Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-024-00694-2

RESEARCH

Growth Patterns, Condition Factor, and Population Dynamics of

Snapper Lutjanus bengalensis and Lutjanus lutjanus (Pisces: Lutjanidae)
Harvested from Aceh Waters Indonesia
Sri Riska Rahayu1 · Syamsul Rizal2 · Nur Fadli2 · Ilham Raza2 · Muhammad Isran Lazuardi2 · Luvi Syafrida Handayani1 ·
Nanda Muhammad Razi5 · Martin Wilkes3 · Mohd Nor Siti-Azizah4 · Zainal A. Muchlisin1,2

Received: 10 November 2023 / Revised: 15 February 2024 / Accepted: 26 February 2024

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

Abstract
Aceh province is renowned for its potential marine resources, including fish, with snapper being one of the most economi-
cally important coral fish. In Indonesia, this fish serves as the main target for coral fishing, particularly in Aceh, causing
a decline in its wild population. This decline requires a sustainable development management plan by acquiring informa-
tion on population dynamics and natural growth patterns. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze population dynamics
related to aspects of fishing rate and population status as well as the natural growth patterns to evaluate ecological condi-
tion. The analysis focused on the two predominant snapper species in Aceh waters, namely Lutjanus bengalensis and L.
lutjanus, consisting of 376 and 342 samples collected from January to September 2023. Growth pattern analysis showed
that the coefficient b value that determined the growth pattern ranged from 0.63 ± 0.0–2.59 ± 2.25 for L. bengalensis with
an average of 1.9 ± 0.64, indicating a negative growth pattern, while L. lutjanus had 0.50 ± 0.0–3.27 ± 0.0 with an average
of 1.72 ± 1.11, also displaying a negative growth pattern with asymptotic length 287.7 mm and 242.55 mm. Population
dynamics analysis showed a higher fishing mortality (F) rate for L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus at 1.98 year− 1 and 1.41
year − 1, respectively which were higher than the natural mortality (M) rate with 0.86 year − 1 and 0.59 year− 1. Current
exploitation higher than maximum exploitation (Ecurr > Emax ; E > 0.5) of both species L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus
respectively with 0.82 year− 1 > 0.81 year− 1 and 0.80 year− 1 > 0.79 year− 1. In conclusion, the two snapper species
had a negative allometric growth patterns, and population dynamic analysis indicating that their population experienced
overfishing.

Keywords Overfishing · Allometric Negative · Natural Mortality · Fishing Mortality

Introduction

Aceh Province, located at the western tip of Sumatra Island,

Zainal A. Muchlisin Indonesia, is renowned for its potential marine resources
muchlisinza@usk.ac.id
with a high diversity of fish species (Muchlisin and Siti-
1
Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Azizah, 2009). Among these resources, coral fish belong
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia to the most popular and high-value groups, consisting of
2
Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, approximately 450 species in Aceh’s waters (Rudi 2011;
Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia Rudi et al. 2012; Cochard 2017; Aswita et al. 2018). Con-
3
School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, sequently, fishing industry is one of the vital sectors in the
Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK province, providing employment and livelihoods for local
4
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia people (Muchlisin et al. 2012, 2013). Coral fish also play an
Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia important role in providing animal-based protein for con-
5
Master Program in Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and sumption and recreation.
Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala,
Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

13

Snapper (Lutjanidae) is one of the popular coral fish in
Indonesia, widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical
waters (Wakefield et al. 2020). According to Fishbase data,
there are approximately 113 species of snapper worldwide,
among which 62 are inhibited in Indonesian waters (Allen
and Adrim 2003; IUCN 2023). Previous studies showed that
population of these species in almost all waters is decreasing
globally due to overfishing and climate change (Glaser et al.
2015; Parsons et al. 2020). A similar trend is also occurring
in Aceh province, Indonesia; for example, the snapper pro-
duction in 2020 was 10,929 tons per year, it was decreased
to 8,934 tons per year in 2022. Based on IUCN data, several
snappers have been listed in the IUCN red list as threatened
species, such as L. cyanopterus, L. campechanus, L. analis,
and L. synagris. Currently, there are no regulations govern-
ing snapper fishing in Indonesia, leading to overexploitation
and a decline in the wild population. Therefore, an effective
integrated fishery management plan is required using data
on growth patterns, condition factor, and population dynam-
ics (Oliveira et al. 2020; Roul et al. 2020). This informa-
tion provides insight into determining the allowable sizes
for fishing to avoid overexploitation and sustain fishery pro-
duction (Johnston et al. 2013; Ilkyaz et al. 2008; Oliveira
et al. 2020). Condition factors describe the health status of
the fish population and the condition of the water (Cadrin
2020; Denechaud et al. 2020). Population dynamics are also
crucial to evaluating the fishery resource status to deter-
mine the exploitation level (Chen et al. 2009; Rodhouse et
al. 2014; Gebremedhin et al. 2021). Several snapper fisher-
ies in several regions of Indonesia are in overfishing sta-
tus, for instance, Lutjanus spp. in the South Coast Waters
of Tasikmalaya (Sriati 2011), L. gibbus in Alor waters, East
Nusa Tenggara Province (Pakro et al. 2020), L. malabaricus
in Pinrang waters, South Sulawesi (Rapi 2023). Research
on growth patterns and condition factor of snapper have
been reported from several waters around the world. This
includes L. johnii, and L. xanthopinnis from Terengganu,
Malaysia (Rahman et al. 2023), L. fulviflamma in the Per-
sian Gulf, Iran (Razi and Noori 2018), L. johnii, L.lutjanus,
L. malabaricus, and L. fulvus in Pakistani waters (Masood
and Farooq 2010). Furthermore, L. fulgens was found in
Ghanaian waters (Amador and Aggrey-Fynn 2021), L. coe-
ruleolineatus in Oman (Almamari et al. 2021), L. gibbus in
the Southern Waters of Banten (Prihatiningsih et al. 2017).
Investigation into population dynamics of snapper is rela-
tively scarce in Indonesia, especially from Aceh waters, but
there is several research available in the Red Sea, Egypt,
on L. quinquelineatus (Mehanna et al. 2017), the central
Great Barrier Reef, Australia, on Lutjanus erythropterus, L.
malabaricus, and L. sebae (Newman et al. 2000), the Java
Sea, Indonesia, on snappers and groupers (Amorim et al.
2020), and Sinjai, and adjascent waters on L. malabaricus
13
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences
(Tirtadanu et al. 2018). Therefore, this research aimed to
examine the growth patterns, condition factors, and popula-
tion dynamics of two species of snapper from the waters
of Aceh, Indonesia, namely, L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus,
that had not been reported in Aceh waters. These two spe-
cies are the primary targets for coral fishing in Northern
Aceh, Indonesia, so this research provides the initial data
for a better sustainable management strategy for the fish
population.
Materials and Methods
Sampling and Measurement
This research was carried out from January to September
2023 and the samples of L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus were
obtained from fishermen at two fishing ports in Pulo Aceh,
Aceh Besar regency, and Lampulo, Banda Aceh city. These
fish were caught in the northern waters of Aceh, Indonesia,
as presented in Fig. 1. The fish sample was caught using a
bottom longline and a handline with a fishing rod size num-
ber 4. A total of 40–60 samples per species were collected
at a one-month interval. Length and weight measurements,
followed by population dynamics analysis were carried out
at the Hatchery Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala in Banda Aceh.
The samples obtained were temporarily preserved with
crushed ice in a styrofoam ice box (4oC) and transported to
the laboratory. Subsequently, the samples were photographed
for documentation, total length were measured using a digi-
tal caliper (Mitutoyo, CD-6CS). Error = 0.01 mm), and total
body weight was determined with a digital scale (Toledo,
AB-204). Error = 0.01 g).
Length-weight Relationships
Data from direct measurements of fish length and weight
were analyzed using the Linear Allometric Model (LAM)
based on the De Robertis and Williams (2008) model with
the formulation as follows:
 
W = e0.56 aLb
where W is body weight (g), L is the total length (mm), a is a
constant, b is the geometric coefficient for fish body propor-
tions, e is the variance of residuals from the LAM model,
and 0.56 is a correction factor.
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences
Fig. 1 The map of Aceh Besar
regency and Banda Aceh city
showing the sampling location
(black circle), and fishing ground
origin of fish sample (red circle)
Condition Factor
In this research, the relative weights (Wr) and Fulton’s con-
dition factor (K) were examined. To calculate the Wr value,
the predicted weight (Ws) first value was determined from
direct measurement data using the LAM as follows: Ws = a
x Lb. Subsequently, the relative weight condition factor was
calculated using the formula proposed by Rypel and Richter
(2008), as follows: Wr = (W/Ws) x 100, where Wr is the
relative weight, W is the weight of the fish from direct mea-
surement, and Ws is the predicted weight of the fish based
on LAM model.
The Wr was divided into three categories (Anderson
1996; Muchlisin et al. 2010) as follows: Wr < 100, popula-
tion is in bad condition, low of prey or high of predator.
When Wr > 100, population is in good condition, the prey
density is high, or the predator is low. As Wr tends to 100
(Wr = 100), population is stable, while prey and predators
are balanced.
Fulton’s condition F = factor (K) is calculated using the
equation according to Muchlisin et al. (2010) as follows:
K = WL−3 x100
where K is Fulton’s condition factor, W is the body weight
of the fish, L is the total length of the fish, and − 3 is the cor-
rection factor. Based on Famoofo and Abdul (2020), the K
value is divided into five categories, as presented in Table 1.
Population Dynamics
Length Frequency
The length frequency was calculated to determine the num-
ber of fish based on length classes, including calculations
of maximum, minimum, and average length, as well as the
number of classes, interval, difference, and class width. The
length-frequency analysis referred to by Jin et al. (2015)
using the equation: Fi = (ni/N) x 100, where Fi is the length
frequency, ni is the number of fish in the length class, and N
is the total number of fish.
Von Bertalanffy Growth Function
Von Bertalanffy’s growth function was analyzed using the
FISAT II software (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools-
II). The asymptotic length ((L∞) and Von Bertalanffy’s
growth coefficient (K) were calculated using the ELEFAN-I
method, while the theoretical age of fish when the length
of the fish at 0 (t0) was determined based on Pauly (1980):
Log (t0) = −0.3952 − 0.2752Log (L∞) −1.038 − Log (K)
where t0 is the theoretical age when the length of the fish at
0, L ∞ is the asymptotic length, and K is growth coefficient.
13
 Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

Mortality rate length-frequency samples. The yearly significant and minor

recruitment surges, along with their magnitudes, were com-
The natural mortality rate (M) using four method Ma, Mb, puted using FISAT II software.
Mc, Md to assess the uncertainty followed Alagaraja (1984),
Jensen (1997), Zhang and Megrey (2006) and Then et al. Yield per Recruitment (Y/R)
(2015) while the total mortality rate (Z) was calculated
using the FISAT II software : Yield per recruitment was estimated based on Gayanilo and
Sparre (2005):
ln (0.01)
Ma = −  
tmax Y 3U 3U 2 U3
= E.U M/K 1− + +
R 1 + m 1 + 2m 1 + 3m
Mb = 1.5K  
Where U is 1 − LL∞c , m is K/Z, Lc is length at fish caught,
βK and E is exploitation rate.
Mc =
eK(Ci.tmax−t0) − 1
Data Analysis
Md = 4.188K 0.73L−0.33
∞
The data were presented in the figures and tables, followed
where M is the natural mortality rate, L∞ is the asymptotic by descriptive analysis by comparing the findings with the
length, K is growth coefficient, and tmax is maximum age, t0 relevant references and theories.
is the theoretical age of fish when the length of the fish at 0
length, Ci is 0.440 as the demersal fishery, and β is the coef-
ficient growth from the length–weight relationship. Results
Meanwhile, the Fishing mortality rate (F) and exploi-
tation rate (E) was calculated following the expression of Growth Patterns and Condition Factor
Sparre and Venema (1992):
The results showed that L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus have
F= Z−M a total length range of 106–285 mm and 142–245 mm,
respectively. The b value of L. bengalensis ranged from
E = F/Z 0.63 ± 0.0 to 2.59 ± 2.25, with an average of 1.9 ± 0.64 indi-
cating a negative allometric growth patterns. The highest b
where E is the exploitation rate, F is fishing mortality, and Z value was recorded in May, while the lowest was obtained
is the total mortality rate. in April, as presented in Table 1.
The b value of L. lutjanus ranged from 0.50 ± 0.0 to
Length of First Capture (Lc50) 3.27 ± 0.0 with an average of 1.72 ± 1.11, indicating a nega-
tive allometric growth patterns. The highest b value was
The optimal sizes of fish were estimated by the length of obtained in July, while the lowest was obtained in Febru-
first capture (Lc50), where Lc50 was the minimal size of cap- ary (Table 2). The Fulton condition (K) factor analysis on
ture that remained 50% spawning stock biomass per recruit. L. bengalensis showed a K value ranging from 3.18 ± 0.19
Based on Pauly (1987), the initial recruitment length (Lc) to 3.32 ± 0.07 with a mean of 3.29 ± 0.04, while L. lutja-
of the examined stock was determined by utilizing the nus had 3.10 ± 0.16 to 3.53 ± 0.23 with a mean value of
midpoint of the smallest class interval among the recorded 3.23 ± 0.13. The analysis of the relative weight condition
(Wr) presented in Table 2 showed Wr for L. bengalensis
varying from 101.23 ± 15.90 to 105.70 ± 21.26 with a mean
Table 1 The Fulton’s condition factor categories (Famoofo and Abdul
2020) value of 103.58 ± 1.64, while L. lutjanus had 100.43 ± 6.72
K value range Category and fish performance and 103.28 ± 4.9 with a mean value of 103.40 ± 3.28.
0.8–0.9 Very bad, the fish’s head is big and the body
is very thin (not proportional) Population Dynamics
1.0–1.1 Bad, the fish looks long and thin
1.2–1.3 Slightly proportional between length and Lutjanus bengalensis has 10 length classes, with a mini-
weight
mum, maximum, and average length of 106 mm, 285 mm,
1.4–1.5 Good proportional between length and weight
and 170 mm, respectively. The highest number of fish
> 1.6 Very good, plump fish

13
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

samples were recorded in the length class of 182–200 mm

101.51 ± 17.21

102.92 ± 28.33
103.14 ± 11.15
102.35 ± 8.52

100.43 ± 6.72
103.1 ± 18.20

103.40 ± 3.28
111.8 ± 25.75
103.28 ± 4.9
(Fig. 2a). Meanwhile, L. lutjanus produced 9 length classes,

102.07±
with a minimum, a maximum, and an average length of

20.95
120 mm, 245 mm, and 178 mm, respectively. The highest
LL
number of fish samples were in the length class of 190–
204 mm (Fig. 2b). Growth coefficient (K) value of L. ben-
103.09 ± 17.19

101.23 ± 15.90
105.55 ± 10.75

103.42 ± 14.65
104.26 ± 10.48
101.92 ± 11.59

104.98 ± 11.49
galensis was estimated to be 0.87 year− 1 and an asymptotic
102.05 ± 9.38

103.58 ± 1.64
length coefficient (L∞) of 287.7 mm. This was the maxi-
105.70±

mum length achieved by the fish, while the Lc50% fishing

21.26
LB
Wr

was 130.07 mm, as illustrated in Fig. 3a. Growth coefficient

(K) value for L. lutjanus was 0.59 year− 1, with an aasymp-
totic length coefficient (L∞) of 242.55 mm (Fig. 3b), and the
3.53 ± 0.23

3.39 ± 0.21
3.21 ± 0.06
3.16 ± 0.04
3.15 ± 0.08
3.10 ± 0.16
3.17 ± 0.05
3.16 ± 0.12
3.23 ± 0.12
3.23 ± 0.13
Lc50% of the fish for fishing of 157.53 mm.
Table 2 The coefficient of b value, and condition factors of L. bengalesis and L. lutjanus in Pulo Aceh waters Aceh province, Indonesia during 2023

The analysis of the estimation length and age growth of

LL

L. bengalensis showed that the age of the fish caught during

the research ranged from 1 to 7 years. The time needed for
3.29 ± 0.19
3.32 ± 0.06
3.18 ± 0.19
3.28 ± 0.07
3.30 ± 0.08
3.28 ± 0.09
3.32 ± 0.07
3.31 ± 0.08
3.29 ± 0.04

L. bengalensis to reach its maximum length was predicted

3.31±

to be 5 years, as shown in Fig. 4a. Meanwhile, estimates of

0.15
LB
K

length growth and age of L. lutjanus caught were around

1–7 years (Fig. 4b).
51.21 ± 37.13

The total mortality rate (Z) of L. bengalensis was 2.85

83.28 ± 1.44
93.57 ± 1.44
46.63 ± 2.89
20.78 ± 1.80
92.04 ± 2.88

76.85 ± 1.43
3.82 ± 2.71

7.92 ± 4.51

83.93 ± 0.0

year− 1, including the natural mortality (M) and fishing mor-

tality (F). The natural mortality rate of this species was 0.87
LL

year− 1, due to factor such as predators and disease. Fishing

mortality rate was 1.98 year− 1, which was caused by human
63.78 ± 2.16
21.07 ± 3.61
89.61 ± 1.44

59.6 ± 19.27
64.11 ± 4.33

activities, while the exploitation rate reached that shown in

62.75 ± 0.0

52.8 ± 2.89

77.50 ± 0.0
46.5 ± 0.0

Fig. 5a and Fig. 6a (Ecurr) 0.82 year− 1 (Ecurr > Emax ; E > 0.5)
58.20±

of species L. bengalensis 0.82 year− 1 > 0.81 year− 1 with

LB
R2

401 g/recruitment. In L. lutjanus, the total, natural, and fish-

ing mortality rates were 2.00/year, 0.82/year, 1.41 year− 1,
2.84 ± 2.25

1.92 ± 1.35
0.80 ± 3.38
3.23 ± 9.07
2.85 ± 1.80

1.72 ± 1.11
0.50 ± 0.0

3.27 ± 0.0

0.76 ± 6.7

leading to an exploitation rate that shown in Fig.5b and

Fig. 6b was 0.80 year− 1 > Emax 0.79 year− 1 with Yield per
0.60±
0.0
LL

recruitment (YPR) 584 g/recruitment (Table 3).

1.27 ± 2.25
2.44 ± 1.34

2.59 ± 2.25
2.41 ± 1.80
2.23 ± 9.02
2.35 ± 2.68
2.09 ± 2.68
0.63 ± 0.0

1.9 ± 0.64

Discussion
1.83±
1.35
LB
b

Variations in growth patterns of two snapper species, namely

L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus in waters of Pulo Aceh were
38.0 ± 3.90
LB = Lutjanus bengalensis, LL = Lutjanus lutjanus

observed every month. These species showed a negative

allometric growth patterns, where the length was growing
LL
40

40
38
35
40
40
29
38
42

faster than the weight. Similarly, L. argentimaculatus in the

Bunyu waters of North Kalimantan showed a negative allo-
Total sample

41.8 ± 11.05

metric growth patterns, as reported by Firdaus et al. (2020).

Based on the results, the Fulton condition factor (K) value
of both species was above 3.0, indicating that population
LB
40

35
40
30
40
40
31
60
60

was in very good condition (Famoofo and Abdul 2020).

This Fulton’s condition factor was also supported by the rel-
September
February

ative weight condition factor (Wr) tending to 100. The value

January
Months

August
March
April
May
June

obtained indicated that the aquatic environment of Pulo

July

Aceh in the northern waters of Aceh was still stable, con-

Average

sisting of balanced available prey and predators, providing

No.

`4
1

2
3

5
6
7
8
9

13

Fig. 2 The distribution of fish size
according to the length classes
a) L. bengalensis, (b) L. lutjanus
during January-September 2023
sufficient food for snapper population in these waters. This
was supported by other research in the same waters but on
different species, such as the large-fin squid Sepioteuthis cf.
lessoniana (Muchlisin and Cheng 2014) and the Serranidae
grouper (Ramadhani et al. 2017), with an average relative
weight condition factor tending to 100.
Based on the length class, the size of L. bengalensis
sample was predominantly found in the 182–200 mm class,
while L. lutjanus dominated the 190–204 mm class. This
suggested that, on average, L. lutjanus was larger than L.
bengalensis. According to Froese and Binohlan (2003),
when population is dominated by the smaller fish length
class, it indicates that the species is already threatened by
overfishing or habitat perturbation. Consequently, among
the two species researches in these waters, L. bengalensis is
highly threatened. Asymtotic length (L∞) of L. bengalensis
13
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences
and L. lutjanus 242.mm and 287.7 mm. Growth coefficient
(K) of L. bengalensis 0.87 year− 1 and L. lutjanus with 0.59
year− 1. Several studies have estimated the asymptotic length
and growth coefficient of the genus Lujanus population in
different water bodies, such as the Northern Arabian Sea,
estimated at 477.8 mm and 0.3 year− 1, respectively (Nair
and Seetha 2020), L. johnii in Bangladesh waters with L∞
993.3 mm and K 0.16 year− 1 (Barua et al. 2023), L. analis
on the East Coast of Florida with L∞ 869 mm and K 0.16
year− 1 (Burton 2002). Similar studies also estimated the
population of L. malabaricus in Sinjai waters, Indonesia,
with L∞ 773 mm and K 0.29 year− 1 (Tirtadanu et al. 2018)
and L. argentimaculatus in Bunyu waters, Indonesia, with
L∞ 538.8 mm and K 0.10 year− 1 (Firdaus et al. 2020).
In this research, fishing mortality rate of the two species
was higher than their natural mortality, with L. bengalensis
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences
Fig. 3 (a) Estimation of growth parameters of L. bengalensis (L ∞ = 287.7 mm, K = 0.87 year− 1) and (b) Estimation of growth parameters of L.
lutjanus (L ∞ = 242.55 mm, and K = 0.59 year− 1 )
showing a greater value than L. lutjanus, indicating a more
intense exploitation. According to Haltuch et al. (2008), the
maximum allowable fishing mortality is 0.5 (Fmax = 0.5).
Hansen et al. (2011) reported that the same fishing mortal-
ity rate higher than the natural mortality rate contributed to
a decline in fish population, endangering the sustainabil-
ity of fish resources. Consequently, fishing mortality rate
of the two species has exceeded the allowable maximum
exploitation rate. Current exploitation higher than maxi-
mum exploitation (Ecurr > Emax ; E > 0.5) of both species L.
bengalensis and L. lutjanus respectively with 0.82 year− 1
> 0.81 year− 1 and 0.80 year− 1 > 0.79 year− 1. According
to Alam et al. (2021) if the current exploitation higher than
maximum exploitation suggesting an over-exploitation of
the population. This indicated that the two species of snap-
per in the Pulo Aceh waters of northern Aceh, Indonesia,
have experienced overexploitation or overfishing. Previous
investigations reported that L. malabaricus in waters of the
Timor Sea, Indonesia (Herwaty et al. 2023), L. johnii in the
Bay of Bengal (Barua et al. 2023), L.fulgens in Ghanaian
waters (Amador and Aggrey-Fynn 2021), have also expe-
rienced overfishing. Therefore, these findings confirm the
speculation that snapper fish in the world have been inten-
sively exploited over the years. Consequently, a manage-
ment plan is needed to determine capture quotas, setting
the allowable fishing size, intensively monitoring of fishing
13
 Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

Fig. 4 (a) Estimation curve of

growth length and age of L.
bengalensis with the value t0
(-2.1715) and Lt (0.03 year− 1);
(b) Estimation curve of growth
length and age of L. lutjanus with
the value t0 (-0.0051) and Lt (0.05
year− 1)

activities, increasing public awareness of the importance of
maintaining the sustainability of marine resources and the
negative consequences of overexploitation through fisheries
extension officer, and establishment of fishery conservation
areas to ensure the long-term sustainability of snapper fish-
ery resources in Aceh waters, Indonesia.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this research showed that Lutjanus bengalen-
sis had a b value of 0.63 ± 0.0 -2.59 ± 2.25 with an average
of 1.9 ± 0.64. Meanwhile, L. lutjanus had a b value rang-
ing from 0.5 ± 0.0 to 3.27 ± 0.0, with an average value of
1.72 ± 1.11, indicating that both species have a negative
allometric growth patterns. The average Fulton condition
factor in L. bengalensis was 3.29 and 3.23 in L. lutjanus,
with an average relative weight condition factor value tend-
ing to 100, indicating a very good condition. The F rate for
L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus at 1.98 year− 1 and 1.41 year
−1
, respectively which were higher than the natural mor-
tality (M) rate with 0.86 year − 1 and 0.59 year− 1. Current
exploitation higher than maximum exploitation (Ecurr >
Emax ; E > 0.5) of both species L. bengalensis and L. lutjanus
respectively with 0.82 year− 1 > 0.81 year− 1 and 0.80 year− 1
> 0.79 year− 1. These results showed that the environmental
condition of Pulo Aceh waters are still conducive, providing
sufficient food (prey). Despite these favorable condition, the
two species have experienced overfishing.

13
Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

Fig. 5 (a) Curve of Mortality (Z) of Lutjanus bengalensis; (b) Curve of Mortality (Z) of Lutjanus lutjanus

Fig. 6 (a) Curve of yield per recruit (YPR) of Lutjanus bengalensis; (b) Curve of yield per recruit (YPR) of Lutjanus lutjanus. Note: Red line: E0.5,
Green line: E0.1, Yellow line: Emax

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 Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences

Table 3 The population dynamic parameters of the snappers L. benga- Almamari D, Rabia S, Park JM, Jawad LA (2021) Age, growth, mor-
lensis and L. lutjanus harvested from Pulo Aceh island in the northern tality, and exploitation rate of blueline snapper, Lutjanus coerule-
waters of Aceh, Indonesia olineatus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Lutjanidae), from Dhofar
Governorate, Sultanate of Oman. AIeP 51:159–166. https://doi.
No. Parameter L. bengalensis L. lutjanus
org/10.3897/aiep.51.63572
1. Asymptotic length (L∞) 287.7 mm 242.55 mm Amador E, Aggrey-Fynn J (2021) Growth, mortality, sexual Maturity
2. The length of first capture 130.07 mm 157.53 mm and Exploitation Level of the golden African Snapper (Lutjanus
50% (Lc 50) fulgens, Lutjanidae) in Ghanaian Waters. West Afr J Appl Ecol
3. Growth coefficient (K) 0.87 year− 1 0.59 year− 1 29(2):33–46. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/
4. Total mortality rate (Z) 2.85 year− 1
2.00 year− 1 view/220055/207645
1 Amorim P, Sousa P, Jardim E, Azevedo M, Menezes GM (2020)
5. Natural mortality rate (M)* 0.87 year −
0.82 year− 1
1
Length-frequency data approaches to evaluate snapper and grou-
6, Ma 0.46 year−
0.46 year− 1 per fisheries in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Fish Res 229:105576.
1
7. Mb 1.30 year−
0.88 year− 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105576
8. Mc 1.13 year− 1
1.47 year− 1 Anderson RO (1996) Length, weight, and associated structural indices.
9. Md 0.58 year− 1
0.46 year− 1 Fisheries techniques
1 Aswita D, Suryadarma IGP, Suyanto S (2018) Local wisdom of
10. Fishing mortality rate (F) 1.98 year−
1.41 year− 1
1
Sabang island society (Aceh, Indonesia) in building ecological
11. Current exploitation (Ecurr) 0.82 year−
0.80 year− 1 intelligence to support sustainable tourism. Geoj 22(2):393–402.
1
12. Emax 0.81 year−
0.79 year− 1 https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22210-297
13. E0.1 0.71 year− 1
0.70 year− 1 Barua S, Liu Q, Alam MS, Kanak MK, Ali MM (2023) Population
14. E0.5 0.40 year− 1
0.38 year− 1 dynamics and stock assessment of Red snapper (Lutjanus joh-
nii) in the Bay of Bengal Bangladesh waters. Reg Stud Mar Sci
15. Yield per recruitment 401 g/recruit. 584 g/
63:102983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102983
(YPR) recruit.
Burton ML (2002) Age, growth and mortality of mutton snapper, Lut-
*using 4 different methods to assess the uncertainty janus analis, from the east coast of Florida, with a brief discus-
sion of management implications. Fish Res 59:31–41. https://doi.
Author Contributions S.R.R, I.R, M.I.L, L.S.H, N.M.R took the sam- org/10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00007-3
ple and analysis data for this research and wrote the Introduction sec- Cadrin SX (2020) Defining spatial structure for fishery stock
tion of this manuscript. S.R.R, M.Z.A, N.F, S.R wrote method and assessment. Fish Res 221:105397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
discussion section. All Authors reviewed the manuscript. fishres.2019.105397
Chen D, Xiong F, Wang K, Chang Y (2009) Status of research on
Funding This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Cul- Yangtze fish biology and fisheries. Environ Biol Fishes 85:337–
ture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia through 357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9517-0
the PMDSU research scheme by Contract No.062/E5/PG.02.00. Cochard R (2017) Scaling the costs of natural ecosystem degradation
PL/2023. The authors are grateful to the Minister of Education, Cul- and biodiversity losses in Aceh Province, Sumatra. Red Diver
ture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia and The Dyna Nat Res Manag Asia 1:231–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/
Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) for supporting this B978-0-12-805454-3.00013-X
research and for providing scholarship for Enhancing the Quality of De Robertis A, Williams K (2008) Weight-length relationships in fish-
International Publication/Sandwich Like-PMDSU 2023 program with eries studies: the standard allometric model should be applied
contract No.165.45/E4.4/KU/2023. with caution. Trans Am Fish Soc 137(3):707–719. https://doi.
org/10.1577/T07-124.1
Data Availability Data will made available on request. Denechaud C, Smoliński S, Geffen AJ, Godiksen JA, Campana SE
(2020) A century of fish growth in relation to climate change,
population dynamics and exploitation. Global Change Biol
Declarations 26(10):5661–5678. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15298
Famoofo OO, Abdul WO (2020) Biometry, condition factors and
Ethical Approval The Research Ethics and Animal Care Committee length-weight relationships of sixteen fish species in Iwopin
at Syiah Kuala University granted complete approval for this study fresh-water ecotype of Lekki Lagoon, Ogun State, Southwest
(Ethics Code No: 958/2015). No specific permits were necessary for Nigeria. Heliyon 6(1):e02957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heli-
sampling, as the samples were acquired from commercial fishers. yon.2019.e02957
Firdaus M, Salim G, Cahyadi J, Weliyadi E, Bintoro G (2020) Model
Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. and nature of growth of red snapper fish (Lutjanus argentimacu-
latus (Forsskål, 1775)) fishing catch of bottom fish pots in Bunyu
waters, North Kalimantan. AACL Bioflux 13(3):1410–1421.
http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl
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