Cross-Laminated Timber Design :

Structural Properties, Standards, and

Safety Mustafa Mahamid
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Cross-Laminated
Timber Design
Structural Properties,
Standards, and Safety

Mustafa Mahamid

New York Chicago San Francisco

Athellli London l'dadrid
l'dexico City l'dilan New Delhi
Singapore Sydney Toronto
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 Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
1 Introduction to Cross-Laminated Timber •••• , •••• , •• , • , •• , • ••• , • 1
1.1 Codes and Standards ....................................... . 3
1.2 Structural Design .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•. 3
1.3 Connection Design ....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 3
1.4 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies:
Recommendations for Design, Construction, and Maintenance .•. 4
1.5 Acoustics .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 4
1.6 Fire ...................................................... . 5
1.7 Environmental Aspects of Wood as a Construction Material •..•. 5
1.8 Sustainability ...•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 5
References ...................................................... . 5
2 Product Standard for Cross-Laminated Timber 7
Introduction .................................................... . 7
2.1 Scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320 ...•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 9
2.2 Components for CLT ...•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 11
2.2.1 Laminations ....................................... . 11
2.2.2 Adhesives •....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 14
2.2.3 Lamination Joints •....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 16
2.3 CLT Requirements ......................................... . 17
2.3.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances •....•.•.•..•. 17
2.3.2 CLT Layups ...•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 17
2.3.3 CLT Qualification .................................. . 23
2.3.4 Appearance Classification •....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•. 28
2.4 CLT Manufacturing Process ....•.•....•.•....• . • . . ..•. • . • ..•. 29
2.4.1 CLT Online Quality Control, Surface Sanding,
and Cutting ...•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 29
2.4.2 Product Certification, Marking, Packaging,
and Shipping ...................................... . 29
2.5 Quality Assurance .•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•.•..•.•.•.... 30
2.6 Conclusion •....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....• . • . • ..•. • . • .. . . 32
References ...................................................... . 33
3 Structural Behavior, Analysis, and Design of Cross-Laminated
Timber . I •••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••• I •••• 35
Introduction .................................................... . 35
3.1 Introduction to Structural Analysis of CLT •....• . • . . . .• . • . • . .• . 36

...Ill
iv Contents

3.2 Flexural Members ......................................... . 36

3.2.1 Structural Analysis ....•.•....•.•....•.• . • . .•.• . • . . . . 36
3.2.2 Flexural Stresses ................................... . 37
3.2.3 Shear ............................................. . 41
3.2.4 Bearing Stresses •.•....•.•....•.•....•.• . . . .•.• . • . .•. 42
3.2.5 Serviceability Check and Deflection Calculations 43
3.2.6 Wall Elements ..................................... . 45
3.2.7 Axial Forces in the Plane of the Plate-Forces N" and
~ (n" and n ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50
1
3.3 Combined Loads ........................................... . 53
3.4 Complex Elements ...•.•.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.• . . . .•.• . . . .•. 53
3.5 Analytical Methods and Design Procedures for CLT Members 53
3.5.1 Mechanical Properties of CLT Elements .............. . 54
3.5.2 Rolling Shear Modulus and Shear Deformation-Loads
Perpendicular to the Plane .......................... . 54
3.5.3 Shear Deformation Due to Loads Perpendicular
to Plane •.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.•....•.• . . . .•.• . . . .•. 55
3.5.4 Analytical Design Methods for CLT Elements Used in
Floor Systems ...................................... . 56
3.6 Mechanically Jointed Columns Theory (Eurocode 5) . . .•.• . . . .•. 67
3.7 Design Procedures for CLT Elements Used as Beams
and Lintels ................................................ . 68
3.7.1 Bending Strength Calculations for In-Plane Loads 68
3.8 Creep Behavior of CLT in Bending ........................... . 68
3.9 Vibration of CLT Floors .................................... . 68
References 69
4 Structural Design.-Connectio.ns ............................... . 71
4.1 General Overview of Connections •....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 71
4.1.1 Cross-Laminated Trmber and Modern Connection
Technology ........................................ . 71
4.1.2 Overview of Connection Design .•....•.•....•.•....•. 72
4.1.3 Connection Design for CLT ...•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 75
4.2 Introduction to Self-Tapping Wood Screws and
Types Available .•.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 79
4.2.1 Features and Advantages of Self-Tapping Screws .•....•. 79
4.2.2 Partially Threaded Screws ........................... . 81
4.2.3 Fully Threaded Screws .•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 82
4.2.4 Head Types ..•.•.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 83
4.2.5 Installation, Safety, and Reliability .................... . 84
4.3 Review of Connection Concepts, Failure Modes, and Testing 88
4.3.1 Axial Loading •.•.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 88
4.3.2 Lateral Loading .................................... . 93
4.3.3 Inclined Screws •.•..•.•.•....•.•....•.•....•.•....•. 100
4.3.4 Screw Crosses . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 107
4.3.5 Ductile Connections in CLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3.6 Reinforcement of CLT . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 118
 Contents y

4.3.7 Dynamic Performance of CLT Connections for

Seismic Design • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 120
4.4 Review of Connection Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4.1 Lap Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4.2 Surface Spline Joints . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 122
4.4.3 Butt Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.4.4 Corner Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.4.5 Panel-to-Beam Connections . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 123
4.4.6 Ledger Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.7 Pre-Engineered Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.5 Connection Design Examples . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 126
Example 1: Surface Spline with 90° Shear Screws in
Three-Ply CLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Example 2: Lap Joint with 90° Shear Screws in
Three-Ply CLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Example 3: Butt Joint with 45° Shear Screws in Three-Ply CLT . . . 130
Example 4: Butt Joint with Double Angle Screw Crosses • . • . . . . • . 132
Example 5: Screw Cross; CLT to Glulam Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.6 Brittle and Ductile Connection (45° + 90° Screws) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.6.1 45° Screws . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 135
4.6.2 90° Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6.3 45° + 90° Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.7 Compression Reinforcement Example . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 140
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies: Recommendations
for Design, Construction, and Maintenance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 145
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.1 Hygrothermal Behavior of Wood and CLT: Fundamentals 147
5.1.1 Characteristics of CLT Panels Affecting the
Hygrothermal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2 Control of Moisture, Air, and Heat Flows in CLT Assemblies:
Design Principles . • . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 152
5.2.1 Water Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.2 Airflow Control • . • . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 160
5.2.3 Heat Flow Control . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 163
5.2.4 Vapor Diffusion Control and Relationship of Air,
Vapor, and Thermal Control . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 167
5.2.5 Assembly Details . • . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 168
5.3 Accounting for Building Movement .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . 172
5.4 Durability of CLT Buildings: A Holistic Approach • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 173
5.5 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Buildings:
Control and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.5.1 Maintenance and Inspection Plan • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 181
5.5.2 Wood MC Measurement . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 181
5.5.3 Water Leak and Condensation Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.5.4 IR Thermal Imaging . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 184
Vi Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 184
Recommended Readings and Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 189
6.1 Acoustics in Buildings . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 189
6.1.1 Basic Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.1.2 Room Acoustics . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 192
6.1.3 Sound Isolation • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 193
6.1.4 Footfall/Impact Noise Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.1.5 Mechanical Noise and Vibration Control (HVAC) • . • . . • . 196
6.2 Acoustic Code Requirements . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 197
6.3 Acoustics for CLT Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.3.1 Comparing CLT with Other Structural Systems • . • . • . . • . 198
6.3.2 Cold-Formed Steel . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 200
6.3.3 CLT Compared with Other Mass Trmber Systems 200
6.3.4 CLT Floor/Ceiling Constructions • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 200
6.3.5 CLT Flanking Noise . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 203
6.3.6 CLT Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.3.7 Lab Tests and Other Analysis Methods • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 206
6.3.8 Resources for Acoustic Test Data • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 209
6.4 Future Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.5 Acoustic Consultants . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 209
6.6 Clarifications . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 210
6.7 A Note from the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7 Fire Safety for CLT Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 211
7.1 Basics of Timber Reaction to Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.1.1 Wood Structure and Chemistry • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 211
7.1.2 Wood Pyrolysis and Combustion • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 211
7.1.3 Wood Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.1.4 Char Rates . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 212
7.2 Building Stability during Fire . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 214
7.2.1 Expected Building Performance When Exposed
to Fire . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 214
7.2.2 High-Rise Structure Fire Resistance . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 214
7.2.3 High-Rise Mass Timber Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3 CLT Fire Resistance Rating . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 215
7.3.1 CLT Manufacturer Compliance Fire Testing . . . • . • . • . . • . 215
7.3.2 Methodology for Calculating a Panel FRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.4 Interior Finish and Flammability • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 218
7.4.1 Test Methods and Results • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 218
7.4.2 Methods to Control Flammability and Smoke
Development . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 218
7.5 CLT Behavior under Fire Exposure . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 219
7.5.1 CLT Panel Reaction to Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.5.2 Reaction of CLT Adhesives in Fire • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 221
 Contents vii

7.6 Influence of Exposed CLT on a Compartment Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

7.6.1 Why Carry Out Natural Fire Tests on CLT
Compartments? ..................................... 222
7.6.2 CLT Compartment Fire Tests-Results and Discussion . . . 222
7.6.3 Summary of Outcomes from the Reviewed Fire Tests . . • . 225
7.7 Building Design with Mass Timber and CLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.7.1 Exposed CLT for Low- and Medium-Rise
Construction . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 226
7.7.2 CLT for High-Rise Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.8 CLT Panel-to-Panel Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.8.1 CLT Floor-to-Wall Connections . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . • . 231
7.9 CLT Protection Methods and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.10 Fire Protection of CLT Through Penetrations and Joints . . . . . . . . . 232
7.11 Use of CLT within Exterior Walls . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 233
7.11.1 Fire Spread Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.11.2 Fire Spread between Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.11.3 Building with CLT Exterior Walls • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 234
7.12 Construction Fire Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.12.1 Methods of Hazard Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Further Reading . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 235
Acknowledgrnent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8 Environmental Aspects of Wood as a Construction Material • • . • • . • 239
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.2 Environmental Impacts of Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.2.1 Determination of Impacts • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 239
What LCA Reveals about Relative Impacts of Building
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.2.2 Environmental Assessment of Whole Buildings • . • . • . . • . 243
8.2.3 Environmental Impacts of Concrete versus Wood
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.2.4 Energy and Related Differences between Wood and
Steel Framing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.2.5 Wood and Environment-Additional Considerations . . . . 256
8.3 The Renewability of Wood-An Underappreciated Reality • . • . . • . 256
8.4 Wood-More Than Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.4.1 Forest Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.4.2 Potential for Expanded Wood Use • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 260
8.5 Longevity of Wood Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
References . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 264
9 Sustainability Related to CLT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 267
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9.1 Defining Sustainability . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . 267
9.1.1 Social . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . • . 268
viii Contents

9.1.2 Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

9.1.3 Economic • . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 272
9.2 Understanding Forest Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
9.2.1 Historic Conditions, Global Forestry, and North American
Forests . • . • . . • . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . • . . . . • . 277
9.2.2 Modern Methods for Forest Protection, Management,
and Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
9.2.3 Current Concerns with Forest Health, Carbon Storage,
Sustainable Livelihoods, and Multiple Benefits ........ . 283
9.3 How CLT Contributes to Sustainability Goals ................. . 283
9.3.1 Innovation and High-Quality Design ..•.• . . . .•.• . . . .•. 284
9.3.2 Utilization of Materials, Improved Forest Health, and
Carbon Storage .................................... . 285
9.3.3 Job Creation and Rural/Urban Connections . . .•.• . . . .•. 286
9.3.4 Working Collaboratively ............................ . 286
9.4 Conclusions ............................................... . 287
9.4.1 Needs and Opportunities for Supporting CLT and
Ensuring Goals for Sustainability Are Addressed ....... . 287
References 287
Index 289
 Preface
ross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new system that started in Europe in

C the early 1990s. The wood design communities, the forest product industry, and
researchers found in CLT an opportunity for increasing the use of wood in non-
conventional and nontraditional applications. Following the European experience, forest
product agencies in North America led by FPinnovations prepared peer-reviewed pub-
lications to provide immediate support for the design, construction, and manufacturing
of CLT products, and provided technical information for implementing CLT systems in
buildings codes and standards,
This book, in its first edition, provides the state of the art of recent developments in
CLT design in its various disciplines. The book provides engineers practicing engineers
and architects as well as students of these disciplines a comprehensive reference on the
planning and design of CLT systems. It also gives the designer the information likely
needed for all design phases. The book covers a general introduction to topics consid-
ered in design of CLT systems. These include codes and standards used in design of CLT
systems; structural behavior, analysis, and design; structural design connections; hygro-
thermal performance of CLT assemblies; recommendations for design, construction,
and maintenance; acoustics; fire safety for CLT projects; environmental aspects of wood
as a construction material; and sustainability related to CLT.
The nine chapters of the book have been written by 11 contributors. They have pre-
sented their material in a ready-to-use form wherever possible. Therefore, derivations of
formulas are omitted in all but a few instances, and many worked-out examples are
given. Background information, descriptive matter, and explanatory material have been
condensed or omitted. Because each chapter treats a subject that is broad enough to fill
a book in itself, the contributors have had to select the material that, in their judgment,
is likely to be most useful to the greatest number of users. References and sources of
additional material are noted for most of the topics that could not be treated in sufficient
detail. The editor is very grateful to the contributors for their tremendous efforts in writ-
ing, reviewing, and editing their work, and for their patience during the time it has taken
to complete the first edition.

Mustafa Mahamid
University ofIllinois at Chicago

ix
This page intentionally left blank
 Contributors
David Barber Arup
Denis Blount Arup
Jim L. Bowyer Professor Emeritus, Department ofBioproducts and Biosystems Engineering,
University of Minnesota
Max Clasen DipL-Ing (FH); MaSc.
Kathryn Fernholz Dovetail Partners, Inc.
Mustafa Mahamid PhD, SE, PE, P.Eng, F.SEI, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at Chicago
Matt Mahon LSTN Consultants
Lech MuSIJl\skl Wood Science and Engineering Department, Oregon State University
Kehh Porter B. Eng, Dalhousie University
Mariapaola Riggio Wood Science and Engineering Department, Oregon State University
Borjen Yeh Ph.D., P.E., APA-The Engineered Wood Association

xi
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 CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Cross-Laminated Timber
Mustafa Mahamld, PhD, SE, PE, P.Eng, F.sEI, F.ASCE
University ofIllinois at Chicago

ross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative wood product that was introduced

C in Austria and Germany in early 1990s and become a well-known engineered

timber product of global interest.
CLT is usually composed of an uneven number of layers, usually three, five, or seven,
as shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, glued together on their wide face and sometimes on the
narrow face as well. Nails or wooden dowels can be used as well to attach layers together,
each layer is made of boards placed side by side, and the layers are arranged crosswise to
each other at an angle of 90 degrees. Sometimes, and in special cases, two consecutive
layers may be placed in the same direction to form a double layer that might be needed
to increase the members' strength. CLT allows prefabricating full-size wall and floor
elements as well as linear members that can support in- and out-of-plane loads. Among
the various advantages of CLT include its lighter weight compared to other construction
material, which results in smaller foundations, good thermal insulation, good sound
insulation, and good performance when subjected to fire.
CLT applications are for residential and nonresidential structures; additional appli-
cations are mats that are used as temporary roads (see Fig. 1.3), temporary bridges, and
crane supports during construction. CLT is a relatively new building system in North
America and is a new class of timber products that is known as mass timber. CLT pro-
vides a competitive alternative to concrete, steel, and masonry in some building design
applications. Masonry and concrete are heavy systems that have been used for single-
family and multistory residential buildings around the world. Recent CLT projects in
Europe and North America show that CLT can be competitive particularly in mid-rise
and high-rise buildings.
This book covers structural, architectural, building science, environmental, and sus-
tainability topics related to CLT; the book covers the following topics in detail:

• Codes and standards

• Structural design

1
2 Chapter One

FIGURE 1.1 Sample of CLT member-three-layer board arrangement

FIGURE 1.2 Sample of CLT member-five·layer board arrangement (CourtesyofSterling Lumber.)

 Introduction 3

• Connection design
• Hygrothermal performance of CLT assemblies: recommendations for design,
construction, and maintenance
• Acoustics
• Fire
• Environmental aspects of wood as a construction material
• Sustainability

1.1 Codes and Standards

These CLT products can be used for structural and nonstructural applications. Although
the production and design of CLT started in North America in 2008, these products
have used in Europe for over 20 years. ANSI/APA PRG 320-2011 Standard far
Peiformance-Rated Cross Laminated Timber [l] was the first North American CLT
standard, and it was completed in December 2011. This standard, which was adopted by
the 2015 International Building Code (!BC) [2], was subsequently revised and published
as ANSI/APA PRG 320-2012 [3] in October 2012 and adopted by the 2015 International
Residential Code (IRC) [4] in the United States and the 2014 CSA 086, Engineering
Design in Wood, in Canada [5]. ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 [6] was completed in October
2017 by the PRG 320 consensus-based canvas committee and approved by ANSI as the
latest standard until early 2020. This version of the standard clarified and addressed
issues that were emerging in CLT manufacturing in North America; ANSI/APA PRG
320-2017 [6] has been adopted by the 2018 IBC [7] and IRC [8]. The most recent ANSI/
APA PRG 320 was published in January 2020 (ANSI/APA PRG 320 2019 [9]).

1.2 Strudural Design

The structural design of CLT members represents a new generation of the design of
wood structures. The structural use oflarge flat elements in wood construction was not
known until few years ago with exception to thin panels. CLT is a new material for
which code specification and regulations are still under development, and new provi-
sions are being included in design codes slowly as research and knowledge evolve. CLT
producers and suppliers as well as researchers in this field have done extensive research
to come up with analysis and design methods and have laid out clear analysis and design
methods to design such members. Despite the fact that CLT design is not fully regu-
lated by design codes and jurisdictions, it has been used in structures through the
process of certifying the products and through providing scientific evidence of the prod-
uct to the local jurisdiction, The structural chapter introduces the available analysis and
design methods of CLT members; the chapter is focused on the available methods that
structural engineers can use and does not discuss how these methods were developed. For
more details on modeling and derivation of these methods, the reader is referred to
other publications.

1.3 Connection Design

Structural design consists of specifying the appropriate structural elements as well as
joining them together to create structural systems. With the expansion of mass timber,
there is a corresponding demand for long, high-strength fasteners that can be site installed
with ease, speed, and precision. New lines of self-tapping structural screws have proven
4 Chapter One

especially suitable for use with CLT for these reasons. Self-tapping screws will form the
main focus of the connections chapter of this book. Connections must be strong enough
to provide continuous load paths from applied gravity, wind, and seismic loads on the
structure down to the foundation. The connection chapter provides extensive details on
connections types, wood, connectors, and fastener limit states and details.
In addition to the required structural performance of CLT members in buildings, the
book covers recommendations for design, construction and maintenance for hygrother-
mal, acoustics, fire, environmental aspects, and sustainability.

1.4 Hygrothermal Performance of CLT Assemblies: Recommendations for

Design, Construction, and Maintenance
The hygrothermal performance of building assemblies is a result of their response to heat,
air, and moisture transfer phenomena. The overall building service life, energy efficiency,
and comfort and health of occupants require good control of the hygrothermal behavior of
each assembly. In Chapter 5, the hygrothermal behavior of CLT assemblies is discussed
with the aim of defining general design principles for durability. Practical recommenda-
tions for the design, construction, and maintenance of CLT structures are presented with
the specific objective of maximizing service life and durability as related to hygrothermal
performance. The heat, air, and moisture phenomena and relevant variables can be consid-
ered at different scales: at the material level, such as the hygrothermal parameters deter-
mined by the natural characteristics and composition of wood; at the product level, such
as differences in the manufacturing process and product-specific characteristics of CLT
panels; at the component/assembly level, such as the specific location of the assembly
within the building and its performance requirements; and at the scale of the building and
site, such as type of occupancy, climate zone, and construction type. In Chapter 5, these
considerations are addressed in order of increasing scale, from the material and product
level to the assembly level and to the scale of the whole building.
Building enclosures play an important role in the hygrothermal performance of a
building and represent a buffer from the external environment. Principles and recom-
mendations for the design of CLT enclosure assemblies regarding weather protection,
moisture control, airtightness, and thermal control are presented in Chapter 5 with
schematic examples. Design principles are presented that account for differential move-
ment between parts of a mass-timber building. These details intend to prevent potential
negative effects on structural integrity, enclosure performance, and serviceability.
Additionally, Chapter 5 presents an approach to durability, encompassing design,
construction, and maintenance as well as techniques for the inspection and monitoring
of CLT components over time.

1.5 Acoustics
The impact that acoustics may have on building occupants and on people in the
environment surrounding the building should be considered in the design and construc-
tion of buildings. The study and practice of architectural acoustics is broadly intended to
address these impacts. For the characterization of the various acoustical impacts, archi-
tectural acoustics can be subdivided into basic elements, including room acoustics,
sound isolation, footfall/impact noise isolation, mechanical noise and vibration controL
and environmental noise control
 Introduction 5

Chapter 6 of the book provides an overview of the unique acoustic considerations to

be made for the design of projects with CLT mass-timber structure. The chapter will
begin with a broad overview of acoustics in buildings to frame the discussion of acoustic
concepts. Then the chapter outlines the limited acoustic code requirements in the
United States for relevant project types; the chapter also presents a comparison between
CLT and other structural systems with regard to acoustic, CLT detailing and lab tests,
and other analysis methods.

1.6 Fire
Chapter 7 of the book covers an extensive overview on fire as related to timber and CLT
as well as building performance when exposed to fire. The chapter covers the basics of
timber reaction to fire, wood structure and chemistry, wood pyrolysis and combustion,
wood char, char rates, building stability during fire, expected building performance
when exposed to fire, high-rise construction, and CLT fire resistance rating.

1.7 Environmental Aspects of Wood As a Construction Material

Chapter 8 covers the environmental aspects of wood as a construction material in
comparison with other construction material, sustainability versus the increased use of
wood, and durability of wood over time. These issues are addressed by examining the
environmental implications of wood as a construction material with comparison to
alternative materials based on a systematic assessment of a range of impact estimators.
The assessments include single-family residential structure, multistory apartment build-
ing, and mid-rise office building.
The chapter also discusses the current state of North American forests and recent
and historical trends in forest cover and growth-harvest relationships. Forest conditions
and trends in other world regions are also examined.

1.8 Sustainability
Sustainability is covered in Chapter 9 since CLT is a wood product; it depends upon the
availability of forest resources to be produced. All materials, including wood products,
have environmental impacts and considerations of sustainability that are relevant when
evaluating the use of CLT as well as other building materials. Chapter 9 discusses the
concept of sustainability, what it means, and what is considered. The specifics of forest
sustainability are also addressed, including historic factors, international conditions, and
North American forest resources. The modem methods of forest protection, manage-
ment, and restoration are described along with current concerns for forest health, carbon
storage, sustainable livelihoods, and other benefits associated with sustainability. Finally,
this chapter outlines the various ways that CLT and the use of CLT in construction can
contribute to sustainability goals for forests, communities, and our built environment.

References
[1] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tnnber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2011.
[2] International Code Council International Building Code. Country Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2015.
6 Chapter One

[3] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2012.
[4] International Code Council. International Residential Code. Cowitry Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2015.
[5] Engineering Design in Wood CSA 086, Canadian Standards Association, 2014.
[6] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2017.
[7] International Code Council. International Building Code. Country Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2018.
[8] International Code Council. International Residential Code. Cowitry Club Hills, Illinois, U.S.A.
2018.
[9] APA-The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated
Tunber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. 2020.
 CHAPTER 2
Product Standard for
Cross-Laminated Timber
Borjen ("BJ;j Yeh, Ph.D., P.E.
APA-The Engineered Wood Association

Introduction
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), as shown in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, is a prefabricated
engineered wood product made of at least three orthogonal layers of graded sawn lum-
ber or structural composite lumber (SCL) that are laminated by gluing with structural
adhesives to form a solid rectangular-shaped, straight, and plane timber intended for
structural (roof, floor, or wall) applications. These CLT products can be used for
structural and nonstructural applications. For the purpose of this chapter, these CLT
products are intended for structural applications, such as those used in building con-
struction, and are different from those used in nonstructural applications, such as the
truck mats used in oil fields.
While these engineered wood products have been used in Europe for over 20 years,
the production of structural CLT and design of CLT structural systems started in North
America around 2008. Today, there are four major manufacturers of structural CLT in
North America. They are DR Johnson Wood Innovations in Riddle, Oregon; Nordic
Structures in Chibougamau, Quebec; Smartlam in Columbia Fall, Montana; and
Structurlam Products in Penticton, British Columbia, as shown in Fig. 2.3. There are at
least three additional CLT manufacturers that are expected to join the production in
North America in 2018. Check with www.apawood.org/manufacturer-directory for the
latest directory for CLT manufacturers certified by APA.
For the acceptance of new construction materials or systems in North America, such
as CLT, a consensus-based product standard is essential to the manufacturers, designers,
and regulatory bodies. In recognition ofthis need, APA-The Engineered Wood Association
in the United States and FPinnovations in Canada initiated a joint standard development
process in 2010. The intent was to develop a binational CLT standard for North America
using the consensus standard development process of APA as a standards developer
accredited by the ANSI. After months of intensive committee meetings and balloting, the

7
8 Chapter Two

FIGURE 2.1 Cross sectton of a five-layer CLT Panel (arrows Indicate the strength direction).

first North American CLT standard was completed as the ANSI/APA PRG 320-2011
Standard for Peiformance-Rated Cross Laminat.ed nmber [1] in December 2011. This
standard, which was adopted by the 2015 ln~mational Building Code (IBC) was subse-
quently revised and published as ANSI/APA PRG 320-2012 [2] in October 2012 and

FIGURE 2.2 CLT orientations (top left:flatwlse bending In the major strength direction; top right: ftatwlse
bending in the minor strength direction; bottom left edgewise bending in the major strength direction;
bottom right: edgewise bending in the minor strength direction).
 Product Standard t

D.R. Johnson Nordic Engineered Wood

Riddle, Oregon Chibougamau, Quebec

Smartlam Structurlam
Columbia Falls, Montana Penticton, British Columbia

FIGURE 2.3 Current major structural CLT manufacturers In North America.

adopted by the 2015 International Resi<kntial Code (IRC) in the United States and the
2014 CSA 086, Engineering Design in Wood, in Canada.
In October 2017, a new ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 was completed by the PRG 320
consensus-based canvas committee and approved by ANSI as the latest standard. ANSI/
APA PRG 320-2017 [3], which have been adopted by the 2018 IBC and IRC, clarified and
addressed issues that were emerging in CLT manufacturing in North America. This
chapter provides detailed information for the background and key considerations based
on ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017. The provisions directed quoted from ANSI/APA PRG
320-2017 are shown in Italic in the text below. Note that the referenced sections in the
directed quoted provisions are those from ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.

2.1 Scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320

The scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320, as stated in.ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017, is as follows:

1.SCOPE
Cross-laminated timber (CI:I') panels referenced in this standard are <kfauui in 3.2 and shall
be qualified and trtukmarlaul in accordance with this standard. This standard provides
dimensions and tolerances, performance requirements, tut methods, quality assurance, and
trtukmarkingfor CLTpt:utBls.
CLT pmuls .shall be used lit dry service condl.tio11S, mch as ln most cqyered structure.s,
where th8 average equlllbrlrnn moisture amtent ofsolid wood is less than 16 perctnt In th8
US., and l.s 15 percent or kss ewer a year and does not uc.eed 19 percent in Canada. CLT
panels qualljkd ln aca>rdance with the provlslom ofthi.s standard are Intended to rul.st th8
f'jfects of moisture on structuml performance as may occur dw to construction delays or
otJter conditil>ns ofsimilar severity. Products carrying a trtukmark ofthis standard shall be
10 Chapter Two

used in accordance with the ins'tallation requirements prescribed in the recommendations

provided by the CLT manufacturer, an approved agency, and/or its trade association. Finger
joining, edge gluing, and face gluing between CLT panels, and camber of CLT panels are
beyond the scope ofthis s'tandard.

Based on the stated scope, CLT products qualified and trademarked to ANSI/APA PRG
320 is limited to dry service conditions, such as in most covered structures where the
mean equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 percent
(i.e., 65 percent relative humidity and 68°F or 20°C) in the United States and is 15 per-
cent or less over a year and does not exceed 19 percent in Canada. Therefore, the CLT
products manufactured to ANSI/APA PRG 320 may not be suitable for exterior applica-
tions where the products are exposed to the elements. Also, it should be noted that nail-
laminated timber (NLT), dowel-laminated timber (DLT), finger-jointed or scarf-jointed
CLT (in the billet form), or other CLT products manufactured without structural adhesive
bonds are outside the scope of ANSI/APA PRG 320.
It is important to note that CLT products evaluated by a recognized inspection or
product certification agency as meeting ANSI/APA PRG 320 is required by the U.S. and
Canadian building codes to provide the designers with an assurance for product quality
and performance. For example, the following are the requirements in the 2018
International Building Code (IBC) [4], the 2018 International Residential Code (IRC) [5],
and the 2014 CSA 086, Engineering Design in Wood [6], which is referenced by the
2015 National Building Code (NBC) of Canada [7]. Therefore, CLT products that are not
certified as in conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320 are not in compliance with the IBC,
IRC, and NBC, unless specifically approved by the engineer of record and the authority
having jurisdiction (building regulators).

(2018 IBC) 2303.1.4 Structural glued crass-laminated timber.

Cross-laminared timbers shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with ANSUAPA
PRG320.
(2018 IRC) R502.1.6 Crou-laminated timber.
Cross-laminated timber shall be manufactured and identified as required by ANSI/APA
PRG320.
(2014 CSA 086) 8.1 Scope
The design values and methods given in Clause 8 apply only to panels ofprimary and custom
CLT stress grades manufactured and certified in accordance with ANSI/APA PRG 320 and
layups as defined in Clause 8.2 Panels with alternative CLT layups shall be designed in
accordance with Clause 4.3.2.

It is very important for the designer to understand that the acceptance of CLT prod-
ucts that have not demonstrated conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320 is not as simple as
a conversion of design properties published by the CLT suppliers, especially for those
products imported from outside of North America. The CLT design standards in North
America were developed based on an array of performance expectations stipulated in
ANSI/APA PRG 320, such as heat durability, moisture durability, and fire performance,
in addition to the compatibility of the design value derivation in North America.
Accepting CLT products without demonstrated conformance to ANSI/APA PRG 320, as
required by the U.S. and Canadian building codes, carries the responsibility of structural
engineering and fire safety design, as well as the acceptance of product quality and dura-
bility in structural and fire performance.
 Product Standard 11

2.2 Components for CLT

The major components for CLT include laminations, adhesives, and lamination joints
(end joints, face joints, and edge joints if used). To manufacture a structural CLT, the
quality of these components must be qualified and then quality controlled on an ongoing
basis under an in-plant quality management system, which should cover the manufac-
turing processes and under a third-party independent product certification program.

2.2.1 Laminations
CLT is manufactured with laminations of dimension lumber or SCL, such as laminated
veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), or oriented strand lumber (OSL),
which are bonded with structural adhesives through face joints, end joints, and/or edge
joints. The requirements for lumber laminations in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are as follows:

6.1 Laminations-Lumber
6.1.1 Lumber spedu
Any softwood lumber species or species combinations recognized by American Lumber
Standards Committee (ALSC) under PS 20 or Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation
Board (CLSAB) under CSA 0141 with a minimum published specific gravity of0,35, as pub-
lished in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) in the US. and
CSA 086 in Canada, shall be permittedfor use in CLT manufacturing provided that other
requirements specified in this section are satisfied. The same lumber species or species com-
bination shall be used within a single layer of CLT. Adjacent layers of CLTshall be permitted
t.o be made ofdifferent species or species combinations.
6.1.2 Lumber grades
The minimum grade of lumber in the parallel layers of CLT shall be 1200f-1.2E MSR or
visual grade No, 2. The minimum grade oflumber in the perpendicular layers ofCLTshall be
visual grade No. 3. Remanufactured lumber shall be considered as equivalent t.o solid-sawn
lumber when qualified in accordance with Section 4.3.4 ofANSI Al 90.1 in the US. or SPS 1,
2, 4, or 6 in Canada. Proprietary lumber grades meeting or exceeding the mechanical proper-
ties of the lumber grades specified above shall be permitted for use provided that they are
qualified in accordance with the requirements ofan approved agency.
6.1.3 Lamination sizes
a. Major Strength Direction-The net width ofa lamination shall not be less than 1. 75
times the lamination thicknessfor the parallel layers.
b. Minor Strength Direction-If the laminations in the perpendicular (cross} layers are
not edge bonded, the net width of a lamination shall not be less than 3.5 times the
lamination thickness for the perpendicular (cross) layers unless the interlaminar shear
strength and creep are evaluated by testing in accordance with Section 8.5.5 and the
principles ofASTM D6815, respectively.
c. Both Directions-The net thickness ofa lamination for all layers at the time ofgluing
shall not be less than 5/8 inch {16 mm) or more than 2 inches (51 mm). In addition, the
lamination thickness shall not vary within the same CLT layer.
6.1.4 Moisture content
The moisture content ofthe lumber at the time of CLT manufacturing shall be 12 ± 396. The
moisture content ofthe SCL at the time ofCLT manufacturing shall be 8 ± 396.
6.2 Laminations-Structural Composite Lumber
SCL products meeting the requirements ofASTM D5456 and the equivalent specific gravity
specified in 6.1.1 shall be permitted for use. SCL laminations must also meet the require-
ments of6.1.3 through 6.1.6.
12 Chapter Two

ANSI/APA PRG 320 utilizes the European experience in engineering theories and
manufacturing processes of CLT and takes into consideration the characteristics of the
North American lumber resource, manufacturing preference, and end-use expectations.
For example, the standard permits the use of any softwood lumber species or species
combinations recognized by the American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) under
PS 20 [8] or the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) under CSA
0141 [9] with a minimum specific gravity (SG) of 0.35, as published in the National
Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) [10] in the United States or the
Engineering Design in Wood (CSA 086) [6] in Canada. One advantage ofusing standard-
grade lumber is that such lumber will typically be marked as "HT" (heat treated),
meaning that the resulting CLT product will also meet national and international phyto-
sanitary requirements when the traceability (chain-of-custody) requirements of the
lumber laminations can be properly demonstrated and certified. Note that CLT products
made of hardwood lumber species are not part of ANSI/ APA PRG 320 due to the lack of
manufacturing experience and insignificance in commercial production volume for
structural applications in North America today.
The minimum SG of 0.35 is intended as the lower bound for the CLT connection
design since it is the near minimum value of commercially available wood species in
North America, western woods in the United States, and northern species in Canada. To
avoid differential mechanical and physical properties of lumber, the standard requires
that the same lumber species or species combination be used within the same layer of the
CLT while permitting adjacent layers of the CLT to be made of different species or species
combinations. The standard also permits the use of SCL when qualified in accordance
with ASTM D5456 [11]. In reality, however, it may be still years away before SCL would
be used in CLT production because of apparent challenges in the face bonding of SCL to
SCL or SCL to lumber. Due to the thickness variation and surface oxidation or inactivation
of SCL, surface planing or sanding may be required for SCL before gluing. Another
consideration is its cost competitiveness with lumber. Nonetheless, the advantage of SCL
that can be produced in a long and wide billet form is one important reason that the
ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee elected to include SCL in the standard Other attractive
factors also include free of natural defects, such as wane, shake, and knots; more uniform
stiffness and strength; and greater dimensional stability. The ANSI/APA PRG 320
Committee is working on more provisions that will be added to a future version of ANSI/
APA PRG 320 to guide the use of SCL in CLT production.
Lumber grades in the parallel and perpendicular layers of CLT are required to be at
least 1200f-1.2E MSR or visually graded No. 2 and visually graded No. 3, respectively.
Remanufactured lumber is permitted as equivalent to solid-sawn lumber when qualified
in accordance with ANSI A190.1 [12] in the United States or SPS 1, 2, 4, or 6 [13-16] in
Canada. Proprietary lumber grades meeting or exceeding the mechanical properties of
the lumber grades specified above are permitted provided that they are qualified in
accordance with the requirements of an approved agency, which is defined in the
standard as an independent inspection agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17020 [17] or
an independent testing agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 [18] in the United States
or a certification agency accredited under ISO/IEC 17065 [19] in Canada. This allows for
a great flexibility in the utilization of forest resources in North America.
The net lamination thickness for all CLT layers at the time of gluing is required to be
at least 5/8 in. (16 mm) but not thicker than 2 in. (51 mm) to facilitate face bonding.
In addition, the lamination thickness is not permitted to vary within the same CLT layer
 Product Standard 13

except when it is within the lamination thickness tolerances-at the time of face bonding,
variations in thickness across the width of a lamination is limited to ±o.008 in. (0.2 mm)
or less, and the variation in thickness along the length of a lamination is limited to ±o.012
in. (0.3 mm). These maximum tolerances may need to be adjusted during qualification
so as to produce acceptable face bond performance.
The net lamination width is required to be at least 1.75 times the lamination thickness
for the parallel layers in the major strength direction of the CLT. This means that if
2x lumber (1-3/8 in. or 35 mm in net thickness after surfacing prior to gluing) is used in the
parallel layers, the minimum net lamination width must be at least 2.4 in. (61 mm), i.e.,
2 x 3 lumber. On the other hand, the net lamination width is required to be at least 3.5 times
the lamination thickness for the perpendicular layers ifthe laminations in the perpendicular
(cross) layers are not edge-bonded, unless the interlaminar shear strength and creep of the
CLT are evaluated by testing. This means that if 2x lumber is used in the perpendicular
layers, the net lamination width must be at least 4.8 in. (122 mm), i.e., 2 x 6 lumber.
This minimum lamination width in the perpendicular layers could become a problem
fur CLT manufacturers who may prefer to use 2 x 3 (net 1%in.x2% in. or 38 mm x 63 mm)
or 2 x 4 (net 1% in. x 3% in. or 38 mm x 89 mm) lumber. However, the Committee was
concerned about the unbonded edge joints, which could leave gaps as potential stress
risers. These, in turn, may reduce the effective interlaminar shear strength and stiffness
and may result in excessive creep. Therefore, in this case, the manufacturers will have to
either edge-glue the laminations or demonstrate the conformance to the standard by
conducting interlaminar shear tests and ASTM D6815 [20] creep tests. It should be noted
that this is an interim measure due to the lack of data at this point in time to address the
concerns. As a result, it is expected that this provision may be revisited as more information
becomes available.
The selection oflumber laminations represent a key step in CLT manufacturing, and
the lumber grade should be selected in accordance to the CLT layup of the CLT panel. In
addition, for a CLT appearance classification (discussed below), the outermost layer(s)
may have specific visual characteristics for aesthetic purposes.
Most adhesives require that surfaces be planed prior to adhesive application and
pressing to ensure a strong and durable gluebond. ANSI/APA PRG 320 recommends the
following:

Note 5. It may be necessary to plane the lamination suiface within 48 hours offace bonding
for some wood species.

When the graded lumber is replaned just prior to bonding, depending on the amount
of wood removed, this may alter the grade of the lumber, so a grade verification may be
necessary. The use of rough-sawn lumber may seem to result in some saving because the
lumber is required to be only planed once, and a lumber grading for visual or E-rating
after planing may increase the net cost.
It should be noted that the packages of kiln-dried lumber are usually solid-stacked
and dried to a moisture content (MC) of 19 percent or less at the time of surfacing, which
may not be suitable for all CLT manufacturing processes. For example, some adhesives
are sensitive to MC variations. ANSI/APA PRG 320 recommends that lumber having a
MC of 12% ± 3% for CLT manufacturing to ensure proper bond quality of the product. If
SCL is used, the target MC should be 8% ± 3% at the time of CLT manufacturing. It is
recommended that the maximum difference in MC between adjacent pieces that are to
14 Ch a p t er Two

be joined in CLT not exceed 5 percentage points. A handheld or online MC meter can be
used to check the lumber MC.
ANSI/APA PRG 320 does not specifically address the wood temperature for CLT
manufacturing with the expectation that this will be self-regulated by the adhesive
manufacturer's specification. In general, wood temperature will affect the gluebond
quality, and the adhesive manufacturer's recommendations should be followed. The
ambient temperature in the manufacturing facility may also have an effect on some
process parameters, such as the open assembly time and adhesive curing time. Therefore,
it is recommended that the ambient temperature for the CLT manufacturing be at least
60°F (15°C).
In addition to the lumber MC and temperature, there are other lumber characteristics
that may affect the quality of the adhesive bond. These either impact on the pressure that
is effectively applied to the gluebond or simply reduce the available bonding surface.
Lumber warp in the form of bow, crook, cup, and twist are examples ofthe former. Wane
is a common example of the latter. Standard grades of framing lumber permit these
characteristics to varying degrees. While these limits are acceptable for wood frame
construction, some of these characteristics need to be restricted when manufacturing
CLT in order to ensure formation of a good gluebond
It is important that the impact of these characteristics, if permitted, be taken into
account in the product manufacturing and expected gluebond performance. In ANSI/
APA PRG 320, for example, this is addressed by grading to achieve an effective bond area
of a minimum of 80 percent, as shown below:

8.3 Qualification ofEffective Bond Area

8.3.1 General
The manufacturershall establish visual grading rulesfor the bon.tkdfaces and limit the aver-
age glue skip to maintain an average effective bond area of80% or more.
The manufacturer's visualgrading rules established to achieve the effective bond area shall
include major visual characteristics based on characteristic measurements consistent with
standard lumber grading rules.

For example, wane will reduce the bonding area and concentrate the stresses in a
CLT panel However, wane cannot be ignored because it is a permitted characteristic in
all lumber visual grades. The effect of wane can be accommodated by removing pieces
with excessive amounts of wane and/or rearranging or reorienting pieces with wane.

2.2.2 Adhesives
Another critical component for CLT is the adhesives. The requirements for CLT adhesives
in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are as follows:

6.3 Adhesives
a. In the U.S., adhesives usedfor CLT manufacturing shall meet the requirements ofANSI
405 with the exception that Section 2.1.6 of ANSI 405 (either ASTM D3434 or CSA
0112.9) is not required. In addition, adhesives shall be evaluatedfor heat performance
in accordance with Section 6.1.3.4 ofDOC PSl.
b. In Canada, adhesives shall meet the requirements of CSA 0112.10, and Sections 2.1.3
and 3.3 (ASTM D'1247 heat durability) of ANSI 405. In addition, adhesives shall be
evaluated for heat performance in accordance with Section 6.1.3.4 ofDOC PSl.
c. For use in both the US. and Canada, adhesives shall meet both a and b in this section.
 Product Standard 15

The standard requires that the adhesives used for CLT manufacturing meet the
requirements of ANSI 405 [21] with the exception that the extreme gluebond durability
tests in ANSI 405 (either ASTM D3434 [22] or CSA 0112.9 [23]), which are designed for
adhesive qualification in exterior applications, is not required because CLT products man-
ufactured to ANSI/APA PRG 320 are limited to dry service conditions, such as in most
covered structures where the mean EMC of solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 percent (i.e.,
65 percent relative humidity and 68°F or 20°C) in the United States and is 15 percent or
less over a year and does not exceed 19 percent in Canada. Note that ANSI 405 includes
ASTM D7247 heat durability tests [24]. CLT products qualified in accordance with the
standard are intended to resist the effects of moisture on structural performance, as it may
occur due to construction delays or other conditions of similar severity.
In Canada, CLT adhesives have to meet the requirements of CSA 0112.10 [25] and
ASTM D7247 heat durability, which are part of the requirements in ANSI 405. In
addition, in both countries, CLT adhesives have to be evaluated for heat performance in
accordance with PSI [26]. The intent of the heat performance evaluation is to determine
if an adhesive will exhibit heat delamination characteristics, which may increase the char
rate of the CLT when exposed to fire in certain applications. If heat delamination occurs,
the CLT manufacturer is expected to consult with the adhesive manufacturer and the
approved agency to develop appropriate strategies in product manufacturing and/or
end-use recommendations for the CLT fire design [27].
It is important to note that ANSI/APA PRG 320 does not currently have pass/fail
criteria on adhesive heat delamination. This is because the standard CLT char rate, as
stipulated in Chapter 16 of the NDS, has assumed the occurrence of adhesive heat
delamination under fire exposure. However, in recent full-scale compartment fire tests,
it was discovered that a certain type of CLT adhesive that causes adhesive heat
delamination can result in a fire regrowth and second flashover, which is a concern by
the fire service for mid- to high-rise tall wood buildings that may have a delayed
firefighting if the automatic sprinklers are also malfunctioning or manually deactivated
for some reason. Therefore, the ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee is actively working
with the International Code Council (ICC) Ad Hoe Committee on Tall Wood Buildings
to revise the adhesive qualification requirements in ANSI/APA PRG 320 to prohibit
adhesives that exhibit the heat delamination and fire regrowth behavior. In the
meantime, the ANSI 405 Committee has also just approved the addition of CSA 0177
[28] small-scale flame test to ANSI 405-2018 glulam adhesive standard. Since ANSI 405
is directly referenced in ANSI/APA PRG 320, the CSA 0177 small-scale flame test will
become a new requirement for all CLT adhesives when ANSI/APA PRG 320 adopts
ANSI 405-2018.
Several types of structural adhesives have been successfully used in CLT production,
as listed below:

• Phenolic types, such as phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF)

• Melamine types, such as melamine formaldehyde (MEL)
• Emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI)
• One-component polyurethane (PUR)

PRF and MEL are well-known adhesives for structural use and commonly used for
glulam manufacturing in North America. EPI adhesive is used for wood I-joist and lam-
ination. PUR adhesive has been commonly used in Europe to produce CLT. It should be
16 Chapter Two

noted that not all formulations within an adhesive type will meet the requirements of the
structural adhesive standard and that there may be considerable variation in working
properties within each adhesive type. Documentation showing that the adhesive has met
the appropriate standards is required for CLT product certification. In addition, the
working properties of the adhesive needed by the manufacturing process should be con-
sidered and discussed with the adhesive supplier.
In addition to cost and working properties, each adhesive type may possess other
attributes that may be important. For example, among the four adhesive types indicated
above, PRF is dark brown, whereas MEL, EPI, and PUR are light colored. PUR is manu-
factured without the addition of solvents or formaldehyde and is moisture reactive. EPI
is also free from formaldehyde. Due to the chemical reaction, PUR normally produces
slight foaming during hardening.

2.2.3 Lamination Joints

Lamination joints include end joints, face joints, and edge joints. The requirements for
lamination joints in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are as follows:

6.4 Lamination Joints

6.4.1 Geural
The lamination joints of CLT shall meet the requirements specified in this section.
6.4.2 End joints in laminatiom
The strength, wood failure, and durability of lamination end joints shall be qualified in
accordance with Section 12.1.3 ofANSI Al 90.1 and meet the requirements specified therein
in the US., or shall be qualified in accordance with Section 9.5 of CSA 0177 and meet the
requirements specified therein in Canada.
6.4.3 Edge andface joints in laminatiom
The wood failure and durability of the face and edge (when required for structural perfor-
mance) joints shall be qualified in accordance with Section 12.1.2 ofANSI A190.1 and meet
all requirements, exceptfor the shear strength, specified in Sections 12.1.2(b) ofthat standard
in the US., or shall be qualified in accordance with Sections 9.2 and 9.3 of CSA 0177 and
meet all requirements, exceptfor the shear strength, specified therein in Canada.

Adhesive-bonded edge joints between laminations in the same layer of CLT are not
required in accordance with ANSI/APA PRG 320 unless CLT's structural and/or fire
performance is qualified based on the use of adhesive-bonded edge joints. As previously
mentioned, laminations with unbonded edge joints in the perpendicular layers are sub-
ject to the minimum width limitation of 3.5 times the lamination thickness. On the other
hand, the end joints within the same lamination, as applicable (e.g., SCL layers may be
provided in full width and full length), and the face joints between adjacent laminations
must be qualified in accordance with the glulam standard, ANSI A190.1 in the United
States and CSA 0177 in Canada, with the exception that the interlaminar shear strength
criteria do not apply due to the lower interlaminar shear strength when adjacent lamina-
tions are perpendicular. However, these provisions will be reviewed when more plant
data are gathered and analyzed in the immediate future.
It should be also noted that the gap in the unbonded edge joint of the CLT is not
specified in the current ANSI/APA PRG 320 even though the intent is to have the edge
joint as tight as possible. In practicality, however, it is very difficult to have a completely
tight unhanded edge joints. Therefore, the ANSI/APA PRG 320 Committee is currently
 Product Standard 17

working on a reasonable specification to ensure that the unbonded edge joints are
reasonable close to each other. This specification is likely to be added to the future
version of ANSI/APA PRG 320.

2.3 CLT Requirements

2.3.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances

Dimensions and dimensional tolerances of CLT, as specified in ANSI/APA PRG 320, are
as follows:

5. PANEL DIMENSIONS AND DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

5.1 Thickness
The thickness of CLT shall not exceed 20 inches (508 mm).
5.2 CLT Dimensional Tolerances
Dimension tolerances permitted at the time ofmanufacturing shall be as follows:
Thickness: ± 1116 inch (1.6 mm) or 296 ofthe CLT thickness, whichever is great.er
Wuith: ±%inch (3.2 mm) ofthe CLTwidth
Length:± ~inch (6.4 mm) of the CLT length
Textured or otherface or edge finishes are permitted to alt.er the tolerances specified in this
section. The designer shall compensate for any loss in cross-section and/or specified strength
ofsuch alt.erations.
5.3 Squarenes&
Unless specified otherwise, the length of the two panel face diagonals measured between
panel corners shall not differ by more than % inch (3.2 mm).
5.4 Straightnesa
Unless specified otherwise, deviation of edges from a straight line between adjacent panel
comers shall not exceed 1116 inch (1.6 mm).

The thickness of CLT is limited to 20 in. (508 mm) or less in ANSI/APA PRG 320.
This is considered an upper limit that the CLT may be handled in production and trans-
portation. In addition, dimension tolerances permitted in ANSI/APA PRG 320 are based
on the measurements at the time of manufacturing. Textured or other face or edge fin-
ishes are permitted to alter the tolerances. However, the designers need to compensate
for any loss in cross section and/or the specified strength due to such alterations.
The standard also specifies the CLT panel squareness, defined as the length of the
two panel face diagonals measured between panel corners, to be within % in. (3.2 mm)
or less. In addition, the CLT panel straightness, defined as the deviation of edges from a
straight line between adjacent panel corners, is required to not exceed 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).

2.3.2 CLT Layups

As part of the standardization effort, seven CLT layups are stipulated in ANSI/APA
PRG 320, while custom CLT products are also recognized, provided that the products
are qualified by an approved agency in accordance with the qualification and mechani-
cal test requirements specified in the standard. The CLT layups are presented in the
form of structural capacities, such as bending strength (FbS), bending stiffness (EI),
18 Chapter Two

interlaminar shear strength (~), and shear rigidity (GA), in both major and minor
strength directions. This allows for the needed flexibility to CLT manufacturers for con-
formance to the product standard based on the available material resources and required
design capacities.
The CLT layups were developed based on the following prescriptive lumber species
and grades available in North America:

• El: 1950f-1.7E Spruce-Pine-Fir MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all transverse layers
• E2: 1650f-1.5E Douglas fir-Larch MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and
No. 3 Douglas fir-Larch lumber in all transverse layers
• E3: 1200f-1.2E Eastern Softwoods, Northern Species, or Western Woods MSR
lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Eastern Softwoods, Northern Species,
or Western Woods lumber in all transverse layers
• E4: 1950f-1.7E Southern Pine MSR lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Southern Pine lumber in all transverse layers
• Vl: No. 2 Douglas fir-Larch lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Douglas
fir-Larch lumber in all transverse layers
• V2: No. 1/No. 2 Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3
Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber in all transverse layers
• V3: No. 2 Southern Pine lumber in all longitudinal layers and No. 3 Southern
Pine lumber in all transverse layers

The required characteristic strengths and moduli of elasticity for the laminations
used to manufacture each layup of CLT are listed in Table 2.1. The corresponding allow-
able stress design (ASD) values for the United States and limit states design {LSD) design
values for Canada are provided in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 (i.e., Tables Al and A4 in ANSI/APA
PRG 320), respectively. As seen from the list above, both mechanically graded lumber
(for "E" classes) and visually graded lumber (for "V" classes) are included in this stan-
dard. Also included are three major species groups in North America: Douglas fir-Larch,
Spruce-Pine-Fir, and Southern Pine (note that Layups E4 and V3 using Southern Pine
lumber are not available in Canada). With the published lumber properties for each
layup, the design capacities of the CLT were derived based on the "shear analogy"
method developed in Europe [29] and the following assumptions:

• The modulus of elasticity of lumber in the perpendicular to grain direction, E90,

is 1/30 of the modulus of elasticity of lumber in the parallel to grain direction, E0•
• The modulus of shear rigidity of lumber in the parallel to grain direction, Go' is
1/16 of the modulus of elasticity of lumber in the parallel to grain direction, E0 •
• The modulus of shear rigidity of lumber in the perpendicular to grain direction,
G!lll' is 1/10 of the modulus of shear rigidity of lumber in the parallel to grain
direction, G0 •

The design capacities for CLT are provided in the format of ASD for the United
States, as shown in Table 2.4 (i.e., Table A2 of ANSI/APA PRG 320), and LSD for Canada,
as shown in Table 2.5 (i.e., Table A4 in ANSI/APA PRG 320). The allowable bending and
shear strengths can be readily converted to the characteristic bending and shear strengths
(5th percentile with 75 percent confidence), respectively, by multiplying by an adjustment
 Product Standard 19

L.amln11tlons used In m11jor strength direction L.amln11tlons used In minor strength direction
CLT
layup
fb
{psi)
E f~
(10' psi) {psi)
f.
{psi)
fy
{psi)
f,
(psi)
fb
(psi)
E
(106 psi)
f~
(psi)
f.
(psi)
fy
(psi) '·
(psi)
E1 4095 1.7 2885 3420 425 140 1050 1.2 525 1235 425 140
E2 3465 1.5 2140 3230 565 185 1100 1.4 680 1470 565 185
E3 2520 1.2 1260 2660 345 115 735 0.9 315 900 345 115
E4 4095 1.7 2885 3420 550 180 945 1.3 525 1375 550 180
V1 1890 1.6 1205 2565 565 185 1100 1.4 680 1470 565 185
V2 1835 1.4 945 2185 425 140 1050 1.2 525 1235 425 140
V3 1575 1.4 945 2375 550 180 945 1.3 525 1375 550 180
For SI: 1 psi= 0.006895 MPa.
ColSee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lbl'fabulated values are test values and shall not be used for design. See Table 2.2 for design properties.
c<1custom CLTlayupsthat are not listed lnthlstable shall be permitted In accordance with Sectlon 7.2.1of ANSVAPA PRG 320-2017.
ldl'fhe characteristic values shall be determined as follows from the published reference design value unless otherwise justi-
fied by the approved agency:
fb = 2.1 x published ASD reference bending stress (FJ.
f1 = 2.1 x publlshed ASD reference tenslle stress (F),
fc = 1.9 x published ASD reference compressive stress parallel to grain (FJ,
f.= 3.15 x published ASD reference shear stress (F,).

TABLE 2.1 Required CharacteristicTestValuesCa-dJ for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT

Laminations used In major strength direction Laminations used In minor strength direction
CLT Fb E'"' Ft Fe Fv F, Fb El<I> Ft Fe Fv F,
layup (psi) (10' psi) {psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10' psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) I
E1 1950 1.7 1375 1800 135 45 500 1.2 250 650 135 45
E2 1650 15 1020 1700 180 60 525 1.4 325 775 180 60
E3 1200 1.2 600 1400 110 35 350 0.9 150 475 110 35
E4 1950 1.7 1375 1800 175 55 450 1.3 250 725 175 55
V1 900 1.6 575 1350 180 60 525 1.4 325 775 180 60
V2 875 1.4 450 1150 135 45 500 1.2 250 650 135 45
V3 750 1.4 450 1250 175 55 450 1.3 250 725 175 55
For SI: 1 psi= 0.006895 MPa.
!olSee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lhl'fabulated values are ASD reference design values and not permitted to be increased for the lumber size and flat use adjust-
ment factors in accordance with the NDS. The design values shall be used in conjunction with the section properties pro-
vided by the CLT manufacturer based on the actual layup used In manufacturing the CLT panel (see Table 2.4).
ic1custom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG
320-2017.
ldl'fhe tabulated Evalues are published Efor lumber. For calculating the CLT design properties shown in Table 2.4, the trans-
verse E of the lamination is assumed to be E/30, the longitudinal G of the lamination is assumed to be E/16, and the
transverse G of the lamfnatlon fs assumed to be longftudlnal G/10.

TABLE 2.2 ASD Reference Design ValuesC>-cl for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT (for use in the United States)
20 Chapter Two

Laminations used In major strength direction Laminations used In minor strength direction
CLT
E<dl E<lll
layup fb
{MPa) {MPa)
f, f, fy
{MPa) {MPa) {MPa) {MPa) '· fb
(MPa) {MPa)
f,
{MPa)
f,
(MPa)
fy
(MPa) '·
(MPa)
E1 28.2 11,700 15.4 19.3 15 0.50 7.0 9000 3.2 9.0 1.5 0.50
E2 23.9 10,300 11.4 18.1 1.9 0.63 4.6 10,000 2.1 7.3 1.9 0.63
E3 17.4 8300 6.7 15.1 13 0.43 4.5 6500 2.0 5.2 13 0.43
V1 10.0 11,000 5.8 14.0 1.9 0.63 4.6 10,000 2.1 7.3 1.9 0.63
V2 11.8 9500 5.5 11.5 15 0.50 7.0 9000 3.2 9.0 1.5 0.50
For SI: 1 MPa = 145 psi.
oosee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
1b1fabulated values are LSD design values and not permitted to be Increased for the lumber size adjustment factor In
accordance with CSA 086. The design values shall be used In conjunction with the section properties provided by
the CLT manufacturer based on the actual layup used in manufacturing the CLT panel (see Table 2.5).
CcJCustom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA
PRG 320-2017.
"°The tabulated Evalues are publlshed Efor Iumber. For c.alculatlng the CLT design properties shown In Table 2.5, the
transverse E of the lamination Is assumed to be E/30, the longitudinal G of the lamInation Is assumed to be E/16, and
the transverse G of the lamination is assumed to be longitudinal G/10.

TABLE 2.3 LSD Specified Strength and Modulus of ElasticitY.-cJ for Laminations Used in PRG 320 CLT (for use
in Canada)

factor of 2.1. The allowable bending stiffness and shear rigidity are based on the mean
values, and no adjustments are required.
It should be noted that based on the recent full-scale CLT tests for thicker CLT
(depths of seven layers or more), the standard includes a strength reduction factor of
0.85 for the calculated bending strengths in the major strength direction. It remains
unclear at this point if such a factor can be attributed to the volume effect. In general, a
shorter span-to-depth ratio is often associated with interlaminar shear failure during
flexure. This may be addressed in the future version of the standard when additional
data become available.
Custom CLT layups are permitted in ANSI/APA PRG 320 when accepted by an
approved agency in accordance with the qualification and mechanical test requirements
specified in the standard, as shown below:

7.2.1 Custom CLT layups

Cusrom CLT layups are permitted when approved by an approved agency in accordance
with the qualification and mechanical test requirements (see 8.4 and 8.5) specified in this
standard. In this case, a unique CLT layup designation shall be assigned by the approved
agency if the custom product represents a significant product volume ofthe manufacturer to
avoid duplication with an existing CLT layup designation that has been assigned to other
manufacturers.

The custom layups may include double outer layers or unbalanced layups when
clearly identified for installation, as required by the manufacturer and the approved
agency. However, the standard requires that a unique CLT grade designation be assigned
by the approved agency if the custom product represents a significant product volume
of the manufacturer to avoid duplication with an existing CLT grade designation that has
been assigned to other manufacturers.
 Major strength direction Minor strength direction
L11mlnation thickness (In.) In CLT layup {FbS)olf.f,o {El)olf.f.O {GA)o11,1,o v..,, {FbS)1111.t90 {El)««9o {GA).tr.f.9o v..90
CLT CLTt, {lbf-ft/ft {106 lbf-ln.2 / {1 06 lbf/ft {lbf/ft of {lbf-ft/ftof {106 lbf-ln.2/ {106 lbf/ft {lbflft of
Layup {In.) = l. = .l = .l ofwldth) ftofwldth)
= ofwldth) width) width) ft of width) of width) width)
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 4525 115 0.46 1430 160 3.1 0.61 495
E1 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1Q,400 440 0.92 1970 1370 81 1.2 1430
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 18,375 1089 1.4 2490 3125 309 1.8 1960
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 3825 102 0.53 1910 165 3.6 0.56 660
E2 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 8825 389 1.1 2625 1430 95 1.1 1910
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 15,600 963 1.6 3325 3275 360 1.7 2625
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 2800 81 0.35 1110 110 2.3 0.44 385
E3 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 6400 311 0.69 1530 955 61 0.87 1110
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 11,325 769 1.0 1940 2180 232 1.3 1520
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4525 115 0.50 1750 140 3.4 0.62 605
E4 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 1Q,400 440 1.0 2410 1230 88 1.2 1750
95/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 18,400 1089 1.5 3050 2800 335 1.9 2400
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 2090 108 0.53 1910 165 3.6 0.59 660
V1 67/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4800 415 1.1 2625 1430 95 1.2 1910
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 8500 1027 1.6 3325 3275 360 1.8 2625
41/8 1 3/8 13/8 1 3/8 2030 95 0.46 1430 160 3.1 0.52 495
V2 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4675 363 0.91 1970 1370 81 1.0 1430
95/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 13/8 13/8 13/8 1 3/8 8275 898 1.4 2490 3125 309 1.6 1960
41/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1740 95 0.49 1750 140 3.4 0.52 605
V3 67/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 4000 363 0.98 2420 1230 88 1.0 1750
95/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 7100 899 1.5 3050 2800 335 1.6 2400
For 51: 1 in.= 25.4 mm; 1 ft= 304.8 mm; 1 lbf = 4.448 N.
oosee Section 4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
lbl'fhis table represents one of many possibilities that the CLT could be manufactured by varying lamination grades, thicknesses, orientations, and layer arrangements in the layup.
(<)Custom CLT layups thatare not llsted In this table shall be permitted In accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.

TABLE 2.4 ASD Reference Design Values<rc:l for CLT Listed in Annex A (for use in the United States)

-
N
I Lamination thickness (mm)
Major strength direction Minor strength direction I
lnCLTlayup (Fl>S)effl.O(El).rr.to (GA).ru.o
Vo.O (Fl>S).,,,1"° (El)"""° (GA).ru.to v""°
CLT CLTt" (10' N-mm/m (109 N-mm1 /m (1 O' N/m (kN/m (10'N-mm/m (109 N-mm1/m (10' N/m (kN/m
layup (mm) = J_ = J_ = J_ = of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width) of width)
105 35 35 35 42 1088 7.3 34 1.4 32 9.1 12
El 175 35 35 35 35 35 98 4166 15 47 12 836 18 34
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 172 10,306 22 59 28 3183 27 46
105 35 35 35 36 958 8.0 43 0.94 36 8.2 15
E2 175 35 35 35 35 35 83 3674 16 59 8.1 929 16 42
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 146 9097 24 74 19 3537 25 58
105 35 35 35 26 772 5.3 29 0.92 23 6.4 10
E3 175 35 35 35 35 35 60 2956 11 40 8.0 604 13 29
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 106 7313 16 50 18 2299 19 40
105 35 35 35 15 1023 8.0 43 0.94 36 8.7 15
Vl 175 35 35 35 35 35 35 3922 16 59 8.1 929 17 42
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 61 9708 24 74 19 3537 26 58
105 35 35 35 18 884 7.2 34 1.4 32 7.5 12
V2 175 35 35 35 35 35 41 3388 14 47 12 836 15 34
245 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 72 8388 22 59 28 3183 23 46
For SI: 1 mm= 0.03937 In.; 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 N = 0.2248 lbf.
(IJSee Section 4 of ANSVAPA PRG 320-2017 for symbols.
OOJhis table represents one of many possibilities that the CLT could be manufactured by varying lamination grades, thicknesses, orientations, and layer arrangements in the layup.
~ustom CLT layups that are not listed in this table shall be permitted in accordance with Section 7.2.1 of ANSI/APA PRG 320-2017.

TABLE 2.S LSD Stiffness and Unfactored ResistanceValues<•-cJfor CLT Listed in Annex A (for use in Canada)
 Product Standard 23

2.J.J CLT Qualification

ANSI/APA PRG 320 stipulates the requirements for plant prequalification and struc-
tural performance qualification.

Plant Prequalification
The plant prequalifi.cation is intended to ensW'e that the CLT plant is qualified for the
manufacturing factors, such as the assembly time, lumber MC, adhesive spread rate,
clamping pressure, pressing time, and wood surface temperature, prior to the normal
production. The plant prequalification can be conducted with full~thickness CLT panels
of24 in. (610 mm) or more in the major strength direction and 18 in. (457 mm) or more
in the minor strength direction. Two replicated CLT panels are required to be manufac-
tured for prequalifi.cation for each combination of factors considered. The two repli-
cated CLT panels must not be extracted from a single full-size CLT panel.
The plant prequalification includes the evaluation of gluebond (block shear) and
durability. Figure 2.4 shows the locations where the block shear and delamination speci-
mens should be taken for the prequalifi.cation to ensure the dispersion of the specimens
within a sampled CLT qualification panel. Results obtained from the prequalification are
required to be documented and serve as the basis for manufacturing factors specified in
the in-plant manufacturing standard.
The prequalification and qualification requirements are specified in Section 8 of
ANSI/APA PRG 320, as shown below:

8.1 Qu4Ujk4tlonR~
Required qualification tests for CLT compo1umts, such as lumbel; atlheslvu, and end, face,
and edge joints are provided in Sect:Wn. 6 and summarized in Table 2. This section provides
requirements for plant qualification and CLT qualification tests t.o meet the structural per-
formance levels specified in Tables A2 and A4.

a
76 to 102 mm
typical

] ~i ~
~81 I
L, ·oro -----+-+-~

~ C2

a
i.-+-ta -1--i.. I
a= 102 :!: 25 mm; L, = 610 lo 915 mm; and L, = 457 to 915 mm

FIGURE 2.4 Block shear (•B") and delamlnatlon (•o") Specimen Locations.
24 Chapter Two

8.2 Plr.int Prequrzlijiaition

8.2.1 General
Th.e CLT plant shall be prequalifiedfor the manufacturingfact.ors considered (see 8.2.2) using
full-thickness qualification panels of24 inches (610 mm) or more in the major strength direc-
tion and 18 inches (457 mm) or more in the minor strength direction (hereafter referred t.o as
"Prequalification panels•;. A minimum oftwo replicate CLT prequalification panels shall be
manufacturedfor prequalificationfor each combination offact.ors considered in 8.2.2. The two
replicat:e CLTprequalification panels shall not be extractedfrom a single full-size CLT panel.
Prequalification panels shall be prepared at thefacility or at an alternative facility accept-
able to the approved agency. All prequalification panels shall be:
a. Ofthe same approximate length and width at the time ofpressing;
b. Pressed individually; and
c. Taken from approximately the geometric center of the larger pane~ ifapplicable.
8.2.2 Fabrication ofprequaliflcatlon panels
Application ofpressure to manufacture prequalification panels shall reflect the key charac-
t:eristics of the manufacturing equipment, including the plat.en and glue spreader (as appli-
cable) that is or will be used in thefacility to be qualified. The applicability ofthe results shall
be documented by the approved agency.
Factors considered for prequalification evaluation shall include assembly time, lumber
moisture content, adhesive spread rate, clampingpressure, and wood surface temperature, as
specified in the manufacturing standard ofthe plant and accepted by the approved agency.
8.2.3 Conditioning ofprequaliflcr.ition panels
Prequalification panels shall be st.ored in an indoor environmentfor a minimum of24 hours
or until the adhesive has cured sufficiently to permit evaluation, whichever is longer.
8.2.4 Specimen&
Six square/rectangular specimens (three for block shear tests, i.e., "B• specimens and threefor
delamination tests, i.e., '7Y specimens) shall be extractedfrom each prequalification panel at
the locations shown in Figure 2.4 and labeled to indicate the panel number and the specimen
position within the panel. If the prequalification panel is larger than the specified prequali-
.fication panel size, the prequalification sampling area shall be 24 inches (610 mm) to
36 inches (910 mm) square located at the geometric center ofthe panel.
8.2.S Test methods and requirements
The specimens obtained in accordance with 8.2.4 shall be qualified and meet the require-
ments specified in 6.4.3 ofthis standard.
8.3 Qualification ofEffective Bond Area
8.3.1 General
The manufacturershall establish visual grading rulesfor the bondedfaces and limit the aver-
age glue skip to maintain an average effective bond area of80'J6 or more.
The manufacturer's visualgrading rules established to achieve the effective bond area shall
include major visual characteristics based on characteristic measurements consistent with
standard lumber grading rules.
8.3.2 Sample selection and inspection
Samples shall be drawn from representative production of laminations meeting the manu-
facturer's visual grading rules and positioned in accordance with the in-plant manufacturing
standard. The layer formed by the laminations shall be verified by the approved agency to
provide an effective bond area of80'J6 or more over any randomly selected area not less than
48 inches (1,220 mm) square.
Structural Performance Qualification
To confirm the major CLT design properties, structural performance tests are required
in accordance with ANSI/APA PRG 320, as shown below. The structural performance
 Pro du ct Sta nd ar d 25

tests include bending strength, bending stiffness, and interlaminar shear in both major
and minor strength directions. The sample size for bending stiffness must be sufficient
for estimating the population mean within 5 percent precision with 75 percent confi-
dence, or 10 specimens, whichever is greater. The sample size for bending strength and
interlaminar shear must be sufficient for estimating the characteristic value with
75 percent confidence in accordance with ASTM 02915 [30].
The bending tests are required to be conducted flatwise (loads are applied perpen-
dicular to the face layer of CLT) in accordance with the third-point load method of ASTM
0198 [31] or ASTM 04761 [32] using the specimen width of not less than 12 in. (305 mm)
and the on-center span of approximately 30 times the specimen depth. The Committee
considered that a minimum specimen width of 12 in. (305 mm) is necessary to distinguish
CLT from typical beam elements. However, it has been reported that for some CLT layups,
the use of the span-to-depth ratio of 30 for bending tests in the minor strength direction
may result in excessive deflection before the specimen reaches the peak load. Therefore, it
is expected that this provision will be revisited in the near future. The weight of the CLT
panel is permitted to be included in the determination of the CLT bending strength.
The interlaminar shear tests are required to be conducted flatwise in accordance
with the center-point load method of ASTM 0198 or ASTM 04761 using the specimen
width of not less than 12 in. (305 mm) and the on-center span of 5 to 6 times the
specimen depth. The bearing length must be sufficient to avoid bearing failure but not
greater than the specimen depth. All specimens must be cut to length without
overhangs, which are known to increase the interlaminar shear strength in shear tests.
7.2 Stnlctuml Peeformance Requirement&
Structural performance shall be evaluated for each CLT layup unless otherwise noted in this
section. CLT shall meet the minimum structural peiformance based on the properties shown
in Table 1 multiplied by the section properties provided by the manufacturer and accepted by
an approved agency when evaluated and confirmed by test results in accordance with 8 ,5,
CLTpanels manufactured with SCL layers, which do not meet Table 1 requirements, shall be
qualified in accordance with 7.2.1.
8.4 Qualificationfor Structural Peeformance
Following plant prequalification, a representative sample of CLT panels shall be manufac-
turedfor qualification tests in accordance with 8.4.1 and 8.4.2. Depending on the number of
layups intendedfor qualification, a qualification plan shall be developed and accepted by an
approved agency in accordance with the principles prescribed in this section.
8.4.1 Requlred mechanlctll property quallflcatton
The jlatwise bending and jlatwise shear properties of CLT layups in both major and minor
strength directions shall be test.ed in accordance with 8.5.3 and 8.5.4 to confirm the design
values shown in Table A2 for use in the US or Table A4 for use in Canada, or the design
values approved by an approved agency.
8.4.2 Optlonal mechanic.al property qualljicatton
When edgewise bending and edgewise shear properties are to be approved by an approved
agency, qualification tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.5.5 and 8.5.6, respectively.
8.5 Mechanic.al Property Qutllljicatlon
The design values from required mechanical property qualification (8.4.1) and optional
mechanical property qualification (8.4.2) shall be approved by an approved agency in accor-
dance with this section.
8.5.1 Sampling
Thst samples shall be representative oftypical production and shall be sampled at the manu-
facturingfacility by an approved agency using the layup int.endedfor qualification. The sample
26 Chapter Two

size required for stiffness capacities shall be sufficient for estimating the population mean
within 596 precision with 7596 confidence, or 10 specimens, whichever is greater. In general, a
sample size larger than 10 is needed when the coefficient of variation is greater than 1396.
The sample size requiredfor strength capacities shall be sufficientfor estimating the charac-
teristic value with 7596 confidence in accordance with ASTM D291S.
8.5.2 Sample conditioning
CLTpanel samples shall be st.ored in an indoor environmen.tfor a minimum of24 hours or until
the adhesive has cured sufficiently to permit evaluation, whichever is longer. The CLT samples
at the time ofmechanical tests shall have an average moisture content ofnot less than 896.
8.5.3 Flatwise bending properties
Flatwise bending stiffness and bending moment capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in
accordance with 8.5.3.1 and 8.5.3.2
8.5.3.1 Flatwlse bending tut meth.ods
Flatwise bending tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions in
accordance with the third-point load method of Sections 4 through 12 ofASTM D198 or
Section 8 ofASTM D4761 using the specimen width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm)
and the on-center span equal to approximately 30 times the specimen depth for the tests in
the major strength direction and approximately 18 times the specimen depth for the tests
in the minor strength direction. The weight ofthe CLT panel is permitted t.o be included in
the determination of the flatwise bending moment capacity (resistance}.
8.S.3.2 Flatwile bending qu.aliflcatlon requirements
In the U.S. and Canada, the averageflatwise bending stiffness determinedfrom qualification
tests shall equal or exceed the publishedflatwise bending stiffness {(EI)<JUo or (EI)..u.G~·
In the U.S., the characteristic Jlatwise bending moment capacity determined.frOm qualifi-
cation tests shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference flatwise bending moment
capacity [(FbS)<ffJ.0 or (FbS).µ~ times 2.1. In Canada, the characteristic jlatwise bending
moment resistance determined from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published
LSDflatwise bending resistance {(/,,S)efil0 or (/,,S)tJU~ divided by 0.96.
8.S.4 Flatwise slrear properties
Flatwise shear stiffness and capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in accordance with 8.5.4.1
and 8.5.4.2.
8.5.4.1 Flatwise shear test methods
Flatwise shear stiffness tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions
in accordance with Sections 45 through 52 ofASTM D198.
Flatwise shear tests shall be conducted in both major and minor strength directions in accor-
dance with the cen.t.er-point load method ofSections 4through12 ofASTM D198 or Section 7
ofASTM D4761 using the specimen width of not less than 12 inches (305 mm) and the on-
center span equal to 5 to 6 times the specimen depth. The bearing length shall be sufficient to
avoid bearingfailure, but not great:er than the specimen depth. All specimens are t.o be cut t.o
length with no overhangs allowed.
8.5.4.2 Flatwise shear qualijicatlan requirements
In the U.S. and Canada, the averageflatwise shear stiffness determinedfrom qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the published shear stiffness in flatwise bending [(GA)t#Jo or (GA)<ffJ~·
In the U.S., the characteristic flatwise shear capacity determined from qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the publishedASD referenceJlatwiseshear capacity ~ 0 or V w) times 2.1.
In Canada, the characteristic fta,twise shear resistance determined from quallflcation tests
shall equal or exceed the published LSD flatwise shear resistance (v,_ 0 or v,_w) divided by 0.96.
8.5.5 Edgewise bendlngproperties
Edgewise bending stiffness and bending moment capacity (resistance) shall be permitted to be
evaluated in accordance with 8.S.S.1 and 8.S.S.2. The volume, creep and load duration effects
 Pro du ct Sta nd ar d 27

ofedgewise bending capacity (resistance) shall be evaluated in accordance with the principles
ofSections 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 ofASTM D5456.
8.5.5.1 Edgewise bending test meth.ods
Bending tests shall be conducted edgewise in both major and minor strength directions in
accordance with the third-point load method of Sections 4 through 12 of ASTM D198 or
Section 6 ofASTM D4761 using the specimen depth ofnot less than 12 inches (305 mm) and
the on-center span equal to approximately 18 times the specimen depth. The weight of the
CLT panel is permitted to be included in the determination ofthe edgewise bending moment
capacity (resistance).
8.5.5.2 Edgewise bending qualification requirement&
In the U.S. and Canada, the average edgewise bending stiffness determined from qualifica-
tion tests divided by the calculated moment of inertia (I.,0 or I.,~ shall equal or exceed the
published edgewise bending modulus ofelasticity (E., 0 or E..~·
In the US., the characteristic edgewise bending moment capacity determinedfrom qualifi-
cation tests shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference edgewise bendingstress (Fb.t. 0 or
F,. .. ~ multiplied by the calculated edgewise section modulus (S,.0 or S..~and an adjustment
factor of2.1. In Canada, the characteristic edgewise bending moment resistance determined
from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published LSD specified edgewise bending
strength (f,.., 0 orf,. .. ~ multiplied by the calculat.ed edgewise section modulus (S.,0 or S..~and
divided by an adjustmentfactor of0.96.
8.5.6 Edgewise shar properties
F.dgewise shear stiffiulss and capacity (resistance) shall be permitted t:o be evaluated in accordance
with 8,5,6,l and 8.5.6.2.
8.5.6.1 Edgewise shear test method&
Edgewise shear stiffness tests shall be conduct:ed in both major and minor strength directions
in accordance with Sections 45 through 52 ofASTM D198.
Edgewise shear capacity (resistance) tests shall be conducted in both major and minor
strength directions in accordance with thefull-scale test method specified in AnnexA3 ofASTM
D5456. The web thickness ofthe I-shaped cross section shall be the CLT thickness. The specimen
shall contain at least one edge joint, as applicable, in the middle % ofthe specimen depth.
8.5.6.2 Edgewise shear qualification requirement&
For use in the US. or Canada, the average edgewise shear stiffness determinedfrom qualifica-
tion tests divided by the gross thickness of CLT ( t ) shall equal or exceed the published modu-
lus ofrigidity (shear modulus) in edgewise bendfug (G,.0 or G,.90 ).
In the U.S., the characteristic edgewise shear capacity determined from qualification tests
shall equal or exceed the published ASD reference edgewise shear capacity (F~.,o tP or F~., 90 t)
multiplied by an adjustmentfactor of2.1. In Canada, the characteristic edgewise shear resis-
tance determined from qualification tests shall equal or exceed the published LSD edgewise
shear resistance if....0 tP orf " 90 t) divided by an adjustmentfactor of0.96.

It is important to note that the CLT mechanical properties that are published in
Table 2.4 {i.e., Table A2 in ANSI/APA PRG 320) and Table 2.5 {i.e., Table A2 in ANSI/
APA PRG 320) are mandatorily required to be qualified. This includes most flatwise
mechanical properties. As previously mentioned, the CLT flatwise bending properties
can be reliably predicted through the principle of engineering mechanics. On the other
hand, there are no engineering models that can be used to reliably predict most CLT
edgewise mechanical properties. Therefore, the qualification of CLT edgewise mechan-
ical properties are optional in ANSI/APA PRG 320; that is, they are required only when
the CLT manufacturer elects to publish their proprietary edgewise bending properties
through the approval of the approved agency. In this case, ANSI/APA PRG 320 provides
28 Ch a p t er Two

standard test methods and data analysis requirements so that the proprietary CLT edge-
wise bending design values from different CLT manufacturers can be tested, analyzed,
and published in a consistent manner. This should help avoid confusion to the designers
when comparing proprietary CLT edgewise bending design values.

Process Change Qualification

When process changes occur in production, qualification tests are required, depending
on the extent of the changes and their impacts to the CLT performance. ANSI/APA PRG
320 lists some key changes and the required responses, as summarized below:

Process change Response

• Press equipment Plant prequalification

• Adhesive formulation class and structural
• Addition or substitution of species from a different species group reevaluation
• Changes to the visual grading rules that reduce the effective
bond area or the effectiveness of the applied pressure (e.g.,
warp permitted)

• Other changes to the manufacturing process or component Plant prequalification

quality not listed above
• Adhesive composition (e.g., fillers and extenders)

• Increase in panel width or length of more than 20% Structural reevaluation

2.3A Appearance Classification

It should be noted that the appearance classification of CLT, just like glulam, does not
affect the mechanical properties of the product. Therefore, it is called the "classification"
instead of the "grade; which may have the implication of structural performance in con-
vention. In ANSI/APA PRG 320, there are no mandatory appearance classifications for
CLT. The Committee elected to leave the CLT appearance classifications to an agree-
ment between the buyer and seller. However, nonmandatory classifications based largely
on selected glulam appearance classifications in ANSI A190.1 are included in the appen-
dix, which covers the Architectural and Industrial Appearance Classifications, as shown
below. Depending on the market demand, the appearance classifications may be stan-
dardized in the future as needed

Al. Architectural Appearance Classiftcatlon

An appearance classification normally suitable for applications where appearance is an
important, but not overriding consideration. Specific charact:eristics ofthis classification are as
follows:
• In exposed suifaces, all knot holes and voids measuring over % inch (19 mm) are filled
with a wood-tone filler or dear wood inserts select:ed for similarity with the grain and
color of the adjacent wood.
• The face layers exposed to view arefree ofloose knots and open knot holes are.filled.
• Knot holes do not exceed% inch (19 mm) when measured in the direction ofthe lami-
nation length with the exception that a void may be longer than % inch (19 mm) if its
area is notgreat;er than~ in.~ (323 m~).
• Voids greater than 1116 inch (1.6 mm) wide created by edge joints appearing on the
face layers exposed to view arefilled.
• Exposed surfaces are suifaced smooth with no misses permitted.
 Pro du ct Sta nd ar d 29

A2. Industrial Appearance Classification

An appearance classification normally suitable for use in concealed applications where
appearance is not ofprimary concern. Specific characteristics ofthis grade are as follows:
• Voids appearing on the edges oflaminations need not be filled.
• Loose knots and knot holes appearing on the face layers exposed to view are notfilled.
• Members are surfaced on face layers only and the appearance requirements apply only
t.o these layers.
• Occasional misses, low laminations or wane (limited t.o the lumber grade) are permit-
ted on the surface layers and are not limited in length.

2.4 CLT Manufacturing Process

2A.1 CLT Online Quality Control, Surface Sanding, and Cutting
An industrial sanding machine designed for wood composite products such as plywood
may be used to sand one CLT panel at a time to the target thickness with a tolerance of
+0.004 in. (0.1 mm). Tighter tolerances may be specified by building project. After sand-
ing, CLT panels are then conveyed to a machining station where a multiaxis numerically
controlled machine cuts out openings for windows and doors, splices, and other required
parts. Cutting is performed under strictly controlled conditions for maximum accuracy.
Minor repairs are carried out manually at this stage of the manufacturing process.

2A.2 Produd Certification, Marking, Packaging, and Shipping

Product certification and marking ensure that the correct product is specified, delivered,
and installed. It is also an important part of product conformity assessment by providing
the information to allow designers, contractors, and the authority having jurisdiction to
check the authenticity of the product. CLT products represented as conforming to the
ANSI/APA PRG 320 standard are required to bear the stamp of an approved agency
which either inspects the manufacturer or has tested a random sampling of the finished
products in the shipment being certified for conformance with the standard.
CLT products conforming to ANSI/APA PRG 320 are required to be identified with
marks in accordance with the following provisions:

8.8 Certification and Trademarking

8.8.1 Certiflcation
CLTproducts represented as conforming to this standard shall bear the stamp ofan approved
agency which (1) either inspects the manufacturer or (2) has tested a random sampling ofthe
finished products in the shipment being certifiedfor conformance with this standard.
8.8.2 Product marking
CLTproducts represented as conforming to this standard shall be identified with marks con-
taining thefollowing ieformation;
a. CLTgrade qualified in accordance with this standard;
b. The CLT thickness or identification;
c. The mill name or identification number;
d. The approved agency name or logo;
e. The symbol of 'l\NSUAPA PRG 320"' signifying conformance to this standard;
f. Any manufacturer's designations which shall be separat:ed from the grade-marks or
trademarks ofthe approved agency by not less than 6 inches (152 mm); and
g. "Top• stamp on the topface ofcustom CLTpanels usedfor rooforfloor ifmanufactured
with an unbalanced layup.
30 Ch a p t er Two

8.8.3 Frequ.enc:y ofmarking

Non-custom and other required marks in this secticn shall be placed on standard products
at intervals of8 feet (24 m) or less in order that each piece cutfrom a longer piece will have
at least one ofeach ofthe required marks.
8.8.4 Custom products
For products manufactured to meet specific job specifications (custom products), the marking
shall be permitted to contain information less than that specified in 8.8.2 However, custom
products shall bear at least one mark containing a required identification. When long CLT
products shipped to a job are to be cut later into several membersfor use in the structure, the
frequency ofmarking required in 8.8.3 shall be followed.
8.8.5 Volding marks
CLT products originally marked as conforming to this standard but subsequently rejected as
not conforming thereto shall have any reference to the standard obliterated or voided by the
manufacturer.
Note 16. This can be performed by blocking out the stamp with permanent black ink or
light sanding.

Note from Section 8.8.3 of ANSI/APA PRG 320 that the non-custom and other
required marks must be placed on standard products at intervals of 8 ft (2.4 m) or less in
order that each piece cut from a longer piece will have at least one of each ofthe required
marks. For products manufactured to meet specific job specifications (custom prod-
ucts), the marking may contain information less than that specified for standard CLT
products. However, custom products must bear at least one mark containing a required
identification, as indicated in Section 8.8.4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320. Also noted from
Section 8.8.4 of ANSI/APA PRG 320 is that when long CLT products shipped to a job
site are to be cut later into several members for use in the structure, the frequency of
marking must be applied at intervals of 8 ft (2.4 m) or less.
Additional markings on the panels may show the main direction loading of the panels
in the structure and, possibly; the zones designed to receive connectors. Section 8.8.5 of
ANSI/APA PRG 320 addresses the voiding of marks for non-confirming products. Because
CLT panels are intended for use under dry service conditions, the panels should be
protected from weather during transportation, storage, and construction on the job site.

2.5 Quality Assurance

Quality assurance is required by ANSI/APA PRG 320 to ensure the CLT product quality
through detecting changes in properties that may adversely affect the CLT performance.
In this regard, an ongoing evaluation of the manufacturing process, including end, face,
and edge (if used) joints in laminations; effective bonding area; lamination grade limita-
tions; and the finished production inspection, is required to be conducted by the CLT
manufacturer to confirm that the product quality remains in satisfactory compliance to
the product specification requirements. The production must be held pending results of
the quality assurance testing on representative samples. In addition, the product quality
assurance must be audited by an independent inspection or certification agency on a
regular basis in accordance with the building code requirements.
As there are a number of process-related issues that would affect the integrity of the
bondline, there should be a process in place to qualify a plant to ensure that it has the
means to assess and control the quality of the input components and the final product.
Industrial mass production of CLT panels requires an in-plant process control program,
as shown in ANSI/APA PRG 320 as follows:
 Product Standard 31

9. QUALITYASSURANCE
9.1 Objectives
This section is int.endedfor use with CLTproducts that have qualifiedfor trademarking under
this standard. The purpose of this section is to assure product quality by detecting changes in
properties that may adversely affect the CLTperformance. In all cases, the crit.eria t:o which the
CLTproducts are test.ed shall be provided in the Mill Specification or equivalent document.
9.2 Process Control
Ongoing evaluation ofthe process properties listed in this section shall be performed to con-
.firm that the CLT quality remains in satisfactory compliance to the product specification
requirements. Sampling methods and quality assurance testing shall be documented in an
in-plant manufacturing standard and accept.ed by the approved agency. All processes and
test records relevant to the production shall be retained based on the manufacturer's record
ret.ention policy and are subject to audit by the approved agency. Production shall be held
pending results ofthe quality assurance testing on representative samples.
9.3 End, Ftlce, and F.dge /olnts in Lamlnt1tions
The lamination end joints, face joints, and edge joints (when applicable) shall be sampled
and tested for on.going quality assurance in. accordance with Table 3 ofANSI A190.1 and
meet the strength (required for end joints only}, wood failure, and durability requirements
specified therein in the US., or shall be sampled and test.ed in accordance with Section 7 of
CSA 0122 and meet the strength (required for end joints only), woodfailure, and durability
requirements specified therein in Canada. Special considerationsfor face bonding ofthe CLT
panel as a whole are provided in 9.3.1 through 9.3.3 ofthis standard.
9.3.1 Effective banding t1ret1
On-grade lumber shall be laid up to maintain an effective bonding area ofnot less than 80%
on surfaces t:o be bonded for each bondline.
Not.e 17. To maintain an effective bond area, laminations in cross-plies may need to be
oriented such that the bark and pith faces ofadjacent pieces are generally alt.ernated.
9.3.2 Lamlntltion grade limits
Grade limits intended to limit the amount oflamination warp that will not be corrected upon
application ofpressure shall be qualified in accordance with 8.3.
9.3.3 Glue &lcip in th.e faa bandline
The average glue skip in a face bondline shall not exceed the level established to maintain the
effective bonding area specified in 9.3.1. Glue skips are not assessed as delamination unless
the inclusion ofsuch skips does not invalidate the delamination requirements.
9.4 Finished Pradu.dian Inspection
All production shall be inspect.ed visually, and/or by measurements or testingjor conformance
to this standard with the foll-Owing attributes:
a. Dimensions (width, depth, and length);
b. Shape, including straightness and squareness;
c. 1Jpe, quality and location ofstructural bondlines;
d. Appearance classification;
e. Layup, including lumber species and grades, placement, and orientation;
f. Moisture content; and
g. Application ofthe appropriate marks.
9.5 Minar Variations
A product is considered conforming to this standard when minor variations of a limited
extent in noncritical locations exist, or when structural damage or defects have been repaired
and, in the judgment ofa qualified person, the product is structurally adequate for the use
intended. The identity ofthe product and the nature ofthe minor variation shall be documented
Another random document with
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 "Ja jospa sentään olisi joku, joka rakastaisi sinua, tahtoisitko
sanoa: kyllä?"

Tyttö painoi katseensa alas ja vaikeni.

"Ja jos kosija olisin minä?"

"Sinä et rakasta minua, Martti!"

"Jos otaksutaan, että rakastan sinua, voisitko tulla vaimokseni?"

"Kyllä!" vastasi tyttö maahan painetuin katsein.

"Mutta minä otan myös vaimokseni ainoastaan sen, joka minua

rakastaa."

"Minä rakastan sinua!" kuiskasi tyttö, mutta niin hiljaa, ettei Martti
sitä kuullut tai ei näyttänyt kuulevan. Hän kysyi:

"Mitä sinä sanot?"

"Minä rakastan sinua", sanoi hän kovemmalla, mutta vapisevalla

äänellä.

"Onko se totta, Lotta?"

"En voi puhua toisin kuin se on."

"Ja mistä asti?"

"Kauvan, jo kauvan!"

"Armas Lotta!" huudahti Martti myrskyisesi, "sinä rakastat siis

todellakin minua! Sinä voit rakastaa pilkattua, herjattua 'papurikkoa'!"
 "Entä minä? Olenko minä saanut vähemmän kärsiä kelvottomien
pilkkaa?"

"Tule syliini, kyyhkyseni! Tule, syleilkäämme ja suudelkaamme,

olet ensimäinen tyttö, jota suutelen ja tulet myöskin olemaan ainoa.
Jollet sinä tule vaimokseni, sitten — ei kukaan."

Lotta kietoi itkien kätensä hänen kaulaansa…

Kun Martin äiti palasi kotiin, löysi hän parin vielä sydän sydäntä,
suu suuta vasten. Kuinka iloitsikaan kelpo vanhus! Jo kauvan oli hän
toivonut tätä yhdistystä, mutta ei uskaltanut sitä ilmaista, koska hän
luulotteli siten loukkaavansa poikaansa…

Laskiaiseen mennessä pidettiin häät.

Nyt se vasta juoru alkoi, mutta he eivät välittäneet ihmisten

häijyistä kuiskutuksista, vaan elivät onnellisina ja iloisina kuten
ensimäinen ihmispari ennen syntiinlankeemusta.

Kyläläiset eivät tehneet vähemmän pilkkaa heidän jälkeläisistään,

mutta häijyt ennustukset näyttäytyivät vääriksi: sillä "papurikon" ja
"valakan" lapset olivat mitä kauneimpia tummia poikia ja vaaleita
tyttöjä.

Ukkovaari.

Oli kirpeän kylmä yö.

 Alastomat tähtiraukat vapisivat ja värisivät vilusta, niin että melkein
kuuli niiden hampaiden kalinan ja oli lukevinaan surullisia ajatuksia
niiden kirkkaasti tuikkivissa silmissä; niin mieluinen kuin tuo loisto
olikin, paljon parempi olisi sentään palvella paimenena tai renkinä
lammasnahkaturkkeihin kääriytyneenä kuin alastomana tähtösenä
loistaa kylmänkorkealla taivaalla.

Iltakellot olivat vaienneet. Koko kylässä ei ollut kadulla ketään

muita kuin vanha suntio, joka kiirehti tornista kotiin. Lumi kirskui
hänen jalkojensa alla; eivät edes koirat haukkuneet, joko siksi, että
ne jo tunsivat kulkijan, tai siksi että olivat liian laiskoja aukomaan
kitojaan sellaisella pakkasella.

Kuinka onnellista oli sentään istua tuollaisena aikana lämpimässä

tupasessa! Ja kuinka onnellinen oli se, jonka ei tarvinnut tuvassa
yksin istua, vaan lämmitellä mukavasti omaistensa ympäröimänä!

Monta tällaista onnellista oli kylässä, mutta kukaan ei tuntenut

itseään herra Peter Pergötä onnellisemmaksi. Hän ei olisi ansainnut
jumalansiunausta, jollei hän olisi ollut tyytyväinen. Hänet yhteen
luettuna istui katetussa pöydässä yhdeksän henkeä, mieluisan
lämpimässä tuvassa.

Illallinen tuotiin esille. Ensimäisenä istui vanha Peter Pergö, hänen

rinnallaan hänen rakas elinkumppalinsa, vasemmalla Michel, heidän
poikansa, ja tämän pikku poika, kahdeksanvuotias Peter. Toisella
puolella oli kolme istujaa. Ensimäisenä istui yhdeksänvuotias Katri,
kolmantena kuusivuotias Rosa ja molempien välissä lasten äiti,
Michelin vaimo. Pöydän loppupäähän oli katettu palvelijoille:
palvelustyttö Pannille ja renki Ferkolle.
 Kun talonemäntä oli tuonut liemen pöydälle, nousivat kaikki
ruokarukoukseen. Lapset lausuivat sen kovaan, täysikasvaneet
hiljaa itsekseen; sitten istuutuivat kaikki jälleen syömään.

Äkkiä kuului portti aukenevan, koirat alkoivat haukkua ja lapsen

ääni huusi: "Olkaa hyvä, tulkaa, se tahtoo purra minua."

"Kuka siellä on?" huusi Michelin rouva.

"Etkö tunne ääntä, äitiseni? Kummi Andreas Risin Steffin", sanoi

Katri.

"Tosiaankin, hän se on", vastasi äiti. — "Kiiruhda ulos Panni, ja tuo

poika sisään."

Panni nousi nopeasti, mutta yhtä nopeasti Ferkokin.

"Kuules, Ferko!" huusi Michel.

"Mitä käskette, herra?"

"Istu vaan, poikaseni", vastasi Michel leikkisästi. "Miksi täytyy

teidän molempien vaivautua! — Liika sukkela poika, Ferkoseni!
Kuinka pian olisikaan hän ollut siellä, painaakseen ulkona Pannin
sydämelleen. Heitä veikkonen! Hänhän ei rakasta sinua
kumminkaan."

"O-ho, hän rakastaa minua, tiedän sen paremmin!" ajatteli Ferko,

istuessaan taas paikalleen, punastuneena, koska hänen isäntänsä
oli arvannut syyn hänen palvelusintoonsa.

Samassa palasi Panni pojan kera.

"Mitä kuuluu, poika?" kysyttiin häneltä.

 Hengästyneenä vastasi tämä;

"Terveisiä rakkaalta isältä kummi herralle ja kummi rouvalle ja

vanhalle kummi herralle ja vanhalle kummi rouvalle. Voisitteko tulla
meille illalliselle, meillä on tappajaiskeittoa."

"Onko teillä sika teurastettu?" kysyi talon rouva.

"Kyllä, kummi rouva. Se painoi kahdeksankymmentä sentneriä ja

yhden naulan."

"Kentiesi yhden sentnerin ja kahdeksankymmentä naulaa?"

"Se on samantekevä!" vastasi poikanen. "Hännän olen jo syönyt.

Mutta äiti näpähytti minua niin kovasti sormille, että vieläkin tekee
kipeää."

"Aivan oikein herkkusuulle!" huomautti pikku Peter, "minä en

koskaan herkuttele."

"Etpä varmaan! vastasi" loukkaantunut Steff; "entäs silloin, kun

tartuit hunajavanukkaaseen kiinni, aha?"

"Milloin?"

"Niinkuin ei hän sitä tietäisi? Pääsiäisenä."

"Jouluna on tapana keittää hunajavanukasta", oikaisi Katri

tietäväisesti.

"No, poikaseni!" sanoi talonrouva sovitellen. "Molemmat olette te

hyviä lapsia, toinen toistaan parempia. Älkää nyt tarttuko toisianne
tukkaan. Kerro, Steff, kummi rouvan, meidän kiittävän kutsusta,
mutta me olemme jo syöneet illallisen."
 "Se ei käy päinsä", vastasi poika, "sillä isä kielsi minua ennen
lähtemästä, ennenkuin te tulette mukaan. Hän ei sanonut alkavansa
ilman teitä syömistä, vaikka hänen pitäisi odottaa aamuun asti."

"Mitä me siis teemme?" kysyi Michelin rouva.

"Menkää vaan", sanoi vanha Peter; "myöskin sinä, äitimuori voit

mennä mukaan, minä jään tänne lasten kanssa."

"Ei, ukkoseni", vastasi hänen rouvansa; "sinä menet ja minä jään.

Tiedäthän, että olin viimeksi hääkemuissa."

"Mutta siellähän olimme molemmat. Etkö muista, aarteeni?"

Molemmat vanhukset vaihtoivat monta sanaa siitä, kumpi oli

viimeksi ollut hääpidoissa, kumpi menisi nyt tappajaiskeitolle, kumpi
jäisi kotiin; lopuksi sopivat he, että mummo meni mukaan, ukkovaari
sitävastoin jäisi kotiin poikansa lasten kanssa. Sillaikaa kun lähtijät
kietoutuivat lammasnahkaturkkeihinsa, veti pikku Steff pikku Katrin
syrjään ja kuiskasi hänelle: "Entä sinä, Katri, etkö sinä tulekaan?"

"En voi; minun täytyy viedä Rosa vuoteelle, kun häntä käy
nukuttamaan."

"Mikä vahinko! Olisin ollut paljon enemmän mielissäni. Jos tulet

mukaan niin tanssimme. Luulen että mustalainen tulee myös sinne."

"Olehan huoletta, Steff, mehän saamme kyllä häissämme tanssia

kyllälti."

"Aivan niin, vaan siihen taitaa olla vielä pitkälti; kenties vuosi."

"Oi varmasti, kenties kaksikin. Kuinka vanha olet sinä nyt?"

 "Kymmenen vuotta, entä sinä, Katri?"

"Minä olen vasta yhdeksän vanha."

"No, mutta ei meidän kumminkaan tarvinne odottaa kahta vuotta."

"Ehkä ei aivan."

Samassa olivat Michel ja hänen vaimonsa pukeutuneet turkkeihin,

isoäiti taas oli kääritty kaikella huolella, sitten menivät he; sitä ennen
tarkasti kumminkin vanhus, oliko hänen vaimonsa suojattu hyvin
pakkasta vastaan. Hän rakasti häntä yhtä hellästi kuin
kolmekymmentä vuotta sitten ottaessaan hänet vaimokseen. Panni
meni samalla ulos, sulkemaan portin menijöiden jälkeen; ja Ferko
pujahti hänen perässään odottaakseen kyökissä hänen paluutaan.

Minkä komean parin muodostivatkaan nämä palvelijat! Ferko

tumma, tulinen nuorukainen. Panni suloinen, vaalea tyttö; poika
kaksikymmenvuotias, tyttö kuusitoista. Ja kuinka hyviä, uskollisia ja
työtelijäitä olivat molemmat! Isäntäväki rakasti heitä kuin omia
lapsiaan. He saisivat vuodetarpeita niin paljon kuin tahtoisivat,
myöskin vasikan; eikä hääkustannuksiakaan heidän itsensä tarvinnut
suorittaa. —

Kyökissä paloi vielä valkea aivankuin olisi siellä vielä illallinen

kiehumassa. Ferko nojasi uunia vasten ja kun tyttö palasi, kuiskasi
hän hänelle:

"Rakas Panni, tule luokseni."

"Miksi?" — kysyi tyttö samallalailla kuiskaten.

"Lämmittämään."
 "Tuvassahan on kyllin lämmin."

"Mutta täällä on parempi. Tule, kun pyydän sinua koko

sydämestäni, taivas siunatkoon sinua siitä. — No! — Mutta vielä
hiukan lähemmäksi. — Katso minua nyt silmiin, mutta rohkeasti
ilman pelkoa. — Näetkös, minä en ole ujo. — Etkö siis tahdo katsoa
silmiin?" — Hän puhui niin hartaasti, ettei tyttö voinut kauvemmin
vastustaa hänen pyyntöään. Hän katsoi häneen, mutta painoi
kumminkin pian taas silmänsä alas. Ferko oli hurmaantunut;
silmänräpäyksessä oli hän kietaissut oikean kätensä tytön kaulaan,
vasemmalla tarttui hän hänen pyöreään poskeensa ja suuteli hänen
pientä punasuutansa ja hänen suuria, sinisiä silmiään monesti,
monesti. Panni vaaleni, sitten punastui hän jälleen ja muutama suuri
kyynel vieri hänen poskelleen. Tuskaisesti kysyi nuorukainen.

"Miksi itket, ruususen? Olenko tehnyt sinulle pahaa?"

"Et", vastasi tyttö, "et ole tehnyt minulle mitään pahaa."

"Miksi sinä sitten itket?"

"Koska niin suuresti rakastan!"

Ferko, tulipoika, tahtoi häntä jälleen syleillä, mutta tyttö pujahti

pois ja avasi tuvan oven, jossa vanha Peter poikansa lasten kanssa
lopetteli illallista.

"Tule vaan tänne tyttö!" sanoi vanhus sisäänastuvalle. "Mutta

missä on
Ferko?"

"Olen täällä, herra!" huusi tämä, ja astui nyt samaten tupaan. "Olin
vaan hevosille hiukan heiniä heittämässä."
 Vasta sitten, kun oli jo puhunut, huomasi Ferko valehdelleensa. Se
koski häneen, mutta hän ei uskaltanut ottaa sanaansa enää takaisin
ja rauhotti omaatuntoaan ajattelemalla, ettei tuollaisesta pikku
valheesta toki Jumala voine rangaista. Kelpo nuorukainen! Kuinka
paljon onkaan sellaisia, jotka paljon suuremmista valheista eivät
tunne katumusta.

Illallisen jälkeen otti vanha talonherra raamatun kaapista, veti

silmälasit esille, asetti ne nenälleen ja luki tarkkuudella sivun
toisensa jälkeen. Katri koetti nukuttaa Rosaa, pikku Peter leikki
lattialla maissijyvien kanssa. Panni meni kyökkiin korjaamaan ruuan
tähteitä, Ferko taas talliin syöttämään ja juottamaan hevosia ja
härkiä.

Kun palvelijat olivat lopettaneet työnsä, ottivat he esille tavallisen

iltatehtävänsä, maissin puhdistuksen. Kumpikin asettui matalalle
jakkaralle, jonka päähän oli lyöty veitsenterä, jota käytettiin
maissintähkien jyvittämiseen. Olisi voinut luulla, että tämän työn
nopeasta joudunnasta oli luvattu palkinto, niin sukkelaan se kävi.
Mutta siitä huolimatta eivät he olleet ollenkaan niin suuresti
kiintyneet työhön, etteivät olisi joutaneet vaihtamaan silmäyksiä
keskenään, Jumala paratkoon!

"Isäntä, miksi pilaatte silmänne tuolla lukemisella?" sanoi pitkän

vaitiolon jälkeen Ferko. Mestari Peter kohotti hitaasti katseensa
kirjasta ja kysyi Ferkoon kääntyen:

"Mitä sanot, poikaseni?"

"Kysyn, miksi isäntä tärvelee silmänsä lukemisella. Kirjaimethan

ovat niin pienet, että kolme niitä tuskin vastaa vähäpätöisintä täplää."
 "Aivan oikein, Ferko! Mutta mitäpä tekee, kun on vielä liian
aikainen mennä levolle."

"Kertokaa jotain, isäntä, sehän sopii. Silloin eivät silmänne rasitu

ja meiltä kuluisi aika paljon pikemmin."

"Oi rakas isoisä, kerro jotain!" huudahti Katri ja alkoi vanhusta

mielitellä ja pyytää että hän kertoisi, vaan kertoisi.

Mestari Peter Pergö ei ollut liian kova, mielellään täytti hän tuon
yhteisen pyynnön. Hänen oli sitten tapanaan kysyä, mitä hänen
pitäisi kertoa: Haltijattaresta, peukalonpituisesta Hannusta, kolmesta
kuninkaanpojasta, rautanenästä vai muusta sellaisesta; tätä kaikkea
taisi hän.

"Odottakaas, lapset", sanoi ukkovaari hetken mietittyään.

"Tahdonpa nyt kerrankin kertoa teille elämäkertani. Se ei ole niin
kirjava kuin tuo haltijatarsatu, mutta sensijaan on se ehkä paljon
arvokkaampi, sillä se on tosi, ettekä te ole vielä koskaan kuulleet
sitä. — Eikö niin?"

"Niin, niin!" huusivat kaikki.

Vanhus riisui saappaansa, sytytti lyhyehkön piippunysänsä ja

istuutui uunipenkille. Nuorimman lapsenlapsensa otti hän syliinsä,
molemmat toiset nojasivat häneen kahden puolen. Panni ja Ferko
jatkoivat työtänsä. Maissijyvät vierivät sitä varten asetettuun säkkiin,
suuri seinäkello naksutteli hauskasti tiktakkiaan, öljylamppu lieskui
savuten. — Kaikki kuuntelivat ukkovaaria, joka nyt alkoi:

"Siitä on jo kauvan, kauvan, kun se tapahtui, jonka tahdon nyt

teille, lapset, kertoa; sillä minä olin silloin kahdenkolmatta vuotias ja
olen jo aikoja sitte kulkenut yli kuudenkymmenen. Tuohon aikaan
viljeltiin vielä sitä maata, mihin nyt haudataan. Ja nyt viljellään siellä
mihin silloin haudattiin. En ollut erilaisempi muita kylän poikia,
minäkään — mutta mitäpä sanonkaan! Olin kahdenkolmatta vanha.
Totta tosiaan olisin silloin hävennyt ryömiä uunin nurkkaan, kuten
nyt; mutta älkää naurako! Aika tulee teillekin."

Tässä keskeytti mestari Peter puheensa, sillä ulkoa koputettiin

ikkunaan ja heikko, vapiseva ääni rukoili:

"Olkaa armeliaita ja laskekaa minut sisään; kylmää!"

"Kuka siellä?" kysyi Ferko.

"Vanha kerjäläisraukka", kuului ääni taas.

"Mene, Panni", sanoi ukkovaari, "työnnä salpa syrjään ja päästä

Jumalan nimessä onneton sisälle."

Panni päästi kerjäläisen sisälle. Hän oli ryysyinen, vanha mies,

joka lisäksi vielä ontui. Hän oli aivan kylmän kohmettama; hänen
silmäripsiinsä oli jäätynyt kyyneleitä, jotka myrsky oli pusertanut
hänen silmistään; hiuksilla ja parralla törrötti jääpuikkoja. Hän oli
paljain päin ja kenkien sijasta peittivät oljet hänen jalkojaan. Mestari
Peter antoi hänen ottaa paikan lähellä uunia ja Panni toi esille
joitakin ruuan jäännöksiä. Mielellään suotiin hänelle täällä yösija.

Sitten jatkoi vanhus kertomustaan, tahi paremmin sanoen, hän

alkoi sen uudestaan. Kerjäläinenkin kuunteli tarkkaavaisesti hieman
syötyään ja lämmiteltyään. —

"Olin renkinä eräällä rikkaalla herralla. Kelpo herra, rauha hänelle!

Mutta hänen poikansa oli heittiöiden esikuva. Onnettomaksi tunsi
itsensä jokaisen kauniin tytön isä ja kauniin vaimon mies, sillä tuo
jumalaton nuori herra koetti turmella jokaisen. Eikä kukaan
uskaltanut valittaa, sillä kuka sen teki, hänen kävi vielä huonommin.
Mitäpä ei mahtava herra voisikaan aseetonta kansaraukkaa kohtaan!
Mutta ei palvelusväelläkään ollut siellä hyvä olla. Hän piinasi heitä
kaikin tavoin; ja jollei kaikki käynyt hiuskarvalleen hänen mielensä
mukaan, annatti hän heille raippoja tahi pani heidät kaakinpuihin.
Palvelusväki vaihtuikin joka kolmas kuukausi; en minäkään olisi
jäänyt kauvemmaksi, mutta minua pidätti tärkeä syy, joka poisti
kaiken arvelemisen. Isoäiti, lapset, palveli myös siellä ja me
rakastimme toisiamme jo silloin täydestä sydämestämme. Hänellä ei
ollut mitään valittamista, sillä hän oli kaunis tyttö ja sentähden suosi
nuori herrakin häntä. Isoäiti ei huomannut ollenkaan syytä hänen
suosimiseensa, sillä muuten olisi hän kyllä etsinyt toisen
palveluspaikan. Vihdoin tunnusti nuori herra hänelle rakkautensa ja
kysyi: 'No, Julia, rakastatko sinäkin minua?' Julia vastasi, ettei hän
rakastanut häntä vähintäkään.

"'Tiedätkös, lapsi', puheli nuori herra edelleen, 'korotan palkkasi

kahdenkertaiseksi ja annan vielä etukäteen punaisen kenkäparin,
jollaisia kreivittäret käyttävät, mutta rakastaa täytyy sinun minua!'

"'Älkää luvatko suotta, minä en rakasta teitä.'

"'Miksi sitten?'

"'Siksi, kun te olette rikas herra ja minä köyhä palvelustyttö. Mutta

vaikkapa olisi toisinkin, en sittenkään voisi herraa rakastaa, koska
rakastan jo toista. Ymmärrättekö?'

"'Toista? Ketä?'
 "'Jotakin.'

"'Mutta kuka on tuo joku?'

"'Sitä en sano.'

"'Miksi?'

"'Siksi!'

"Kaikin mokomin tahtoi nuori herra tietää, kuka hänen

rakastettunsa oli, mutta hän ei tahtonut sitä mistään hinnasta
tunnustaa ja siihen se jäi. Nuori herra teeskenteli nyt täydellisintä
välinpitämättömyyttä, mutta salaa hiipi hän hänen perässään,
saadakseen vihiä asiasta.

"Eräänä iltana — muistan sen kuin olisi se ollut eilen, — heitin

juuri rehuja lehmille, Julia lypsi lehmää, senkin muistan vielä, mikä
lehmä se oli.

"Pienen käyräsarven, sen polttomerkin muistan vielä. Sen

vasemmassa reidessä oli H. L. Vähän ennen oli armollinen herra
ostanut sen yhdessä suuren härän kanssa; molemmat olivat niin
samankaltaisia kuin olisivat ne olleet syntyisin samoista
vanhemmista. — Siis Juliani lypsäessä käyräsarvea, astuin äkkiä
hänen vierelleen ja sanoin:

"'Julia!'

"Hän jatkoi työtään, ikäänkuin ei olisi ollenkaan kuullut minua.

Silloin johtui mieleeni näpätä häntä herrasihmisten tavoin poskelle;
niin, hänen kasvonsa olivat silloin aivan toisenlaiset kuin nyt, ne
muistuttivat puhkeavaa ruusua. Tosiaankin! — Nyt eivät ruusutkaan
ole enää niin kauniit kuin ne olivat ennen; minusta ainakin näyttää
siltä. — Kuten sanottu, näppäsin häntä poskelle ja toistin vielä
kerran:

"'Julia!'

"Silloin kääntyi hän ja vastasi:

"'Oletteko se te, Peter? En tiennyt ollenkaan, että olette täällä.'

"Piru, eikö hän tiennyt sitä! Kun olin kolmannessa naapuritalossa,

etsiskeli hän minua uteliaana. Mutta sehän nyt on kerta tyttöjen tapa:
he tahtovat meitä aina uskotella, pienimmistäkin murheistaan
huolehtivat he aina enemmän kuin meistä. — No sanos Panni eikö
se ole niin? — Hä!

"Pikku Panni loi hämillään silmänsä alas ja vastasi punastuen:

"'Ei, ei suinkaan!'

"Ferko sitävastoin ajatteli: 'Hyväpä, että tuon tiedän!'

"Vanha herra jatkoi taas puhettaan:

"'Sitten kysyin Julialta, tietäisikö hän, mitä minä ajattelin; hän

vastasi, ettei hän tiennyt sitä, koskei hän voinut sitä tietää.'

"'Sinähän osaat vaan rakastaa, eikö niin?' vastasin minä. —

'Tahdon sanoa siis sen sinulle! Minulle johtui tuossa mieleen, kuinka
somalta näyttäisi, kun lypsäisit meidän lehmäämme tai lehmiämme.
Antaneehan hyvä Jumala meille toki enempi kuin yhden lehmän; hän
auttaa kyllä kelpo ihmisiä.'
 "Julia ei vastannut siihen mitään, huokasi vaan, mutta ei
murheellisesti, mikä näytti minusta hyvältä merkiltä. Kumarruin alas
hänen puoleensa — hänellä oli juuri maitokiulu kädessään — ja
tahdoin suudella häntä, mutta arvelin, että hän kentiesi suuttuu siitä;
siksi kuiskasin vaan hänen korvaansa:

"'Oi, sinä maailman kaunein kukka!'

"Mutta sitten kun lehmät oli lypsetty ja hän aikoi lähteä navetasta,
en voinut enää pidättäytyä sanomasta hänelle: 'Sananen, Julia, jos
rakastat minua!'

"Hän seisoi jo kynnyksellä ja minä puhuin jotenkin kovaan:

"'Oi, suloinen kyyhkyni, kunpa kerran olisit vaimoni! Silloin meille

vasta maailma aukenee. — Eikö niin, Julia! Tulen iltaisin väsyneenä
kotiin ja sanon: Syleile minua, rakas lapsi! Näytähän toki, näytähän
kuinka teet sen sitten! Pyydän sinua niin kauniisti.'

"Mitä olisi voinut raukka tehdä muuta — hän syleili minua. — Se

oli aivan oikein ja hyvin kauniisti, mutta siitä sai myöskin kolmas
tiedon ja tämä kolmas oli nuori herra.

"'No pienoseni', sanoi hän Julialle, 'tiedän jo, ketä rakastat, vaikket
tahtonutkaan ilmaista sitä.'

"Hän sanoi tämän hymyillen; mutta löytyy hymyjä, joita ihmiset

pelkäävät kuin ukonjyrinää, ja nuori herra hymyili sitä hymyä. Pian
selveni se meille, mutta me saimme täydellä syyllä pelätä tätä
hymyä.

"Jo seuraavana päivänä alkoi kurjuus.

 "Nuori herra käski minua niittämään heiniä niityllä ja tuomaan
sitten ruskon ja valakan kotiin. Tein niin. Kun nyt purin pihassa
heinäkuormaa, karkasi nuori herra kimppuuni kuin hullu koira ja
huusi, mitä minä teen.

"Sanoin, että olin tuonut heiniä kotiin.

"'Kuka sinun on käskenyt sitä tekemään, sinä kaakinpuuhun

pantava?' ärjyi hän.

"'Armollinen herra itse', vastasin.

"'Uskallatko sinä minulle sitä sanoa, tallirenki! Odotahan hetkinen.

—
Enkö minä käskenyt sinua viemään tiiliä lammastarhaan? — Mitä?'

"'Totisesti ei armollinen herra maininnut siitä sanaakaan, tahdon

vannoa vaikka pyhän valan.'

"'Jopahan minä tarvitsenkin sinun valojasi, heittiö! Tahdon opettaa

sinua kunnioittamaan käskyjä. Pääset kaakinpuuhun ja älä luulekaan
kuuteen tuntiin siitä pois pääseväsi.'

"'Kuten tahdotte, armollinen herra, mutta työt olen tehnyt, niinkuin

on käsketty.'

"Hän jätti minut seisomaan ja pian tuotiin tuo kirottu puu, johon
minut kaulastani ja jaloistani kiinnitettiin. Asetuin siinä tilassa kyökin
oven luo, jossa luulin tuskasta, häpeästä ja mieliharmista kuolevani.
Välistä meni Julia ohitseni; lapsiraukka katsoi minuun niin
tuskaisesti, että sydämeni kärsi vielä enemmän kuin jalkapuussa
olevat jäseneni. Siten istuin siinä kaksinkertaista tuskaa kärsien.
Hitaasti kului aika kuin olisi sen jalkoihin kuormitettu
neljänkymmenen naulan rautapaino. Äkkiä kävin aivan siniseksi,
kasvot sinisiksi, silmät punaisiksi! Ja kun rakas, pikku Juliani sen
näki, alkoi hän itkeä; hän nojautui seinää vasten ja nyyhkytti ja
puhkesi kovaan valitukseen; vihdoin vaipui hän voimatonna viereeni.
Siinä makasi hän nyt enkä minä voinut häntä auttaa, sillä jäseneni
olivat kahlehditut; enpä edes voinut häntä lohduttaen ilahuttaa, sillä
itse olin liiaksi lohdutuksen tarpeessa. Mutta en vielä kuuden
tunninkaan kuluttua päässyt irti kaakinpuusta, sillä avain oli nuoren
herran taskussa ja hän harhaili Jumala tiesi missä.

"Saatuani jälleen vapauteni, kutsuin Julian luokseni ja ilmoitin

hänelle, että jättäisin talon. Hän arveli sen olevan aivan hyvän eikä
hänkään tahtonut viipyä siellä silmänräpäystäkään kauvempaa. Me
saisimme kyllä muuallakin palveluspaikan, sillä Jumalankiitos, me
emme olleet kumpikaan taitamattomat. Ja jos toiselle kävisi
huonosti, jakaisi toinen hänen kanssaan vaikka viimeisen suupalan.
Menimme nyt yhdessä vanhuksen luo, kiitimme tähäsastisesta
hyvyydestä ja ilmotimme eroavamme palveluksesta. Mutta nuori
herrakin oli siellä ja sanoi että minä saisin Jumalan nimeen mennä,
mutta Julian täytyisi vielä jäädä, hän ei päästäisi häntä pois.

"'Kuinka voitte te pidättää minua', sanoi Julia; 'minä en tahdo

jäädä.'

"'Tahdotpa tai et, sinä jäät; olet palkkautunut vuodeksi etkä

epämääräiseksi ajaksi.'

"'Onhan Peterkin vuosipalkalla, miksi saa hän mennä?' kysyi tyttö.

"'Kelvottomalla ei ole sijaa minun luonani; tuo menköön, mitä

varemmin sen parempi. Mutta sinä jäät ja täytyy jäädä, semminkin,
kun olet ottanut suuren osan palkastasi. Tahi voitko ehkä maksaa
sen takaisin?'

"'En', vastasi Julia katkerasti.

"Tuon tiesi nuori herra aivan hyvin ja siksi hän sitä kysyikin. Nyt ei
auttanut mikään muu kuin erota. — Vanhus ei puhunut sanaakaan,
hän antoi kaiken käydä, niinkuin nuori herra, hänen ainoa lapsensa,
tahtoi; hän rakasti häntä liiaksi, tehdäkseen jotain vastoin hänen
tahtoaan. Kokoilin kimpsuni ja kampsuni ja kannoin ne
naapuritaloon; vanhempia ja sukulaisia ei minulla ollut, siksi täytyi
minun asua vieraiden tykönä.

"'Ole rohkea vaan, sydänkäpyseni', sanoin Julialle, 'ole rohkea

vaan! Tästä huolimatta näemme me toisemme usein; ja kun vuotesi
on täysi, tahdomme taas samassa paikassa palvella. Siihen saakka
kärsivällisyyttä ja toivoa. Ja nyt Jumalan haltuun!'

"'Missä kohtaamme toisiamme?' kysyi tyttö itkien.

"'Takapihan portilla', vastasin. 'Kun olet tehnyt iltatyösi, niin tule

sinne, odotan sinua siellä.'

"'Hyvä. Mutta minne rupeat sinä palvelukseen?'

"'Sitä en vielä tiedä; löytänenhän toki kylässä jossain paikan.'

"'Älä vaan mene kauvas täältä, muuten kuolen tuskaan.'

"'Ja vaikka minulle luvattaisiin muualla kuninkaan valtakunta, jään

tänne, enkelini! — Jumala kanssasi!'

"Siten erosimme me.

 "Naapurissa, johon vein omaisuuteni oli ihmisystävällinen vanha
isäntä, joka pyysi minua sydämellisesti vieraakseen siihen asti,
kunnes menisin taas palvelukseen. — Minä kuljin nyt läpi koko kylän,
menin talonpojalta toiselle, mutta ei kellään ollut nyt juuri renkiä
tarvis; siksi täytyi minun odottaa, kunnes jokin paikka tulisi vapaaksi.
Sopimuksen mukaan yhdyimme joka ilta Julian kanssa. Hän kiirehti,
tehdäkseen nopeammin työnsä, ettei minun tarvitsisi odottaa
kauvan. Ja toivatpa päivät hyvää taikka pahaa tullessaan, olivat illat
ja yöt aina ihania.

"Hyvä Jumala, kuinka onnellinen olikaan aika tuon pikku portin

luona. Jos olisi ollut mahdollista, olisin ostanut tuon talon, ainoastaan
antaakseni kullata tuon pikku portin. Siellä seisoimme me yhdessä,
puhelimme, kuuntelimme toisiamme ja olimme aina, aina onnellisia.
Katselin Julian silmiin ja sitten tähtitaivaalle, mutta ei ainoakaan
niistä loistanut niin kuin tämä silmäpari, joka on jo himmeä kuin tuon
pöytälampun… Kuinka muuttuvainen on ihminen!

"Jos oli paha ilma, peitin minä rakkaani turkillani, siten oli hän
painautuneena rinnalleni ja me tunsimme toistemme sydänlyönnit.
En koskaan elämässäni ole kuullut kauniimpaa musiikkia. Kun
erosimme huusi vartija useinkin jo ensimäistä tuntia puolenyön
jälkeen.

"Siten kului kuukauden päivät. Paitsi rakasta Jumalaa, ei

yhtymisestämme tiennyt ainoakaan vieras siihen saakka, kunnes
nuoren herran palvelija sai siitä tiedon. Tästä oli kanteleminen
mieluisin tehtävä. Varokaa itseänne vaan siitä, rakkaat lapset, sillä ei
löydy likaisempaa tekoa kuin tämä on. Kanteleminen on kateen tytär
ja se joka on kade, se ei voi olla rehellinen, ja on vahinko, että
sellainen on syntynytkään; hän saattaa toisille harmia ja sitä ei Luoja
tahdo. Tämä antaa jokaiselle aarteen: voiman olla hyvä, jos vaan
tahdomme. Älkää hukatko tätä aarretta! Sillä se poika, joka on sen
hukannut, kieltää isänsä, osottaa hänelle ovea ja sanoo: 'mene,
minä en tunne sinua!' — Ja voi sitä, josta taivaallinen isä kääntää
armollisen katseensa. Hän on kuivuneen puun kaltainen, joka ei
anna varjoa eikä hedelmiä, ottaa vaan tilaa ja jonka ohitse väsyneet
ja nälkäiset matkustajat kulkevat kiroten. Ja minä sanon teille,
parempi on teidän päästä yhden Jumalan kuin tuhansien ihmisten
suosioon. Olkaa hyviä, jumalaarakastavia, mutta ei
jumalaapelkääviä. Älkää uskoko niitä, jotka opettavat teille, että
Jumalaa täytyy peljätä, sillä sitä emme vilpittömästi rakasta, jota
pelkäämme ja Jumala vaatii meiltä rakkautta…"

Tässä vaikeni vanha Peter ja vaipui mietteisiin; hetkisen kuluttua

kavahti hän ja alkoi taas:

"Mihin jäinkään?… Tosiaan!… Palvelija antoi meidät siis ilmi

nuorelle herralle, joka tuli meidän seuraavalle yhtymisellemme ja
torui tyttöä, etteikö hän hävennyt öiseen aikaan yhtyessään jonkun
miehen kanssa, eikö hän pelännyt turmelevansa hyvän maineensa.

"Julia vastasi, ettei hän peljännyt sitä, sillä minä naisin hänet.

"'Siten se on', sanoin minä; 'Julia tulee vaimokseni.'

"'Sepähän nähdään', vastasi nuori herra.

"'Mikä nähdään? — Kenellä on jotain sitä vastaan?' kysyin minä.

"'Minulla!'

"'Armollinen junkkari? Ja miksi?'