INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 2 2 91 5 -1

Second edition
2 01 6-01 -1 5

Industrial trucks — Veri fication of

stability —

Part 1 :
General

Chariots de manutention — Vérification de la stabilité —

Partie 1: Généralités

Reference number
ISO 2 2 91 5 -1 : 2 01 6(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. iv

Introduction .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................... vi

1 Scope .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 1

2 Normative references .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 2

3 Terms and de finitions .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. 2

4 Stability tests for trucks .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 4

4. 1 Te s t p ro ce d u re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.2 Veri fication procedure .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............. 4

4. 2 . 1 O p e rati o n o f th e ti l t tab l e an d te s t cri te ri a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. 2 . 2 C al cu l ati o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. 2 . 3 O th e r m e th o d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. 3 Te s t co n d i ti o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. 3 . 1 C o n d i ti o n o f th e tru ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. 3 . 2 Po s i ti o n o f th e tru ck o n th e ti l t tab l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. 3 . 3 Te s t l o ad , l i ft h e i gh t, an d s tan d ard l o ad ce n tre d i s tan ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.4 Safety precautions for testing .................................................. ................................................... ............................................... 6

4.5 Stability veri fication for trucks with attachments ................................................... ................................................ 7

Bibliography .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................... 8

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 . In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives ) .

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identi fied during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents ) .

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO speci fic terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TB T) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 110, Industrial trucks , Subcommittee SC 2 ,
Safety of powered industrial
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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22915-1:2008), which has been
technically revised.
ISO 22915 consists of the following parts, under the general title Industrial trucks — Verification ofstability :
— Part 1: General
— Part 2: Counterbalanced trucks with mast
— Part 3: Reach and straddle trucks
— Part 4: Pallet stackers, double stackers and order-picking trucks with operator position elevating up to
and including 1 200 mm lift height
— Part 5: Single-side-loading trucks
— Part 7: Bidirectional and multidirectional trucks
— Part 8: Additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of stacking with mast tilted
forward and load elevated
— Part 9: Counterbalanced trucks with mast handling freight containers of 6 m (20 ft) length and longer
— Part 10: Additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of stacking with load
laterally displaced by powered devices
— Part 11: Industrial variable-reach trucks
— Part 12: Industrial variable-reach trucks handling freight containers of 6 m (20 ft) length and longer
— Part 13: Rough-terrain trucks with mast

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— Part 14: Rough-terrain variable-reach trucks

— Part 15: Counterbalanced trucks with articulated steering

— Part 16: Pedestrian-propelled trucks

— Part 20: Additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of offset load, offset
by utilization
— Part 21: Order-picking trucks with operator position elevating above 1 200 mm

— Part 22: Lateral- and front-stacking trucks with and without elevating operator position

— Part 24: Slewing variable-reach rough-terrain trucks

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Introduction

An i mp o r ta n t s te p fo r wa rd in wo rk on the ISO 2 2 91 5 s erie s wa s the a g re e me n t to put in p l ace a

new structure. The stability tests are presented in the form of a basic part describing and de fining
stability tests in general together with separate parts that each give speci fic stability test criteria and
requirements for a different truck type.
From the very beginning, the task of the Working Group involved was to establish the new structure
and revise existing standards to create a series of International Standards complying with the major
l e g i s l ati ve re g u l atio n s i n the wo rl d s uc h a s tho s e i n fo rc e i n the E U, U S A , J ap a n , a n d Au s tra l i a .

Fo r s e ve ra l p ro b l e m a re a s , c o mp ro m i s e s we re ne e de d a nd wi l l be ne e de d in the fu tu re . In o rde r to

ensure that these International Standards are actively used in the ISO member countries worldwide, it
will be necessary that they replace existing National Standards.
Only in this way will there will be the guarantee that products in accordance with these International
Standards can be shipped worldwide, freely and without any technical barriers to trade.

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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2 2 915-1:2 016(E)

Industrial trucks — Veri fication of stability —

Part 1 :
General

1 Scope

The ISO 22915 series deals with the safety of industrial trucks, as de fined in ISO 5053-1, relative to
their stability and the veri fication of that stability. For the purposes of ISO 22915, industrial trucks
are wheeled, self-propelled, or pedestrian-propelled vehicles excepting those running on rails. They are
either operator-controlled or driverless, and are designed to carry, tow, push, lift, stack or tier in racks.
This part of ISO 22915 speci fies basic test criteria and requirements for verifying the stability of
industrial trucks, hereafter referred to as trucks .

It applies to the following truck types and special conditions:

a) counterbalanced trucks with mast as speci fied in ISO 22915-2;
b) reach and straddle trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-3;
c) pallet stackers, double stackers, and order-picking trucks with operator position elevating up to
and including 1 200 mm lift height as speci fied in ISO 22915-4;
d) single-side-loading trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-5;
e) bidirectional and multidirectional trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-7;
f) additional stability test for trucks operating in special conditions of stacking with the mast tilted
forward as speci fied in ISO 22915-8;
g) counterbalanced trucks with mast handling freight containers of 6 m (20 ft) length and longer as
speci fied in ISO 22915-9;
h) additional stability test for trucks operating in special conditions with the load substantially
laterally displaced by powered devices as speci fied in ISO 22915-10;
i) industrial variable-reach trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-11;
j) industrial variable-reach trucks handling freight containers of 6 m (20 ft) length and longer as
speci fied in ISO 22915-12;
k) rough-terrain variable-reach trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-14;
l) counterbalanced trucks with articulated steering as speci fied in ISO 22915-15;
m) pedestrian-propelled trucks as speci fied in ISO 22915-16;
n) additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of offset load, offset determined
by utilization as speci fied in ISO 22915-20;
o) order-picking trucks with operator position elevating above 1 200 mm as speci fied in ISO 22915-21.
It also applies to trucks operating under the same conditions when equipped with load-handling
attachments.

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This part of ISO 22915 does not apply to the following:

— trucks handling suspended loads which may swing freely;
— low-lift trucks with lift height up to and including 500 mm.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3 411, Earth-moving machinery — Physical dimensions ofoperators and minimum operator space envelope
ISO 5 053 -1, Industrial trucks — Terminology and classification — Part 1: Types of industrial trucks
ISO 5353 , Earth-moving machinery, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Seat index
point

3 Terms and de finitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and de finitions apply.
3 .1
normal operating conditions
< trucks other than variable-reach and rough-terrain trucks> operating conditions corresponding to
the following:

a) stacking withGet
fork arms
more reasonably
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prepared surfaces;
b) operating with a load centre of gravity approximately on the longitudinal centre plane of the truck;
c) travelling with the mast or fork arms tilted rearward, if possible, and the load in the lowered
(travel) position on substantially firm, smooth, level, and prepared surface, for reach trucks, with
the mast or forks fully retracted;
d) travelling or manoeuvring with elevated load/operator (if the truck is speci fically designed for
this condition)

3 .2
normal operating conditions
< variable-reach and rough-terrain trucks> operating conditions corresponding to the following:

a) stacking with a combination of boom elevation/extension and the fork arms reasonably horizontal
on substantially firm, smooth, level, and prepared surfaces;
b) operating with the load centre of gravity approximately on the longitudinal centre plane of the truck;
c) trucks with a mast manoeuvring an elevated load with the mast neither tilted rearwards more
than 10° nor the centre of gravity of the load displaced rearwards more than 600 mm;
d) manoeuvring an elevated load with the fork arms tilted rearwards;
e) rough-terrain trucks travelling with the mast or fork arms tilted rearwards and the load in the
lowered (travelling) position on unimproved natural terrain and disturbed-terrain areas. Where
applicable, any reaching/telescopic mechanism is to be fully retracted
3.3
operating conditions other than normal
differing from those stated in 3 .1 or 3 . 2 necessitating a truck that complies with either

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a) appropriate I nternational Standards coveri ng the di fferent s p eci fic conditions (e . g. trucks op erated

with offset lo ad by p owered devices or by uti l i z ation, trucks with mas t ti lted for ward, and trucks

handling freight containers) , or

b) s tabi lity requi rements agree d up on by the interes te d p ar ties i n cons ultation with the manufac turer

and b ei ng no t les s than re quire d by the tes ts s p eci fied for normal op erati ng conditions ( 3 .1 , 3 . 2 ) for

that typ e of truck

3 .4
tilt table
rigid table ti lted at le as t to one s ide to prove the lateral and longitudi na l s tabi lity of a truck p o s itioned

on that table

No te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 1 .

X
Key
X–Y indicates the tilt axis of the tilt table

Figure 1 — Tilt table

3 .5
tilt axis
a xi s ab out which the truck tips over, longitudi na l ly or lateral ly, when a s u fficient s tatic or dynamic force

i s appl ie d ab ove the centre of gravity of the truck

No te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 2 .

Key
M –N indicates the tilt axis of the truck

Figure 2 — Tilt axis

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3 .6
tip-over
loss of stability where the truck completely tips over
Note 1 to entry: The point at which one or more wheels leave the tilt table or the truck frame contacts the tilt
table is not tip-over.

4 Stability tests for trucks

4.1 Test procedure

Truck stability shall be veri fied by means of one of the procedures described below.
The truck is considered stable if it passes all tests without tip-over or meets the requirements by
calculation.

When comparing calculated and test values, the test values are considered the true measure of stability.

4.2 Veri fication procedure

4.2.1 Operation of the tilt table and test criteria

The truck shall be placed on the tilt table under the conditions speci fied in the relevant part of
ISO 22915. In each of these tests, the tilt table shall be tilted smoothly to the slope indicated.
The truck shall not tip-over when the required tilt table slope is attained for all the speci fied tests.
It is permissible that one or more wheels leave the tilt table or parts of the truck frame contact the tilt
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table except for trucks designed to handle freight containers 6 m (20 ft) length and above. I f this occurs,
the truck shall be allowed to seek its new stable position or to tip-over with no external restraint.

The means for preventing tip-over shall impose no appreciable restriction on the truck until the tip-
over instant occurs.

4.2.2 Calculation
Compliance with the speci fied stability values can be determined by calculation.
Calculation shall be based on empirical data for similar trucks.

Such calculations shall take into account manufacturing variations and de f lections of mast, tyres, etc.

4.2.3 Other methods

Other methods for verifying the stability that give the same result are allowed, e.g. fixed slope.

4.3 Test conditions

4.3.1 Condition of the truck

The tests shall be carried out on an operational truck.

The weight of the operator on sit-on and stand-on trucks shall be simulated by an object having a mass
of 98 kg, and in accordance with ISO 3411, if the stability during a test is thereby decreased. For a truck
designed for operation with a stand-on operator, the centre of gravity of the object shall be secured
1 000 mm above the f loor of the operator’s platform at the centre of the position normally occupied by
the operator. For a truck designed for operation with a sit-on operator, the centre of gravity of the object

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shall be secured 150 mm above the seat index point (SIP) as determined in accordance with ISO 5353
with the seat at the mid-point of the adjustment, if provided.
Fuel tanks of internal combustion engine trucks shall be full if stability is thereby decreased. All other
tanks shall be filled to their correct operating levels, as applicable.
Pneumatic tyres shall be in flated to their correct pressure as speci fied by the truck manufacturer.
Where tyre ballast is incorporated in the truck design, the use of ballast shall be in accordance with the
truck manufacturer’s instructions.

4.3.2 Position of the truck on the tilt table

The truck shall be positioned on the tilt table under the conditions speci fied in the relevant part of
ISO 22 915 . Lateral tests shall be conducted to the side that is least stable.

The indication of axles is the centreline of the respective axle. As shown in Figure 3 , the longitudinal
centre plane is the vertical longitudinal plane between the centreline of the steer axles and the
centreline of the load axles.

A A

Key
A–A indicates the longitudinal centre plane of the truck

Figure 3 — Indication of longitudinal centre plane and axles

The initial location of the truck on the tilt table can be maintained by the following:
— applying parking or service brakes which can be secured in the “on” position or by wedging the
wheels against the truck frame ensuring however that articulation is not affected;
— using blocks or chocks having a maximum height not exceeding the value indicated in Table 1 ;
— increasing the coefficient of friction of the table surface, if necessary, by an appropriate friction-
increasing material.

Table 1 — Maximum height of blocks or chocks

Tyre outside diameter Maximum height of blocks or chocks
d
mm mm

d ≤ 250 25

250 < d ≤ 500 0,1 d

d > 5 00 50

4.3.3 Test load, lift height, and standard load centre distance
The test load shall have a mass equivalent to the actual capacity, Q , that the truck can elevate to the
corresponding height acting through the centre of gravity, G, nominally positioned at the standard load
centre distance, D, (see Figure 4 and ISO 3 691-1, ISO 3 691-2 , ISO 3691-3 , and ISO 3 691-5 ) as indicated
on the information plate of the truck both horizontally from the front face of the fork arm shank and
vertically from the upper face of the fork arm blade.
Other means may be used provided that these means give the equivalent effect as a homogeneous mass.

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W he n add i ti o n a l l i ft he i gh ts , l o ad s , a nd l o ad ce n tre d i s ta nc e s a re to be i n d ic ate d on the i n fo r m atio n

plate, the truck shall meet the requirements established by the tests speci fied in this part of ISO 22915
fo r the s e add i ti o n a l c ap ac i tie s .

The centre of gravity, G , o f the te s t lo ad s h a l l b e lo c ate d i n the lo n g i tud i n a l centre p l a ne , A– A , o f the tr uck.

G
D

A A

Key
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D s tan d ard l o ad ce n tre d i s tan ce

G load centre of gravity positioned in the longitudinal centre plane (A–A) of the truck
Q actual capacity

Figure 4 — Standard load centre distance

4.4 Safety precautions for testing

P re c au ti o n s shal l be t a ke n to p re ve n t the tip - o ve r o f the tr uc k o r d i s p l ace me n t o f the te s t l o ad du r i n g

the c o u r s e o f the te s t.

a) Complete tip-over of the truck shall be prevented by the following:

— wire ropes, straps, or chains;
— overhead crane;
— o the r me a n s .

b) Displacement of the test load shall be prevented by means such as the following:
— f irmly securing the test load to the load carrier or equivalent structure;
— s u s p e n d i n g the te s t l o ad ne a r the g ro u n d fro m a n ap p ro p r i ate s up p o r t p l ac e d o n the fo rk a r m s

so that the suspension point is at the point where the centre of gravity, G , o f the te s t l o ad wo u l d

b e i f the te s t l o ad we re to b e p l ace d o n the fo rk.

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4.5 Stability veri fication for trucks with attachments

Trucks fitted with attachments other than fork arms shall be subject to the same stability tests.
If the centre of gravity is substantially displaced, additional tests may be required (see other parts
of ISO 22915). For veri fication of the vertical position of the mast, a reference point having a fixed
relationship to the centre of gravity, G, of the test load shall be chosen (see Figure 4) .
The test load shall be equivalent to the actual capacity at the speci fied load centre distance indicated
for the attachment when used on the truck being tested.

On attachments that are not fitted with fork arms, the lift height speci fied for the tests shall be measured
between the tilt table surface and the underside of the load or the attachment, whichever is lower.

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Bibliography

[1] ISO Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 1: Self-propelled
3 6 9 1-1 ,

industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks
[2 ] ISO Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 2: Self-propelled
3 6 9 1-2 ,

variable-reach trucks
[3 ] ISO Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 3: Additional
3 6 9 1- 3 ,

requirements for trucks with elevating operator position and trucks specifically designed to travel
with elevated loads
[4] ISO Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 5: Pedestrian-
3 6 9 1- 5 ,

propelled trucks

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