타내다
① fierce competition
② ancestral environments
③ environmental degradation
④ harsh ecological conditions
⑤ unpredictable daily changes
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32. In order to satisfy a wide array of customers, firms
sometimes provide a variety of model options for a product.
Variety can be expensive if each model has many unique
parts or requires different processing or costly production
changeovers. An efficient way to provide product variety at
low cost is to use modularity. This is done by dividing the
product into generic parts or modules and then determining
which variations of each module would be desirable from a
marketing and manufacturing viewpoint. For example,
suppose a product is made up of five modules. If there are
three varieties of each module, the company can make 35
=243 different models of the product using only 10 more
components (modules) than would be needed to make one
model of the product (three versions of 5 modules = 15
total modules minus 5 needed for any single model). Thus,
the product . as consumer awareness of both the impact of consumption
① may be more rapidly produced without reoccurring defects
② may seem to be a logical extension of the parent product
③ can be tested and then improved before reaching its final
form
④ will guarantee consumer participation from the earliest
stages
⑤ can be customized for the customer at little additional
material cost
33. Alphabetic literacy, in order to overcome the
limitations of method and so achieve its full potential, had to
await the invention of the printing press. The original
achievement, the Greek alphabet, had solved an empirical
problem by applying abstract analysis. But the material
means for maximizing the result required
and had to await a long time for it. Such
necessary combination of
technologies is characteristic of scientific advance. To
realize that there is energy available when water is
converted into steam was one thing. To harness the energy
successfully was another, requiring the parallel construction
of machine tools capable of producing fine tolerances to fit
piston to cylinder, the manufacture of lubricants capable of
sealing the fit, the parallel invention of slide-rod
mechanisms to control the periods of steam pressure, and of
crank and connecting rod to convert the thrust into rotation.
The energy of the alphabet likewise had to await the
assistance provided by the dawning age of scientific advance
in Europe in order to be fully released.
✽tolerance 허용 오차 ✽✽lubricant 윤활유
① the assistance of further inventions
② a cost reduction in mass production
③ the consent of a majority of the people
④ approval from authoritative institutions
⑤ close connectivity with the original invention
34. A general and seemingly applicable assumption is that
consumers and producers maximize the benefit related to the
opportunity accessible in their particular circumstance. The
desire to reach an optimal outcome for a given point in time
is subjective and specific to how these economic agents
view the concept of maximization, which in turn is likely to
be highly correlated with cultural values. For example, in
indigenous societies there is evidence that a balance
between present and future periods along with that of the
environmental system, as a whole, was included in
decision-making and optimization. In present consumerism
fostered economies, the cultural values are less likely or
unlikely to incorporate environmental and social justice
parameters proactively. The focus of observable and
marketed consumption is immediate gratification. However,
and the power of consumption to modify and catalyze
economic outcomes increases there is growing evidence of
.
✽parameter (주로 복수로) 변수, 매개 변수 ✽✽catalyze 촉진시키다
① a shifting cultural paradigm to one of sustainability
② a gradual slowdown in pursuing diverse cultural values
③ an emergence of massive consumption around the world
④ a lasting effect of economic abundance on consumption
⑤ an increasing imbalance between production and
consumption
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Research in ethnomedicine has certainly established that
each ethnicity, each tribe, and each culture has its own
complete medical science, just as each has its own language
and unique connection to the spiritual dimension of
existence. ① Each indigenous medical system has grown out
of the local natural environment and uses the plants and
other healing methods that are available in the region. ②
Everyone grapples with disease and infirmity, which are
connected to the local climate, the seasons, the lifestyle, and
the nutrition of the people who live in the region. ③ As
such, diseases have always been just as much a social and
cultural product as is the medicine that fights them. ④
Some countries with ancient histories of traditional medicine
are looking for ways to modernize their own medical
heritage. ⑤ Consequently, each people and its culture has a
tradition that develops within its own context and contains
many generations of experiences that go back to the time of
the forebears.
✽grapple with ~을 극복하려고 노력하다
✽✽infirmity 질환, 병
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
Studying a Fortune 500 technology firm, Leslie Perlow
asked workers to wear a watch that beeped on the hour,
reminding them to record what they’d done with that unit
of time — both at the office and at home.
(A) Straining to meet a product-launch deadline, many
engineers complained about stress and overwork. So
Perlow suggested an experiment: “quiet time” three
mornings a week when interruptions would not be
allowed. The goal was to permit workers to rethink how
they used their time.
(B) By the end of the experiment, 71 percent of engineers
said that creating these blocks of focused time made them
more productive. The project’s leaders were impressed,
too — the team successfully launched its product on time
and managers credited Perlow’s experiment.
(C) Then she asked the engineers to review their time logs
and reflect on what did (and didn’t) help them get work
done. What Perlow heard was dramatic: Even star
workers felt much of their twelve-hour workday
(sometimes close to half) was lost in activities that were
either needless or ill planned.
*log 일지, 기록
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A) ④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37.
Priority given to human health raises an ethical dilemma
if “health for all” conflicts with protecting the environment.
(A) The other extreme — a response to increasing
environmental degradation — gives priority to the
environment and to the maintenance of the ecosystem. All
species are seen as having rights as people do,
environmental welfare thus coming before human welfare.
A middle ground between these extremes can be found by
distinguishing between first-order and second-order
ethical principles.
(B) Two extreme positions may be envisaged. The first
stresses individual rights, societal good being seen as the
aggregate of everyone’s personal preferences and any
controls over the individual’s use of resources as an
infringement of the individual’s freedom.
(C) Priority to ensuring human survival is taken as a
first-order principle. Respect for nature and control of
environmental degradation is a second-order principle,
which must be observed unless it conflicts with the
first-order principle of meeting survival needs.
✽envisage 예상하다 ✽✽aggregate 총합
✽✽✽infringement 위배
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
5
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
The problem with this solution is that the benefits of
using these sites are also lost.
There are a number of ways in which technology can be
used to protect social network users from disclosure or privacy
threats or violations. ( ① ) More drastic technical solutions
involve disabling or banning social media/social networking. (
② ) For example, some schools and workplaces place explicit
restrictions or in some cases a complete ban on social
networking sites and they are disabled at the IT level so that
students or employees cannot access these sites. ( ③ )
Additionally, while this may prevent use of these sites during
school or work hours, it has no impact on what is done after
hours. ( ④ ) The context collapse that occurs in an online
environment blurs the line between people’s professional and
personal lives such that online information exchanges that
occur outside of school or work hours impact people’s lives
at school or work. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, employing these strategies
is not necessarily effective in minimizing the potential risks
overall.
✽drastic 철저한, 격렬한
39.
There was also a gender division of labor within the
hunter-gatherer culture.
As the hominid groups progressed through time, so did the
development of the hunter-gatherer culture. At first glance,
this culture appears to be very simple, but it was and still is
quite complex; there are still groups of indigenous people
across the globe that continue with this way of life. First and
foremost, it was based on the simple family unit, which
expanded into ties of kinship between families. ( ① ) Those
ties of kinship eventually combined to create larger connected
groups called clans. ( ② ) Clans became interconnected and
developed into tribes. ( ③ ) The tribes existed through hunting
and gathering and in the process created a sophisticated social
and political organization that included political leaders (the
chief) and religious figures (the priest). ( ④ ) Males dominated
hunting, war, and heavy labor because of their natural
upper-body strength. ( ⑤ ) Women became the gatherers and
preparers of food, and also tended to the children of the tribe.
✽hominid 인류, 인류의 조상
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Language seems especially adapted to communication
For large mammals in forested areas, where fires tend about social matters, as Robin Dunbar has persuasively
to be infrequent, fire can be lethal. Large mammals that argued. Among other things, he has shown that most
live in grasslands, however, are typically not afraid of fire conversation today is about face-to-face social issues —
due to the fact that they receive cues from scent and gossip, in short. The need for such complex social
sound, giving them sufficient advance warning to avoid it. fine-tuning would have increased with group size, brain
This adaptation is thought to be because brush fires are size, and the need to forage widely for high-quality foods.
benevolent with respect to them, affording new growth as It is sometimes alleged, by linguists, that language must
well as maintaining diversity in plant species. In addition, have been “invented” at some recent point in the past.
fire reduces pests that plague mammals, ticks and other This is clearly not the case. The human lips, tongue, vocal
ectoparasites in particular. Field ecologists studying cords, and throat are massively altered (compared to other
whitetailed deer in North America observed that they hominids) to allow complex linguistic production, and the
would feed within 20 m (65 ft) of approaching fire without human brain has specific centers for language processing
showing any alarm and were never seen to run away from (though they are also useful for some other purposes and
it. evidently arose from simpler and less tightly entailed
✽tick 진드기 ✽✽ectoparasite (진드기 등의) 외부 기생충 structures). These are all enormously different from
anything a chimpanzee has and indicate a very long period

of very active evolution. Human communication took a
Because of the (A) of fires, large mammals living
long time to reach its present level of complexity, and the
in grasslands, which frequently experience fires, are
change was gradual. Social foraging had much to do with
generally (B) of fire.
that — though social problems such as finding a mate
must have been major factors as well. Language is clearly
(A) (B)
a phenomenon of large groups; it is vastly overadequate
① risks …… fearful
for anything a family really needs. It is also tightly tied,
② risks …… careful
through recursion (nesting clauses and the like), to
③ memories …… conscious
longrange complex planning. Nothing close is known among
④ benefits …… unafraid
apes; the nearest parallel is birdsong, which also involves
⑤ benefits …… expectant
considerable learning in group contexts.
, birdsong communicates a limited
range of messages to a small local community; language is
designed to do more.
✽recursion 귀환(한 문장 내에 관계사 등을 이용하여 새로운 구조를
얼마든지 덧붙일 수 있는 현상) ✽✽nesting clause 포유절

41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The Unrevealed Origin of Human Communication
② Humans Are Not the Only Creature to Use Social
Language
③ Can You Guess When and Why Language Was Invented?
④ Similarities Between Human and Bird Communication
⑤ Language: A Long-Term Evolutionary Product for Social
Needs

42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Thus ② However ③ Likewise
④ Moreover ⑤ For instance
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 9회

제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Welcome to the Collierville Parent Teacher Association,
where parents and teachers work together to make a
difference for our children! The goal of the Collierville
PTA is to enhance the school experience of our children
while supporting teachers and fostering a special
community for our families. As an all volunteer-based
organization, the Collierville PTA relies on the generosity
of our families and community. We invite all current
Collierville families to learn about the many benefits of
becoming a PTA member in the 2019 school year and
volunteer with us in any way that suits you. We are
pretty sure there is always something you can do to get
involved and provide a positive impact on our community.
Please access the information online to learn more about
the Collierville PTA. We are looking forward to another
exciting year at the Collierville High School!
✽Parent Teacher Association(PTA) 사친회(師親會)
① 신학기를 맞아 학부모에게 인사를 드리려고
② 사친회 홈페이지에 학부모의 회원 가입을 권유하려고
③ 지역 공동체를 위한 자선 모금 행사 참여를 독려하려고
④ 사친회 회원이 되어 자원봉사에 참여해 줄 것을 부탁하려고
⑤ 학생들이 참여할 수 있는 자원봉사 관련 정보를 공유하려고
1
into a black hole. She shook the kaleidoscope and then
looked through it again. Nothing. She couldn’t believe it. Her
heart sank in her chest and she knew it was over.
✽kaleidoscope 만화경(거울을 이용해 색채 무늬를 볼 수 있도록 고안된
시각적 완구)
✽✽amulet (액운을 막아 주는) 부적
① excited → jealous ② scared → relieved
③ ashamed → relaxed ④ delighted → frustrated
⑤ disappointed → alarmed
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
If you find that you will be doing library research for a
paper, avoid the experience of going into the library cold.
Most college and university libraries have huge collections in
which you can easily lose your way. If at all possible, get
some recommendations for sources from your professor.
Sometimes you may have a topic on which your professor is
not too knowledgeable. In that case, try to find another
professor who knows the area. It is quite usual for students
to ask for help from someone other than the professor
teaching the course. Two sources of advice are always
better than one. In some cases, librarians will also be
helpful. Another valuable source of reference is the Internet.
It is a modern luxury abounding with information, allowing
you access to virtually any information, all with the ease of
a simple finger click. Here you may also find the most
recent publications and updates on all subjects.

19. 다음 글에 드러난 Rachel의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① 도서관 활용법 교육을 학생에서 일반인까지 확대해야 한다.
Rachel came upon a box that said, Rachel’s school stuff.
② 모든 도서관의 논문 검색 서비스를 통합해서 운영해야 한다.
She opened the box slowly and started lifting up various
③ 논문을 쓰기 전에 시간을 충분히 투자하여 자료를 수집해야
school-related items. She lifted up her old notebooks, her
한다.
pens, and her pencils. Then, she saw her backpack. She
④ 논문에서 인용하거나 참고한 자료의 출처를 명확히 제시해야
picked it up to put it aside and continue searching, but it
한다.
felt heavy to her. It was heavier than she’d remembered it
feeling. She opened up the large zip pocket and she couldn’t ⑤ 논문을 위한 도서관 자료 검색을 위해 다양한 경로로 사전조
believe her eyes. It was a true miracle. There in all its 사를 해야 한다.
glory, shining brightly was the kaleidoscope. She pulled it
out and it was exactly as she’d remembered. It was perfect
and now she knew she would be able to find the Red
Amulet. She put the kaleidoscope to her eye in hopes of
seeing the answer, but she saw nothing. It was like looking
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21. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
We all learn intuitively that plants are not like us in
many ways. Ask a child about the differences between
plants and animals and the answer won’t be about
photosynthesis. They’ll say, “Plants can’t move” or “Plants
don’t do anything.” It is true that plants don’t appear to do
the things that many of us find most interesting about
humans and other animals — moving, communicating with
one another, and displaying a great diversity of sophisticated
behaviors that depend upon the particular situations in which
they find themselves. But this intuition about plants is
incorrect; plants sense many aspects of their abiotic and
biotic environments and respond with a variety of plastic
morphologies and behaviors that are often adaptive. In
addition, plants communicate, signaling to remote organs
within an individual, eavesdropping on neighboring individuals,
and exchanging information with other organisms ranging
from other plants to microbes to animals.
✽abiotic 비생물적인 ✽✽morphology 형태
✽✽✽eavesdrop 이야기를 엿듣다
23. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Often, when I meet with teammates who are having
difficulties working as colleagues, I begin by asking each of
them to write down three things that they enjoy about
working with the other person and three things that drive
them crazy. Before they share their lists, I ask them to also
write what they speculate the other person has written.
Doing this forces them to step back and try to see how
they are perceived. I emphasize the word perception and
remind them that perceptions are reality; we react to what
we see and feel, whether or not it is the truth. That
understanding helps move them away from denying their
colleague’s feelings and from focusing only on “what really
happened” (which is what they think happened). Instead, as
we share what they wrote, we work on seeing how we
come across to others and what we can do to change
impressions and perceptions. These meetings are never easy;
it is difficult to see ourselves through the lenses of others.
But such honest interactions are almost always productive.

① What Are the Limits of Human Perception?

① 식물도 느끼고 반응하며 서로 의사소통을 한다.
② What to Do When a Colleague Needs Emotional Support
② 대부분의 식물은 동물과 밀접한 상호 작용을 한다.
③ How Important Are First Impressions in the Workplace?
③ 식물은 동물보다 훨씬 더 강한 적응력을 가지고 있다.
④ The Key to Successful Teamwork: Knowing How Others
④ 식물의 발달상 특징은 식물의 비운동성에서 비롯된다.
See Us
⑤ 모든 동물과 식물은 생존을 위한 방어 수단을 가지고 있다.
⑤ Ways to Avoid Misunderstandings in the Multicultural
Workplace

22. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Farmers may hear on the radio that the price of a
particular product in a big wholesale market in the capital
24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
city is 100 shillings/kg. The price being offered by a trader
on the same day in their village market might only be 80
shillings, however. This does not necessarily mean that the
local trader is trying to cheat them. They should remember
that the trader will have to pay for the goods to be
transported to the city and that they may have to pay a
porter to carry the goods to and from the lorry. They may
lose some of the produce during the journey. They may also
need to borrow money to pay the farmer and so they must
cover the cost of the interest charged by the money lender.
In addition, they must also earn a living and so they must
sell it for more than they have paid the farmer taking all
the costs they have incurred into account.
✽lorry 화물 트럭 ✽✽incur 발생시키다

① the value of business ethics in agriculture

② the role of media in changing product prices
③ reasons why farmers price their produce high
④ effects of market demand on farmers’ choice of crops
⑤ factors affecting traders’ setting prices on farm produce
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The graph above shows the global demand for meat in
2005 vs. 2050. ① It is predicted that the global demand for
each of the five meat food sources will increase from 2005
to 2050. ② In 2005, pork was the most in-demand meat,
followed by poultry, but the situation is expected to be
reversed with poultry being the most in-demand followed by
pork in 2050. ③ Mutton, which had the least global demand
in 2005, is also projected to remain at the bottom in 2050.
④ The global demand for beef was greater than that for
eggs by two million tonnes in 2005 and it is expected to
remain greater in 2050, by four million tonnes. ⑤ Among
the five meat food sources, the largest difference in global
demand between 2005 and 2050 is predicted to be shown in
poultry and the second largest difference in beef.
25. Johnny Mack Brown에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는
것은?
Johnny Mack Brown was born on September 1, 1904 in
Dothan, Alabama. He went to the University of Alabama on
a football scholarship, where he played halfback. His good
looks and powerful physique saw him portrayed on Wheaties
cereal boxes and, in 1927, brought an offer for motion
picture screen tests that resulted in a career in Hollywood.
He played silent film star Mary Pickford’s love interest in
her first talkie, Coquette, for which Pickford won an Oscar.
He went on to make several more top-flight movies
including The Secret Six with Clark Gable, the King of
Hollywood. Shortly thereafter he devoted his acting strictly
to exclusively low budget westerns, becoming one of the
screen’s top B-movie cowboy stars. Johnny would eventually
make more than 160 films and have a star on the Hollywood
Walk of Fame. He died of heart failure in 1974 at the age
of 70 at Woodland Hills, California.
✽physique 체격
① 미식축구 장학금을 받고 대학에 갔다.
② 훌륭한 외모와 건장한 체격을 가지고 있었다.
③ Coquette이라는 영화로 오스카상을 수상했다.
④ Clark Gable과 함께 영화를 찍기도 했다.
⑤ 1974년 70세의 나이로 사망했다.
3
29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장
적절한 것은?
Scientists do not apply rigorous standards to the original
conception and development of an idea. This is a creative
act that follows no method at all. However, it is wrong for
people like Paul Feyerabend (A) suggest / to suggest that
science is therefore a free-for-all. Every scientific theory
must begin life as a guess. It is true that some scientists,
including Newton, have been willing to reject data that do
not agree with their hunches. Yet this is only sensible when
the data seem to be untrustworthy — as is often the case
when they have not (B) gathered / been gathered
specifically to test the given theory. It is also sensible that
scientists do not necessarily abandon a theory, even when
its limitations have become apparent, unless they have
something better to put in its place. In the scientific long
run, theories that are contradicted by observation (C) do /
does still get sifted out.
✽hunch 예감 ✽✽sift out ~을 걸러 내다
(A) (B) (C)
① suggest …… gathered …… do
② suggest …… been gathered …… does
③ to suggest …… gathered …… does
④ to suggest …… been gathered …… do
⑤ to suggest …… been gathered …… does
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
In the early industrial era, those who controlled finance
capital and the means of production exercised near-total
control over the workings of the economy. For a while,
during the mid-decades of the past century, they had to
share some of that power with labor, whose critical role in
production ① assured it some clout in decisions governing
both the ways and means of doing business and the
distribution of profits. Now that labor’s clout has
significantly ② diminished, knowledge workers have become
the more important group in the economic equation. They
are the catalysts of the Third Industrial Revolution and the
ones ③ responsible for keeping the high-tech economy
running. For that reason, top management and investors have
had increasingly to share at least some of their power with
the creators of intellectual property, the men and women
whose knowledge and ideas ④ fuel the high-tech
information society. It is no wonder, then, that
intellectual-property rights have become even more
important than finance in some industries. Having a
monopoly over knowledge and ideas ⑤ hinders competitive
success and market position. Financing that success becomes
almost secondary.
✽clout 영향력 ✽✽catalyst 촉매제 ✽✽✽monopoly 독점(권)
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[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. Adaptation is a process whereby members of a species fit
into their environments in such a way that they can survive
and flourish. Too often, though, we look upon adaptation as
something that involves the optimization of particular features.
We see it as a business of maximally improving the
organism’s fit with its environment in every characteristic. Yet
a moment’s thought should be enough to show that this
cannot be the case. The process that governs adaptation
within populations is natural selection, which operates by
promoting or suppressing the reproductive success of
individuals. Whole individuals, not their separate features. And
every individual is an enormously complicated bundle of
characteristics, most of which are controlled by many genes
and are in turn linked genetically to other characters. There
is, in short, no way in which the evolutionary fate of a
particular characteristic can be determined without
as well.
① considering ever-changing environments
② separating itself from the other characters
③ affecting the destinies of many other attributes
④ improving an organism’s reproductive capacity
⑤ abandoning the previous strengths of individuals
32. A sovereign state is usually defined as one whose citizens
are free to determine their own affairs without interference
from any agency beyond its territorial borders. But freedom in
space (and limits on its territorial extent) is merely one
characteristic of sovereignty. Freedom in time (and limits on
its temporal extent) is equally important and probably more
fundamental. Sovereignty and citizenship require freedom from
the past at least as much as freedom from contemporary
powers. No state could be sovereign if its inhabitants lacked
the ability to change a course of action adopted by their
forefathers in the past, or even one to which they once
committed themselves. No citizen could be a full member of
the community so long as she was
with which the community might wish
to break — the problem of Antigone in Sophocles’ tragedy.
Sovereignty and citizenship thus require not only borders in
space, but also borders in time.
✽sovereign 주권의, 자주적인
① suffering from poverty
② holding too radical views
③ tied to ancestral traditions
④ stuck in geographical limitations
⑤ surrounded by ignorance and prejudice
33. Speculations about the meaning and purpose of prehistoric
art rely heavily on analogies drawn with modern-day
hunter-gatherer societies. Such primitive societies, as Steven
Mithen emphasizes in The Prehistory of the Modern Mind,
tend to view man and beast, animal and plant, organic and
inorganic realms, as participants in an integrated, animated
totality. The dual manifestations of this tendency are
anthropomorphism (the practice of regarding animals as
humans) and totemism (the practice of regarding humans as
animals), both of which pervade the visual art and the
mythology of primitive cultures. Thus the natural world is
conceptualized in terms of human social relations. When
considered in this light, the visual preoccupation of early
humans with the nonhuman creatures inhabiting their world
becomes profoundly meaningful. Among hunter-gatherers,
animals are not only good to eat, they are also good to think
about, as anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss has observed. In
the practice of totemism, he has suggested, an unlettered
humanity “broods upon itself and its place in nature.”Through
their , primitive
peoples find ways of conceptualizing human relationships.
✽analogy 유사점 ✽✽brood 곰곰이 생각하다
① enthusiasm for art
② observation of other species
③ speculation on human nature
④ commitment to religious practices
⑤ cooperation in hunting and gathering
34. One consequence of the separation of music from words is
to render the meaning of music equivocal. Because words
define its content, we know what we are intended to feel
when we hear a song in a language with which we are
familiar; but we cannot be as sure when we hear a symphony.
Disputes about the meaning of music, which are still heated,
are centered around ‘absolute’ music: that is, they concern
instrumental music which does not refer to anything outside
itself. When music accompanies words, or is closely
associated with public events such as triumphs or funerals,
. We know what we are expected to
feel, and we usually feel it. Music adds significance to
ceremonies and to words because it induces arousal and
structures that arousal in a way that ensures collective
participation.
✽equivocal 애매한 ✽✽arousal 각성, 흥분
① its purpose starts to get forgotten
② questions of its meaning hardly arise
③ the meaning of music becomes vague
④ characteristics of instrumental music emerge
⑤ descriptions of the musical ideas become complex
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35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
As time goes on, too many more people will suffer an
early death from neglect and bad personal practices. But one
thing is tragically true: a premature demise is often
preventable and generally of our own making. ① Most
serious health-care problems are not directly related to the
failings of our parents or some other mysterious force of
nature. ② Occasionally, genetics plays a substantial role in
someone’s health; however for the majority of us, genetics
is not as big a determining factor as is a lack of personal
involvement in our own health. ③ We cannot alter our
genetics, but we can influence our lives by intelligent health
practices. ④ As we have learned more about genetics,
additional mechanisms of inheritance have been identified
that make it more challenging to predict both the occurrence
and the severity of disease. ⑤ Furthermore, most
genetically related health problems can be significantly
improved by healthy actions that go well beyond the realm
of luck.
✽demise 사망
[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
Suppose we know that Paula suffers from an acute phobia. If
we reason that Paula is afraid either of snakes or spiders, and
then establish that she is not afraid of snakes, we will
conclude that Paula is afraid of spiders.
(A) More generally, when we are presented with a list of
alternative explanations for some phenomenon, and are
then persuaded that all but one of those explanations are
unsatisfactory, we should pause to reflect.
(B) However, our conclusion is reasonable only if Paula’s fear
really does concern either snakes or spiders. If we know
only that Paula has a phobia, then the fact that she’s
not afraid of snakes is entirely consistent with her being
afraid of heights, water, dogs or the number thirteen.
(C) Before conceding that the remaining explanation is the
correct one, consider whether other plausible options are
being ignored or overlooked. The fallacy of false choice
misleads when we’re insufficiently attentive to
important hidden assumption, that the choices which have
been made explicit exhaust the sensible alternatives.
✽acute 극심한 ✽✽concede 인정하다 ✽✽✽fallacy 오류
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
5
37.
Physical density is a numerical measure of the concentration
of individuals or physical structures within a given
geographical unit. It is an objective, quantitative and neutral
spatial indicator.
(A) Take Hong Kong as an example: if the land area of the
whole territory is taken into account, the overall population
density in Hong Kong is about 6,300 persons per square
kilometre. However, only about 24 per cent of the total
area in Hong Kong is built up.
(B) However, in practice, physical density takes on a real
meaning only if it is related to a specified scale of
reference. For instance, density expressed as ratio of
population to land area can vary significantly with
reference to different scales of geographical unit.
(C) Therefore, if the geographical reference is confined to
built-up land, then the population density will be about
25,900 individuals per square kilometre, which is four times
the overall density of the territory. Hence, it is important
that the scales of geographical references be explicitly
defined in density calculation, otherwise comparison of
density measures will be difficult.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
Also, there needs to be a demand for the recycled items.
If people recycle as much of their waste as possible, part of
the waste problem can be solved. ( ① ) For recycling to be a
success, however, it has to be easy to do, or convenient. ( ②
) Examples of this include: doorstep collections where
householders put out items for recycling in special bins or
an boxes, recycling bins on street corners and at shops. ( ③ )
Recycling points that are placed in more remote locations are
usually restricted to people who have cars. ( ④ ) It is
important that people do not have to drive out of their way to
recycle their rubbish and in doing so waste petrol and add to
harmful emissions in the atmosphere. ( ⑤ ) There is no point
in recycling vast quantities of glass or paper, for example, if
there is no end use for them.
 영어 영역
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39. [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

It does not help to shout when communicating with a It seems that our ancestors who decided to stay in
hearing-impaired older person. Africa had learned to live in a hot climate and stay
reasonably comfortable. But what about the ones who
Changes in hearing, like changes in vision, become more
emigrated into regions that were not (a) warm year-round?
pronounced from midlife to later life, although it is the old-old
What about our ancestors who wandered north into Asia,
who are most affected. ( ① ) Hearing problems affect about
Europe, and the Americas? People began to live in areas
half of those age 75 and older. ( ② ) Hearing problems can
that had a distinctly cold season for part of each year.
make it difficult for older adults to follow conversations,
How did they stay warm?
especially when background noise is present. ( ③ )
Part of the answer, of course, is that they developed
Interference with social interaction is an especially troubling
warm clothing. Animal furs can be very (b) effective at
aspect of hearing loss, causing some older adults to become
keeping the cold out, as can many other natural fibers
hesitant when interacting with others or to avoid interaction
and materials. But warm clothing wasn’t enough. People
altogether. ( ④ ) Problems communicating with a
had to find (c) locations to live that would not require
hearing-impaired older person can frustrate others or lead
them to spend too much time or energy trying to stay
them to view the older person as confused or incompetent,
warm. One of the most popular early homes seems to
reactions that can undermine the older person’s confidence
have been caves — especially those that opened toward
or feelings of self-worth. ( ⑤ ) Instead, it is best to find a
the sun. People would have noticed that during hot
quiet location, face the person directly, and speak just a little
summer days it was comfortably cool in the cave, and that
louder than usual.
during cold weather they were much warmer in the cave
than they were outside. Part of this was due to the (d)
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 thick walls of the cave, which buffered the thermal
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? effects of changing seasons, like good insulation in the
Humans can choose many of their social partners and walls of a house. But part of it was also because during
leave uncooperative partners if there are better options the winter the sun was low in the sky and could penetrate
available. The presence of partner choice creates a deep into the cave — warming everything that it hit —
market for social partners. In such markets, people choose while in the summer the high sun angle meant that the
the best partners they can obtain, given their own value interior of the cave was (e) bright all day.
in this market. This perspective has implications for the ✽buffer 완충하다 ✽✽thermal 열의
evolution and development of prosocial behavior because it
creates a selection pressure for fairness and cooperation. 41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
If you are not receiving a “fair” deal, then you can
① Returning to Old Ways of Staying Warm
simply find someone else who will offer that deal. In a
② A Variety of Advantages of South-Facing Caves
biological market, the best way to get a good partner is to
③ How Our Ancestors Maintained Thermal Comfort in Cold
be a good partner. As long as there are enough
Seasons
opportunities for reputation building or there are costs for
④ The Mystery of Ancient Caves That Could Rewrite
being abandoned, then this will cause an escalation of
History
prosocial behavior, in a process known as “runaway social
⑤ External Conditions as the Foundation of Building Design
selection” or “competitive altruism.”
✽altruism 이타주의
42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않

은 것은?
In a biological market, the (A) of social partners
plays an important role in the evolution of (B)
behavior. ① (a)
② (b)
(A) (B)
③ (c)
① trust …… prosocial
④ (d)
② trust …… impartial
⑤ (e)
③ support …… uncooperative
④ selection …… uncooperative
⑤ selection …… prosocial
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 10회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Mr. Brown,
On August 23, I purchased a sports coat in your men’s
department for $99.95 plus tax. After taking the coat
home, I decided I did not particularly like the fabric and
attempted to return the purchase on August 30. Much to
my surprise, the manager refused to accept the return. I
now understand your company has a five-day return policy.
I was not aware of your store’s policy at the time of this
purchase, nor had I had any occasion to inquire about your
policy any of the other times in the past when I purchased
goods at your store. Because I have been a faithful
customer for several years, I believe an exception should
be made in this instance, and I ask that my money in the
amount of $107 be returned immediately. Thank you, and I
look forward to hearing from you within the next two
weeks and receiving a check for $107.
Sincerely,
Jake Blackwell
① 의류 맞춤 제작을 의뢰하려고
② 새로운 상품의 입고를 안내하려고
③ 구매 상품에 대한 환불을 요구하려고
④ 환불 가능한 품목에 관해 문의하려고
⑤ 구매 시 발생한 계산상의 착오에 대해 항의하려고
19. 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?
A bell chimed in the building: “Ting ting ting.” That’s
how Billy Deal described it. And there was an unintelligible
announcement. He thought that the store was closing so he
looked at his watch. It was 8:05 p.m. Yes, it must be a
closing announcement, he thought. But then a strange thing
happened. A young man on a forklift jumped off the vehicle
and cried, “My God, it’s a fire!” And he took off running.
Billy looked around. He couldn’t see what the young man
was getting excited about. There was nothing. But suddenly
some people ran through the fire door and yelled, “Get outta
here! There’s a fire!” Billy peered through that door, that
fireproof barricade, toward the west side of the store, and
he saw a big cloud of smoke in the center of the space. He
ran toward the south fire door searching for Ada and
Matthew, and when he got there the cloud behind him had
turned into a wall, a wall of very black smoke.
* forklift 지게차(들어 올리는 장치)
① festive and exciting
② urgent and pressing
③ monotonous and boring
④ pleasant and welcoming
⑤ adventurous and thrilling
1
20. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Whenever we buy the latest lotion, we assume that people
who make it have only good intentions in mind. We assume
that our governments regulate cosmetic makers and demand
vigorous safety testing. We assume that cosmetic makers
consciously avoid making products that contain ingredients
with questionable safety records. Perhaps it is time to stop
assuming anything. The chemical industry works nonstop.
The amount of synthetic chemicals in use all over the world
has increased twofold over the last ten years. Today, we
have more than 100,000 chemicals in use in different areas
of our lives, and less than 5 percent of these chemicals
have been thoroughly tested for their long-term impact on
human health. Even proven toxins, such as lead and mercury,
were presumed innocent for years ― until dozens of
well-documented cases of serious adverse health effects
piled up, thus prohibiting the use of these chemicals in
paints, household items, and cosmetics.
* synthetic 합성한, 인조의 ** mercury 수은
① 화학 물질의 유해성에 대한 전문가들의 의견이 엇갈린다.
② 철저한 검증을 거치지 않은 화학 물질의 사용이 넘쳐난다.
③ 화학 물질 사용으로 발생한 소비자의 피해는 구제가 어렵다.
④ 무해하다고 알려진 화학 물질에 대한 근거 자료가 빈약하다.
⑤ 생활 제품에 사용된 화학 물질을 표기하는 규정이 필요하다.
21. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Slow ageing seeks to redefine ageing as a positive
growth experience, rather than one linked with decrepitude,
degeneration and decline. The anti-ageing movement
generally seeks to position ‘getting old’ as something to be
avoided at all costs. It feeds on people’s fears and typically
doesn’t provide real solutions. This is unrealistic and
unnecessary. We want to slow ageing, not fear it. Attitude
is the single most important factor in healthy ageing. A
positive attitude drives healthy behaviour and gives us
control over our lives. It can more than compensate for a
number of other things that may be failing. Ageing needs to
be re-positioned as an experience of value, not only for
ourselves as individuals, but for our society. It is possible to
LOVE the ageing process, to re-frame ageing as a positive
experience and take control so we age with pleasure,
resilience and growth.
* decrepitude 노쇠, 노후 ** resilience 회복
① 노화를 예방하는 효과적인 방법이 개발되어야 한다.
② 노화를 늦추기 위해서는 생활 습관을 바꾸어야 한다.
③ 항노화 제품은 전문가의 조언을 받고 사용해야 한다.
④ 노화를 긍정적인 경험으로 받아들이는 태도를 가져야 한다.
⑤ 정신 건강을 유지하려면 신체적 건강이 뒷받침되어야 한다.
 영어 영역
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22. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Youths, particularly those completing college degrees, are
increasingly pressured to undertake unpaid internships. In a
book suggestively entitled “Intern Nation: How to Earn
Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy”, Ross
Perlin reports that the percentage of college graduates doing
internships has tripled in less than two decades (from 17
percent in 1992 to 50 percent in 2008), and that this is a
mass labour exploitation that, in the USA, saves firms more
than $600 million annually. In Canada, Andrew Langille, a
lawyer who does research on the topic, contends that unpaid
internships are replacing entry-level jobs, that they rarely
lead to permanent work, and that most of them (95% in the
case of Ontario) are exploitative and illegal because interns
are doing work typically performed by paid employees. In
the context of the current economic recession and high
unemployment rates, young graduates are forced to compete
with each other and improve their resume in order to gain
an advantage in the job market.
① Paid Internships Lead to Better Job Prospects
② Making the Most of Your Internship Experience
③ Internships: A Solution to Youth Unemployment
④ An Unpaid Internship: A Case of Labour Exploitation
⑤ Guidelines for Writing an Effective Internship Report
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Higher density living in cities means that fewer people
have their own garden spaces and that gardens in modern
homes are constantly becoming smaller. This is one reason
for the importance of maintaining public gardens and
integrating garden spaces into new developments. Many of
the benefits provided by gardens are available for all to
enjoy in public gardens and parks and these venues are
often the scene of weddings, parties, and family
get-togethers of all sorts. Public gardens provide us with
opportunities for recreation, contemplation, education, and
inspiration. Their importance to the community and to the
environment cannot be overstated and will only grow as
higher density living deprives more people of private garden
spaces. Whether it’s as a venue to socialise with friends,
play sport, practise yoga, meditate, picnic, explore, play, or
learn about the natural world, your local park has much to
offer, even if you do have your own garden.
* venue (행위의) 장소, 개최지
① the influence of increasing city population
② issues surrounding urban landscape planning
③ ways to make appropriate use of public property
④ the significance of local public gardens in dense cities
⑤ why private gardens are preferred over public gardens
24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The above graph shows the percentage of children in the
U.S. who were covered by health insurance at any point
during 2014, by family income. Children were considered to
be covered by health insurance if they had public or private
coverage at any time during the year. ①In 2014, 96.2
percent of children living in families with incomes of
$75,000 or more had insurance coverage. ②In contrast, only
91.9 percent of children in families with incomes under
$50,000 were covered. ③As family income went up,
coverage by public insurance went down, and coverage by
private insurance went up. ④In families with incomes of
$75,000 or more, 19.6 percent of children had public
insurance. ⑤The percentage of children who had private
insurance in the lowest income group was lower than that of
children who had public insurance in the highest income
group.
25. passenger pigeon에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Scientists estimate that passenger pigeons in North
America were the most abundant bird species on Earth,
approximately 5 billion birds, before the arrival of the
Europeans. The pigeons lived in enormous flocks; the largest
flock, of 2 billion birds, darkened the sky for several days
as it flew overhead. Up to 100 nests were built in a single
tree. Because they lived so close together and were slow
flyers, passenger pigeons were extremely easy to hunt.
Pigeon meat was so cheap that it was fed to pigs and
slaves; the meat also became popular in large cities.
Although everyone could see that the population was
declining, no one thought that the birds were at risk for
extinction because no one anticipated that as their numbers
fell, the pigeons would stop breeding. Scientists now think
that the pigeons’ mating instinct was triggered by the
presence of a great flock. As the flocks were decimated, so
was the birds’ desire to reproduce. The last remaining flock,
approximately 250,000 birds, was killed by sport hunters in
a single day in 1896. The very last passenger pigeon died in
captivity in 1914.
* decimate 대량으로 죽이다
 영어 영역
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① 한때 50억 마리 정도가 있었다고 추산된다.
② 거대한 무리를 지어 살았다.
③ 나는 속도가 빨라 사냥하기가 어려웠다.
④ 돼지의 먹이로 이용되었다.
⑤ 큰 무리의 존재 때문에 짝짓기 본능이 유발되었다고 과학자
들은 생각한다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
The external triggers of depressed mood can be like
tigers hiding in the grass: You may hardly be aware of their
effect on your mood because you’re ①unaware of them or
you’ve become used to them. Or maybe you don’t fully
appreciate their negative effect; you know these problems
exist, but you ②overestimate their negative impact on you.
Or you may be very aware of your depressed feelings, but
what is causing them may not be nearly so ③obvious. And
some external triggers can simply be subtle and transitory.
It can be easy to be aware that a fight with your spouse or
a poor performance review at work got you down, but much
④harder to see that a scratch on a new piece of furniture
or an unkind comment by a close friend really got to you.
Also, a trigger may not have occurred just now, but instead
may be caused by thinking back to a past ⑤negative event.
* transitory 일시적인
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
After all the work you have gone through writing it, you
may feel “married” to the first draft of your paper. However,
revision is one of the most important steps in ensuring your
paper’s success. Although unpracticed writers often think of
revision as little more than ①making sure all the i’s are
dotted and t’s are crossed, it is much more than that.
Revising is reseeing the essay, looking at it from other
perspectives, trying always to align your view with ②the
one that will be held by your audience. Research indicates
that we are actually revising all the time, in every phase of
the writing process, as we reread phrases, rethink the
placement of an item in an outline, or ③test a new topic
sentence for a paragraph. Subjecting your entire hard-fought
draft to cold, objective scrutiny ④to be one of the toughest
activities to master, but it is absolutely necessary. You have
to ensure that you have said everything that needs to be
said clearly and logically. One confusing passage will deflect
the reader’s attention from ⑤where you want it to be.
* align ~ with ... …에 맞춰 ~을 조정하다 ** scrutiny 정밀 조사, 철저한 검토 ***
deflect 빗나가게 하다, 방향을 바꾸다
3
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. If the dream you had last night perfectly predicted
something unusual that actually happened today, put it in
proper context. How many dreams have you had in your
lifetime that failed to predict events accurately? You also
have to think of all the other people on Earth who had a
dream last night that didn’t come true. The odds are that
somebody’s dream would hit the mark just by chance. It’s
like the lottery: the odds of winning may be low, but
somebody does win. So, if billions of people are having
dreams every night, shouldn’t it be expected that some of
them will “come true” just by chance? If millions of people
buy lottery tickets, don’t we expect that someone out of the
crowd will pick the winning numbers? If we want to think
clearly, we have to accept the fact that happen all
the time. In isolation, many of them can seem eerie and
supernatural. Placed into proper context, however, they
usually seem inevitable more than anything else.
* eerie 괴상한
① conflicts
② tragedies
③ coincidences
④ interchanges
⑤ misunderstandings
32. A good image of what we mean by decision making is
of a person pausing at a fork in the road, and then choosing
one path — to reach a desired goal or to avoid an
unpleasant outcome. The most important evolutionary
situations that selected our basic decision-making capacities
probably involved physical approach or avoidance — which
waterhole, field, fruit tree, cave, stranger, mate, and so
forth, to approach and which to avoid. In prehistoric times,
bad decisions were punished in a dramatic manner; as the
philosopher Willard van Orman Quine commented, “Creatures
inveterately wrong in their inductions have a pathetic but
praiseworthy tendency to die before reproducing their kind.”
In other words, animals, including humans, that make bad
predictions of the future and consequently bad decisions tend
to die before they can pass their genes on to the next
generation; this is one reason that we, and other animals,
.
* inveterately 만성적으로 ** pathetic 불쌍한
① often choose to follow others
② are unreliable decision makers
③ want to try every option available
④ tend to prefer uncertain situations
⑤ are good at making survival decisions
 영어 영역
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33. The advantages of personal contact include experiences
. In a shared space, people plug
into what the psychologist Daniel Goleman has called “neural
WiFi,” “a feedback loop that crosses the skin-and-skull
barrier between bodies.” When scientists videotape
conversations and slow them down to watch frame by frame,
they detect synchronies between nonverbal elements — a
shared rhythm very much like the beat that guides an
improvisation in jazz. The movements themselves are
coordinated to within a fraction of a second — our brains
are taking in data on the order of milli- or microseconds.
But conscious processing of information happens in the
comparatively sluggish scale of seconds. When two people
talk to each other, writes Goleman, “our own thoughts can’t
possibly track the complexity of the dance.”
* synchrony 동시성 ** improvisation 즉흥 연주 *** sluggish 느린
① we can’t consciously register
② small sensitivity easily leads to
③ many pairs are unlikely to have
④ our brain can’t repeat over and over
⑤ both verbal and nonverbal factors affect
34. In 2003, on their Showtime television series, the team
of magicians, Penn & Teller, demonstrated how bottled
water marketing itself impacts not only consumers’
expectations but their actual perceptions of how water
tastes. In a hilarious segment, the guys took over a trendy
California restaurant, installing their own made-up “water
steward,” a fake employee who visited each table and
presented diners with a menu of exotic and
refreshing-sounding waters from around the world. What
patrons didn’t know was that all of the bottles had been
filled from the same hose out back behind the restaurant.
Based on the images on the made-up labels, the prices of
the waters, and the stories told by the water steward,
diners actually believed they and were shocked to
finally learn that all of the waters were nothing more than
Los Angeles tap water.
* hilarious 아주 재미있는
① would get used to the taste of local tap water
② could predict the prices for premium products
③ could taste differences among the various waters
④ did not appreciably prefer expensive unproven samples
⑤ shouldn’t be concerned about the safety of water bottles
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
The sound of a bat, like the sound of a club or a
racquet, has a strong psychological influence on a player. A
ball impacting a wood bat makes a nice “crack” sound when
hit properly, while a hollow bat “pings” like a bell. ①Some
players prefer to play in wood bat leagues simply because
the crack of the bat sounds more like the real thing, or
more like the bat used by a Major League player. ②
Similarly, professional tennis players are very fussy about
the sound of the shot. ③About half of them use string
dampeners to change the ping to a thud, and the other half
don’t, depending on what they are accustomed to hearing. ④
When racquet handles are in poor condition, it is possible
for players to lose their grip during a stroke and the racquet
can hit another player. ⑤It makes no difference to the
performance of the racquet, but if the shot sounds “wrong”
then it won’t “feel” right.
* dampener 진동제어 장치 ** thud ‘쿵’(하는 소리)
[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
36.
Experimental bias refers to the researchers’ possible bias
toward the expected or hypothesized results, a violation of
the objectivity required in experimental research.
(A) The assistants could be instructed to give an unmarked pill
to each participant each day and to record data relative to
the participant’s behavior. The participants would not
know if they were assigned to the experimental or control
conditions either. Thus, neither the researcher’s bias nor
the attitudinal effect of participants could influence the
outcome of the study.
(B) Double-blind studies address both researcher bias and
attitudinal effect. For example, if researchers were
interested in the effect of a drug on the hyperactivity of
children, they could avoid experimental bias by using
research assistants who were not privy to the identity of
the experimental or control group members.
(C) Control of this threat to validity can be addressed by using
an experimenter who is unaware of the anticipated results
to administer the intervention(s) or treatment. Similarly,
attitudinal effect refers to the possible perception by
either group that they may be receiving special attention,
which may affect the results of the study.
* hyperactivity 과잉 행동 ** privy 알고 있는
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
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37. [38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
Flagship species are charismatic animals that tend to 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
evoke emotional responses including affection and sympathy, 38.
and thus are likely to arouse public support for their
There are no holes to hide in and no rocks to slip
conservation.
underneath, so most of the inhabitants are camouflaged to
(A) Instead, their importance is defined by their appeal to resemble the seaweed in color and shape.
human audiences. Because flagship species are not always
Sometimes different species adopt the same camouflage to
ecologically vital, some experts believe that funding
suit a specific environment. ( ① ) For example, floating
dedicated to their conservation and protection would be
masses of Sargassum seaweed support a whole community of
better allocated to species that have potentially more
animals that drift along with the weed in the Atlantic Ocean. (
significant impacts on their ecosystems.
② ) Within the confines of their seaweed home, kept afloat
(B) While biodiversity and ecosystem protection can be vague
by numerous gas-filled bladders, the animal residents must live,
concepts that are not easy to promote for public
mate, feed, and avoid being eaten. ( ③ ) As a result, animals
awareness and support, these flagship species are readily
as varied as shrimps, crabs, and fishes all wear the same
identifiable animals whose lives, difficulties, and survival
colors, and are mostly yellow and brown. ( ④ ) The speckled
resonate with the general public. Unlike ecologically
color and slow movements of a filefish, for instance, help it
significant classifications like “keystone” and
blend in as it hunts for worms. ( ⑤ ) Irregular seaweedlike
“umbrella,” flagship species are not necessarily critical to
skin flaps on the body and fins of the Sargassum fish make an
an ecosystem’s function.
excellent disguise.
(C) The utilization of flagship species can also present a
* bladder (해초의) 기포 ** speckled 얼룩덜룩한 *** skin flap 피부 판
challenge to conservation as a whole, particularly if a
flagship species becomes extinct or extirpated from part of
its range where conservation strategies had been in place.
This could lead to damaged attitudes and involvement of
local people, conservationists, and the general public that
supports speciesspecific conservation campaigns.
* resonate 반향을 불러일으키다 ** extirpate 절멸하다
39.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) And probably he did not approve of Shakespeare’s great
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) writings because his works take no position for or against
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
anything.

According to Tolstoy, artistic creations are art only if they

serve brotherhood in uniting the people of the world.
Otherwise, they do not qualify as art. ( ① ) On these grounds,
he asserts that the artists, whose works serve anything but
that, are counterfeit artists, and are thus disqualified. ( ② )
Even from this perspective, one would think that at least
Symphony No. 9 from Beethoven should qualify, because it was
composed exactly for the brotherhood of humans. ( ③ ) He
never tries to promote or discourage any idea or ideology, or
tries to teach anything to anyone, but rather, reflects the
nature of interaction among humans in different realms of
tragedy, history and comedy. ( ④ ) And probably this is one
of the material elements that augments the beauty in his
writings. ( ⑤ ) But according to Tolstoy, his writings do not
even qualify as art, and one after another, he denounces and
dismisses almost everything that we consider to be great art.
* counterfeit 가짜의 ** augment 증대하다
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Our 21st century technologies, such as the World Wide
In October 2014 three researchers won the Nobel Prize Web, have profound implications for the way we define
in Physics for their work on LEDs (light-emitting diodes). the words in our language. In pre-Internet times, the hard
In announcing the award, the Swedish Academy of copy dictionary always served as the final authority for
Sciences noted that “replacing light bulbs and fluorescent what a word means and how it is used. The authors of
tubes with LEDs will lead to a very great reduction of dictionaries (lexicographers) traditionally have arrived at
electricity requirements for lighting.” This statement their definitions by carefully analyzing as many examples
triggered a lively debate about the “rebound” effect — as possible of how a particular word is used. While some
the increase in consumption of energy services that often complex words found in any standard desk dictionary can
occurs as new and efficient technologies are adopted. In have as many as nine or ten possible uses, even these
response, David Goldstein from the Natural Resources definitions fail to cover all possible usages. According to
Defense Council retorted that good energy-efficiency lexicographer Erin McKean, a recent study showed that in
policy can deliver the opposite of rebound, where a little a set of randomly chosen passages from modern fiction, 13
energy efficiency leads to more and more reductions in percent of the nouns, verbs, and adjectives were used in
usage and pollution. Consider the state of California, ways not found in large desk dictionaries. The major
where vigorous energy-efficiency policies have been in shortcoming of the traditional dictionary is that there is
place for decades, resulting in actual reductions of energy limited space available to give only a sampling of how
use that are far larger than a simple projection of savings. words are used. There are, (A) , many more
Thus, the overall goal of energy efficiency — to use contemporary usages that never make it into a standard
energy more productively and cleanly — has not lost its dictionary because of the limitations of physical space.
effect by the rebound effect. The beauty of the Internet, (B) , is that there are
* fluorescent tube 형광등 ** retort 반박하다 virtually no space limitations. As a result, it is possible for
 21st century lexicographers to define words by including
In spite of some controversies, (A) energy every conceivable example of the word’s use. These
efficiency, as shown by the examples of LEDs and the examples could be generated electronically not only from
policies of California, can lead to (B) energy literature, non fiction writing, and newspapers, but also
consumption. from websites, blogs, and social networking sites. In fact,
this is what the online dictionary called
http://www.wordnik. com/ is currently doing.
(A) (B)
① improving …… lowering * lexicographer 사전 편찬자
② improving …… promoting
③ sacrificing …… lowering
④ sacrificing …… stabilizing
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
⑤ assessing …… promoting
① Who Invented the First Dictionary?
② A Dictionary as a Source of Knowledge
③ The Internet Is Changing the Dictionary
④ Learn Vocabulary in Context Without a Dictionary
⑤ The Online Dictionary for Writing: A Solution or a
Problem?

42. 윗글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

(A) (B)
① in contrast …… however
② in contrast …… otherwise
③ for example …… likewise
④ in other words …… likewise
⑤ in other words …… however
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 11회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Committee Members,
You know that last year your sharing the spirit of this
season resulted in 2,765 children receiving a Christmas
gift. And this year we are aiming to make sure that 3,500
children in our area are greeted with a surprise gift on
that special day. This year on December 5, 4:30 p.m., at
Riverdale Preschool, all of us will bring together the gifts
we have collected, and we will all wrap gifts and divide
them for distribution by the appointed elves. As usual,
this will be a very merry workshop experience and
celebration for all of us. Barry McCullom will lead the
music, and La Petite, a superb caterer, is supplying box
lunches for all of us. We look forward to seeing you again
this year for this very special time of celebration.
Sincerely,
Patti Reeves
* caterer (행사의) 음식 공급업체
① 기부금 사용 내역을 보고하려고
② 유치원 운영 위원으로 위촉하려고
③ 신제품 출시 기념행사를 홍보하려고
④ 불우 아동 지원 기금 후원에 감사하려고
⑤ 선물 준비 모임에 참석할 것을 권유하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Billy의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
As they went into the theatre, Billy said, “It’s a ballet
about Charles Lamb’s policeman brother by a guy called Leo
Debility.” Laura looked puzzled for a moment. Then her eyes
sparkled and she burst into laughter. “Coppélia by Léo
Delibes. You are a bit stupid, aren’t you?” “At last you’ve
realized it,” he grinned. The theatre lights dimmed, the
orchestra struck up and they sat fascinated by Delibes’
music and the superb choreography of the visiting Sadler’s
Wells company. From time to time, Billy glanced at Laura’s
smiling face as she followed every movement of the dancers
and took in every nuance of the music. A shiver of joy ran
down his spine and he felt a bliss he had never known. If
only time could stand still. Making this girl by my side
happy, he thought, will be my life’s ambition.
* choreography 안무
① nervous and lonely
② delighted and happy
③ jealous and annoyed
④ scared and frightened
⑤ disappointed and depressed
1
20. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
The demand for art fluctuates according to the state of
the economy. When economic growth is strong, galleries can
be full of buyers, but these soon disappear when economic
times are hard. During the recession in the early 1990s, one
commentator reported that ‘buyers had gone into hibernation’
and many art galleries were forced out of business. A major
factor in this is the high fixed costs that galleries face,
which can be easily accommodated when sales are strong.
But the point about fixed costs is that they cannot be
changed in the short term. If demand falls suddenly, they
can force a gallery into bankruptcy since they must still be
paid even when there are few or no customers. Galleries are
located in prime locations and so their major fixed costs are
rent and property taxes. In addition, galleries typically
produce three or four catalogues a year, with a typical cost
of US$10,000 per edition.
* hibernation 동면
① Solutions for Art Gallery Problems
② Common Costs When Starting an Art Gallery
③ Art Galleries Are Trying to Reduce Fixed Costs
④ Fixed Costs for a Business: Difficult to Calculate
⑤ High Fixed Costs: A Risk Factor for Art Galleries
21. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Readers have a right to expect that the quotations used
in news stories will fairly depict the range of viewpoints on
the subject. Unbiased reporters strive to meet that standard.
However, biased reporters try to advance their own personal
opinions. One way is to include numerous strong quotations
on their side of the issue and only one or two, preferably
weak, quotations on the other side. A more blatant approach
is to include no opposing quotations at all and thus create
the impression that no responsible person would take the
opposing side of the issue. The most dishonest approach is
to twist a quotation so that it seems to say something very
different. For example, if the quotation were “I initially had
some reservations about the program, but after examining it
closely I believe it is excellent,” a dishonest reporter might
merely say that the person expressed “some reservations”
about the program.
* blatant 노골적인, 뻔뻔스러운
① consequences of biased news reporting
② characteristics of biased news headlines
③ biased handling of quotations by reporters
④ the influence of the editor’s bias on editing
⑤ reasons why reporters overuse quotation marks
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22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? 24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Imagine a toddler going to his mother, tugging on her
sleeve, and when he gets her attention saying, “I need you
to watch me so I can do this all by myself.” The mother
chuckles inwardly and then watches her son build a toy
tower. Perhaps you, too, smiled at the child’s apparent
selfcontradiction: How can the child do it “all by myself” and
need someone to be part of the doing? Because autonomy is
achieved only within relationship, Winnicott called it “the
experience of being alone while someone else is present.”
This being alone in the presence of someone else is a
pattern that continues throughout life. Adults do not achieve
individuation from their parents by walking away and never
needing them again but rather by using their parents as a
secure base from which to explore. Autonomy is not a
negation of needing others but a capacity that arises from
that need being met.
* tug on ~을 잡아당기다 ** chuckle 빙그레 웃다 *** negation 부정

① 아이의 창의력은 자율성에 달려있다.

② 부모의 통제가 아이의 자율성을 해친다.
③ 자율성이 일의 효율을 떨어뜨릴 수 있다. The above graph shows the average life expectancy at
④ 자율성은 다른 사람과의 관계에서 얻어진다. birth in selected rich nations by 2030. ①The average life
⑤ 놀이에 대한 아이의 집중도는 자율성에 비례한다. expectancy of women is expected to be higher than that of
men in all the countries. ②The average life expectancy of
South Korean women is expected to surpass 90 by 2030. ③
Both Japanese men and women will have the third highest
average life expectancy among the ten countries by 2030,
23. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? with 82.75 and 88.41 years respectively. ④The average life
Watch any couple who are getting on well. What do you expectancy of Australian men is expected to be 84 by 2030.
see? If one leans forward and smiles, so does the other. If ⑤Of the ten nations, the United States will lag behind the
one talks in a hushed tone, the other does too. She crosses other nine nations in the average life expectancy by 2030
her legs and folds her arms, so does he. He smiles and for both men and women.
shakes his head and, guess what? She does too. The couples
aren’t deliberately mimicking each other. It’s just that when
people are getting on well with someone else they
subconsciously adopt similar non-verbals. Emulating
another’s body language and speech patterns is a sure-fire
way to deepen your relationships. Subtly adapt your
breathing patterns, pace of speech, tone of voice, posture,
body language and facial expression to the other person’s.
25. Ezer Weizman에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Borrow their words and expressions. This must of course be
done skillfully, or they’ll think you are ridiculing them. The Ezer Weizman, Israel’s seventh President, was born in
last thing you want is to come across as a parrot, but with Tel Aviv in 1924 and was the nephew of Israel’s first
practice you’ll be able to do it without any hint of mimicry. President, Chaim Weizmann. Ezer Weizman served as a
fighter pilot with the Royal Air Force during World War II.
* hushed 조용한 ** emulate 모방하다
Weizman helped establish what would become the Israel Air
Force. He served as a fighter pilot during the War of
① 처세술을 익히기보다 자신의 인품이 빛나게 하라.
Independence and was named head of operations of the Air
② 대화 중 상대방의 말이 암시하는 의미를 파악하라.
Force in 1950. He became commander in chief of the Israel
③ 자신의 몸에 밴 버릇을 잘 살피고 나쁜 것은 고치라.
Air Force in 1958. He retired from the army in 1969 and
④ 논쟁할 때 감정에 사로잡히지 말고 조용한 어조로 말하라.
was elected chairman of the Herut Party in 1971. Weizman
⑤ 잘 지내고 싶은 사람과 비슷하게 말과 행동을 하도록 연습하
was elected president in 1993 and reelected in 1998. In
라.
2000, Weizman resigned as president under pressure due to
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the public revelation that he failed to declare a substantial dunes. Yuanchun Shi, former President of China Agricultural
sum of money that he received from a friend while serving University, suggests another solution, namely that
as an elected official. ‘over-cultivation, grazing and logging must be (B) permitted
/ restrained in the source area of desertification. Grazing
should be forbidden in those seriously degenerated and
① 이스라엘 초대 대통령의 조카였다.
desertified grasslands... The purpose of stopping cultivation
② 제2차 세계대전 중에 전투기 조종사로 복무했다.
and grazing is to activate the ecosystem’s selfrepair function,
③ 1958년에 이스라엘 공군의 총사령관이 되었다.
so that vegetation cover and soil conditions can be improved
④ 1971년에 Herut 당의 의장으로 선출되었다.
on a large scale’. In a few exceptional cases, the (C)
⑤ 돈과 관련된 비리 때문에 대통령 재선에 실패했다.
inclusion / exclusion of grazing has resulted in grassland
regeneration; however, this outcome appears to be the
exception rather than the rule. Where soil conditions are
less favourable, keeping the animals away has not resulted
in significant recovery.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? * desertification 사막화 ** arid 매우 건조한 *** dune 모래 언덕

Hypotheses that have passed many supportive tests are (A) (B) (C)
often called theories. A theory is an explanation that ① effective …… permitted … exclusion
summarizes a hypothesis or a set of hypotheses and has ① ② effective …… restrained … exclusion
been supported with repeated testing. Theories have a great
③ ineffective …… restrained … inclusion
deal more supportive testing behind them than ②are
④ ineffective …… permitted … inclusion
hypotheses. Suppose your new hypothesis is “wooden objects
burn.” You will find this hypothesis more ③satisfactory since ⑤ ineffective …… restrained … exclusion
all of the wooden objects you try will burn. You can see
from this example that the hypothesis does not become what
we think of as a “fact” but rather a tentatively accepted
theory, ④which must undergo continuous testing and
possible adjustments. Even if your theory seems successful,
you might be ignoring other types of combustible materials,
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
such as a large stack of old car tires, objects ⑤made of
fabric or paper, or perhaps containers of petroleum. You can 31. Learning to objects has an important effect
see that even though you are quite satisfied with your on an infant’s interest in and knowledge about the physical
theory because it does the job you want it to do, you world. First, infants who more actively explore the
actually do not have a complete statement on all the environment with their hands are also advanced in their
properties that make objects burn. ability to perceive object boundaries, noting where one
* tentatively 잠정적으로 ** combustible 불이 잘 붙는 object ends and another begins. We know this because
infants at 3 and 4 months who were more actively engaged
with teething toys during a pretest phase were more likely
to show surprise when two objects moved together than
when they moved separately, whereas lessactive object
explorers showed the opposite pattern. This suggests that
interacting with objects may confer important knowledge of
the physical world and how objects should behave. Several
researchers have noted that once infants begin to reach for
objects, they show increased interest in the world of
objects, and such interest could be the basis of later
30. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적 knowledge.
절한 것은? * teething toy 아기가 이가 날 무렵에 입에 물고 노는 고무로 만든 장난감

Various efforts are being made to halt desertification in

① classify
the sandy lands, including planting of trees as shelter belts
to stop the wind, the growing of crops that tolerate extreme ② imitate
arid sandy conditions, and restrictions on grazing. Many of ③ create
the trees have died — and in any case they are proving (A) ④ grasp
effective / ineffective in stopping the movement of mobile ⑤ hide
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32. While being an introvert comes with its challenges, it
definitely has its advantages as well. For example, an
introvert is far less likely to make a mistake in a social
situation, such as inadvertently insulting another person
whose opinion is not agreeable. An introvert would enjoy
reflecting on their thoughts, and thus would be far less
likely to suffer from boredom without outside stimulation.
The only risk that you will face as an introvert is that
people who do not know you may think that you are aloof
or that you think you are better than them. If you learn how
to open up just a little bit with your opinions and thoughts,
you will be able to . You can then stay true to
your personality without appearing to be antisocial.
* inadvertently 무심코 ** aloof 쌀쌀한
① be more reflective
② thrive in both worlds
③ stay distant from others
④ reach a mutual agreement
⑤ escape mistakes and boredom
33. Declining fertility is a wake-up call showing that
governments need to do more to support working mothers if
they want young women to keep on having enough babies to
stave off rapid population aging. But supporting work-family
reconciliation policies also matters from the point of view of
overall social equality. States that rely on markets to
provide care services without providing government subsidies
are counting on the availability of a large cohort of workers
who will provide care for low pay. But those who are
getting paid the least also have children who need to be
taken care of, and their care solutions may be quite limited
by lack of resources. This can result in children who do not
receive excellent care or a great start in life. When
, they help to equalize the chances that all children
will be cared for well, talked and read to, and given a start
that sets them up to flourish emotionally and intellectually.
* stave off (안 좋은 일을) 피하다 ** cohort 집단, 무리
① childcare facilities are forced to meet legal standards
② all the adults in a community take part in child-rearing
③ all kinds of organizations have appropriate day-care
centers
④ countries provide affordable high-quality care to all
children
⑤ governments offer subsidies to families with two or more
children
34. The world has made huge investments in the facilities
that extract fossil fuels from the ground and burn them —
mines, oil wells, power stations, hundreds of thousands of
ships and aircraft, a billion motor vehicles. Leaving aside the
political lobbying power that such investment can command,
there would be a limit to even if there were
perfect substitute technologies to hand that simply needed
scaling up. If the world had the capacity to deliver one of
the largest nuclear power plants ever built once a week,
week in and week out, it would take 20 years to replace the
current stock of coal-fired plants (at present, the world
builds about three or four nuclear power plants a year, and
retires old ones almost as quickly). To replace those coal
plants with solar panels at the rate such panels were
installed in 2013 would take about a century and a half.
That is all before starting on replacing the gas and the oil,
the cars, the furnaces and the ships.
① how quickly that much kit could be replaced
② the types of alternative energy that could be used
③ the extent to which powerful countries can participate
④ how much budget could be allocated for sustainable
operations
⑤ the number of countries reluctant to do away with fossil
fuel facilities
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Historically in the United States, prevention hasn’t been
prioritized, and, furthermore, virtually no attention has been
paid to fostering a systematic, quality prevention approach.
For decades, the national prevention model relied primarily
on educating people about health and safety risks, hoping
they would magically change their behavior. ①As well
intended as educational efforts are, they can never be very
effective without simultaneously changing home and
community environments, social norms, policies, and
institutions. ②Establishing a broader view — “beyond
brochures,” we might say — is critical. ③Research has
shown it is unrealistic to expect that simply warning people
about a danger will be sufficient to help them change their
long-standing habits or avoid unhealthy exposures on their
own. ④Investment in teens’ health, safety, education and
rights empowers them to reach for their dreams and build
better lives for themselves and their communities. ⑤A
quality prevention approach is one in which education is part
of a well-designed, sustained, comprehensive effort to
broadly improve community environments, social norms,
institutional practices, and policies.
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36. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Sport plays many roles in societies around the globe. ①
At the most visible level from a media perspective are
events where elite athletes are paid to perform at the
highest levels with highly paid coaching staff, and where
audiences can pay sizable amounts to witness the spectacle.
② Here, athleticism, entertainment, and community are key
dimensions to the sporting experience. ③Social media has
altered the relationship between sports teams and their fans,
and smart brands are making it a part of their overall
marketing strategy. ④At the other end of the spectrum,
there are many events and games, such as weekend
children’s sporting competitions with parents and friends
watching from the sidelines or training sessions with
voluntary coaches. ⑤These two extremes illustrate the very
diverse roles for sport in society, including physical and
mental health-building and personal development, as well as
entertainment and communitybuilding.
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Anyone who wants to improve his or her health can benefit
from the diet simply by following its general guidelines for
better nutritional choices. There’s no rigid formula. You don’t
have to sign on for a complicated program with steps and
levels and layers.
(A) Differences in genetic makeup mean that not every
postmenopausal woman has the same vulnerability. So
increasing the amount of vitamin D should not be a
blanket recommendation for all women.
(B) At the same time, though, anyone with specific concerns
can follow the diet’s more directed recommendations and
use it preventively to lower the risk of a specific disease
long before any symptoms become apparent. And those
hoping to reverse specific disease processes can use the
plan in an even more targeted and nuanced fashion.
(C) In postmenopausal women, for instance, vitamin
deficiency can lead to osteoporosis and a greater likelihood
of fractures, so increasing supplemental and dietary intake
of vitamin D will help most women decrease the risk for
fractures. But not all women.
* postmenopausal 폐경 후의 ** osteoporosis 골다공증 *** fracture 골절
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
5
[38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
A purely informational website page would have little or no
interactivity, although even the addition of links between
sections of the site enables you to personalize your journey
through the information.
How well can you figure out, navigate, control, and
modify an online environment? ( ① ) This is the key
question concerning its interactive dimension. ( ② ) The
more readily you can immerse yourself into an online
domain, the more quickly it becomes an extension of your
mind. ( ③ ) The more customizable it is, the more you can
express your identity, shape your experiences, and feel
emotionally invested in that place. ( ④ ) By contrast, very
sophisticated gaming and avatar worlds produce complex
interactivity in the many opportunities people have to create
visual representations of themselves, to venture through all
the lands within the world, and even to construct their own
objects and dwellings. ( ⑤ ) The interactive dimension also
includes our attitudes toward cyberspace in general: how we
feel we can control it, or how it controls us.
* customizable 사용자의 필요에 맞출 수 있는
39.
Russian explorers discovered the sea cow in 1741, and in less
than thirty years the fur traders who followed up on this
discovery had hunted the animal to extinction.
On an unrecorded day in the 1760s, the last Steller’s
sea cow died. ( ① ) Before eighteenth century human
hunters began killing it, this gigantic manatee — up to thirty
feet long and covered with thick layers of fat — had lived in
the shallow bays of two small islands in the North Pacific,
and nowhere else. ( ② ) Its ancestors had once inhabited
the seas from Baja California, Mexico, to Kamchatka, Russia
D
— but with climate change and human predation, its numbers
had dwindled to several thousand by the middle of the
eighteenth century. ( ③ ) Despite this decline, on isolated,
uninhabited Bering and Copper Islands the last members of
the species might have survived indefinitely had a floodtide
of empire not suddenly swept them away. ( ④ ) By the
nineteenth century, the descendants of the sea cow’s killers
were wondering what animal could have left behind the
gigantic bones lying on the shoreline. ( ⑤ ) Even the
memory of the sea cow had vanished.
* manatee 바다소 ** predation 포식 *** dwindle 점점 줄어들다
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Humans are so averse to feeling that they’re being
Many people in the nineteenth century considered cheated that they often respond in ways that seemingly
head size a valid measure of intellectual merit. This make little sense. Behavioral economists ― the
emphasis on head size was rooted in attempts to economists who actually study what people do as
scientifically justify colonialism and legitimize racial opposed to the kind who simply assume the human mind
oppression by white Europeans. Similarly, as sociologist works like a calculator ― have shown again and again
Jerome Karabel shows, prior to the 1920s, admission to that people reject unfair offers even if it costs them
Harvard, Princeton, and Yale was based largely on money to do so. The typical experiment uses a task
subject tests and demonstrated intellectualism. Yet as called the ultimatum game. It’s pretty straightforward.
Jewish enrollments grew and anti-Semitism increased, One person in a pair is given some money ― say $10.
definitions of merit shifted. To exclude Jewish students She then has the opportunity to offer some amount of it
and secure advantages for white AngloSaxon Protestants, to her partner. The partner only has two options. He
the emphasis on intellectual prowess gave way to a can take what’s offered or refuse to take anything.
focus on personal “character,” as demonstrated by There’s no room for negotiation; that’s why it’s called
applicants’ involvement in sports, extracurricular the ultimatum game.
activities, and perceived “manliness.” This focus on
What typically happens? Many people offer an equal
character and well-roundedness persists in college
split to the partner, leaving both individuals happy and
admissions today. Thus, merit is an ever-evolving,
willing to trust each other in the future. Of course, such
moving target that simultaneously shapes and is shaped
decisions drive economists crazy; their basic assumption
by power relations in a given society.
is that people are rational money maximizers. If you
* legitimize 합법화하다 ** anti-Semitism 반유대주의 *** prowess don’t have to share any money and won’t be subject to
기량, 솜씨 subsequent punishment for not sharing, why in the world
 would you share? It only makes you poorer. But if one
adopts a more psychological view, begins to
What is considered (A) at a given time and place
make sense; it builds bonds for the long term. As a
tends to reflect the intentions and qualities of (B) .
result, the human mind possesses mechanisms that
habitually push a sense of fairness.
* averse to ~을 싫어하는 ** ultimatum game 최후통첩 게임
(A) (B)
① legal …… powerful individuals
② legal …… influential groups 41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
③ personal …… academic societies
④ excellent …… influential groups ① Discovering Fairness: What Is Fair?
⑤ excellent …… academic societies ② Are Economists Basically Immoral?
③ Basic Factors of Economic Decision-Making
④ Sense of Fairness Governing the Human Mind
⑤ Decision-Making: Always as Rational as You Think

42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① delaying offers
② trying negotiation
③ maximizing profits
④ abandoning the game
⑤ splitting the resources
 2026학년도 대학수학능력시험 대비 모의평가 문제지 12회
제 3 교시 영어 영역
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Dr. Jackson:
Two colleagues and I have completed a survey of 500
staff nurses in long-term care throughout the United
States. We asked about their knowledge and information
needs regarding long-term care federal rules and
regulations. A manuscript titled “Nurses’Knowledge and
Information Needs Regarding Long-Term Care Federal
Regulations” is in process. The manuscript details the
results of a survey sent to staff nurses in long-term care
settings throughout the United States. The survey met
rigorous review standards before use and had a return
response rate of 44%. Interesting findings are noted.
Overall, it was found that staff nurses are very
knowledgeable regarding long-term care rules and
regulations. Would you be interested in reviewing this
manuscript? This manuscript is not under review by any
other journal and is being submitted exclusively to you.
Thank you for your time and support in this endeavor. I
look forward to your response.
Sincerely yours,
Christopher Freeman
*rigorous 엄격한
① 연구비를 지원해 줄 프로젝트를 추천하려고
② 설문 조사 결과와 통계 처리 방법을 설명하려고
③ 원고 내용을 소개하며 원고 검토를 요청하려고
④ 연구에 공동 저자로 참여해 줄 것을 권유하려고
⑤ 검토를 요청받은 논문에서 수정할 내용을 제안하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Gloria의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
After all the glider pilots land, they stand on a platform to
receive their awards. There are many photographers taking
pictures. Rick and Gloria stand very proud. Butch is also
very proud of his students. Butch has also brought a camera
and is taking pictures of all the pilots. Butch’s friend brings
everybody big hotdogs selling on the field. “Gosh, I’m
hungry,” says Gloria. Rick also eats real fast. The first pilot
that came in first place is awarded one thousand dollars and
a beautiful big trophy. He makes a speech and says how
proud he is to receive it. Gloria receives five hundred
dollars and a tall, beautiful trophy. She also makes a speech
and tells everyone how proud she is to have participated in
the contest. She continues to say that she had no idea she
would come in second place and that she feels very excited
on how everything turned out. Everybody claps for Gloria.
① calm and relieved
② pleased and happy
③ annoyed and jealous
④ indifferent and bored
⑤ scared and frightened
1
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Start by realising that you must look after yourself first,
otherwise you’ll be of no use to others — there’s a reason
why airlines tell you to fit your own oxygen mask first in
case of an emergency — if you’re not okay, you can’t hope
to be of service and assistance to others. It’s not selfish,
it’s essential to look after yourself first. You might start to
do that by learning to say ‘no’ to unreasonable requests and
demands on your time — and to do it guilt-free. That might
take a little practice, especially if you’re someone who’s
used to saying ‘yes’ to everything that’s asked of you. Next
time you’re feeling overburdened by other people’s demands,
don’t feel resentful of them for asking — you’re the one
who said ‘yes’ and put yourself in the situation — and
you’re the one who can change it by learning to say a
guilt-free ‘no’.
① 거절하더라도 일단 상대방의 제안이나 부탁을 경청하라.
② 효율적인 시간 관리를 위해 해야 할 일들의 우선순위를 정하라.
③ 무리한 요구는 죄책감을 느끼지 말고 거절하여 자기 자신부
터 돌보라.
④ 혼자서 해야 한다는 부담감에서 벗어나서 다른 이에게 도움
을 청하라.
⑤ 부탁을 할 때에는 상대방에게 명확하고 구체적으로 바라는
바를 설명하라.
21. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
For a long period in human evolution, our ancestors lived
as hunter-gatherers. Moving across plains and mountains to
hunt game and gather nuts and berries was necessary to our
survival. This means that our minds and bodies evolved in
the setting of an active lifestyle. Physical activity seems to
be programmed into our genes. But the amount of activity
that young kids, adults, and senior citizens get today is
usually well below what we are genetically predisposed to
do. The consequences of a sedentary existence are
evidenced by ill health in body and mind. Children who are
more physically fit perform better on academic tests. Elderly
people who are active have a lower risk and incidence of
memory loss and loss of other important cognitive functions.
Providing kids with opportunities to be active and to
exercise helps sharpen their mental as well as their physical
muscles. And a regular exercise regimen for adults helps
prevent mental decline.
*sedentary 주로 앉아서 하는 **regimen 요법, 처방
① 유전적으로 타고난 것보다 적게 움직이는 현대인은 신체 활
동이 필요하다.
② 견과류와 딸기류 섭취가 기억력 향상에 기여하는 정도는 사
람마다 다르다.
③ 인간은 근육 단련에 도움이 되는 생활 습관을 선호하는 유전
적 성향을 가진다.
④ 서서 작업하는 환경은 혈액 순환을 원활하게 하여 인지 능력
을 향상시킨다.
⑤ 유년기의 적절한 신체 활동은 노년의 건강에 긍정적인 영향
을 미친다.
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22. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? ① How Bees Sense Potential Danger to Their Hive
② The Bee Brain: Not as Flexible as the Human Brain
The deal of a “job for life” in return for compliance has all
③ Rearing a New Queen: Top Priority for Worker Bees
but disappeared. For employers and employees alike, the
④ New Responsibility Revives the Brains of Old Bees
challenge has become employability, with its paradoxical
⑤ Strict Division of Labor Limits the Size of Bee Colonies
consequences: to attract and keep the best in the war for
talent, employers offer future employees the opportunity to
enhance their employability (competence, reputation,
experience, etc.) and to be better equipped to find a job
elsewhere. Extrinsic motivation factors, such as salary,
health cover or security, are no longer the only parameters
involved: intrinsic motivation factors, such as belonging, 24. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
recognition, personal development and self-actualization, are
moving up the priority list for the brightest and best. As
new generations such as Generations Y and Z permeate the
workforce, and take up positions of responsibility, they will
reinforce the need for companies to consider the requirement
for a sense of meaning in work, the need for trust and
creativity, and the opportunity to become a creator in a
context of collective responsibility. Failing this, they will
simply go elsewhere, create their own start-ups, or go
freelance.
*parameter 요인 **permeate ~에 보급되다[퍼지다]

① things to consider to attract and retain workers of new

generations
② strategies to maintain trusting relationships with business
partners
③ effectiveness of using financial rewards to maximize job
performance
④ importance of personal feedback in conducting
The graph above shows the origins of U.S. agricultural
performance evaluations
imports by the average share of value during the
⑤ value of communication between employers and
1995-1999 period and 2011-2015 period. ① During the two
employees in achieving goals
periods, North America accounted for the biggest proportion
of U.S. agricultural imports among all regions, at more than
30% in both periods. ② The share of U.S. agricultural
23. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? imports from Europe and Central Asia was the second
largest in both periods, but it showed a decrease of 4
When older bees begin collecting nectar and pollen from
percentage points from the 1995-1999 period to the
outside the hive, their brains change, and not really for the
2011-2015 period. ③ The shares of the imports from high
better. For example, after they memorize the surroundings
income Asia and Pacific and from South America and the
of the hive, they lose the ability to learn new things.
Caribbean both declined from the 1995-1999 period to the
Normally, they stay that way until they die. However,
2011-2015 period. ④ The share of the imports from
sometimes “normal” gets disrupted; for example, if a hive
developing East Asia increased by 3 percentage points from
has to grow a new queen, there can be a month-long gap
the 1995-1999 period to the 2011-2015 period, while the
before any new bees hatch. Normally, that would mean the
share of the imports from South America and the Caribbean
larvae from the new queen wouldn’t have young nursery
decreased by the same number of percentage points. ⑤
workers available to take care of them, and they’d die. In
From the 1995-1999 period to the 2011-2015 period, the
that case, some of the field bees return to the nursery
largest increase in the share of imports was from South
worker job. Here’s where it gets interesting: researchers
Asia, whose difference was 4 percentage points.
from Arizona State University discovered that going back to
larvae-rearing makes their old brains work again like young
brains, restoring their mental agility and ability to learn.
*larva 유충 ( pl. larvae) **agility 민첩성
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25. Mary Louise Booth에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는
것은?
Mary Louise Booth was born on April 19, 1831, in
Millville (present-day Yaphank), Long Island, New York.
Her parents were William Chatfield Booth, a descendant of
John Booth, who in 1652 took title to Shelter Island, off
Long Island, and Nancy (Monsell) Booth, granddaughter of a
French Revolutionary emigrant. Mary Louise was largely
selftaught but was considered to be very intelligent; she was
said to have read Plutarch at five and Racine at seven.
Around 1845 — 46, she taught in the Third District School
in Williamsburgh, where her father was principal. At age
eighteen she moved to Manhattan, where she sewed vests
during the day and studied and wrote at night. She published
without pay until she became a paid reporter for the New
York Times, writing on education and women’s topics. She
became friends with Susan B. Anthony and joined the
women’s rights movement, serving as secretary at the
conventions in Saratoga, New York, in 1855 and New York
City in 1860.
① William Chatfield Booth와 Nancy (Monsell) Booth의 딸로
태어났다.
② 대체로 독학을 했지만 매우 총명한 것으로 여겨졌다.
③ 1845년에서 1846년경에 아버지가 교장으로 재직하는 학교에
서 수업을 들었다.
④ New York Times의 유급 기자가 되기 전에는 무보수로 기고
했다.
⑤ Saratoga에서 열린 대회에서 활동하며 여성 인권 운동에 참
여했다.
29. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장
적절한 것은?
Many containers of our canned soups, beans and soft
drinks (A) have / having been found to contain a
controversial chemical called bisphenol A (BPA). This
chemical can leak out of the can linings into your food. The
plastics industry says BPA is harmless, but a growing
number of scientists are concluding, through animal tests,
(B) that / which exposure to BPA raises the risk of certain
cancers. Does the plastics industry have your health in their
best interests? Most likely, not, so be careful and pay
attention to the warning. Plastic water and baby bottles,
food and beverage can linings and dental sealants are the
most (C) common / commonly encountered uses of this
chemical. BPA has been found to leak from bottles. It moves
from can liners into foods, soda, and even from epoxy
resin-lined barrels into wine.
*can lining 통조림 용기 안쪽 면에 바르는 도료 **dental sealant 치아용
밀봉제 ***epoxy resin 에폭시 수지(주로 도료·접착제)
3
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
When a dog is trained to detect drugs, explosives,
contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually
teach the dog how to smell; the dog already knows how to
① discriminate one scent from another. Rather, the dog is
trained to become ② emotionally aroused by one smell
versus another. In the step-by-step training process, the
trainer attaches an “emotional charge” to a particular ③
scent so that the dog is drawn to it above all others. And
then the dog is trained to search out the desired item on
cue, so that the trainer can control or release the behavior.
This emotional arousal is also why playing tug with a dog is
a more powerful emotional ④ reward in a training regime
than just giving a dog a food treat, since the trainer invests
more emotion into a game of tug. From a dog’s point of
view, the tug toy is ⑤ uninteresting because the trainer is
“upset” by the toy.
*contraband 밀수품
[31~34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. In a letter written in 1675 to Henry Oldenburg, the
secretary of the Royal Society, Newton confessed that his
eyes were “not very critical in distinguishing colors.” Once
he saw eleven in the rainbow. Usually he saw only five —
red, yellow, green, blue, and violet — until he looked again
or, rather, until he stopped looking. There were seven
musical notes in the diatonic scale. The world was created
in seven days. And the rainbow was a sign of cosmic
harmony, so it had to have seven colors — and Newton
therefore added (saw?) orange between red and yellow, and
indigo between blue and violet. Although Shakespeare in
King John had said it was a “wasteful and ridiculous excess”
to “add another hue / Unto the rainbow,” for Newton it was
necessary to add two to those he had seen. Our
seven-colored rainbow was born, though more as a child of
than as one of science.
*diatonic 온음계의 **hue 색깔, 빛
① faith
② art
③ controversy
④ observation
⑤ evolution
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32. Much of what we do each day is automatic and guided
by habit, requiring little conscious awareness, and that’s not
a bad thing. As Duhigg explains, our habits are
We need to relieve our conscious minds so we can solve
new problems as they come up. Once we’ve solved the
puzzle of how to ballroom dance, for example, we can do it
by habit, and so be mentally freed to focus on a
conversation while dancing instead. But try to talk when
first learning to dance the tango, and it’s a disaster — we
need our conscious attention to focus on the steps. Imagine
how little we’d accomplish if we had to focus consciously on
every behavior — e.g., on where to place our feet for each
step we take.
① keeping us alert at all times
② necessary mental energy savers
③ formed by consciously repeated actions
④ beneficial for maintaining social relations
⑤ deeply rooted in our brain and muscle memory
33. In trying to show the adolescent how
, I often use the following example.
Let’s say I ask your opinion of my shirt. Suppose you really
do not like it and think it looks terrible. Now, you could
respond to me in several different ways. You could tell me,
“That shirt looks like garbage. I wouldn’t even use it to
wash my car.” Or you could say, “You must have been drunk
when you bought that shirt. Nobody in his right mind would
buy something like that.” Or you could just say, “I don’t care
for that shirt.” The same thing has been expressed in three
different ways. In the first two ways, I am going to read
what you’re saying as an attack, and will probably attack
back and not understand what you are saying. In the third
expression of your feelings, I heard exactly what you said
and now I have a better chance to respond appropriately.
① express his feelings of disapproval in an appropriate
fashion
② provide specific examples and evidence in support of his
claim
③ ask for someone’s personal information in an indirect way
④ recognize negative thoughts and feelings as they occur
⑤ respond swiftly and flexibly to unexpected failures
34. Desmond Morris, a British zoologist, notes in his book
Catwatching that “the domestic cat is a contradiction!”
. Morris describes what he calls the animal’s “double life.” He
feels that domestication has changed the cat very little, that
“both in anatomy and behavior it is still remarkably like the
African wild cat from which it was gradually
developed.”Biologist John Bradshaw points out that the cat
“is neither a man-made species like the dog, nor simply an
animal made captive for utilitarian purposes, like the
elephant.” He later asserts that “in behavioural terms,
domestication has probably had less effect on the cat than
on any other domestic mammal.” Mildred Kirk agrees,
offering the term “house cat” in favor of “domestic cat,” as
the latter does not accurately describe the feline’s nature.
So people who encounter the cat in daily life may observe
that the animal .
*feline 고양잇과(科)의 동물
① is one of the friendliest of all mammals
② is solitary but can be social with other cats
③ varies in degree of domestication by breed
④ has different tendencies according to how it is
domesticated
⑤ is both domestic and wild, or perhaps somewhere in
between
to
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Even before we enter the store, display windows,
signage, and entrances all express the image of the store
and begin to get a person thinking like a consumer. ① In
Windows: The Art of Retail Display, Mary Portas suggests
that “if eyes are the window to the soul, so shop windows
reveal the soul of the store.” ② In trying to “turn a
pedestrian into a customer,” the windows make a visual
statement about the store and the character of its
customers. ③ The windows are a preview of the attractions
inside, so they’re designed to catch the eye and, eventually,
the rest of the customer. ④ The top parts of the windows
can be left clear to capture as much light as possible from
the sky, but the lower parts can be screened with curtains
or other layers to avoid direct view from the outside in. ⑤
They capitalize on what’s current and trendy in American
culture, and they appeal to our desires, both deep and
shallow.
*signage 간판, 표지판 **capitalize on ~을 이용하다
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[36~37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 [38~39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
것을 고르시오. 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

36.
When we’re depressed, play can seem like a foreign concept.
Sometimes when I ask my depressed clients what they
envision when I say the word play, they look at me with a
blank stare.
(A) I found that many subjects I spoke with had a hard time
conceiving what play is for grown-ups, because it’s
different from child’s play, which was the only kind of
play they knew.
(B) So I decided to conduct an experiment about play with a
number of people I worked with, as well as some family
and friends. It was simple: I asked them all what play
meant to them.
(C) This finding relates to a common thought of play. In a
culture that prizes productivity, adult play seems to be
defined as a negative, unproductive, self-indulgent activity
─ oreven something X-rated. I believe that we need to
update our definition of play.
*self-indulgent 방종한, 제멋대로 하는 **X-rated 성인용 등급의
38.
Often the rock above the petroleum source rock is saturated
with water; in this case, the gas and oil, both being lighter
than water, ascend.
Once formed, oil and natural gas do not necessarily stay
trapped in the source rocks of their origin. ( ① ) Instead,
they can migrate in response to pressure differentials in the
surrounding rock. ( ② ) To do so, the source rock must
have tiny pores that create pathways for the oil and gas to
travel. ( ③ ) If the source rock is too fine-grained, then
the petroleum material remains captured within the source
rock. ( ④ ) As a consequence, the typical migration route is
upward or sideways, and it continues until the oil and gas
encounter a barrier in the form of impermeable rock — rock
that is too dense to contain the pores and pathways
necessary for further migration. ( ⑤ ) Because the gas is
lighter than oil, it accumulates above the oil and just
beneath the impermeable rock that constitutes a seal and
prevents further travel.
*saturated 흠뻑 젖은 **pore (암석 따위의) 작은 구멍

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
39.
37.
Fear has a dominant role in the primitive hunting age, the However, art photography remained marginalized; there were
agricultural age, the feudal age, the industrial age, the no markets, buyers, or collectors, and museums were not
cyber age, the age of space, the age of atomic weapons, interested in adding photos to their collections.
the age of virus, the fear age, and the fearless age.
In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera
(A) It was difficult to protect themselves from storms,
that everyone could afford. This put the portrait studios out
thunderbolts, rain, hail, snow, and winter during that period. of business; the newly unemployed photographers needed a
However, they didn’t have houses in the primitive age; way to distinguish between what they did and this new
they began to build houses to protect themselves from such popular photography. ( ① ) The movement of pictorialism
disasters. was the response, with photographers attempting to imitate
(B) In the primitive age, people had simple weapons, but later, the artistic processes of painting; rather than reproducible
they invented guns made of metals. They invented such photos, they worked directly on the negatives and other
powerful weapons for protection from dangerous wild materials of the process. ( ② ) They presented their works
animals and other enemies. in art galleries, next to paintings. ( ③ ) The elements of an
(C) Moreover, they constructed bridges and roads. They art world began to form: collegial groups called “photo
established industries. It was a way towards production clubs,” a journal called Camera Work, and shows and
growth. They did all this for liberation from fear. Pleasure, openings. ( ④ ) Pictorialism eventually died out with the
outbreak of World War I. ( ⑤ ) An art form can’t survive
secured freedom, and other amenities, thus, are selections
without a market, places for display, and collectors.
by human beings.
*feudal 봉건 제도의 **amenities 생활 편의 시설 *negative (사진의) 원판
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
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40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
We know a great deal about the Sumerians’ maths, because,
unlike the Egyptians, they didn’t use papyrus to record it
(papyrus slowly rots away as the moisture in the air gets to
it, so other than a few existing examples, most of the
documents the Egyptians produced have perished). To record
both their language and their mathematics, the Sumerians
made marks in a piece of clay (using a wedge-shaped stick
called a stylus), which then hardened in the sun. Fortunately,
thousands of examples of their writing and mathematics have
survived for us to study today, including shopping lists,
business accounts, schoolwork, times tables and even
mathematical research. Before the Iraq war, when tourism
was still possible, you could buy ancient tablets inscribed
with calculations and lists. All tablets, regardless of their
size, could be bought for roughly the same price (about $5),
so the sellers would break large samples into smaller pieces.
The overall loss for historians is hard to calculate, but
tragically sad.
*perish 소멸되다 **inscribe 새기다
 optimal habitat for survival during the nonbreeding season
The Sumerians’ tablets, which provided great insight into
Sumerian civilization, were more (A) than the
Egyptians’ papyrus, but the tablets were split into pieces
and sold as (B) without regard for their historical
value.
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
For migrant yearlings, the habitat-selection process is
somewhat different, and in this regard comparison with the
process in residents is instructive. Resident-bird habitat
selection is seemingly a straightforward process in which a
young dispersing individual, pushed away from its birthplace
by its parents and their neighbors, moves until it finds a place
where it can compete successfully to satisfy its needs.
Initially, these needs include only food and shelter. However,
eventually, the young must locate, identify, and settle in a
habitat that satisfies not only survivorship but reproductive
needs as well. In some cases, the habitat that provides the
best opportunity for survival may not be the same habitat as
the one that provides for highest reproductive capacity
because of requirements specific to the reproductive period
(e.g., availability of safe nesting sites). Thus, individuals of
many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of
control over a productive breeding site, may be forced
to in the form of lower nonbreeding survivorship
by remaining in the specific habitat where highest breeding
success occurs. Migrants, however, are free to choose the
and for reproduction during the breeding season. Thus,
habitat selection during these different periods can be quite
different for migrants as opposed to residents, even among
closely related species.
*yearling 한 살배기 동물 **optimal 최적의

(A) (B) 41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① durable souvenirs ① How Migrant Yearlings Find Mates
② durable necessities ② Migratory Birds’ Annual Movement Patterns
③ detailed reproductions ③ Birds’ Endeavors to Find the Best Habitats for Survival
④ detailed souvenirs ④ External Threats to Resident Birds’ Search for Habitats
⑤ efficient necessities ⑤ How Migrants and Residents Differ in Habitat Selection

42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① get support
② raise anchor
③ balance costs
④ enter a competition
⑤ communicate with others