Reinforced Concrete Design

Course Teacher

Syed Salman Mobeen

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
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❖ Slabs are Structural Elements that Transfer most of the
Gravity Loads acting on the Structure to Beams and
Ultimately to Columns.
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❖ How The Following Slabs Behave / Deflect ?
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❖ Note Curvature / Bending of The Slabs. Difference ?/?
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❖ Note Closely Curvature / Bending of The Slab.
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❖ Note Closely Curvature / Bending of The Slab.
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction

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❖ Curvature / Bending in Two Directions
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction
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❖ Note Curvature / Bending of The Slab

❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction

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❖ Slabs Showing Curvature / Bending Dominantly in One

Direction Are Called One-way Slabs

❖ Slabs Showing Curvature / Bending Dominantly in More

Than One Direction Are Called One-way Slabs
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction – Continuous One-
way Slab
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction – Continuous One-
way Slab
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction in Most of The
Region
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❖ Curvature / Bending in Two Directions- Two-way Slab
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❖ Curvature / Bending in One Direction
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❖ How We Can Analyze One-way Slabs?
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❖ Load Distribution in One-way Slabs
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❖ Load Distribution in One-way Slabs
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❖ One –Way Slabs Deflect in One Direction Or in Nearly
One Curvature (in most of their region).
❖ These are Mainly Supported by Two Parallel Beams and
These Mainly Deflect between those Two Beams.
❖ Sometimes Even the Slab is Supported on All its Four
Edges But its Geometry / Support System is Such That it
Behaves Like if Does Not Have Beams on its Shorter
Sides. Minor Curvature in The Second Orthogonal Short
Direction Occurs Only Near These Short Beams While in
Rest of its Region it is Deflecting by Making a Single
Curvature That is in Shorter Direction.
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❖ One Way behavior usually Occurs when the Slab
Geometry becomes like a Tunnel Or When The Longer
Sides Becomes Very Long, Compared to the Shorter
Sides.
❖ According to the Design Standards / Codes This
Behavior Starts Occurring when the Ratio of Longer Side
Length to The Shorter Side Length Becomes Equal or
Greater Than 2. Or When the Longer Sides of Slab
become at Least Double Than that of Shorter Side.
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❖ Behavior of One-way Slabs Shows That If The One-way
Slab is Cut into Numerous Unit Width Strips and If their
Behavior is Studied than it will be Obvious That All of
Those Unit Width Strips will Behave Identically !! , OR,
❖ The Curvature of All those Strips Will Approximately Be
Equal And All of Them will be Deflecting by Same
Amount Throughout Their Length.
❖ Therefore It is Easier to Analyze and Design Any One-
way Slab by Just Designing Its Any One Unit Width
Strip
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❖ Therefore Any One-way Slab Can Be Analyzed /
Designed Like a Beam by Just Designing Its Any One
Strip in Short Direction With a Unit Width.
❖ The Design Strip Beam will be having Width or Breadth
Equal to A Unit, i-e, 1 feet Or 12 Inches and Thickness
Equal to the Slab Thickness.
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❖ If One-way Slab is Simply Supported and Carrying
Uniformly Distributed Loads Then The Maximum
Bending Moment Will be M = w L 2 / 8

❖ If The One-way Slab is Continuous Over More Than

Two Supports Then The Positive and Negative Moments
Can be found using Structural Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Beams Or Continuous Beams.
❖ In Lieu of Detailed Structural Analysis of Continuous
Beams ACI Code Allows Use of Moment Coefficients
for Maximum Positive and Negative Moments & Shear
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❖ Bending Moment Coefficients by ACI Code

v
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❖ Bending Moment Coefficients by ACI Code

v v v v

v v v

v v v v

v v v
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❖ Conditions For Applicability of Moment Coefficients
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❖ DESIGN LIMITATIONS by the ACI CODE
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❖ DESIGN LIMITATIONS by the ACI CODE
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❖ DESIGN LIMITATIONS by the ACI CODE
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❖ Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement
❖ Slabs Try to Shrink because of Evaporation of Water
From Concrete and Also Because of Release of Huge
Amount of Heat of Hydration During The Setting of
Concrete / Cement .
❖ But Because of Restraint to Shrinkage by The Beams and
Also By the Slab Formwork, the Slab could not Shrink
and as a Result of Restraint to Shrinkage Tensile Stresses
Develop in the Slab.
❖ Due to Immaturity of Concrete, Numerous Shrinkage
Cracks can develop in the Concrete if Proper Remedial
Measures are Not Adopted
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❖ Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement
❖ Since Shrinkage Cracks Can Become Structural Cracks
after hardening of the Concrete if they grow Large. So
ACI Code Requires that Some Minimum Steel
Reinforcement Must be Present in the Slab, which Can
Take the Tension Caused by the Tension Develops
because of Restraint to the Shrinkage.
❖ ρmin For Temperature & Shrinkage is Required to be 0.2
% for Grade 40 and 50 Steel.
❖ ρmin for Grade 60 Steel is Required to be 0.18 %
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ONE-WAY SLABS REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

❖ When Straight Bars Are Used

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ONE-WAY SLABS REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

❖ When Bent Bars Are Used

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EXAMPLE- ONE-WAY SLABS

❖ Solution
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❖ Example Continue
❖ ρ used = As / (b.d) = 0.754 /(12 x 5.875) = 0.0107
❖ ρ minimum = 200 / fy = 200 /60000 = 0.0033 ---- Flexure
❖ Since ρ max = 0.63375 ρ bal = 0.01356 ---- Flexure
❖ ρ minimum = 0.0018 ---- Temperature & Shrinkage
❖ Since < ρ minimum < ρ used < ρ max --- OK, Φ = 0.9
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How can we determine about the maximum amount of Steel
Quantity or Percentage To Have Finally the Balanced or
Tension Control Failure in a Singly Reinforced Section ?
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EXAMPLE- ONE-WAY SLABS
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EXAMPLE- ONE-WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB

❖ Given : Slab Geometry, Span, Loads & Material Strengths

❖ Required : Design Slab Thickness & Reinforcement
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❖ Minimum Slab Thickness:
❖ According to ACI Code, Minimum Slab Thickness for
▪ One End Continuous Slab = L / 24 = 12 x12 /24 = 6”
▪ Two End Continuous Slab = L /28 =12 x 12/28 = 5.1”
❑ Adopt a 6 inch Thick Slab – No need to Check
Deflection
❖ Calculation of Ultimate Loads:
▪ Self Weight of Slab = 6/12 * 150 = 75 Psf
▪ Other Dead Loads = 77 Psf
▪ Total Dead Loads = 75 + 77 = 152 Psf
▪ Live Loads = 130 Psf
▪ Ultimate Load ‘wu’ =1.2 x 152 + 1.6 x 130 = 390 Psf
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EXAMPLE- SOLUTION IN BOOK
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❖ Maximum Positive & Negative Moments in Slab:
❖ According to ACI Moment Coefficients:
▪ Maximum Moment is Negative @ first Interior
Support = Mu = wu L2 /10 =390 x 112 /10 =4719 lb-in
▪ Assuming 0.75 inch Cover d = 6 -1 = 5 inches
▪ b = 12 inches
▪ Ru = Mu / bd2 = 4719 x12/ (12 x 52) = 189 psi

▪ ρ Required = 0.00327 ~ ρmin = 200 / fy = 0.00333

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❖ Bending Moment Coefficients by ACI Code

v v v v

v v v

v v v v

v v v
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▪ Since ρ Required ~ ρmin = 0.00333 < ρmax
▪ Therefore As = ρ x b x d = 0.00333 x 12 x 5
▪ Therefore As = 0.2 in 2 ----- IT IS FOR UNIT WIDTH
▪ Compare ρmin of Temperature & Shrinkage of 0.018
▪ As min = 0.0018 x 12 x 6 = 0.13 in2
▪ Provide #5 @ 8” c/c -- As =0.31 x 12 / 8 = 0.45 in 2 /ft
▪ Provide #4 @10” c/c-- As = 0.2 x 12 / 10 = 0.24 in 2 /ft
▪ Mu = wu L2 /14 = 390 x 112 /14 = 3370 lb-in
▪ So It must be giving ρ < ρmin Therefore use Minimum
▪ For Min. As Use # 4 @ 18” c/c = As/ft = 0.2*12/18 =
0.16 in 2 /ft > 0.13 But Not Used b/c of 200/fy
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#4@12” c/c #4@8” c/c #4@8” c/c

#4@10” c/c

#4@10” c/c #4@10” c/c

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▪ Shear Check :
▪ Vu max = 1.15 *wu x L /2 = 1.15 x 390 x 11 /2
▪ Vu max = 2466 lb
▪ Φ Vc = Φ 2 √3000 x 12 x 5 = 4929 kip
▪ Since Vu max < ΦVc --------- OK
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❖ Load Distribution in One-way & Two-way slabs
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❖ Load Distribution in
One-way Slabs:
❖ Follows Tributary Width
Rule
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ONE-WAY JOIST SLABS
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ONE-WAY JOIST SLABS
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RIBBED SLABS
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