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PowSysAnaly 6e Ch01
PowSysAnaly 6e Ch01
Chapter 1:
Introduction
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 1
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Complications
⚫ No ideal voltage sources exist
⚫ Loads are seldom constant
⚫ Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance, and flow limitations
⚫ Simple system has no redundancy, so a power system will
not work if any component fails
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Notation – Power
⚫ Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
⚫ Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
⚫ Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
900 GW (about 3 kW per person)
⚫ Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Notation – Energy
⚫ Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what
people really want from a power system
⚫ Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh – Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu = 0.292 MWh
⚫ U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion
kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on
average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 5
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 6
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Oregon is
71% Hydro,
while
Washington
State is
76% Hydro
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whole or in part. 10
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 11
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Rate of
increase is
about 3 ppm
per year
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
As is Worldwide Temperature
Change in U.S.
Annual Average Temperature
Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg
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whole or in part. 15
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 16
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Energy Economics
⚫ Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between
fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
– Nuclear and solar have high fixed costs, but low
operating costs
– Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating
costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
– Coal, wind, and hydro are in between
⚫ Also the units capacity factor is important to determine
ultimate cost of electricity
⚫ Potential carbon “tax” is a major uncertainty
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whole or in part. 18
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 19
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 20
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Course Syllabus
⚫ Introduction and review of phasors & three phase
⚫ Transmission line modeling
⚫ Per unit analysis and change of base
⚫ Models for transformers, generators, and loads
⚫ Power flow analysis and control
⚫ Economic system operation/restructuring
⚫ Short circuit analysis
⚫ Transient stability
⚫ System protection
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 21
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 22
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
History, cont’d
⚫ 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation
at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away
⚫ Early 1900s – Private utilities supply all customers in
area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step
in to begin regulation
⚫ By 1920s – Large interstate holding companies control
most electricity systems
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whole or in part. 23
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
History, cont’d
⚫ 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company
Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large
interstate utilities (repealed 2005)
⚫ 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to
rural areas
⚫ 1930s – Electric utilities established as vertical monopolies
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whole or in part. 24
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Vertical Monopolies
⚫ Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had
an exclusive franchise
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whole or in part. 25
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Vertical Monopolies
⚫ Within its service territory, each utility was the only game
in town
⚫ Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than
competitors
⚫ Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by
1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with
voltages up to 765 kV
⚫ Economies of scale resulted in decreasing rates, so most
every one was happy
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whole or in part. 26
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 27
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 28
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 29
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Utility Restructuring
⚫ Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates
⚫ Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the
introduction of competition
⚫ Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 30
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 31
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 32
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
OFF
OFF
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
UT IL IN OH W DE
M
D
CO VA VA D
C
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
NM OK AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 34
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 35
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 36