PowSysAnaly 6e Ch04

Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Chapter 4:
Transmission
Line Parameters
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part. 0
Development of Line Models

⚫ Goals of this section are
1. To develop a simple model for transmission lines
2. To gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of the
transmission line affects the model parameters
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 1
Primary Methods for Power Transfer

⚫ The most common methods for transfer of electric power
are
1. Overhead ac
2. Underground ac
3. Overhead dc
4. Underground dc
5. Other
whole or in part. 2
Magnetics Review
⚫ Ampere’s circuital law:
F=  H dl = Ie
F = mmf = magnetomotive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
 = Line integral about closed path 
(dl is tangent to path)
Ie = Algebraic sum of current linked by 
whole or in part. 3
Line Integrals
⚫ Line integrals are a generalization of traditional integration
Integration along the

x-axis
Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed
Ampere’s law is most useful in cases of symmetry,
such as with an infinitely long line
whole or in part. 4
Magnetic Flux Density

⚫ Magnetic fields are usually measured in terms of flux density
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])

(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear magnetic material
B =  H where  is the called the permeability
 = 0  r
0 = permeability of freespace = 4  10-7 H m
r = relative permeability  1 for air
whole or in part. 5
Magnetic Flux
Total flux passing through a surface A is
 = A B da
da = vector with direction normal to the surface
If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
 = BA
whole or in part. 6
Magnetic Fields from Single Wire

⚫ Assume we have an infinitely long wire with current of
1000A. How much magnetic flux passes through a 1 meter
square, located between 4 and 5 meters from the wire?
Direction of H is given
by the “Right-hand” Rule
Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage

of symmetry. For an integration path we’ll choose a
circle with a radius of x.
whole or in part. 7
Single Line Example, Cont’d

I
2 xH = I → H =
2 x
B = 0 H
0 I 5
 = A 0 H dA = 4 dx
2 x
I 5 −7 5
 = 0 ln = 2  10 I ln
2 4 4
 = 4.46  10−5 Wb
2  10−4 2 For reference, the
B = T = Gauss
x x earth’s magnetic field
is about 0.6 Gauss
Central US
whole or in part. 8
Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law

Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law
d
V = where V = voltage,  = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:
N
 = i
i=1
If all flux links every coil then  = N

whole or in part. 9
Inductance
For a linear magnetic system, that is one where
B =H
we can define the inductance, L, to be the constant
relating the current and the flux linkage
 =Li
where L has units of Henrys (H)
whole or in part. 10
Inductance Example
Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil wound tightly on
a toroidal iron core that has a radius of R and a cross-
sectional area of A. Assume
1. all flux is within the coil
2. all flux links each turn
Inductance Example, cont’d

Ie =  H dl
NI = H 2 R (path length is 2 R)
NI
H = B =  H =  r 0 H
2 R
 = AB  = N = LI
NI
 = NAB = NAr 0
2 R
N Ar 0
2
L = H
2 R
Inductance of a Single Wire

To develop models of transmission lines, we first need to
determine the inductance of a single, infinitely long wire.
To do this we need to determine the wire’s total flux
linkage, including
1. flux linkages outside of the wire
2. flux linkages within the wire
We’ll assume that the current density within the wire is
uniform and that the wire has a radius of r.
Flux Linkages Outside of Wire

We'll think of the wire as a single loop closed at
infinity. Therefore  = since N = 1. The flux linking
the wire out to a distance of R from the wire center is
R I
 = A B da = length r 0
2 x
dx
Flux Linkages Outside, cont’d
R I
 =  = A B da 2 x
= length r 0 dx
Since length =  we'll deal with per unit length values,

assumed to be per meter.
 R I 0 R
= r 0 dx = I ln
meter 2 x 2 r
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R → 
Flux Linkages Inside of Wire

Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside
of the conductor due to the skin effect. The penetration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
1
the skin depth = where f is the frequency in Hz
 f
and  is the conductivity in mhos/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth   0.33 inch at 60HZ.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.
Flux Linkages Inside, cont’d

Wire cross section Current enclosed within distance
x2
x of center = Ie = 2 I
r
x Ie Ix
Hx = =
r 2 x 2 r 2
Flux only links part of current

rIx x 2  Ix3
r 0  r
inside = 0  dx = 0 r 4 dx = 8 I
2 r r
2 2 2
Line Total Flux & Inductance

0 R 0  r
Total (per meter) = I ln + I
2 r 8
0  R  r 
Total (per meter) = I  ln + 
2  r 4 
0  R  r 
L(per meter) =  ln + 
2  r 4 
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we integrate
R out to infinity
Inductance Simplification
Inductance expression can be simplified using
two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b ln = ln a − ln b a = ln(e ) a
b
− r  
0  R  r  0  
L=  ln +  =  ln R −  ln r + ln e 4
 
2  r 4  2   
0   − r 4   0 R
L=  ln R − ln  re   = 2 ln r '
2   
− r
where r' r e 4  0.78r for r = 1
Two Conductor Line Inductance

Key problem with the previous derivation is we assumed no
return path for the current. Now consider the case of two wires,
each carrying the same current I, but in opposite directions;
assume the wires are separated by distance R.
R To determine the
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
Creates counter- Creates a now we get some
clockwise field clockwise field field cancellation
Two Conductor Case, cont’d

R R
Rp
Direction of integration
Key Point: As we integrate for the left line, at distance 2R from
the left line the net flux linked due to the right line is zero!
Use superposition to get total flux linkage.
For distance Rp, greater than 2R, from left line
0 Rp 0  Rp − R 
left = I ln − I ln  
2 r ' 2  R 
Left Current Right Current
Two Conductor Inductance

Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)
0  Rp  Rp − R  
left = I  ln − ln  
2  r '  R 
0
= I ( ln Rp − ln r '− ln( Rp − R) + ln R )
2
0  R Rp 
= I  ln + ln
2  r ' Rp − R 
0  R 
= I  ln  as Rp → 
2  r ' 
0  R 
Lleft =  ln  H/m
2  r ' 
Many-Conductor Case
Now assume we have k conductors, each with
current ik, arranged in some specified geometry.
We’d like to find flux linkages of each conductor.
Each conductor’s flux

linkage, k, depends upon
its own current and the
current in all the other
conductors.
To derive 1 we’ll be integrating from conductor 1 (at origin)

to the right along the x-axis.
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d
Rk is the
distance
from
conductor k
to point c.
We’d like to integrate the flux crossing

At point b the net
between b to c. But the flux crossing between
contribution to 1
a and c is easier to calculate and provides a
from ik , 1k, is
very good approximation of l1k. Point a is at
zero.
distance d1k from conductor k.

0  R1 R2 Rn 
1 =  i1 ln ' + i2 ln + + in ln
2  r1 d12 d1n 
0  1 1 1 
1 =  i1 ln ' + i2 ln + + in ln  +
2  r1 d12 d1n 
0
i1 ln R1 + i2 ln R2 + + in ln Rn 
2
As R1 goes to infinity R1 = R2 = Rn so the second
0  n 
term from above can be written =   i j  ln R1
2  j =1 

n
Therefore if  i j = 0, which is true in a balanced
j =1
three phase system, then the second term is zero and
0  1 1 1 
1 =  i1 ln ' + i2 ln + + in ln 
2  r1 d12 d1n 
1 = L11i1 + L12i2 + L1nin
System has self and mutual inductance. However
the mutual inductance can be canceled for
balanced 3 systems with symmetry.
Symmetric Line Spacing – 69 kV
Birds Do Not Sit on the Conductors
Line Inductance Example

Calculate the reactance for a balanced 3f, 60 Hz
transmission line with a conductor geometry of an
equilateral triangle with D = 5 m, r = 1.24 cm (Rook
conductor) and a length of 5 miles.
Since system is assumed

balanced
ia = −ib − ic
0  1 1 1 
a = i ln( ) + i ln( ) + i ln( )
2  D 
a b c
r' D
Line Inductance Example, cont’d

Substituting
ia = −ib − ic
Hence
0   1  1 
a =  ia ln   − ia ln   
2   r '  D 
0  D
= ia ln  
2  r'
0  D  4  10−7  5 
La = ln   = ln  −3 
2  r '  2  9.67  10 
= 1.25  10−6 H/m
Line Inductance Example, cont’d

La = 1.25  10−6 H/m
Converting to reactance
X a = 2  60  1.25  10−6
= 4.71 10−4 /m
= 0.768 /mile
XTotal for 5 mile line = 3.79 
(this is the total per phase)
The reason we did NOT have mutual inductance
was because of the symmetric conductor spacing
Conductor Bundling
To increase the capacity of high voltage transmission lines it
is very common to use a number of conductors per phase.
This is known as conductor bundling. Typical values are two
conductors for 345 kV lines, three for 500 kV and four for
765 kV.
Bundled Conductor Flux Linkages

For the line shown on the left,
define dij as the distance
between conductors i and j.
We can then determine l for
each
i  1 1 1 1  
  ln + ln
a
+ ln + ln  + 
4  r' d12 d13 d14  
   
0  ib 1 1 1 1
1 =  ln + ln + ln + ln  + 
2  4  d15 d16 d17 d18  
 
 ic  1 1 1 1 
  ln + ln + ln + ln 
 
4 d19 d 1,10 d1,11 d 1,12  

Bundled Conductors, cont’d

Simplifying
   
i ln  1  + 
a  1
 
  (r ' d12 d13d14 ) 4

   
0   1  
1 = i ln +
2   ( d d d d ) 14  
b
  15 16 17 18  
 
   
1
ic ln  1 

 ( d d d d
 19 1,10 1,11 1,12  ) 4 
Bundled Conductors, cont’d

Rb geometric mean radius (GMR) of bundle
1
= (r ' d12d13d14 ) 4 for our example
1
= (r ' d12 d1b ) b in general
D1b geometric mean distance (GMD) of
conductor 1 to phase b.
1
= (d15d16 d17 d18 ) 4  D2b  D3b  D4b  Dab
1
D1c = (d19 d1,10 d1,11d1,12 ) 4  D2c  D3c  D4c  Dac
Inductance of Bundle
If Dab = Dac = Dbc = D and ia = −ib − ic
Then
0   1  1 
1 =  ia ln   − ia ln   
2   Rb   D 
0 D 0 D
= I a ln   = 4 I1 ln  
2  Rb  2  Rb 
0 D
L1 =  4  ln  
2  Rb 
Inductance of Bundle, cont’d

But remember each bundle has b conductors
in parallel (4 in this example). So
0  D 
La = L1 / b = ln  
2  Rb 
Bundle Inductance Example

Consider the previous example of the three phases
symmetrically spaced 5 meters apart using wire with a radius
of r = 1.24 cm. Except now assume each phase has 4
conductors in a square bundle, spaced 0.25 meters apart. What
is the new inductance per meter?
0.25 M
r = 1.24  10−2 m r ' = 9.67  10−3 m
( )4
1
−3
R b = 9.67  10  0.25  0.25  2  0.25
0.25 M 0.25 M
= 0.12 m (ten times bigger!)
0 5
La = ln = 7.46  10−7 H/m
2 0.12
Transmission Tower Configurations

⚫ The problem with the line analysis we’ve done so far is we
have assumed a symmetrical tower configuration. Such a
tower configuration is seldom practical.
Therefore, in
general Dab 
Dac  Dbc
Unless something
was done this would
Typical Transmission Tower result in unbalanced
Configuration phases.
Transmission Tower Examples
230 kV wood pole 230 kV lattice steel

H-frame tower double circuit
Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power
Transposition
⚫ To keep system balanced, over the length of a transmission
line the conductors are rotated so each phase occupies each
position on the tower for an equal distance. This is known as
transposition.
Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length

of the transmission line.
Line Transposition Example
Transposition Impact on Flux Linkages

For a uniformly transposed line we can
calculate the flux linkage for phase "a"
1 0  1 1 1 
a =  I a ln + Ib ln + I c ln  + “a” phase in
3 2  r' d12 d13  position “1”
1 0  1 1 1 
 I a ln + Ib ln + I c ln  + “a” phase in
3 2  r' d13 d23  position “3”
1 0  1 1 1 
 I a ln + Ib ln + I c ln “a” phase in
3 2  r' d23 d12  position “2”
Transposition Impact, Cont’d

Recognizing that
1 1
(ln a + ln b + ln c) = ln(abc) 3
3
We can simplify so
 I ln 1 + I ln 1 
+
 a r' b 1
0  ( d12d13d23 ) 3 
a =
2  1 
 I c ln 1 
 ( d12d13d23 ) 3 
Inductance of Transposed Line

Define the geometric mean distance (GMD)
1
Dm ( d12d13d23 ) 3
Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a = - Ib - I c )

0  1 1  0 Dm
a =  I a ln − I a ln  = I a ln
2  r' Dm  2 r'
Hence
0 Dm −7 Dm
La = ln = 2  10 ln H/m
2 r' r'
Inductance with Bundling

If the line is bundled with a geometric mean
radius, R b , then
0 Dm
a = I a ln
2 Rb
0 Dm −7 Dm
La = ln = 2  10 ln H/m
2 Rb Rb
Inductance Example
⚫ Calculate the per phase inductance and reactance of a
balanced 3, 60 Hz line with horizontal phase spacing
of 10 m using three conductor bundling with a spacing
between conductors in the bundle of 0.3 m. Assume the
line is uniformly transposed and the conductors have a
1 cm radius.
Answer: Dm = 12.6 m, Rb= 0.0889 m

Inductance = 9.9 x 10–7 H/m; reactance = 0.6 /mile
Review of Electric Fields

To develop a model for line capacitance we
first need to review some electric field concepts.
Gauss's law:
A D da = qe (integrate over closed surface)
where
D = electric flux density, coulombs/m2
da = differential area da, with normal to surface
A = total closed surface area, m2
q e = total charge in coulombs enclosed
Gauss’s Law Example

⚫ Similar to Ampere’s Circuital Law, Gauss’s Law is most
useful for cases with symmetry.
⚫ Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long wire that has
a charge density of q coulombs/meter
Since D comes
radially out, integrate
over the cylinder
bounding the wire
A D da = D2 Rh = qe = qh
q
D = ar where ar radially directed unit vector
2 R
Electric Fields
⚫ The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux
density, D, by
D = E
where
E = electric field (volts/m)
 = permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
 = o r
o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)
r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)
Voltage Difference
The voltage difference between any two
points P and P is defined as an integral
P
V − P E dl

In previous example the voltage difference between
points P and P , located radial distance R and R 
from the wire is (assuming  =  o )
R q q R
V = − R dR = ln
 2 o R 2 o R
Voltage Difference, cont’d

With
R q R q
V = − R dR = ln
 2 o R 2 o R
if q is positive then those points closer in have
a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy
(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against an electric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage
is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point
Multi-Conductor Case
Now assume we have n parallel conductors,
each with a charge density of qi coulombs/m.
The voltage difference between our two points,
P and P , is now determined by superposition
n
1 R i
V = 
2 i =1
qi ln
R i
where R i is the radial distance from point P
to conductor i, and R i the distance from P to i.
Multi-Conductor Case, cont’d

n
If we assume that  qi = 0 then rewriting
i=1
1 n 1 1 n
V = 
2 i =1
qi ln + 
R i 2 i =1
qi ln R i
n
We then subtract  qi ln R1 = 0
i =1
1 n 1 1 n R i
V = 
2 i =1
qi ln + 
R i 2 i =1
qi ln
R 1
R i
As we more P to infinity, ln →0
R 1
Absolute Voltage Defined

Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to
infinity, we can now define the voltage of a
point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:
1 n 1
V = 
2 i =1
qi ln
R i
This equation holds for any point as long as
it is not inside one of the wires!
Three Conductor Case

A Assume we have three
infinitely long conductors,
A, B, & C, each with radius r
C B and distance D from the
other two conductors.
Assume charge densities such
that qa + qb + qc = 0
1  1 1 1
Va =  qa ln + qb ln + qc ln 
2  r D D
qa D
Va = ln
2 r
Line Capacitance
For a single line, capacitance is defined as
qi = CiVi
But for a multiple conductor case we need to
use matrix relationships since the charge on
conductor i may be a function of Vj
 q1  C11 C1n  V1 
  =   
    
 qn  Cn1 Cnn  Vn 
q = CV
Line Capacitance, cont’d

In ECE 476 we will not be considering these
cases with mutual capacitance. To eliminate
mutual capacitance we'll again assume we have
a uniformly transposed line. For the previous
three conductor example:
Va = V
qa 2
Since q a = C Va → C = =
Va ln D
r
Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Similar to what we did for determining line
inductance when there are n bundled conductors,
we use the original capacitance equation just
substituting an equivalent radius
1
R cb = (rd12 d1n ) n
Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R b in the inductance
equation
Line Capacitance, cont’d

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we
use the same GMR, Dm , as before.
2
C =
D
ln m c
Rb
where
 dab dac dbc 

1
Dm = 3
1
R cb = (rd12 d1n ) n (note r NOT r')
ε in air =  o = 8.854  10-12 F/m
Line Capacitance Example

⚫ Calculate the per phase capacitance and susceptance
of a balanced 3, 60 Hz transmission line with horizontal
phase spacing of 10 m using three conductor bundling with a
spacing between conductors in the bundle of 0.3 m. Assume
the line is uniformly transposed and the conductors have a 1
cm radius.
Line Capacitance Example, cont’d

1
Rbc = (0.01 0.3  0.3) 3 = 0.0963 m
1
Dm = (10  10  20) 3 = 12.6 m
2  8.854  10−12
C = = 1.141 10−11 F/m
12.6
ln
0.0963
1 1
Xc = = −11
C 2 60  1.141  10 F/m
= 2.33  108 -m (not  / m)
Line Conductors
⚫ Typical transmission lines use multi-strand conductors
⚫ ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced)
conductors are most common. A typical Al. to St. ratio is
about 4 to 1.
Line Conductors, cont’d

⚫ Total conductor area is given in circular mils. One
circular mil is the area of a circle with a diameter of 0.001
=   0.00052 square inches
⚫ Example: what is the area of a solid, 1” diameter circular
wire?
Answer: 1000 kcmil (kilo circular mils)
⚫ Because conductors are stranded, the equivalent radius
must be provided by the manufacturer. In tables this value
is known as the GMR and is usually expressed in feet.
Line Resistance
Line resistance per unit length is given by

R = where  is the resistivity
A
Resistivity of Copper = 1.68 10-8 Ω-m
Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10 Ω-m -8
Example: What is the resistance in Ω / mile of a

1" diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?
2.65 10 Ω-m m -8

R = 1609 = 0.084
  (0.0127m) 2
mile mile
Line Resistance, cont’d

⚫ Because ac current tends to flow towards the surface of a
conductor, the resistance of a line at 60 Hz is slightly
higher than at dc.
⚫ Resistivity and hence line resistance increase as
conductor temperature increases (changes about 8%
between 25C and 50C)
⚫ Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual
resistance, inductance and capacitance need to be
determined from tables.
ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)
GMR is equivalent to r' Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
ACSR Data, cont’d

Dm −7
X L = 2 f L = 4 f  10 ln  1609 /mile
GMR
−3  1 
= 2.02  10 f ln + ln Dm 
 GMR 
−3 1
= 2.02  10 f ln + 2.02  10−3 f ln Dm
GMR
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
ACSR Data, cont’d

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table
1 2 0
XC = -m where C =
2 f C ln
Dm
r
1 Dm
=  1.779  10 ln
6
-mile (table is in M-mile)
f r
1 1 1
=  1.779  ln +  1.779  ln Dm M-mile
f r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
Dove Example
GMR = 0.0313 feet
Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
−7 1
X a = 2 60  2  10  1609  ln Ω/mile
0.0313
X a = 0.420 Ω/mile, which matches the table
For the capacitance
1 6 1
X C =  1.779  10 ln = 9.65  104 Ω-mile
f r
Additional Transmission Topics

⚫ Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a common
transmission right-of-way. This DOES cause mutual
inductance and capacitance, but is often ignored in system
analysis.
⚫ Cables: There are about 3000 miles of underground ac
cables in the U.S. Cables are primarily used in urban areas.
In a cable the conductors are tightly spaced, (< 1 ft) with oil
impregnated paper commonly used to provide insulation
– inductance is lower
– capacitance is higher, limiting cable length
Additional Transmission Topics, cont’d

⚫ Ground wires: Transmission lines are usually protected
from lightning strikes with a ground wire. This topmost
wire (or wires) helps to attenuate the transient
voltages/currents that arise during a lightning strike. The
ground wire is typically grounded at each pole.
⚫ Corona discharge: Due to high electric fields around
lines, the air molecules become ionized. This causes a
crackling sound and may cause the line to glow!
Additional Transmission Topics, cont’d

⚫ Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current may
flow through contaminants on insulators.
⚫ DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost
necessary to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc
transmission is only practical for several specialized
applications
– long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)
– long cable power transfer such as underwater
– providing an asynchronous means of joining different
power systems (such as the Eastern and Western grids).
DC Transmission Line
+/- 400 kV HVDC

lattice tower
Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power

PowSysAnaly 6e Ch04

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

Development of Line Models

Primary Methods for Power Transfer

Integration along the

Magnetic Flux Density

B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])

Magnetic Fields from Single Wire

Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage

Single Line Example, Cont’d

Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law

If all flux links every coil then  = N

Inductance Example, cont’d

Inductance of a Single Wire

Flux Linkages Outside of Wire

Flux Linkages Outside, cont’d

Since length =  we'll deal with per unit length values,

Flux Linkages Inside of Wire

Flux Linkages Inside, cont’d

Flux only links part of current

Line Total Flux & Inductance

Two Conductor Line Inductance

Two Conductor Case, cont’d

Two Conductor Inductance

Each conductor’s flux

To derive 1 we’ll be integrating from conductor 1 (at origin)

Many-Conductor Case, cont’d

We’d like to integrate the flux crossing

Many-Conductor Case, cont’d

Many-Conductor Case, cont’d

Symmetric Line Spacing – 69 kV

Birds Do Not Sit on the Conductors

Line Inductance Example

Since system is assumed

Line Inductance Example, cont’d

Line Inductance Example, cont’d

Bundled Conductor Flux Linkages

Bundled Conductors, cont’d

Bundled Conductors, cont’d

Inductance of Bundle, cont’d

Bundle Inductance Example

Transmission Tower Configurations

Transmission Tower Examples

230 kV wood pole 230 kV lattice steel

Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length

Line Transposition Example

Transposition Impact on Flux Linkages

Transposition Impact, Cont’d

Inductance of Transposed Line

Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a = - Ib - I c )

Inductance with Bundling

Answer: Dm = 12.6 m, Rb= 0.0889 m

Review of Electric Fields

Gauss’s Law Example

Voltage Difference, cont’d

Multi-Conductor Case, cont’d

Absolute Voltage Defined

Three Conductor Case

Line Capacitance, cont’d

Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

Line Capacitance, cont’d

 dab dac dbc 

Line Capacitance Example