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19 A continuous variable can take any numerical value whereas a discrete variable 1
can take only certain value.
1. Classify the variables given below as Discrete or continuous :
No of students in KV, Height of the students of XIC
20 1. It is the number of observations corresponding to a particular Class Interval. 1
It is known as …
(i) Class Limit , (ii) Class size,
(iii) Frequency, (iv) Mid-value
21 Year wise production of milk in India was as follows, 198 million tons in 2019- 1
20, 210 million tons in 2020-21 and 221 million tons in 2021-22, this is an
example of:
Column I Column II
A. Frequency array (I) No class of the
items
B. Ascending order (II) Higher value is
placed first
C. Spatial (III) Classification
classification of data on the basis of time
D. Inclusive series (IV) Series which
includes all items up
to its upper limit
a) Obtained the frequency distribution using the class intervals from 100-
150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400.
b) What percentage of household spends less than Rs. 300 per month?
What percentage of household spends more than Rs. 250 per month?
41 Explain the Inclusive and Exclusive series of frequency distribution with an 4
example of each.
42 Distinguish between a variable and an attribute with the help of examples? 4
43 In a city 20 families were surveyed for the number of cell phones they used. 4
Construct frequency array based on their replies as recorded below :
1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3
3 3 1 0 4 4 4 2 2 2
44 Prepare a ‘less than’ cumulative frequency series from the following : 4
Marks (Mid-value ) Frequency
5 16
15 24
25 30
35 10
45 1. Distinguish between Exclusive Series and Inclusive Series with example. 4
46 Define cumulative frequency series. Convert this simple frequency series into 4
cumulative frequency series:
Marks Frequency
5 – 10 4
10 – 15 7
15 – 20 9
20 – 25 6
25 – 30 4
47 There are 35 students studying in class XI commerce, out of which the height of 4
one student is 5’6”. Explain the related variables in the given statement with
examples.
48 What do you understand by Grouping of error or Loss of information in 4
classified data? Explain
49 Differentiate between exclusive and inclusive series. Illustrate each with one 6
suitable example.
50 From the following data related to the weight of college students in kg, prepare 6
a frequency distribution with a class interval of 10 on exclusive and inclusive
basis:
40 70 63 53 85
92 72 65 53 79
49 42 43 47 50
52 50 48 65 42
69 60 54 83 55
51 Explain the concept of: 6
(i) Class interval
(ii) Individual series
(iii) Frequency array and
(iv) Frequency distribution
52 Monthly household expenditure (in rupees) of 20 households on food are 6
collected as
1904 1559 3473 1735 2760
2041 1612 2346 2628 3222
3673 2621 2025 3676 1324
1215 1875 2345 2565 3410
(i) Obtain the range of expenditure on food
(ii) Find continuous series frequency distribution & Calculate cumulative frequency
distribution
(iii) Find the number of households whose monthly expenditure on food is below Rs
3000
53 1. Construct an exclusive series frequency distribution with a class interval of 5 6
from the following data relating to wages of 14 workers :
Wages (rs) : 10 , 15 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 20 , 24 , 23 , 22 , 12 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 15
54 Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions : 6
Frequency distribution summarises the raw data by making it concise and
comprehensible. However it does not show the details that are found in raw
data and leads to loss of information. Frequency distribution can also be done
for two variables like sales & purchase , Export & Import etc known as
bivariate frequency distribution
1. Frequency distribution leads to loss of information as values of the variable
is arranged in ……... (ascending order / descending order / a class / None of
this)
2. Univariate frequency distribution has ………. Variable . ( One / Two /
Three)
3. Mid-value series is an example of ……… series. ( Discrete / continuous)
4. Briefly discuss ‘Loss of information’ in classified data
55 What are the various basis on which the classification of data can be done? 6
Explain with examples.
56 Explain these Statistical Terms: 6
a) Size of class
b) Individual Series
c) Open End Series
d) Frequency Distribution
Frequency Array
57 What characteristics should a good classification of data have? 6
Or
When do we call a classification of data as a good classification?
ANSWER
1 Frequency
2 Classification of data
3 33.5 – 38.5
4 Geographical basis
5 Chronological classification
6 A discrete variable
7 Calculation of ‘less than’ cumulative frequency
8 25
9 Bivariate frequency distribution
10 10
11 (c) Reducing bulk data & facilitating comparison
12 (b) Chronological Classification
13 (a) Both A and R are true & R is the correct explanation of A
14 (b) Number of Children in a family
(c) Number of goals scored in a match
Continuous series: (Grouped Frequency Distribution) When values of all the units are
arranged in groups which are not exactly measurable. In these series, all the values of variables
are shown in a continuous manner along with their corresponding frequencies. For example,
marks obtained by 10 students.
34 (i) Qualitative Classification (Age group, Gender)
(ii) Total Population (100)
Age Group (18 - 45) - 40 Age group (45 +) - 60
Male (15) Female (25) Male (30) Female (30)
35 Marks (less than) Cumulative freq.
0 0
05 12
10 25
15 35
20 55
36 Marks (More than) Cumulative freq.
0 55
05 43
10 30
15 20
20 0
37 Ans: Variables – A measurable characteristics whose value changes over time.
Discrete variable – length, width, height, volume, temperature, snowfall
Continuous variable - population, production of crops, no. of houses in a village, no. of bikes
on the road of sector 2 Hazaribagh.
38 Ans: Raw Data – A mass of data in its crude from is known as raw data.
Marks Tally Bars of Frequency
frequency (f)
11 ||| 3
12 | 1
14 |||| 4
16 || 2
17 |||| 4
18 | 1
19 | 1
20 |||| 4
Total 20
39 Ans: The series of frequencies that are added continuously corresponding to each class interval
in the series.
There are two ways of converting the simple frequency into the cumulative frequency:
1. Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of upper limits of the class
intervals
2. Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of lower class limits of the class
intervals.
42 Variable: Attribute:
Anything that quantity A change in the attribution ( a
characteristic) varies or changes quality characteristic) can only be
over time and can be expressed expressed qualitatively as good,
numerically is taken as a variable. excellent or average.
For example- Heights and weights For example- the looks of people,
of the individual is variables, as their intelligence and aptitude for
they can change and can be art and music varies from person
measured in numerical terms. to person and cannot be measured
numerically and only be
expressed qualitatively.
43 No of Cell phones Tally Bars No of families
0 / 1
1 //// 4
2 ///// // 7
3 ///// 5
4 /// 3
44 Marks Frequency Marks (less than) C f
0 – 10 16 10 16
10 – 20 24 20 40
20 – 30 30 30 70
30 – 40 10 40 80
45 Exclusive Series : (i) Upper limit of one class is same as the lower limit of the immediate next
class, (ii) Upper limit of the class is not included in the class , (iii) Marks : 10 – 20 20 – 30
30 – 40
No of students : 5 10 7
Inclusive Series : (i) Upper limit of one class is not same as the lower limit of the immediate
next class, (ii) Upper limit of the class is included in the class , (iii) Marks : 10 – 19 20 – 29
30 – 39
No of students : 5 10 7
46 Cumulative frequency series is that series in which the frequencies are continuously added
corresponding to each class interval in the series.
Method I Method II
Marks No. of Students Marks No. of Students
Less than 10 0+4=4 More than 5 30
Less than 15 4 + 7 = 11 More than 10 30 – 4 = 26
Less than 20 11 + 9 = 20 More than 15 26 – 7 = 19
19 – 9 = 10
Less than 25 20 + 6 = 26 More than 20
10 – 6 = 4
Less than 30 26 + 4 = 30 More than 25
47 1. Discrete variables: These variables are finite and are not expressed as a range. For example
35 students in class XI. it is an exact value in the series.
2. Continuous variables: These variables are in fractions or as a range. For example, height
of the boys in a school is expressed as 5’6”.
48 Loss of information occurs when data are grouped into different class intervals. There is a
hidden assumption in the process of grouping that all frequencies corresponding to a particular
class interval are equal to mid-value of the class interval. Obviously there is a loss of
information regarding different values of observation in a class interval. It is this error which is
called the error of grouping.
49 1. Exclusive series: These series in which every class interval excludes items corresponding to
its upper limit. In this series the upper limit of one class interval is the lower limit of the next
class interval. It is called exclusive series because a frequency of the upper limit of each class
interval is not included in that class.
For example, in a class interval, 10-15, only such items would be included, the value of which
is between 10 and 14. Any item of value of 15 would be included in the next class interval,
viz, 15-20.
2. Inclusive series: An inclusive series is that series which includes all items upto its upper
limit. In such series, the upper limit of class interval does not repeat itself as lower limit of the
next class interval. Thus, there is a gap ranges between 0.1 to 1.0 For example, 10-14, 15-19,
20-24 etc.
50
Marks Frequency
40-50 7
50-60 7
60-70 5
70-80 3
80-90 2
90-100 1
Total 25
Exclusive series
Inclusive series
Marks Frequency
40-49 7
50-59 7
60-69 5
70-79 3
80-89 2
90-99 1
Total 25
51 (i) Class interval: These are the class limits, lower limit and upper limit. These limits form
the range or class interval.
(ii) Individual series: : Individual series are those series in which the items are listed singly.
For example, if the marks obtained by 30 students of class XI are listed singly, the series
would be called individual series. In these series there is no class of the items and also there is
no frequency of the items.
(iii) Frequency array: A frequency array is that series in which data are presented in way that
exact measurement of items are clearly shown. In such series there are no class intervals, and
particular item in the series is numbered rather than measured with some range.
(iv) Frequency distribution: When values of all the units are arranged in groups which are
not exactly measurable. In these series, all the values of variables are shown in a continuous
manner along with their corresponding frequencies. For example, marks obtained by 10
students.
52 (i) Range = 3676 – 1215 = 2461 (rs)
(ii) M Exp No of families M Exp (less than) C f
1000 – 2000 07 1000 0
2000 – 3000 08 2000 07
3000 – 4000 05 3000 15
4000 20
(iii) 15 families
53 Wages (rs) Tally Bar No of Workers
10 – 15 /// 3
15 – 20 //// 4
20 – 25 //// 4
25 – 30 /// 3
54 (i) A class
(ii) One
(iii) Continuous
Classification of data summaries raw data by making it concise & it does not show the details
found in the raw data. Thus classification of data leads to loss of information.
55 Classification of data can be done on the basis of the four methods:
a) Geographical classification: This classification of data is based on the geographical
differences of data. For Example- No. of firms producing motorbikes in the year 2022
across different locations of the country.
b) Chronological classification: This classification of data can be done on the basis
different classes corresponding to different time intervals. For Example- sales of the
firm from year 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022.
c) Qualitative classification: This classification of data is done according to the quality
or attributes of data. For Example- data may be classified on the basis of occupation,
religion, level of intelligence of the population, etc.
Quantitative classification: This classification of data is done on the basis of their numerical
values. For example- Annual profit of MSME in the state of Jharkhand.
56 a) Size of Class: Size of the class refers to size of class interval or width of the class
interval. It range between the difference of the highest value and the lowest value of the
series. If range is 100 and number of classes is 20 then size of class would be : S =
range (r)/ number of classes (n) = 100/20 = 5.
b) Individual Series: Individual series are those series in which the items are listed
singly.
c) Open end series: An open end series is that series in which lower limit of the first
class interval and the upper limit of the last class interval is missing.
d) Frequency Distribution: Frequency distribution is that series in which items cannot
be exactly measured. The items assume a range of values and are placed within the
range.
Frequency Array: A frequency array is that series in which data are presented in a way that
exact measurements of items are clearly shown.
57 We can call the classification of data a good classification when it has the following
characteristics:
a) Comprehensiveness: The raw data should be so comprehensive that each and every
item of data gets into some group or class. No data should be left out.
b) Clarity: The raw data should be absolutely clear and simply classified. There should
be no confusion about the placement of any item in a group.
c) Homogeneity: All items must be homogeneous to each other.
d) Suitability: Composition of classes must suit the objective of enquiry. The data must
be classified on the basis of suitability of different levels of income and expenditure.
e) Stability: A particular kind of investigation should be based on the same set of
classification.
Elastic: Classification of raw data should be elastic. There must be scope for change in the
classification with the change in objective in the study.
As Per Revised
CBSE Curriculum
2023-24
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