Self-test ( lymphatic system )

 What is innate immunity ?

 What is adaptive immunity?
 Function of lymphatic system?
 -Lymphatic system components
 Steps to reach to bloodstream
 Deep details about lymphatic capillaries
 What happen when there is excessive intestinal fluid?
 What are the tissues with no lymphatic capillaries
 Talk about lymphatic circulation
 What is chyle ?
 What does lymphatic trunk drain ?
 Talk about lymphatic ducts

 What does lymphatic duct drian into ?

 From where does lymphatic ducts receive lymph from ?
 What are the lymphatic organs and tissues ?
 Deep explanation about the primary lymphatic organ and the secondary lymphatic organ
 What is the thymus medulla structure
 Deep explanation about the lymph nodes
 Deep explanation about the spleen
 Talk about lymphatic nodules

 What is innate immunity ?

- Défense at birth, is for prevention & quick action
- • Has two main lines of defense:
- • 1. Physical & chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes
- • 2. Antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever
 What is adaptive immunity ?
- Specific recognition of a microbe that breaks through the innate immunity lines of defense.
- E.g.; white blood cells e.g. lymphocytes (T and B cells)

 Function of lymphatic system?

- Helps immunity
- Helps intestine absorb fat.
- Regulate fluid distribution by draining excess interstitial fluid  blood.

 Lymphatic system components

- Fluid  lymph Vessels
- lymphatic vessels to transport fluid.
- Organs and structures contain lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes within a filtering tissue) and red
bone marrow.
- Lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that has many
lymphocytes.

 Steps to reach to bloodstream

Lymphatic vessel---} trunk----} duc----} bloodstream

 Deep details about lymphatic capillaries

- Larger diameter & more permeable > blood capillaries.
- • Can absorb large molecules e.g., lipids and proteins
- • Lymphatic capillary cells open like one way door when interstitial fluid pressure > lymph 
fluid goes in but can’t get out of the door  goes down the lymph capillary
Lymphatic capillary cells open like one way door when interstitial fluid pressure > lymph
fluid goes in but can’t get out of the door goes down the lymph capillary

 What happen when there is excessive intestinal fluid?

When excess interstitial fluid accumulates  tissues swell  anchoring filaments are pulled
openings between cells become larger so more fluid can flow into the lymphatic capillary
 What are the tissues with no lymphatic capillaries
- Avascular tissues e.g., cartilage, epidermis, cornea of eye
02 Central nervous system, 03 Some parts of the spleen
04 Red bone marrow

 Talk about lymphatic circulation

- Lymphatic vessels start as lymphatic capillaries which are located between cells and are
closed at one end. • These unite to form larger vessels. • At intervals along lymph vessels are
capsulated covered organs with many B and T cells (lymph nodes
- In the skin, lymphatic vessels lie in the subcutaneous tissue like veins and follow the same
route as veins;
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 What is chyle ?
- In small intestine, specialized lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) carry dietary lipids and finally
empty these into blood
- • Lipids in lymph draining from the small intestine makes it creamy white  chyle •
Everywhere else, lymph is a clear, pale-yellow fluid.

 What does lymphatic trunk drain ?

- Lumbar 1 drain lymph from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands and abdominal wall
- Intestinal 2 from stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen and liver
- Broncho mediastinal 3 from thoracic wall, lung, and heart
- Subclavian 4 from upper limbs
- Jugular 5 head and neck

 Talk about lymphatic ducts

- Starts as a dilation (cisterna chyli) in front of 2nd lumbar vertebra.
- • Cisterna chyli receives lymph from right & left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk.
- • Thoracic duct is main duct for return of lymph to blood.
Thoracic duct receives lymph :
- • In neck from the left jugular, left subclavian, and left broncho mediastinal trunks.

 What does lymphatic duct drain into ?

 Venous blood at the junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
 From where does lymphatic ducts receive lymph from ?
 Right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks. • This is lymph from the
upper right side body
 Drains into venous blood at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.

 What are the lymphatic organs and tissues ?

 Primary lymphatic organs
 Secondary lymphatic organs

 Deep explanation about the primary lymphatic organ and the secondary lymphatic organ
- Primary lymphatic organs: places where immune cells are made. Include red bone marrow
and thymus.
- Secondary lymphatic organs: places where most immune responses occur. Include; lymph
nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules (follicles)

 What is the thymus medulla structure

- Has mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
- Some epithelial cells become arranged in circles filled with keratohyalin granules and
keratin: thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles.
- These are p‫ب‬laces of T cell death in medulla.

 Deep explanation about the lymph nodes

- Bean shaped structures throughout body and can be in groups.
- Large groups are near mammary glands and in axillae and groin.
- Have a capsule of dense connective tissue that goes inwards; trabeculae.
- Stroma (support framework): capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts.
- Parenchyma (functioning part): superficial cortex and a deep medulla.
- Cortex: – Outer  has B cells arranged as lymphatic nodules (follicles).– Inner cortex  T cells
- Medulla  B cells and plasma cells (make antibodies)
 Deep explanation about the spleen
- Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue that is 12 cm long.
- Located in left hypochondriac region between stomach and diaphragm.
- Covered by a capsu le (dense connective tissue) extending inwards to form trabeculae.
- Stroma: capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts
- Parenchyma: white pulp and red pulp
- White pulp  lymphatic tissue
- Red pulp  blood filled venous sinuses
- Function: White pulp  has B and T cells for immunity
- Red pulp  are blood filled sinuses cords and cords of tissue (Billroth’s cords) and removes
old & weak blood cells and platelets (using macrophages), stores platelets and makes blood
cells during fetal life.

 Talk about lymphatic nodules

- Masses of lymphatic tissue without capsule.
- Are scattered throughout lamina propria of mucous membranes lining gastrointestinal,
urinary, reproductive tracts, respiratory airways.
- Lymphatic nodules here are also called: mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT).
- Many nodules are alone but some group in specific parts of the body esp pharyngeal region
- (Peyer’s patches) in ileum of small intestine.
- Five tonsils form a ring at junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx and at the junction of
the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.
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