Waste Management

& Recycle

By,
R.T.Kulkarni
Acedemic Year ' 2022-23
Subject : Waste Management & Recycle

CHAPTER -2 : General Aspects

Overview of material flow in society. Reduction in raw material

usage. Reduction in solid waste generation. Reuse and material
recovery. General effects on health and environment.
Legislations.
12 Hours
Material Flow in society:

Material flow is the description of the transportation of raw materials, pre

fabricates, parts, components, integrated objects , wastes and final
products as a flow of entitles.
The term mainly applies to advanced modeling of 'supply chain
management'

As industrial material flow can easily become very complex, several

different specialized simulation tools have been developed for complex
systems. Typical tools are:

1. Auto logic / AutoMod for logistics systems

2. Plant simulation for production system

 Material Flow Time:
It is the amount of time taken for the
materials to move through work place.
It is a map of the facility with the path of
materials laid out from start to finish.
A day in the life of material
A part can go through a lot of hands and
processes before it becomes a finished
product. If a recently received part needs to
be stored before use, for example, it must
be properly identified, coded, put in the
correct location, and recorded. That is a lot
of steps before it is even used in production.
There are many opportunities for products to
be damaged due to handling, inaccurately
stored, or delayed moving to the next stage.
 Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
Material flows are at the core of local environmental problems.
The gradual shift from primary material production to urban mining in developed
countries requires a detailed assessment of in use and obsolete stocks of materials
within human society.
For this purpose Material Flow Analysis is required.

Material flow analysis plays an important role in industry. First, there is a detailed
inventory of the current situation of a production chain. For example, the flow of goods
between producers, suppliers, storage locations, and customers in a coordinated and
controlled manner.
(MFA) is the quantification and assessment of matter (water, food, excreta,
wastewater...) and substances (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon...) mass flows and
processes, in a system (city, country, etc.) during a defined period. The principle of
MFA is based on the law of matter conservation; flows are expressed in kg/year or in
kg/capita/year. The method allows identifying problems and quantifying the impact of
potential measures on resource recovery and environmental pollution.
 Material Flow Analysis (MFA)

(MFA), also referred to as substance flow analysis (SFA), is an

analytical method to quantify flows and stocks of materials or
substances in a well-defined system. MFA is an important tool to study
the bio-physical aspects of human activity on different spatial and
temporal scales. It is considered a core method of industrial
metabolism. MFA is used to study material, substance, or product flows
across different industrial sectors or within ecosystems. MFA can also
be applied to a single industrial installation, for example, for tracking
nutrient flows through a waste water treatment plant. When combined
with an assessment of the costs associated with material flows this
business-oriented application of MFA is called material flow cost
accounting. MFA is an important tool to study the circular economy and
to material flow management.
Basic principles of MFA
MFA is based on two fundamental and well-established scientific principles, the
systems approach and mass balance. The system definition is the starting point
of every MFA study.

Advantages of MFA
MFA allows to have a critical view of solid waste management current status
MFA helps to evaluate the environmental soundness of sanitation options
MFA can be used as a decision tool to choose sustainable sanitation technology
MFA is an ideal technical basis for planning and decision making, especially in
developing and emerging countries with limited technical and financial resources
In developing countries, MFA has been proven to be a suitable tool for early
detection of environmental problems and development of appropriate solutions
Disadvantages of MFA
Needs a lot of data to be implemented; there are only limited, reliable data
available for developing countries
There is a need to deal with uncertainties
Typical Material Flow in a society :
The diagram emphasizes the fact that we do not consume materials: we
merely use them and ultimately return them, often in an altered state to the
environment.

The production of useful goods which are used by the people are called
consumers and requires input of materials.

These materials originate from 3 sources.

1.Raw materials which are extracted from the face of earth and used for the
manufacture of products
2.Scrap materials , produced in the manufacturing process
3.Materials recovered after the product has been made

Industrial operations are not totally efficient, and hence produce some waste
that must be disposed of.
Typical Material Flow in a society :
Typical Material Flow in a society :

Material flow is a closed system, with only one input and one out put,
emphasizing again the infinite nature of our world. At steady state, input
injected in to the process must equal the material disposed back in to the
environment.
The interaction of the materials flow with the environment is at the input of raw
materials and the deposition of wastes. In the fig-1 these two interfaces are
denoted by A and B.
Letter A for raw materials and letter B for material returned to environment.
We can argue that both A and B can be as large as possible since there are
many benefits to be gained by increasing the these values. How?

However both have detrimental effect also. How? ( High rate of raw material
extraction can lead the problem of depletion of natural resources and high rate
of waste cause pollution).
Typical Material Flow in a society :

If the material flow system in the

society is in steady state, input must
equal the out put. Hence reduction in
A or B , necessarily result in a
reduction in the other.

In summary, the feasible options for

achieving reduced material use and
waste generation are known as 4 Rs.
1.Reduction
2.Reuse
3.Recycling
4.Recovery
1st 'R' Reduction of Waste :

Reduction of waste can be achieved in

basic ways.
1.Reducing the amount of material
used per product without
compromising utility of product.
How to reduce waste generation

Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all

draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information
available electronically.
Improve product design to use less materials.
Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining
strength.
Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return
program.
Switch to reusable transport containers.
Purchase products in bulk.
Resource exchange webs
waste from one industry is raw material for another – see figure
How to reduce waste generation
2nd 'R' How to reuse solid waste

Reuse is an integral part of society. Many of our products are reused

without much thought given to ethical considerations. These products
simply have utility and value for more than one purpose.

Advantages of reuse.
Extends resource supplies
Saves energy and money
Reduces pollution
Creates jobs
Reusable products
Reuse contd...

Good Practices of Reuse

Donate old books
Exchange clothes,computers,etc
Reuse Excess building materials
Old equipment to local organizations
 3rd 'R' Recycle of solid waste :

The process of recycling requires that, the owner of the waste material first
separate out the useful fraction so that it can be collected separately from the rest
of the solid waste. Many of the components of munciple solid waste can be
recycled for re manufacturing and subsequent use, the most important being paper,
steel, alluminium, glass, etc.
49% of wastepaper recycled and 10% of plastic is recycled in US.Plastics are very
difficult to recycle.
Good Practices of Recycling: Good Practices of Reuse:
Waste reduction Construction of storage bins where
Segregation at source recyclable and reusable materials are stored
Composting by each household.
Recycling and re-use Greening of their respective areas.
More efficient collection Encouraging others to join.
more environmentally sound disposal
construction of backyard compost pit
Benefits of Recycle :
 4th 'R' Recovery of solid waste :

If there is still waste left over after we have

reduced, reused and recycled as much as we can,
we can use it to make energy at our energy-from-
waste (EfW) facility. This process is known as
Recovery. Non-recyclable waste is used as a fuel
to heat up water to make steam, which powers the
turbine to produce electricity.
RECOVER is the 4th "R" that should always come
before landfilling.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. That well-known "3R"
mantra has become synonymous with being
environmentally-conscious, however, most people
fail to recognize the fourth "R" – RECOVER. Its
high time look at the waste they generate and to
understand the importance of following all FOUR
"Rs."
 4th 'R' Recovery of solid waste contd...

When we reduce and reuse we conserve the

Earth's resources and save money. Recycling
turns materials that would otherwise become
waste into valuable resources. Recovering
energy from residual waste left over after
those efforts sustains the planet in a number
of important ways. Energy-from-Waste (EfW)
facilities, also referred to as waste-to-energy,
offset greenhouse gases and produce much
needed renewable energy; reduce landfill use
which preserves open space; protect the
environment by employing state-of-the-art
equipment and systems; and maximize
recycling and the reuse of resources.
Typical way of WfE system :
4th 'R' Recovery of solid waste :
General Effect of Solid waste on Health and Environment:

There are potential risks to environment

and health from improper handling of
solid wastes. Direct health risks concern
mainly the workers in this field, who
need to be protected, as far as possible,
from contact with wastes. There are also
specific risks in handling wastes from
hospitals and clinics. For the general
public, the main risks to health are
indirect and arise from the breeding of
disease vectors, primarily flies and rats [
General Effect of Solid waste on Health :

Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal wastes

create potential risks to human health. Traffic accidents can result from toxic
spilled wastes. There is specific danger of concentration of heavy metals in the
food chain, a problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid
wastes and liquid industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a
drainage/sewerage system and /or open dumping sites of municipal solid wastes
and the wastes discharged thereby maintains a vicious cycle including these
some other types of problem are as follows.
1. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
2. Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
3. Low birth weight, Cancer
4. Congenital malformations
5. Neurological disease
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
General Effect of Solid waste on Environment :

The decomposition of waste into constituent chemicals is a common source of local

environmental pollution. This problem is especially acute in developing nations.
Very few existing landfills in the world s poorest countries would meet
environmental standards accepted in industrialized nations, and with limited
budgets there are likely to be few sites rigorously evaluated prior to use in the
future. The problem is again compounded by the issues associated with rapid
urbanization.
1.Global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.
2.Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
3.Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
4.This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
5.Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our
national parks might be permanently altered.
Laws and Legislation

A. Laws :

Municipal Acts are the first legislations in

the country, which deal with
environmental pollution caused by
municipal solid wastes. Although,
environmental pollution is not dealt with
under municipal enactments, the
provisions which deal with prevention or
suppression of nuisance are generally
aimed at combating pollution at the local
level .

Some of the provisions of the Municipal

Acts relating to solid waste management
are as follows:
Laws and Legislation

A. Laws :

Section 114 The watering, scavenging and cleaning of all public streets and places
in the cities and the removal of all sweeping there from

Section 115 Making arrangement for preparation of compost manure from night soil
and rubbish

Section 385 Mukhya Nagar Adhikari to provide for cleaning of streets and removal
of refuse

Section 440 As pet Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act, 1976 License required for
dealing in all types of product manufacturing activities.
A. Laws contd....

Section 58 The watering and cleaning of all public streets and

public places in the city and removal of all the sweepings

Section 255 Provision for removal of filth (garbage)

Section 256 Public notice ordering removal of the deposit of

rubbish and filth

Section 258 Provision for daily cleaning of streets and removal of

rubbish and filth

Section 261 Maintenance of establishment for removal or rubbish

and filth
B. LEGISSLATION
B.LEGISSLATION contd...

In view of the Public Interest Litigations (PIL), various courts have viewed the
matter of sanitation seriously. Some of the important decisions delivered by the
courts are:
In Municipal Corporation Ratlam Vs Vardhichand (Air 1980 SC 1622), the
Supreme Court issued direction to the municipal council to abate environmental
pollution. The court categorically fixed responsibility on the municipal council to
abate nuisance as it is one of the obligatory functions of the council.
In L.K. Koolwal Vs State of Rajasthan (AIR 1988 Raj 2), THE high Court held that
it was not the duty of the court to see whether funds were available or not and
whether the staff was available or not, it was for municipality to see how to
perform its primary duties. The court also held that when every citizen owes a
constitutional duty to protect environment under Article 51-A, the citizen must also
be entitled to enlist the courts aid in enforcing that duty against recalcitrant state
agencies, including municipalities.
B.LEGISSLATION contd...
In Rampal Vs State of Rajasthan (AIR 1981 Raj
121), the court held that municipal boards were
primarily responsible for maintaining sanitation and
for taking proper steps for creating and maintaining
a healthy environment within municipal area.
In a writ petition © No.286 of 1994, Dr. B.L.
Wadhera Vs Union of India, Hon'ble Supreme Court
of India delivered a judgment on 1st March 1996. A
29-page judgment touched garbage affairs of Delhi
and issued several directions to the local municipal
authorities to perform up to satisfaction of public,
which are their statutory obligations.

The Supreme Court directed CPCB and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)
to inspect different areas of Delhi and New Delhi to ascertain that the collection,
transportation and disposal of garbage/waste is carried out satisfactorily.
ROLE OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS :

Since disposal of municipal soil wastes poses

problems of the pollution and health hazards,
the Pollution Control Boards are expected to
take action for persuading the civic authorities
in proper management of municipal solid
wastes. Though, direct responsibility of
management of solid wastes is on the local
municipal authorities, the Pollution Control
Boards need to have close linkage with local
authorities in rendering assistance in terms of
carrying out necessary surveys and providing
technological back-up. CPCB and SPCBs at
national and state levels are to disseminate
information and create awareness among the
concerned authorities and public at large.
 Slogan :

जहाँ िनयम है, वहा संयम है। जहा कायदा है, वहा फायदा है।
Assignments :

1. Explain typical material flow system in society practicing 4Rs i.e.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover

Videos :

1. Toyota Material Handling (The Toyota production System, TPS )

2. Nitin Gadkari's Business Sense will shock you. ( earns crores of

rupees from waste management )