LAWS OF MOTION VERY SHORTANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Whatis inertia? What gives the measure of inertia? (Mar-14,19) Anns: i) The inability of'a body to change its state ofrest or state of motion by itself is known as inertia, ii) Mass is a measure of inertia. 2. According to Newton's third law,every force is accompanied by an equal and opposite force, can a movement ever takes place? Ans: Here action and reaction forces act on different bodies. Hence they do not cancel each other. Hence, ty ofa body can be possible, 3. When a bullets fired from a gun, the gun gives a kick in the backward direction. Explain, Ans: According to law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before and after firing should same. Here total momentum ofthe gun and the bullet before firing is equal to zero. After firing as theh gets forward momentum, the gun should get equal momentum in backward direction for total Morey zer0. 4. Why does a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as light rifle using the same cartridges? ‘Ans: According tothe law of conservation of momentum, m,v, (bullet)=m,v, (gun) For the same cartridge mv, is constant So a heavy rifle will recoil with less velocity than a light rifle using the same cartridge, 5. _ Ifabomb at rest explodes into two pieces, the pieces must travel in opposite directions. Ex Ans: Bomb is initially at rest. So, initial momentum of the bomb = 0, (TS-Mar-if According to the law of conservation oflinear momentum, Initial momentum of the bomb = total final momentum ofthe two pieces ofthe bomb ic, O= my, +mv, : my=my an =-(2 Jo) Hence, the two parts fly offin opposite directions. 6. Define force.What are the basic forces in nature? ‘Ans: The external agency which changes (or) tries to change the state ofthe body is knownas force, Basic forces are gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear 1 7. Can the coefficient of friction be greater than one?(TsMar-18) Ans: Yes, when the contact surfaces are polished’ heavily then the adhesive forces between the molecules increases then the value of coefficient of fiction will be preater than unity. 8. Why does the car with a flattened tyres stop sooner than the one with inflated tyres? MAR-20 (May -11) ‘Ans: Rolling friction depends on area of contact. In the case of flattened tyres the rolling friction ismore di greater deformation oftyres.As friction is more it stops sooner. 9. Ahorsehas to pulll harder during the start of the motion than later. Explain? (May-09,13,Mard ‘Ans: Before starting the motion, a horse experiences limiting friction and later it experiences kinetic fiction. Limiting friction is more than kinetic fiction. Thus, the horse has to pulla cart harder during thestarto motion than later. NARAYANA Page.No.(7; saaahesesa oes Tale to coefficient of fricti 10, What happens to rence weight of the body is doubled2(T-Mar-19)(AP-Mar-16) A ient of friction depend: ody Is doubled ?(TS-Mar-19)(AP ) cs ee it remains constant 2 On Mature ofthe surfaces in contact and independent of weight of the ADDITIONAL VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIO 1, _ State any two applications of impulse, ae k absorbers increase the tir i : ‘ ‘Ans: 1) ade See ase the time of action and reduce the impulsive force.So shock absorbers are ‘ luce the magnitude of impulsive force when the While catching a ball, a cricket play . y travel on uneven roads. . 2) — te inet ASTER rene ae at save himself from getting hurt. This Which physical quantity does the area between F. ns The ese raph represent Impulge, #2 and tans represent? 3, Why does a loaded truck start more slowly than an empty truck? ‘Ans: Inertia of a body depends on its mass . As inertia is more for loaded truck it starts more slowly than empty truck, 4, _ While jumping out of a moving bus, what must be done fora safe Jump? Ans: A passenger in moving bus fees inert of motion, fe wants to jump fom the Bish hould nin the direction of motion ofthe bus for some time ater landing on the ground, ; 5, While dusting a au weglvea sudden jerk or beatit with astickwhy? ; ‘Ans: When the carpet is beaten it moves away where as dust partic intheir initial positi ‘ bectuse of inertia ofrest. Thus the dust particles fcoovel ae 6. When a person in a lift is accelerated r downwards, do force of gravity and normal reaction on the person form action and re: PD Ans: No,because they are not equal and oppo " 7. Ina tug of war competition, two men | magnitude and oppositein direct Ans: TensionintheropeisF, 8. One end ofa ropeis fa o is the tension in the rope, t Ans: Tension at the lowest end aT of eh tans 9. A rope passes over a pi i from opposite ends, si oA raid, ledteisatar be Pulled by a force 2F. What etBea AWS OF MOTION iinsinake can make the coefficient of fritionnegligibly small, 14. Whatis the Normal reaction of the body when it is at rest on a (ii) Inclined surface? Ans: When a body is at rest ) On horizontal surface normal reaction isN =mg. ii) On inclined surface it is N= mg cos N (i) Horizontal surface (Mar 2010) mg @ [ 15, Why Acroplane and automobiles are streamlined? ‘Anst Aeroplane and automobiles are streamlined to reduce the friction due to air. 16. Define coefficient of static friction, State its units and dimensions. ‘Ans: Coefficient of static friction (or) coefficient of limiting friction (14, ) is defined as the ratio of limiting fre thenormal reaction. H, 4 «It hasno units and no dimensional formula 17. Define coefficient oe friction. State its units and dimensions. Ans: Coefficient of kinetic friction (or) dynamic friction is defined as the ratio of kinetic friction to them A reaction Hy ay Tthas no units and dimensional formula { 18. Does friction also occur as action -reaction pair? Ans: Yes, Friction can also occur as action - reaction pair. When a person moves on the ground, he p ground backwards. Thisis action and the rough surface of the ground reacts and exerts forwardil This causes the motion. 19. Whatis the effect of temperature on coefficient of friction? Ans: The coefficient of friction decreases due to increase of temperature. 20. What is the effect of lubrication on coefficient of friction? i Ans: Coeflicient of friction decreases when lubricant ike ol spreads over the surfice and fill ie 21. Whatis the influence of normal reaction on the area of contact? ‘Ans: When normal reaction increases area of contact increases due to more deformation. aia SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS — 1, _ Astone ofmass 0.1 kg is thrown vertically upwards.Give the - magnitude an ddit force on the stone(a) during its upward motion, (b) during its downward n point, where it momentarily comes to rest. Ans: Given that mass of the body m= 0.1 kg a) Whenthe stone is moving vertically upwards, the net force acting on f F=mg =0.1x9.8=0.98N aD This force acts vertically downwards. rm NARAYANA(eee Neko onmels b) When the stone moves down, the net force acting on the stone is given by F=mg =0.1x9.8=0.98N This force also acts vertically downwards, ° Even at the highest point, the net force on the stone is F=mg =0.1x9.8=0.98N ‘This force acts vertically downwards ##2, Define the terms momentum and impulse. State and explain the law of conservation of linear momentum. Give its examples. (MAR-20) ‘Ans: Momentum: The momentum(p) ofa body is defined as the product ofits mass (m) and velocity (v). P = mv Impulse: “It is defined as finite change in momentum during small interval of time”. (or) Impulse = force time interval Jamvy-min=FAt Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: It states that “the total momentum ofan isolated system remains constant if there is no net external force acting on it”. Example:- 1) According to law of conservation of momentum , the total momentum ofthe bullet and the gun before and after firing should be the same_In this case it is equal to zero. So, as the bullet gets forwardmomentum, the gun should get equal momentum in backward direction. Pot Pp =9=> Ph=—Pe HE noiiersté - ASP orate 41 den J. ruideoab is = 0. 3 Trae a) apbecuesiydhes 2 6 eee 2 rasalihe ete,Tocket moves upwards with equal and opposite momentum. peer **3. Why are shock absorbers used in motor cycles and oe Go the vehick receivesthet f Ans: When the vehicle moves over an uneven road, it receives a Jerk MPUlsives To minimise this impact shock absorbers are used. 1 Impulse=F (Af)=> Fa7> The shock absorbers increase the time of the jerk, there by reduce the imp’ damage to the vehicles. icti friction i imi iction, dynamic friction and rolling. y ae i Saat ah ani move ona surface the maximum value of static frictiong| ’ i ve in contact is called limiting friction(f,,.. ) i ea tha "alee over another body the frictional forces present in betwee eon. pT ite bilge incontact is known as dynamic friction (or) Kinetic friction ae Rolling friction: When a body rolls over another surface the frictional forces present in between the in contact is knownas Rolling friction. eS naan the advantages and the disadvantages of friction (Mar-2006,TS-May-16,TS-Mar} Ans: Advantages of friction: be 1) One can hold any object with fingers due to fiction. 2) Safe walking on the floor is possible because of friction between the floor and the feet. 3) Nails and screws are fitted in the walls (or) wooden surfaces due to friction. 4) Amatch stick is lightened because of friction. Disadvantages of friction: 1) Due to friction wear and tear of machines increases. 2) Heat generated due to friction, decreases the efficiency of engine. 3) Friction results in the large amount of power loss in engines. i ***6, Mention the methods used to decrease friction (Mar- 09,14,18,May-08,June-11,TS-Mar-16 Ans: 1) Polishing: When surfaces are polished, irregularities of the surfaces are minimised there by decreases. ulsive force. This Minimisg 2) Ball-Bearings: The hard steel balls(called bearing) placed between the moving parts converts sli friction into rolling fiction hence frictions reduced, S 3) Lubricants: Lubricants like oil (or) grease which spreads over the surface and fills the irre surface thereby the friction is reduced 4) Streamlining: By making front portion of vehic *7. State the laws of rolling friction.(TS-MAR-20) Ans: The laws ofrolling friction can be stated as follows. 1) The rolling friction is directly ‘Proportional to the normal reaction. 2) Rolling friction depends upon area of contact: 3) Rolling friction depends upon radius of rolling body 8. Why pulling the lawn roller is preferred than pushing the lawn roller? (March,06,08, 1 0,June10) Ans: Pulling: Consider a lawn roller pulled bya force ‘F’ which makes an angle “9” with the horizontal. The weight mg acts vertically downwards and normal reaction ‘N" acts vertically upwards as shown in fig. Let the force ‘F’ be resolved into two components. The com- f ponent /'sin@ acts vertically upwards and other component les ina curved shape friction due to air can be NARAYANACD OTION F cos acts along horizontal direction, Inthis case, a Normal reaction N= mg - Fsing Frictional force f. = HN (or) f, =H,(mg-Fsing) ===-(1) Pushing: Suppose the lawn roller ig ae Pushed by a force akg which makes an angle ‘9? with the horizontal, The weight mg acts vertically downwards and normal Teaction ‘N’ acts verti- cally upwards as shown in fig. Let the force ‘F’ be resolved into two. ‘Components. The com- s ponent /*sin@ acts vertically downwards and other compo- nent F’cos@ acts along horizontal direction. In this case Normal reaction V = mg + F sing Frictional Force f, = pV JS, =H, (mg + F sin@) ---------- (2) From Eqs(1) and (2) we see that the frictional force ismore in pushing than in Pulling case. Hence it is easier to pull than to push a lawn roller, ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1, State the Newton’s laws of motion. What is the SI unit. ‘of force? Ans: Newton’s first law of motion: “Every body continues to be their seats, when a speeding bus stops suddenly? their seats, when a speeding bus starts suddenly? is ‘of motion in forward direction. When the bus stops the seat comes to rest due to sufficient friction. But the motion. Due to this, passengers are thrown forward ith the seat moves along with the bus due to ay Sse ous ine paseLAWS OF MOTION body travels a distance‘? Let ‘t’is the time taken by the body to tr&vel to the eed: ¢ ‘I along the plane. : the body moves up along the smooth inclined plane its acceleration is a = —g sin 0 From the equation v? _ 1 = 2as,We calculate intial velocity Here v=0 u=y- Cala ake) ~g sin@and s=1 Then 0-y2 = 2gsinoe =u? =2g/sing u=/2glsind ~~ (1) From the equation y = » + at, we calculate time taken. Here, v=0,a=—gsing Then 0=u~(gsin@)s u zaind-~0) Substituting the value of “1” in equation(1), we get ,-x2elsine t= gsin@ t= J gsing 8. Define angle of friction.Obtain an expression for the coefficient of friction in terms of, friction. Ans. Angle of friction (¢): The angle between normal reaction nd the resultant ofnormal reaction and fig force is known as angle of friction. Relation between angle of friction and coefficient of friction: : | Consider a block placed on a horizontal surface Let “N's the normalreaction due to weight of th Suppose a force F acts on the block as shown in the figure.Let ‘f is the frictional force developed, ‘ isthe resultant contact force. Let ¢ is the angle made by the contact force F, with the normal From the figure, we have Tang = Lau => H, = tang(iaineoee . LONGANSWER QUESTIONS «#1, () State Newton’s second law of motion. Hence derive the equation of motion F=ma from it. (APMAR-19-SAQ) (Ti-18) (li) Abody is moving along a circular path such that its speed always remains constant. Should there bea force: acting on the body? (AP-Mar-13,16,17) Ans: (1) Newton’s Second law ‘of motion: * lathe rate of change of momentum ofa body is directly proportional to the net external force acting on the body and it takes place in the direction of the force that acts” Derivation:- m,) suspended by a string that passes over massless, frictionless pulley. his arrangement is known as Atwood’s machine, Sincem, > m, ,the mass 7 will be accelerating downwards. Consider the free body diagram of object of mass m, The forcesactingon‘m,"are 1) Tension in the string, acting vertically up 2) Itsownweight m,g_isacting vertically down ; 47 te Free body diagram of mass m, mg Here m, is accelerated upwards, the net force acting on m, isgivenby T—m,g=m,a-> (1) Now consider the free body diagram ofTema eal WORK-ENERGY-POWER ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS fine Kinetic Energy. Derive an expression for Kinetic Enerey:Kinetic energy isthe energy poscoas Soya body by virtue of ts motna. tis measure PY the amount of work that the body can do against an opposing force acting on it before coming 10 Examples of Kinetic Energy: (1) A vehicle in motion. (2) Water flowing ina river. _____)Abullet fired froma gun, (4) A satellite going around the earth. Expression for kinetic energy: Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘v’- SUPPOSe uniform force opposes the motion to bring the body to rest after a displacement ‘s”. Let ais the retardation possessed by the body due to the opposing force. ns: From v? —w? = 2as = 9-2 = 2a5 a=, 2 The opposing force on the body F = ma = = FromNewton’s third law of motion, : -my?)_mv The reaction force bythe body, F= { = \-< Work done by the body against the opposing force acting on it is Which is equal to the kinetic energy gained by the body. 1 . =— mv? TKES The SI unit of kinetic energy is joule and its dimensional formula is [ ML°T? ] LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS /+*#1) Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and show that it leads to work-energy theorem, (Mar 2014,17, TS-Mar-15) |Ans: Work: Work is said to be done by a force when a body undergoes displacement parallel to the line of action of the force. W =FS=FScos0 : = Kinetic energy: Kinetic energy is defined as the energy possessed KE=1m? 2 Eg: i)Avehicle inmotion _ ii) water flowin; Work energy theorem: -* Statement: The work done on a partic kinetic energy. Proof: consider a particle of mass ‘m’ mo ‘F’ acts on it, it moves with uniform accelet displacement of the particle.IPE PHYSICS $17 hl bot 1 ym Sm? Fs. Here workdone W=FS al 25m BL ew, The above equation gives relation between work and kinetic energy. (or) K,-K, = W Where K, and K, are the initial and final kinetic energies of the object respectively. **2) What are collisions? Explain the possible types of collisions? Develop the theory of one dimensio elastic collision. | Mar 05,06,19,20 May-14](TsMar-18) Ans: A strong interaction between bodies which involves exchange ofmomenta is called collision. They aret types (1) Elastic collision, (2) Inelastic collision Elastic collisions: The collisions in which both momentum and Kinetic energy are conserved are known, elastic collisions, Inelastic collisions ; The collisions in which kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum is conserved knownas inelastic collisions. Here the loss of kinetic energy appears in the form of heat or other forms energy. Perfectly inelastic collisions: When two bodies move together after collision, the collision is said toh perfectly inelastic. One Dimensional Elastic Collision : Ifthe velocities of the objects involved in collision are along the sam Straight line before and after collisions then such collisions are known as one dimensional collisions. Consider two smooth spheres moving along a straight line joining their centres. Let m, and mya the masses ofthe two bodies . Suppose they undergo one dimensional elastic collision . Before collision, i u, andu, are their velocities . After collision, let, y, and y, are their final velocities . Assume that u, > uy (a) Before Collision (b) During Collision (c) After Collision From the law of conservation: oflinear momentum, momentum ofthe system before collision= momentum. of the system after collision myu, +m,u, = my, +m,¥, m,(u,—v,) = m,v,—u,) In case of elastic collision, kinetic energy is also conserved. Hence, Kinetic energy ofthe system before collision= kinetic energy of the system after collision i), (¥-) Dividing equation (2) with (1), we get (utv)( (v2 +us)(v2-u3) a (2)7-0 aad escet aed U +, = V2 +, > u-u, =V,-¥, Hence, relative velocity ofapproach = relative velocity of separation before collision after collision Fromequation(3)we get y,=u,-u,+y,,.. Substituting equation (4) in equation (1), we get m,(u, -v,)=m, (u,-u, +v,-u,) mu, -m,v, =m,u,+m,y,-2m,u, v(m, +m,)= uy, (m-m,)+2m m,-m, 2m, [ el 2 eI m,+m, m,+m, Again, from equation (3), we get v, =v, +u,-u, Substituting v, in equation (1), we get m, (u,-v, -u;+u,)=m, (v;-us) 2m,u, -m,U, - My, =M,¥,-M,Uy mist (m,+m,)v, = 2m,u, +(m,-m,)u, From equations (4) and (5), it is concluded that the final velocities ofboth the bodies depend on their initial velocities and masses. +*43)State the law of conservation of energy and verify itin case ofa freely falling body. What are the conditions under which the law of conservation of energy is applicable? (Jun-15,Mar -06,09,11,13,15,16,18,May 09,11,13,16,0,1S-Jun-15,TS-Mar-16,17, 19,20,TS-May-16] Ans: Law of conservation of mechanical energy: Statement: “The total mechanical energy ofa systemis constant, if the internal forces doing work on it are conservative and the external forces dono work”. Verification in the ease of freely falling body: Consider ball. mass ow dropped. freely froma height ‘H’. UA 9B The total mechanical energy ofthe ball Eis givenby E=K+U sete Kis the kinetic energy, RUBE roti ey os a he ball =H, velocity of the ball=v,=0, distance travelled by the ball =0 ==m(0) =0 potentialenergy of the ball U=mgH Page.No. 139eae an) The total energy at Ais E,=K +U E,=0+mgH JR.IPE PHYSICS Vo) AtB: height of the ball=H-x, velocity of the ball= v,, distance travelled by the ball = Yyp From vj —v} =2as;v5 -0° = 2gx =v} =2gr , 1 The kinetic energy ofthe ball, K=}m} = 7m[2ex] =mer The potential energy of the ball, U = mg(H-x) =mgH-mgx The total energy ofthe ball, E,=U+K ‘p= mgH - mgx+ mgx E, = mgH wan-n---= (2) AtC; height of the ball = 0, velocity of the ball=v,, distance travelled by the ball =H From v? vi -0? = 2gH = v; =2gH 2as 1 1 Kinetic energy of the ball, = 7mm = >m(2eH) =meH Potential energy of the ball, © U=mgh =0 (-h=0) The total energy of the ball, From equations (1),(2) & (3) it can be concluded that the total mechanical energy of the ball remains constant underthe action of gravitational force which is a conservative force . Conditions : ¥ ‘i 1)The total mechanical energy of the system remains constant, under the, action ofthe conservative fig 2)The total mechanical energy of the system is not constant, under the action of non - consetvativefy 3 PROBLEMS : 1, Atest tube of mass 10 grams closed with a cork of mass 1 gram contains some ether. Wheng test tube is heated the cork flies out under the pressure of the ether gas. The test tube is suspended horizontally by a weight less rigid bar of length 5 cm. What is the minimum velogify with which the cork should fly out of the tube, so that test tube describing a full vertical circle about the point O. Neglect the mass of ether. a Ans :Mass of cork m,= I g=0.001 kg Mass of test tube m, = 10 g= 0.01 kg Length of the light rigid bar LL = 5 cm=0.05 m u= initial velocity of the system=0 v,=velocity of ejection of the cork =? g=10ms*Guana WORK-ENERGY-POWER As the test tube has to perform vertical circular motion, velocity of the test tube v= /5gb ‘As no external forces are acting total linear momentum of the system is conserved . (m-+m,)u=my,+my Tate! Sa 0.01(V5x10x0.05) m, 5 0.001 => y=SV10ms" % 2, . Amachine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of 600 pys-! If the mass of each bullet is 5 gm. find the power of the machine gun? ae ‘Ans: Let velocity of each bullet be v= 600 gs". © (Mar-13,14,16,18May-13,16,Jun-15) Power=? : Mass of each bullet, m=5gm=5x 107 kg No. of bullets fired n = 360 Time t= 1 minute= 60s Piece poi mn _ 1 0.005 360600% 600 Pit i 2 60 Power = 5400 W =5.4kw 3, Find the useful power used in pumping 3425 m3 of water per hour from a well 8 mdeep to the surface, supposing 40% of the horse power during pumping is wasted. What is the horse power of the engine? ‘Ans: Volume of the water to be pumped is V=3425 p> Density of water, d= 1000kg/m> Mass of the water that has to be pumped is M= (volume) density = (3425)10° kg g=10m/, height ,h=8m, time =1 hour=3600 seconds, 1 hp= 746 w 60 "100 Mgh' = Useful power Peres = t00 fee! = Protat a saint 100 Prat =| a= 2 3425x10°x10x8 Se ER oj amg AGh \SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1, _ Isit necessary that a mass should be present at the centre of mass of any system ? a (March, June-2011; May.{i) Ans, No, it isnot necessary that mass should be present at the centre of mass of any system. Example: Incase of a uniform ring or a bangle, there is no mass present at its centre, 2. Whatis the difference in the positions of center of mass of a girl carrying a bag in one, Of her) and another girl carrying a bag in each of her two hands? ; ‘Ans. Inthe case ofa girl carrying a bag in one ofher hands, the Centre of mass of her body will be shite her hand in which she is carrying the bag. , Inthe case ofa another girl carrying a bag in each of her two hands (mass of each bag is same) thy, no change in the position of her centre of mass. 3. ‘Two rigid bodies have same moment of inertia about their axes of symmetry. Of the two, body will have greater kinetic energy? 2 L ‘A. _ Relation between angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy is KE = ye As moment of nent same, the body with large angular mofhentum (L) will have greater kinetic energy.(KE «x 1?) 4,__ Why are spokes provided in a bicycle wheel ? (May.134) Ans. The spokes of cycle wheel increases its moment of inertia. The greater is the moment of inertia the the opposition to any change in uniform rotational motion. As a result cycle runs smoothly and steadh| 5. Wecannot open orclose the door by applying force at the hinges. Why ? (May-19 ‘Ans. Opening or closing the door by applying the force at the hinges is a turning effect or torque, Weh f=rxf-Atthe hinges 7 = so ¢ = 6 - Hence no turning effect. 6. | Why do we prefer a spanner of longer arm as compared to the spanner of shorter arm? Ans. The torque acts ona bodyis 7 =7x F With less applied force, more torque acts on a spanner of longer arm compared to spanner: of shor The magnitude of Torque increases with increase in distance from the axis of rotation. Hence wep spanner of longer arm. y 7. _ Byspinning eggs on a table top, how will you distinguish a hard boiled egg from a.raw €#it = (Marci Moment ofinertia ofraw egg is more than that of boiled egg. When the same torque is applied ont eggs, boiled egg spins more faster than raw egg. A 8. Why shoulda helicopter necessarily have two propellers ? ; Ans. With only one propeller helicopter possesses angular momentum in one direction. To balance tis should be two propellers with angular momentum equal and in opposite direction. __2— Ifthe polarice caps of the earth were to melt, what would the effect of the length of the & ‘Ans. Melting of polar ice caps will increase the radius of gyration and hence the moment of it Ans. t=Ja=constant ; & «+ 1 cress <4), Tnorder to conserve angular momentum(L), the angular velocity(@) decreasesi# length ofthe day -2) Tncreasee! NARAYANAp= cE SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION ny iit easier to balance a bicyclein motion? Dm Fe rotating wheels ofa bicycle possesses angular momentum, Inthe absence ofexternal torque neither the 6. agnitude nor the direction of angular momentum change-The direction of angular momentum s along the axis of the wheel. So the bicycle does not get tilted. ADDITIONAL VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Does the angular momentum in respect of a planet revolving in elliptical orbit around the Sun conserve ? \ 4 Yes, According to Kepler's laws of motion, areal velocity ofa rotating planet is constant. Hence angular * omentum is conserved. 2, Mention the factors on which moment of inertia depends. : * .. Moment of inertia depends on (i) mass of body (i) position of axis of rotation and (ii) distribution of the mass about the axis( = MR’). (iv) Temperature State the dimensional formula of i) moment of inertia, ii) radius of gyration. ‘Ans, (i) Moment of inertia = y4>7? i) Radius of gyration - y497!79 4, Istorquea vector or a scalar ? Ifit is a vector give its direction. © Torque is a vector. Torque ¢ =7x F - The direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane containing F and F. If F and F areinX- Y plane then torque is along Z-axis (given by right hand thumb rule). 5, Isangular momentum a vector or a scalar? If itis a vector give its direction. d ‘Ans, Angular momentumis a vector. Angular momentum Z = m (7x). The direction ofangular momentum is perpendicular to the plane containing F and V. ie.,ifr andV¥ are in X -Y plane, then angular momentum isalong Z-axis (given by right hand thumb rule). 6 Under what conditions centre of mass and centre of gravity of a body coincide? ‘Ans, Incase of small bodies with uniform distribution of mass, the centre of mass and centre of gravity will coincide. 7, Find the average angular velocity of the spinning motion of the Earth. Ans. Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours i.e. in 86,400 sec. siurvelocinyof Fanihie @= = LB pad sage oe ot Ears © Xf, = 861400) 43,200 8 Whatis the angular displacement of seconds hand of a clock in 45 seconds ? Ans, Seconds hand completes 1 rotation in one minute ie.,in60seconds. @=27 > a@= re 2a 3 nds, Angular displacement 6 = of = => *45=>m rad. of parallel forces. praic sum of the forces is equal to zero (or) acting in one direction is equalto the sum of the forces acting inthe opposite direction. aic sum ofthe moments ofthe forces about a point in their plane is zero (or) ise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the anti-clock wise moments about cement of a particleis 9=7 +77 +/+1- ‘Page.No. 159SAeckome ICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION do_d ‘Ans. Angular velocity © re 4+f41)=37 +2041 Angular acceleration, & - 2-269 +2141) = 6142 it At t=2s, @= 3 +2141=3(2*)+2(2)+1=17rad 7 a =61+2=6(2)+2=147ads* SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ***], Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity. ree (Mar-13,14,17,18 May-13,16, Jun-15,1S-Mar-1 5,1 6,TS-Man Ans. The centre of mass of a body is the point, where the entire mass is 1, supposed to be concentrated. The centre of gravity of a body is the point, through which weight of the body always acts. It is defined to know the stability It is defined to describe the nature 2 » | of the body. of motion of the body. It refers to the weight of the body. It refers to the mass of the body. In case of larger bodies, centre of gravity will not coincide with centre of mass. In case of small and regular bodies, centre of mass and centre of gravity | 4. will coincide. It depends on acceleration due to gravity. It does not depend on acceleration due to gravity. 2. Show that a system of particles moving under the influence of an external force moves asifitt force is applied at its centre of mass. ‘Ans, Considera system of particles of masses ,.....2m, and are moving with velocities Vp v2 —~ Vn Fospectively. Then velocity of centre of mass is, 1s x Von aay lint FMV tones My Tq) When external force acts on a system, the centre of mass moves with acceleratiol @) +m,— dt From Newton’s second law, the above equation can be written as (F +B +--+F)Oe) cael SSF 1 Mog = Fa = Fee Hence the system of particles Moves under the i centre of mass. a . 1 Ee a th Moons OCEAtth-Moon system and its rotation around the sun. is ames that of the Moon. This, retest iene rao ie smaes ofthe Barth i abo in . centre oft isrelati Gs centre of the Earth, ofmass of the Earth-Moon system is relatively nearer Moon, o system, and the centre of mass ofthe Earth-Moon system moves in an elliptical path around the Sun. fine vector product. Explain the properties of a vector Product with two examples. . Vector product (or) Cross Product (Mar-11,15,17,1S-Mar-15,17,19,20,TS-May-16) ‘The vector product of any two vectors is equal to the product of the magnitude of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between them and the resultant direction is always perpendicular to plane formed by the two vectors, aGGuauks PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION ii) _ The cross product between two parallel vectors gives amull vector. PxG=POsindi=0 when g =o" (or) 180? or |Pxo|=0 iv) The crossproduct between two ‘mutually perpendicular vectors is maximum. From PxO=PQsinOi, when 6=90° PxO = PQA isthe vector with maximum magnitude PQ Examples : 1) Angular momentum isthe cross product ofposition vector (7) and tinear momentum (2) ay expressed as L=7xp xP: 2) Torqueisthe cross product ofpostion vector (7) andforee (F}) . ee Define angular velocity(w). Derive v=ra. (MAR-19,May-14,16, TS-Mar-16,17) Fins. Angular velocity : The rte of change of angular displacement of particle is called angular velo | do ge hy #5 North p Chute mats, 94 ag her Ov chow OaubOdi Relation between v and @ “Loa Considera particle moving on the circumference ofa circle ofradius 1. Att= its positionisat‘A any timet, let the angular displacement ofthe: particle be '9". Ifthe particle is further: displaced through angle '§9' ina further time interval +64", then the instantaneous angular velocity *¢)' at this instant oftim: , (50) de o-nf)2 0 | S0\ dt) dt \ At this instant of time, the linear velocity ofthe particle is given by> pehie tin oe 5-00 5 5:0 ot (are length (BC) = radius x angle ) qa . 8) dd al Ver tan ler in) y -@ aa From(1)&(2). v=ro. 4 ***6, Define angular acceleration and torque. Establish the relation between angular accele — torque. (APMAR-19) (Jun-15,7S-Jun-15,Marel ‘Ans. Angular acceleration (c:): The rate of'change of angular velocity of a particle is called angular tion. ie @ ue iea== dt ‘Torque(r ): The rate of change of angular momentum is called torque. = a dtsiCS VOL-1 point pcoording to ‘Newton's second law t = dt do tals dt Ta write the equations of motion for a particle rotating site miedaiee a Consider body rotating about a fixed axis wit ntialangula a ; a a. After ‘t’ sec, let angular displacement be = * uniform angular: ‘acceleration motion an be writtenas. 1) =O tatCas Teoma ROTATIONAL MOTION ICs ~ 2gh 2>v= for I+ ru On inclined surface _ [gisind ats [+ h=/sind] ea rertices of an equilateral triangle. The 9.*** Find the cetre of mass of three particles at the v Ae th ‘ a es are ll ‘Og and 200g respectively. Each side of the equilateral pecs hg wie ie = : (Mar-18),Ts-Mar-18 Ans. With the x and y-axes chosen as shown in fig. the coordinates of points O,, the equilateral triangle are respectively (0,0), (0.5,0), (0.25,0.25, V3). Let 200g be located at O, A and B be respectively. Then /) the: »(0.5) + 200(0.25)] gm [100(0) +15 ete (100+ 150+ 200)g 75950) 12S eee =~450 450 18 4 100(0) + 150% 200(0.25V3) gm Sa 450g sov3 ign 375007 Gah eee —— Th _seotman un tn wi amie et SS 5. \e Jot : why? ‘ DITIO) RK Ink + siti .d the torque of force 7/+3]—5k about the origin. The force acts om @ particle whose Po: jon 2 (MAR -13,14,MAY-13) vector is f-j+k- 5: Given F=f J+k and F=71+37-5k then Torque is, Ans fp 7k : #xF=a|t-1 1 |= 165-3) -J-5—-D+FG-—™ 7 3 -5| = 27 +127+106 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Fifa) (b) about a diameter as axisis k. If the disc is d the radius of gyration of each a ofinertia of a rigid body about any axis is equal to sum of moment ofinerti ‘ ts pe ofa nated an tas wat te perp Page.No. 165m from (5) & (6) 1 T= 2x |@ But we know that frequency ” = r 1 1 fk =—/= 4 m 2nNm 2a k Itrepresents frequency of oscillation of: Spring, , Derive expressions for the kinetic energy and potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator. ie Anybody or a system executing SHM is called simple harmonic oscillator, Expression for Kinetic energy: Considera Particle of mass m executing SHM between extreme posi tions x=+A and x=~4 Displacement of the particle in SHM when it starts from extreme position is given by x= Acos@t ‘Velocity of the particle excuting SHM is given by yok 4d ACoset) at at =-Aosinat =-dovi-cos ot ave-oVA =e [ex= Acosat] KE of the particle in SHM is given by KE= 3m = nor Sint KE = mo? (4-2) ; Expression for Potential Energy : ‘When a particle exec tium positi then restoring force acting onitisF=-ke Further, if it displaces through ‘dx’ then work done against the dw =—Fdr =—(-kx de) =k xd -, Total work done against the restoring force in mo\ displacement (x) is given by We few = faeLae How does the energy of a simple pendulum vary as it moves from one ny onan other during its oscillations? ‘ ‘At the extreme positions of the simple pendulum, the velocity of the bob is zero, Hen Heng zero. but PE is maximum. Hence total energyis PE ‘At the mean position, the velocity of the bob is maximum and soiits KE is maxim zero.Hence total energy is only KE. UN. Bap Atany point between mean and extreme positions, the total energy is the sum of Pp : total energy of the pendulum at any position is constant. andkey 6 KE=0 KE-0 PE=max KE=max PE=max PE=0 Both KEand PE in SHM are always +ve. PE KE = =a BE EE Ee eacvehen iin Acie ek er od UrStIM For x0, the energy is KE, At extremes x=, the energy is PE. KE increases at the expense of potential energy and vice-versa. ‘The kinetic energy and potential energy repeat after a displacement x ora period T/2, pO Kg, =5m0°8 7**, Derive the expression for displacement, velocity and acceleration of a particle executes SHM. Ans. ‘Consider particle Pmoving ona circle of radius A with uniform angular speed » in anti wise direction. As the particle moves on the circumference of the circle, its projection M moves 0 diameter XX' to and fro about centre ‘O’. Let the particle starts from the position ‘X”. fier time position vector of the particle covers an angle of ‘ ot” with +ve x-axis. During this time the p ojection position vector of the particle on X - axis covers a displacement x.= ment :Itis the distance travelled ~ pipe ; 5 foot ofthe perpendicular time. jangle OMP, cos at= — if sen nein i ;ojacement x=Acosat .. 1) sedisP fj Raa: goey2 Tera Of change of disp ements called velocity dx a ‘A cosat) vena ) v=-Aosinot > y=Ay oP at => Vesa, PZ v=<0VA?x?| -(2) ccelaration: The rate of change of velocity ofa particle is called acceleration. Wid i 2 on Fo athena] y posinos a=-A@’cosot| or -(3) LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ’ ‘1, Define simple harmonic motion. Show that the motion of (point) projection of a particle perform- inguniform circular motion, on any diameter, is simple harmonic (March-09,10,18,19TS-Mar-16,19) Ass. Definition of SHM: “A body is said to bein simple harmonic motion provided. () The motion should be to and fro andi periodic about fixed point. (i) The acceleration should always be directed towards the m ion and is always directly propor- tional to the displacement from the mean position, ee