Forces P2

s16 qp23 q4
4 A spring balance is used to weigh a cylinder that is immersed in oil, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
spring balance
thin wire
cross-sectional area 13 cm2
cylinder
5.0 cm
oil
Fig. 4.1
The reading on the spring balance is 4.8 N. The length of the cylinder is 5.0 cm and the cross-
sectional area of the cylinder is 13 cm2. The weight of the cylinder is 5.3 N.
(a) The cylinder is in equilibrium when it is immersed in the oil. Explain this in terms of the forces
acting on the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Calculate the density of the oil.
density = ............................................... kg m–3 [3]
[Total: 4]
© UCLES 2016 9702/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

w16 qp22 q3 8
3 (a) State the two conditions for an object to be in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A uniform beam AC is attached to a vertical wall at end A. The beam is held horizontal by a
rigid bar BD, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
0.30 m 0.10 m
A C
52° B
beam :
33 N wire
wall
bar bucket
D
12 N
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)
The beam is of length 0.40 m and weight W. An empty bucket of weight 12 N is suspended
by a light metal wire from end C. The bar exerts a force on the beam of 33 N at 52° to the
horizontal. The beam is in equilibrium.
(i) Calculate the vertical component of the force exerted by the bar on the beam.
component of the force = ...................................................... N [1]
(ii) By taking moments about A, calculate the weight W of the beam.
W = ...................................................... N [3]
© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16

9
(c) The metal of the wire in (b) has a Young modulus of 2.0 × 1011 Pa.
Initially the bucket is empty. When the bucket is filled with paint of weight 78 N, the strain of
the wire increases by 7.5 × 10–4. The wire obeys Hooke’s law.
Calculate, for the wire,
(i) the increase in stress due to the addition of the paint,
increase in stress = .................................................... Pa [2]
(ii) its diameter.
diameter = ...................................................... m [3]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

m17 qp22 q1 4
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
1 (a) Complete Fig. 1.1 by putting a tick (3) in the appropriate column to indicate whether the listed
quantities are scalars or vectors.
quantity scalar vector

acceleration
force
kinetic energy
momentum
power
work
Fig. 1.1 [2]
(b) A floating sphere is attached by a cable to the bottom of a river, as shown in Fig. 1.2.
solid sphere
water surface
direction of
flow of water
cable
river bed
75°
Fig. 1.2
The sphere is in equilibrium, with the cable at an angle of 75° to the horizontal. Assume that
the force on the sphere due to the water flow is in the horizontal direction.
The radius of the sphere is 23 cm. The sphere is solid and is made from a material of density
82 kg m–3.
(i) Show that the weight of the sphere is 41 N.
[2]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/F/M/17

5
(ii) The tension in the cable is 290 N.
Determine the upthrust acting on the sphere.
upthrust = ....................................................... N [2]
(iii) Explain the origin of the upthrust acting on the sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/F/M/17 [Turn over

s17 qp21 q2 6
2 (a) State the two conditions for a system to be in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A paraglider P of mass 95 kg is pulled by a wire attached to a boat, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
parachute
paraglider
P
wire
boat
horizontal 25°
water
Fig. 2.1
The wire makes an angle of 25° with the horizontal water surface. P moves in a straight line
parallel to the surface of the water.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of P is shown in Fig. 2.2.
10.0
8.0
v / m s–1
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
t /s
Fig. 2.2
© UCLES 2017 9702/21/M/J/17
7
(i) Show that the acceleration of P is 1.4 m s–2 at time t = 5.0 s.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the total distance moved by P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.
distance = .......................................................m [2]
(iii) Calculate the change in kinetic energy of P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.
change in kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]
(iv) The tension in the wire at time t = 5.0 s is 280 N.
Calculate, for the horizontal motion,
1. the vertical lift force F supporting P,
F = ....................................................... N [3]
2. the force R due to air resistance acting on P in the horizontal direction.
R = ....................................................... N [3]
[Total: 14]

s17 qp21 q3 8
3 (a) A cylinder is made from a material of density 2.7 g cm–3. The cylinder has diameter 2.4 cm and
length 5.0 cm.
Show that the cylinder has weight 0.60 N.
[3]
(b) The cylinder in (a) is hung from the end A of a non-uniform bar AB, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
50 cm
20 cm
bar 12 cm
A B
P
cylinder X
0.25 N
0.60 N
Fig. 3.1
The bar has length 50 cm and has weight 0.25 N. The centre of gravity of the bar is 20 cm
from B. The bar is pivoted at P. The pivot is 12 cm from B.
An object X is hung from end B. The weight of X is adjusted until the bar is horizontal and in
equilibrium.
(i) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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9
(ii) Calculate the weight of X.
weight of X = ............................................... N [3]
(c) The cylinder is now immersed in water, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
A B
P
water X
0.25 N
Fig. 3.2
An upthrust acts on the cylinder and the bar is not in equilibrium.
(i) Explain the origin of the upthrust.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain why the weight of X must be reduced in order to obtain equilibrium for AB.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]

w17 qp22 q2 7
2 (a) Define the moment of a force.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A thin disc of radius r is supported at its centre O by a pin. The disc is supported so that it is
vertical. Three forces act in the plane of the disc, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
A
1.2 N
r
r
2 O
θ C pin disc
6.0 N r
1.2 N
B
Fig. 2.1
Two horizontal and opposite forces, each of magnitude 1.2 N, act at points A and B on the
edge of the disc. A force of 6.0 N, at an angle θ below the horizontal, acts on the midpoint
C of a radial line of the disc, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The disc has negligible weight and is in
equilibrium.
(i) State an expression, in terms of r, for the torque of the couple due to the forces at A and
B acting on the disc.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Friction between the disc and the pin is negligible.

Determine the angle θ.
θ = ........................................................ ° [2]
(iii) State the magnitude of the force of the pin on the disc.
force = ....................................................... N [1]
[Total: 5]

w17 qp22 q3 8
3 A spring is attached at one end to a fixed point and hangs vertically with a cube attached to the
other end. The cube is initially held so that the spring has zero extension, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
spring with
zero extension
cube
weight 4.0 N
5.1 cm
5.1 cm
water
density 1000 kg m–3 7.0 cm
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
The cube has weight 4.0 N and sides of length 5.1 cm. The cube is released and sinks into water
as the spring extends. The cube reaches equilibrium with its base at a depth of 7.0 cm below the
water surface, as shown in Fig. 3.2.
The density of the water is 1000 kg m–3.
(a) Calculate the difference in the pressure exerted by the water on the bottom face and on the
top face of the cube.
difference in pressure = ..................................................... Pa [2]
(b) Use your answer in (a) to show that the upthrust on the cube is 1.3 N.
[2]
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9
(c) Calculate the force exerted on the spring by the cube when it is in equilibrium in the water.
force = ....................................................... N [1]
(d) The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring constant of 30 N m–1.
Determine the initial height above the water surface of the base of the cube before it was
released.
height above surface = .................................................... cm [3]
(e) The cube in the water is released from the spring.
(i) Determine the initial acceleration of the cube.
acceleration = ..................................................m s–2 [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the variation, if any, of the acceleration of the cube as it sinks in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 12]

s18 qp21 q2 6
2 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A block of weight 15 N hangs by a wire from a remotely controlled aircraft, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
aircraft
wire
block
weight 15 N
Fig. 2.1
The aircraft is used to move the block only in a vertical direction. The force on the block due
to air resistance is negligible.
The variation with time t of the vertical velocity v of the block is shown in Fig. 2.2.
The velocity is taken to be positive in the upward direction.
4.0
3.0
v / m s–1
2.0
1.0
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
t/s
–1.0
–2.0
–3.0
–4.0
–5.0
–6.0
–7.0
Fig. 2.2
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7
(i) Determine, for the block,
1. the displacement from time t = 0 to t = 3.0 s,
magnitude of displacement = ........................................................... m
direction of displacement ...............................................................

[3]
2. the change in gravitational potential energy from time t = 0 to t = 3.0 s.
change in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the block at time t = 2.0 s.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]
(iii) Use your answer in (b)(ii) to show that the tension T in the wire at time t = 2.0 s is 20 N.
[2]

8
(iv) The wire has a cross-sectional area of 2.8 × 10–5 m2 and is made from metal of Young
modulus 1.7 × 1011 Pa. The wire obeys Hooke’s law.
Calculate the strain of the wire at time t = 2.0 s.
strain = .......................................................... [3]
(v) At some time after t = 3.0 s the tension in the wire has a constant value of 15 N.
State and explain whether it is possible to deduce that the block is moving vertically
after t = 3.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2018 9702/21/M/J/18

s18 qp23 q2 6
2 (a) State what is meant by work done.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A diver releases a solid sphere of radius 16 cm from the sea bed. The sphere moves vertically
upwards towards the surface of the sea.
The weight of the sphere is 20 N. The upthrust acting on the sphere is 170 N. The upthrust
remains constant as the sphere moves upwards.
(i) Calculate the density of the material of the sphere.
density = ............................................... kg m–3 [2]
(ii) Briefly explain the origin of the upthrust acting on the sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the acceleration of the sphere as it is released from rest.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]
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7
(iv) The viscous (drag) force D acting on the sphere is given by
D = kr 2v 2
where r is the radius of the sphere and v is its speed.

The constant k is equal to 810 kg m–3.
Determine the constant (terminal) speed reached by the sphere.
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [3]
(v) The diver releases a different sphere that moves with a constant speed of 6.30 m s–1
directly towards a stationary ship. The sphere emits sound of frequency 4850 Hz. The
ship detects sound of frequency 4870 Hz as the sphere moves towards it.
Determine, to three significant figures, the speed of the sound in the water.
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [2]
[Total: 11]

w18 qp22 q2 7
2 (a) The kilogram, metre and second are all SI base units.
State two other SI base units.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A uniform beam AB of length 6.0 m is placed on a horizontal surface and then tilted at an
angle of 31° to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
90 N
A
6.0 m
W Y
X 31°
B
The beam is held in equilibrium by four forces that all act in the same plane. A force of 90 N
acts perpendicular to the beam at end A. The weight W of the beam acts at its centre of
gravity. A vertical force Y and a horizontal force X both act at end B of the beam.
(i) State the name of force X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) By taking moments about end B, calculate the weight W of the beam.
W = ...................................................... N [2]
(iii) Determine the magnitude of force X.
magnitude of force X = ...................................................... N [1]
[Total: 6]

w18 qp23 q3 8
3 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A toy rocket consists of a container of water and compressed air, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
container
compressed
air
water
density 1000 kg m–3
nozzle
radius 7.5 mm
Fig. 3.1
Water is pushed vertically downwards through a nozzle by the compressed air. The rocket
moves vertically upwards.
The nozzle has a circular cross-section of radius 7.5 mm. The density of the water
is 1000 kg m–3. Assume that the water leaving the nozzle has the shape of a cylinder of radius
7.5 mm and has a constant speed of 13 m s–1 relative to the rocket.
(i) Show that the mass of water leaving the nozzle in the first 0.20 s after the rocket launch
is 0.46 kg.
[2]
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9
(ii) Calculate
1. the change in the momentum of the mass of water in (b)(i) due to leaving the nozzle,
change in momentum = .......................................................... N s
2. the force exerted on this mass of water by the rocket.
force = ............................................................ N
[3]
(iii) State and explain how Newton’s third law applies to the movement of the rocket by the
water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) The container has a mass of 0.40 kg. The initial mass of water before the rocket is
launched is 0.70 kg. The mass of the compressed air in the rocket is negligible. Assume
that the resistive force on the rocket due to its motion is negligible.
For the rocket at a time of 0.20 s after launching,
1. show that its total mass is 0.64 kg,
2. calculate its acceleration.
acceleration = ...................................................... m s–2

[3]
[Total: 11]

s19 qp22 q2
6
2 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A car of mass 850 kg tows a trailer in a straight line along a horizontal road, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
car
trailer tow-bar mass 850 kg
horizontal road
Fig. 2.1
The car and the trailer are connected by a horizontal tow-bar.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the car for a part of its journey is shown in Fig. 2.2.
15
14
v / m s –1
13
12
11
10
8
0 5 10 15 20 25
t /s
Fig. 2.2
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/M/J/19

7
(i) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from time t = 0 to t = 10 s.
distance = ...................................................... m [2]
(ii) At time t = 10 s, the resistive force acting on the car due to air resistance and friction is
510 N. The tension in the tow-bar is 440 N.
For the car at time t = 10 s:
1. use Fig. 2.2 to calculate the acceleration
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]
2. use your answer to calculate the resultant force acting on the car
resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]
3. show that a horizontal force of 1300 N is exerted on the car by its engine
[1]
4. determine the useful output power of the engine.
output power = ..................................................... W [2]

8
(c) A short time later, the car in (b) is travelling at a constant speed and the tension in the tow-bar
is 480 N.
The tow-bar is a solid metal rod that obeys Hooke’s law. Some data for the tow-bar are listed
below.
Young modulus of metal = 2.2 × 1011 Pa
original length of tow-bar = 0.48 m
cross-sectional area of tow-bar = 3.0 × 10−4 m2
Determine the extension of the tow-bar.
extension = ...................................................... m [3]
(d) The driver of the car in (b) sees a pedestrian standing directly ahead in the distance. The
driver operates the horn of the car from time t = 15 s to t = 17 s. The frequency of the sound
heard by the pedestrian is 480 Hz. The speed of the sound in the air is 340 m s−1.
Use Fig. 2.2 to calculate the frequency of the sound emitted by the horn.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/M/J/19

w19 qp21 q3 8
3 A small remote-controlled model aircraft has two propellers, each of diameter 16 cm.
Fig. 3.1 is a side view of the aircraft when hovering.
body of
16 cm 16 cm
aircraft
propeller propeller
air air
speed speed
7.6 m s–1 7.6 m s–1
Fig. 3.1
Air is propelled vertically downwards by each propeller so that the aircraft hovers at a fixed
position. The density of the air is 1.2 kg m–3. Assume that the air from each propeller moves with
a constant speed of 7.6 m s–1 in a uniform cylinder of diameter 16 cm. Also assume that the air
above each propeller is stationary.
(a) Show that, in a time interval of 3.0 s, the mass of air propelled downwards by one propeller is
0.55 kg.
[3]
(b) Calculate:
(i) the increase in momentum of the mass of air in (a)
increase in momentum = ................................................... N s [1]
(ii) the downward force exerted on this mass of air by the propeller.
force = ..................................................... N [1]
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9
(c) State:
(i) the upward force acting on one propeller
force = ..................................................... N [1]
(ii) the name of the law that explains the relationship between the force in (b)(ii) and the
force in (c)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Determine the mass of the aircraft.
mass = .................................................... kg [1]
(e) In order for the aircraft to hover at a very high altitude (height), the propellers must propel the
air downwards with a greater speed than when the aircraft hovers at a low altitude. Suggest
the reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) When the aircraft is hovering at a high altitude, an electric fault causes the propellers to stop
rotating. The aircraft falls vertically downwards. When the aircraft reaches a constant speed
of 22 m s–1, it emits sound of frequency 3.0 kHz from an alarm. The speed of the sound in the
air is 340 m s–1.
Determine the frequency of the sound heard by a person standing vertically below the falling
aircraft.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]
[Total: 11]

w19 qp22 q4 10
4 (a) A sphere in a liquid accelerates vertically downwards from rest. For the viscous force acting
on the moving sphere, state:
(i) the direction
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the variation, if any, in the magnitude.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A man of weight 750 N stands a distance of 3.6 m from end D of a horizontal uniform beam
AD, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
FB FC
A B C D
2.0 m 2.0 m
380 N 750 N
3.6 m
9.0 m
The beam has a weight of 380 N and a length of 9.0 m. The beam is supported by a vertical
force FB at pivot B and a vertical force FC at pivot C. Pivot B is a distance of 2.0 m from end A
and pivot C is a distance of 2.0 m from end D. The beam is in equilibrium.
(i) State the principle of moments.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/O/N/19

11
(ii) By using moments about pivot C, calculate FB.
FB = ...................................................... N [2]
(iii) The man walks towards end D. The beam is about to tip when FB becomes zero.
Determine the minimum distance x from end D that the man can stand without tipping
the beam.
x = ...................................................... m [2]
[Total: 8]

w19 qp23 q1 4
1 (a) Determine the SI base units of the moment of a force.
SI base units ......................................................... [1]
(b) A uniform square sheet of card ABCD is freely pivoted by a pin at a point P. The card is held
in a vertical plane by an external force in the position shown in Fig. 1.1.
17 cm
45° P
A C
4.0 cm G
0.15 N
The card has weight 0.15 N which may be considered to act at the centre of gravity G. Each
side of the card has length 17 cm. Point P lies on the horizontal line AC and is 4.0 cm from
corner A. Line BD is vertical.
The card is released by removing the external force. The card then swings in a vertical plane
until it comes to rest.
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5
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant moment about point P acting on the card
immediately after it is released.
moment = .................................................. N m [2]
(ii) Explain why, when the card has come to rest, its centre of gravity is vertically below
point P.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]

m20 qp22 q3 8
3 (a) State what is meant by work done.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A skier is pulled along horizontal ground by a wire attached to a kite, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
wire
kite
speed 4.4 m s–1
140 N
skier 30° ground
horizontal
The skier moves in a straight line along the ground with a constant speed of 4.4 m s–1. The
wire is at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The tension in the wire is 140 N.
(i) Calculate the work done by the tension to move the skier for a time of 30 s.
work done = ...................................................... J [3]
(ii) The weight of the skier is 860 N. The vertical component of the tension in the wire and
the weight of the skier combine so that the skier exerts a downward pressure on the
ground of 2400 Pa.
Determine the total area of the skis in contact with the ground.
area = .................................................... m2 [3]
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9
(iii) The wire attached to the kite is uniform. The stress in the wire is 9.6 × 106 Pa.
Calculate the diameter of the wire.
diameter = ..................................................... m [2]
(c) The variation with extension x of the tension F in the wire in (b) is shown in Fig. 3.2.
300
F/N
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
x / mm
Fig. 3.2
A gust of wind increases the tension in the wire from 140 N to 210 N.
Calculate the change in the strain energy stored in the wire.
change in strain energy = ...................................................... J [3]
[Total: 12]

s20 qp21 q3 8
3 (a) State two conditions for an object to be in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A sphere of weight 2.4 N is suspended by a wire from a fixed point P. A horizontal string is
used to hold the sphere in equilibrium with the wire at an angle of 53° to the horizontal, as
shown in Fig. 3.1.
P
wire
string T
53°
horizontal
F
sphere
weight
2.4 N
(i) Calculate:
1. the tension T in the wire
T = ............................................................ N
2. the force F exerted by the string on the sphere.
F = ............................................................ N
[2]
(ii) The wire has a circular cross-section of diameter 0.50 mm. Determine the stress σ in the
wire.
σ = .................................................... Pa [3]
© UCLES 2020 9702/21/M/J/20
9
(c) The string is disconnected from the sphere in (b). The sphere then swings from its initial rest
position A, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
75 cm
53°
A
h
The sphere reaches maximum speed when it is at the bottom of the swing at position B. The
distance between P and the centre of the sphere is 75 cm.
Air resistance is negligible and energy losses at P are negligible.
(i) Show that the vertical distance h between A and B is 15 cm.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the sphere as it moves from A
to B.
change in gravitational potential energy = ...................................................... J [2]
(iii) Use your answer in (c)(ii) to determine the speed of the sphere at B.
Show your working.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
[Total: 13]
s20 qp23 q2 6
2 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A skier is pulled in a straight line along horizontal ground by a wire attached to a kite, as
shown in Fig. 2.1.
kite
wire
skier
mass 89 kg
28°
horizontal
ground
The mass of the skier is 89 kg. The wire is at an angle of 28° to the horizontal. The variation
with time t of the velocity v of the skier is shown in Fig. 2.2.
5.0
4.0
v / m s–1
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t/s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the distance moved by the skier from time t = 0 to t = 5.0 s.
distance = ..................................................... m [2]
© UCLES 2020 9702/23/M/J/20

7
(ii) Use Fig. 2.2 to show that the acceleration a of the skier is 0.80 m s–2 at time t = 2.0 s.
[2]
(iii) The tension in the wire at time t = 2.0 s is 240 N.
Calculate:
1. the horizontal component of the tension force acting on the skier
horizontal component of force = ..................................................... N [1]
2. the total resistive force R acting on the skier in the horizontal direction.
R = ..................................................... N [2]
(iv) The skier is now lifted upwards by a gust of wind. For a few seconds the skier moves
horizontally through the air with the wire at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, as shown
in Fig. 2.3.
45°
horizontal
By considering the vertical components of the forces acting on the skier, determine the
new tension in the wire when the skier is moving horizontally through the air.
tension = ..................................................... N [2]

[Total: 10]
s20 qp23 q3 8
3 (a) State the principle of moments.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) In a bicycle shop, two wheels hang from a horizontal uniform rod AC, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
ceiling
cord
0.45 m 1.40 m 0.75 m
22 N
wall
A B C
wheel wheel
W 19 N W
The rod has weight 19 N and is freely hinged to a wall at end A. The other end C of the rod is
attached by a vertical elastic cord to the ceiling. The centre of gravity of the rod is at point B.
The weight of each wheel is W and the tension in the cord is 22 N.
(i) By taking moments about end A, show that the weight W of each wheel is 14 N.
[2]
(ii) Determine the magnitude and the direction of the force acting on the rod at end A.
magnitude = ........................................................... N
direction ...............................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2020 9702/23/M/J/20

9
(c) The unstretched length of the cord in (b) is 0.25 m. The variation with length L of the tension F
in the cord is shown in Fig. 3.2.
60
50
F/N
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
L/m
Fig. 3.2
(i) State and explain whether Fig. 3.2 suggests that the cord obeys Hooke’s law.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the spring constant k of the cord.
k = ............................................... N m–1 [2]
(iii) On Fig. 3.2, shade the area that represents the work done to extend the cord when the
tension is increased from F = 0 to F = 40 N. [1]
[Total: 11]

w20 qp21 q1 4
1 (a) (i) Define the moment of a force about a point.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the SI base units of the moment of a force.
base units ......................................................... [1]
(b) A uniform rigid rod of length 2.4 m is shown in Fig. 1.1.
2.4 m cross-sectional
area A
Fig. 1.1
The rod has a weight of 5.2 N and is made of wood of density 790 kg m–3.
Calculate the cross-sectional area A, in mm2, of the rod.
A = ................................................ mm2 [3]
© UCLES 2020 9702/21/O/N/20

5
(c) A fishing rod AB, made from the rod in (b), is shown in Fig. 1.2.
0.60 m
B
0.60 m
C
string T 1.20 m
D
4.6 N 56°
stick
weight 5.2 N
ground A
water
End A of the rod rests on the ground and a string is attached to the other end B. A support
stick exerts a force perpendicular to the rod at point C. The weight of the rod acts at point D.
The tension T in the string is in a direction perpendicular to the rod. The rod is in equilibrium
and inclined at an angle of 56° to the vertical.
The forces and the distances along the rod of points A, B, C and D are shown in Fig. 1.2.
(i) Show that the component of the weight that is perpendicular to the rod is 4.3 N.
[1]
(ii) By taking moments about end A of the rod, calculate the tension T.
T = ..................................................... N [3]
[Total: 9]

w20 qp22 q2 6
2 (a) A cylinder is suspended from the end of a string. The cylinder is stationary in water with the
axis of the cylinder vertical, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
cylinder string
weight 0.84 N
water h
density 1.0 × 103 kg m–3
0.031 m
The cylinder has weight 0.84 N, height h and a circular cross-section of diameter 0.031 m.
The density of the water is 1.0 × 103 kg m−3. The difference between the pressures on the top
and bottom faces of the cylinder is 520 Pa.
(i) Calculate the height h of the cylinder.
h = ..................................................... m [2]
(ii) Show that the upthrust acting on the cylinder is 0.39 N.
[2]
(iii) Calculate the tension T in the string.
T = ..................................................... N [1]
© UCLES 2020 9702/22/O/N/20

7
(b) The string is now used to move the cylinder in (a) vertically upwards through the water. The
variation with time t of the velocity v of the cylinder is shown in Fig. 2.2.
12.5
10.0
v / cm s–1
7.5
5.0
2.5
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
t/s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the acceleration of the cylinder at time t = 2.0 s.
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]
(ii) The top face of the cylinder is at a depth of 0.32 m below the surface of the water at time
t = 0.
Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the depth of the top face below the surface of the water at time
t = 4.0 s.
depth = ..................................................... m [2]

8
(c) The cylinder in (b) is released from the string at time t = 4.0 s. The cylinder falls, from rest,
vertically downwards through the water. Assume that the upthrust acting on the cylinder
remains constant as it falls.
(i) State the name of the force that acts on the cylinder when it is moving and does not act
on the cylinder when it is stationary.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain the variation, if any, of the acceleration of the cylinder as it falls
downwards through the water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2020 9702/22/O/N/20

w20 qp22 q4 13
4 A rigid plank is used to make a ramp between two different horizontal levels of ground, as shown
in Fig. 4.1.
45 N
1.10 m
B
0.30 m
D
C
1.50 m
rope 38°
T
96 N
A
Point A at one end of the plank rests on the lower level of the ground. A force acts on, and is
perpendicular to, the plank at point B. The plank is held in equilibrium by a rope that connects
point D on the plank to the ground. The plank has a weight that may be considered to act from its
centre of gravity C.
The rope is perpendicular to the plank and has tension T. The plank is at an angle of 38° to the
vertical.
The forces and the distances along the plank of points A, B, C and D are shown in Fig. 4.1.
(a) Show that the component of the weight that is perpendicular to the plank is 59 N.
[1]
(b) By taking moments about end A of the plank, calculate the tension T.
T = ..................................................... N [3]
[Total: 4]
w20 qp23 q2 5
2 (a) State what is meant by the centre of gravity of a body.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A uniform wooden post AB of weight 45 N stands in equilibrium on hard ground, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
B
T 0.30 m
C horizontal
60°
0.90 m 38 N
45 N
A
ground
End A of the vertical post is supported by the ground. A horizontal wire with tension T is
attached to end B of the post. Another wire, attached to the post at point C, is at an angle of
60° to the horizontal and has tension 38 N. The distances along the post of points A, B and C
are shown in Fig. 2.1.
(i) Calculate the horizontal component of the force exerted on the post by the wire connected
to point C.
horizontal component of force = ..................................................... N [1]
(ii) By considering moments about end A, determine the tension T.
T = ..................................................... N [2]
(iii) Calculate the vertical component of the force exerted on the post at end A.
force = ..................................................... N [1]
[Total: 6]
s21 qp21 q2 6
2 A person uses a trolley to move suitcases at an airport. The total mass of the trolley and suitcases
is 72 kg.
(a) The person pushes the trolley and suitcases along a horizontal surface with a constant speed
of 1.4 m s–1 and then releases the trolley. The released trolley moves in a straight line and
comes to rest. Assume that a constant total resistive force of 18 N opposes the motion of the
trolley and suitcases.
(i) Calculate the power required to overcome the total resistive force on the trolley and
suitcases when they move with a constant speed of 1.4 m s–1.
power = ..................................................... W [2]
(ii) Calculate the time taken for the trolley to come to rest after it is released.
time = ...................................................... s [3]
(b) At another place in the airport, the trolley and suitcases are on a slope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
trolley and suitcases
18 N
F, 54 N
X
slope
9.5 m Y
The person releases the trolley from rest at point X. The trolley moves down the slope in a
straight line towards point Y. The distance along the slope between points X and Y is 9.5 m.
The component F of the weight of the trolley and suitcases that acts along the slope is 54 N.
Assume that a constant total resistive force of 18 N opposes the motion of the trolley and
suitcases.
© UCLES 2021 9702/21/M/J/21

7
(i) Calculate the speed of the trolley at point Y.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
(ii) Calculate the work done by F for the movement of the trolley from X to Y.
work done = ...................................................... J [1]
(iii) The trolley is released at point X at time t = 0.
On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of the work done by F for the
movement of the trolley from X to Y.
Numerical values of the work done and t are not required.
work
done
0
0 t
Fig. 2.2
[2]
(c) The angle of the slope in (b) is constant. The frictional forces acting on the wheels of the
moving trolley are also constant.
Explain why, in practice, it is incorrect to assume that the total resistive force opposing the
motion of the trolley and suitcases is constant as the trolley moves between X and Y.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]

s21 qp22 q1 4
1 (a) Complete Table 1.1 by stating whether each of the quantities is a vector or a scalar.
Table 1.1
quantity vector or scalar
acceleration
electrical resistance
momentum
[2]
(b) State the conditions for an object to be in equilibrium.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A floating solid cylinder is attached by a wire to the sea bed, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
cylinder, cross-sectional
weight 28 N area 0.0230 m2
surface of water
0.190 m
water,
density wire
1.00 × 103 kg m–3
sea bed
The density of the water is 1.00 × 103 kg m–3. The base of the cylinder is at a depth of 0.190 m
below the surface of the water. The cylinder has a weight of 28 N and a cross-sectional area
of 0.0230 m2.
The wire and the central axis of the cylinder are both vertical. The cylinder is in equilibrium.
© UCLES 2021 9702/22/M/J/21

5
(i) Calculate, to three significant figures, the upthrust acting on the cylinder due to the water.
upthrust = ...................................................... N [2]
(ii) Show that the tension T in the wire is 15 N.
[1]
(iii) The wire has a cross-sectional area of 3.2 mm2.
Calculate the stress in the wire.
stress = ..................................................... Pa [2]
(iv) The surface of the water gradually rises until it is level with the top face of the cylinder.
State and explain, qualitatively, the variation of the strain energy stored in the wire as the
water surface rises.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]

s21 qp23 q3 8
3 (a) Define the moment of a force about a point.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a type of balance that is used for measuring mass.
fixed point P
mm scale
200 spring
52.6 cm
pan
1.8 cm
pointer
rod pivot
0 6.2 cm
A rigid rod is pivoted about a point 6.2 cm from the centre of a pan which is attached to one
end. The object being measured is placed on the centre of this pan.
A spring, attached to the rod 1.8 cm from the pivot, is attached at its other end to a fixed point
P. The spring obeys Hooke’s law over the full range of operation of the balance.
A pointer, on the other side of the pivot, is set against a millimetre scale which is a distance
52.6 cm from the pivot.
When the system is in equilibrium with no mass on the pan, the rod is horizontal and the
pointer indicates a reading on the scale of 86 mm.
An object of mass 0.472 kg is now placed on the pan. As a result, the pointer moves to
indicate a reading of 123 mm on the scale when the system is again in equilibrium.
(i) Show that the increase in the length of the spring is approximately 1.3 mm.
[2]
© UCLES 2021 9702/23/M/J/21

9
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the pivot of the weight of the object.
moment = .................................................. N m [2]
(iii) Use your answer in (b)(ii) to determine the increase in the tension in the spring due to
the 0.472 kg mass.
increase in tension = ..................................................... N [2]
(iv) Use the information in (b)(i) and your answer in (b)(iii) to determine the spring constant
k of the spring. Give a unit with your answer.
k = ...................................... unit ............ [2]
[Total: 10]

m22 qp22 q1
4
1 A sphere of radius 2.1 mm falls with terminal (constant) velocity through a liquid, as shown in
Fig. 1.1.
sphere,
radius 2.1 mm
weight 7.2 × 10–4 N constant
velocity
downwards
liquid,
density ρ
Fig. 1.1
Three forces act on the moving sphere. The weight of the sphere is 7.2 × 10–4 N and the upthrust
acting on it is 4.8 × 10–4 N. The viscous force FV acting on the sphere is given by
FV = krv
where r is the radius of the sphere, v is its velocity and k is a constant. The value of k in SI units
is 17.
(a) Determine the SI base units of k.
SI base units ......................................................... [2]
(b) Use the value of the upthrust acting on the sphere to calculate the density ρ of the liquid.
ρ = .............................................. kg m–3 [3]
© UCLES 2022 9702/22/F/M/22

5
(c) (i) On the sphere in Fig. 1.1, draw three arrows to show the directions of the weight W, the
upthrust U and the viscous force FV. Label these arrows W, U and FV respectively. [1]
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the terminal (constant) velocity of the sphere.
velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]
[Total: 8]

s22 qp21 q2 6
2 (a) State what is meant by the centre of gravity of an object.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A non-uniform rod XY is pivoted at point P, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
4.00 m
1.70 m
1.10 m
X Y
wire
P
F 44.0 N sphere
3.0 N
The rod has length 4.00 m and weight 44.0 N. The centre of gravity of the rod is 1.70 m from
end X of the rod. Point P is 1.10 m from end X.
A sphere hangs by a wire from end Y of the rod. The weight of the sphere is 3.0 N. The weight
of the wire is negligible.
A force F is applied vertically downwards at end X so that the horizontal rod is in equilibrium.
(i) By taking moments about P, calculate F.
F = ..................................................... N [3]
(ii) Calculate the force exerted on the rod by the pivot.
force = ..................................................... N [1]

© UCLES 2022 9702/21/M/J/22
7
(c) The sphere in (b) is now immersed in a liquid in a container, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
P liquid,
density 1100 kg m–3
F 44.0 N
container
Fig. 2.2
The density of the liquid is 1100 kg m–3. The upthrust acting on the sphere due to the liquid is
2.5 N. The magnitude of F is unchanged so that the horizontal rod is not in equilibrium.
(i) Use Archimedes’ principle to determine the radius r of the sphere.
r = ..................................................... m [3]
(ii) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant moment of the forces on the rod
about P.
magnitude of resultant moment = ........................................................ N m
direction of resultant moment ...............................................................

[2]
[Total: 10]

s22 qp22 q2
6
2 A sphere is attached by a metal wire to the horizontal surface at the bottom of a river, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
sphere
direction of
flow of water
water
wire
horizontal
68° surface
The sphere is fully submerged and in equilibrium, with the wire at an angle of 68° to the horizontal
surface. The weight of the sphere is 32 N. The upthrust acting on the sphere is 280 N. The density
of the water is 1.0 × 103 kg m–3.
Assume that the force on the sphere due to the water flow is in a horizontal direction.
(a) By considering the components of force in the vertical direction, determine the tension in the
wire.
tension = ..................................................... N [2]
(b) For the sphere, calculate:
(i) the volume
volume = .................................................... m3 [1]
(ii) the density.
density = .............................................. kg m–3 [2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/22/M/J/22

7
(c) The centre of the sphere is initially at a height of 6.2 m above the horizontal surface. The
speed of the water then increases, causing the sphere to move to a different position. This
movement of the sphere causes its gravitational potential energy to decrease by 77 J.
Calculate the final height of the centre of the sphere above the horizontal surface.
height = ..................................................... m [3]
(d) The extension of the wire increases when the sphere changes position as described in (c).
The wire obeys Hooke’s law.
(i) State a symbol equation that gives the relationship between the tension T in the wire and
its extension x. Identify any other symbol that you use.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Before the sphere changed position, the initial elastic potential energy of the wire was
0.65 J. The change in position of the sphere causes the extension of the wire to double.
Calculate the final elastic potential energy of the wire after the sphere has changed
position.
final elastic potential energy = ...................................................... J [2]
[Total: 11]

s22 qp23 q3
6
3 (a) Define velocity.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A constant driving force of 2400 N acts on a car of mass 1200 kg. The car accelerates from
rest in a straight line along a horizontal road.
Assume that the resistive forces acting on the car are negligible.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the car.
acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a graph showing the variation with time t of the velocity v of the car
for the first 20 seconds of its motion.
Label this line A.
50
40
v / m s–1
30
20
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20
t/s
Fig. 3.1
[2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/23/M/J/22

7
(c) In reality, a resistive force due to air resistance acts on the car in (b). This resistive force
increases with speed until it becomes equal in magnitude to the driving force at time t = 12 s.
(i) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a second line to show the variation with time t of the velocity v of the
car for the first 20 seconds of its motion. Label this line B. [3]
(ii) At time t = 20 s, the driving force is increased to 3000 N and remains constant at this
value.
Describe how the velocity of the car changes due to this increase in the driving force.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

Markschemes - Forces
s16 qp23 q4
w16 qp22 q3
m17 qp22 q1
s17 qp21 q2
s17 qp21 q3
w17 qp22 q2
w17 qp22 q3
s18 qp21 q2
s18 qp23 q2
w18 qp22 q2
w18 qp23 q3
s19 qp22 q2
w19 qp21 q3
w19 qp22 q4
w19 qp23 q1
m20 qp22 q3
s20 qp21 q3
s20 qp23 q2
s20 qp23 q3
w20 qp21 q1
w20 qp22 q2
w20 qp22 q4
w20 qp23 q2
s21 qp21 q2
s21 qp22 q1
s21 qp23 q3
m22 qp22 q1
s22 qp21 q2
s22 qp22 q2
s22 qp23 q3

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s16 qp23 q4

cross-sectional area 13 cm2

(b) Calculate the density of the oil.

density = ............................................... kg m–3 [3]

© UCLES 2016 9702/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

3 (a) State the two conditions for an object to be in equilibrium.

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

component of the force = ...................................................... N [1]

(ii) By taking moments about A, calculate the weight W of the beam.

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16

Calculate, for the wire,

(i) the increase in stress due to the addition of the paint,

increase in stress = .................................................... Pa [2]

(ii) its diameter.

diameter = ...................................................... m [3]

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

quantity scalar vector

Fig. 1.1 [2]

(i) Show that the weight of the sphere is 41 N.

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/F/M/17

(ii) The tension in the cable is 290 N.

Determine the upthrust acting on the sphere.

upthrust = ....................................................... N [2]

(iii) Explain the origin of the upthrust acting on the sphere.

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/F/M/17 [Turn over

2 (a) State the two conditions for a system to be in equilibrium.

The variation with time t of the velocity v of P is shown in Fig. 2.2.

(i) Show that the acceleration of P is 1.4 m s–2 at time t = 5.0 s.

(ii) Calculate the total distance moved by P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.

distance = .......................................................m [2]

(iii) Calculate the change in kinetic energy of P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.

change in kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]

(iv) The tension in the wire at time t = 5.0 s is 280 N.

Calculate, for the horizontal motion,

1. the vertical lift force F supporting P,

2. the force R due to air resistance acting on P in the horizontal direction.

© UCLES 2017 9702/21/M/J/17 [Turn over

Show that the cylinder has weight 0.60 N.

(i) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.

© UCLES 2017 9702/21/M/J/17

(ii) Calculate the weight of X.

weight of X = ............................................... N [3]

(c) The cylinder is now immersed in water, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

An upthrust acts on the cylinder and the bar is not in equilibrium.

(i) Explain the origin of the upthrust.

© UCLES 2017 9702/21/M/J/17 [Turn over

2 (a) Define the moment of a force.

(ii) Friction between the disc and the pin is negligible.

force = ....................................................... N [1]

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/O/N/17 [Turn over

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2

difference in pressure = ..................................................... Pa [2]

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/O/N/17

force = ....................................................... N [1]

height above surface = .................................................... cm [3]

(e) The cube in the water is released from the spring.

(i) Determine the initial acceleration of the cube.

acceleration = ..................................................m s–2 [2]

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/O/N/17 [Turn over

2 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.

© UCLES 2018 9702/21/M/J/18

(i) Determine, for the block,

1. the displacement from time t = 0 to t = 3.0 s,