Thank you for taking the time to peruse Science kuvana, a comprehensive science textbook written in

the Shona language. It is important to acknowledge that our students in Zimbabwe face a significant
challenge when it comes to comprehending scientific concepts, as they are compelled to learn in a
language in which they may not be proficient.

This unfortunate circumstance can be attributed to the fact that our country like most African countries
inherited an educational system that was specifically designed to uphold colonial relationships and a
colonial society, thereby neglecting the needs of learners in marginalized areas who lack exposure to the
English language.

Science kuvana has been specifically developed to address this pressing issue and facilitate the inclusion
of marginalized students within the current education system. This textbook serves as a vital tool to
bridge the existing gap and provide much-needed assistance to those students who have been
historically overlooked.

With the introduction of this textbook, students can now be able to engage in independent reading
without relying heavily on their teachers.

Consequently, students are empowered to actively participate in the learning process, while teachers
are relieved of the burden of constantly assisting students in their understanding of the subject matter.

This development promotes self-sufficiency and fosters a more balanced distribution of responsibilities
between students and teachers.

Furthermore, this educational resource caters to non-formal students, enabling them to acquire
knowledge and skills from the comfort and convenience of their own homes. This flexibility in learning
environments ensures that education is accessible to a wider range of individuals, regardless of their
circumstances.

If you feel that this text book will help students to fufill their potential feel free to contact us to order a
full hard copy text book.

You can also help students in the marginalised areas who don’t have the resources to purchase a copy.

Our whatsapp.number 0772583812

Email. mbabvumishie@gmail.com
 Zviri mu bhuku
Chikamu 1
Ma Cells page 4 -11

Chikamu 2

Chikafu chezvirimwa page 12 - 21

Chikamu 3

Chikafu chevanhu page 22 - 37

Chikamu 4

Nzira dzekufema page 38 - 43

Chikamu 5

Kufamba kwe zvinhu page 44 - 60

Chikamu 6

Kuberekana kwezvirimwa page 61 - 72

Chikamu 7

Kuberekana kwevanhu page 73 – 88

Chikamu 8

Hutano nezvirwere page 89-110

Chikamu 9
Chikafu 2 page 111 - 122
Chikamu 10
Zvisikwa / ecosystems page 123 – 132
 Chikamu 1
Ma cells

Mudhuri wakakura unovakwa nezvidhina zvidiki sezviri pamufananidzo. Mutumbi wemhunu

kana wemhuka (animals) nemutumbi we miti kana zvirimwa (plants) unovakwawo netunhu
tudiki tunonzi ma cells.
Tuma cells utu tuduku duku zvekuti hatuoneki neziso asi panotoda muchina unonzi microscope
kuti munhu agone kuona zvakaita ma cells. Microscope muchina une magirazi anowedzera
kukura kwe kanhu kadiki diki kuti kaoneke sechinhu chihombe (magnify). Microscope ndiwo
muchina unoshandiswa kutarisa ma cells.

Tuma cells utu tukabatana twakawanda tunogadzira

nhengo dzakasiyana siyana. Pane mhando mbiri dzema
cells . Ma cells anowanikwa mu mhuka anonzi ma
animal cells , ma cells anowanikwa mu zvirimwa anonzi
ma plant cells. Musiyano uri pama plant cells nema
animal cells ndewekuti pane zvinhu zvinowanikwa pama
plant cells zvisinga wanikwe pama animal cells. Ma
plant cells ane cell wall , vacuole nema chloroplast izvo
zvisinga wanikwe muma animal cells.
Ma cells anosiyana zvichienderana nekuti anovaka nhengo ipi. Kana kuri kuzvirimwa (plants) ma
cells anogadzira ma shizha anosiyana neano gadzira midzi. Kumhukawo ma cells epa dehwe
kana paganda anosiyana ne ari pa ziso kana pama papu kana muropa.

Specialisation / kusiyana mashandisiro / chimwe nechimwe pabasa

racho .
Kusiyana kunoita ma cells kunobatsiridza kuti nhengo dzemuviri dzigone kuita mabasa
akasiyana siyana zvinova zvinobatsiridza kuti ma animals kana kuti ma plants agone kurarama.

Ma cells ekumhuka / animal cells

Mhuka dzine nhengo dzakasiyana siyana dzinoita mabasa akakosha. Muenzaniso moyo inhengo
ino pomba ropa kuti risvike munhengo dzose dzemuviri, mhasuru dzinoita basa rekufambisa
mitezo , dumbu rinogaya chikafu. Pachikamu chino tichatarisa ma cells anovaka nhengo dzacho
dzinoita mabasa akasiayana.
Ropa
Ropa inhengo inogadzirwa nema cells akasiayana siyana. Ma cells anonyanyo wanikwa muropa
anotakura mweya wekufema anonzi ma red blood cell kana kuti ma erethrocytes (red blood
corpsicles). Ma red blood cells anokwanisa kunama kana kubata mweya weku fema unonzi
oxygen.

Ma red blood cells madiki, akatenderera sedenderedzwa uye pakati pacho panoita sepaka
bhovhokera . Anoputirwa neganda kana kuti cell membrane , haana nuclei iya inowanikwa
pama cells akawanda , pakati pacho mu cytoplasm makazara protein inonzi haemoglobin
inobata oxygen . Ma red blood cells anotatamuka nekupfanyika zvinoita kuti akwanise kuti
afambe mutsinga dzeropa.

Basa rema red blood cells

Ma red blood cells anofambisa oxygen mumuviri mose .
Ma red blood ane protein inonzi haemoglobin inobata
kana kunama oxygen. Ma red blood cells anotora oxygen
ropa parinopfuura nekuma papu.
Ma red blood cells anofambisawo mweya unonzi carbon
dioxide. Mweya we carbon dioxide unogadzirwa mukati
mema cells panenge pachigadzirwa simba (energy).
Carbon dioxide ndiyo inozono buditswa kuma papu kana
ma red blood cells apfuura neko pakutenderera kweropa.

Muscle cells / Ma cells anowanikwa ku mhasuru

Mhasuru (muscle tissue) inhengo dzinofambisa mitezo chikafu neropa. Mhasuru dzinokwanisa
kufambisa zvinhu nekuti dzinogona kuomarara( contract) kana kupfava (relax) . Izvi
zvinobatsira kufambisa mitezo , kupomba ropa , kufambisa chikafu nekuchisanganisa
mudumbu.
Tikavheneka pa microscope ma muscle cells anowanikwa ari muzvipoka zvema bhanduru
akabatanidzwa pamwe chete sesvinga rehuni. Cell rimwe chete ine chimiro che pipe kana kuti
pombi yakareba ine tu nuclei mukati mayo. Mukati mema muscle cells makazarawo ma
mitochondria ayo anogadzira simba (energy). Mhasuru dziri muzvipoka zvitatu zvinoti
Skeletal muscle - mhasuru dzepama bhonzo Cardiac muscle - mhasuru dzepa moyo
Smooth muscle - mhasuru dzepa dumbu .

Skeletal muscle

Idzi ndidzo mhasuru dzakabatana nema bhonzo dzinoita kuti tigone kufambisa mitezo yemuviri
wedu. Mhasuru idzi togona kudziita kuti dziomarare (contract) kana kupfava( relax)
dzichidhonza mabhonzo kana kuma dzosera panzvimbo pakufambisa mitezo. Kudhonza
mabhonzo nekuma dzosera panzvimbo tichishandisa mhasuru kunotumidzwa kunzi voluntary
action kureva kuti tazviita tichida tichishandisa pfungwa dzedu. Mufananidzo urikutiratidza kuti
ma skeletal muscles anogadzirwa nema cells akareba anotumidzwa kunzi muscle fibres. Cell
rimwe chete kana kuti fibre rimwe chete rine ma nucleus akawanda mukati maro. Mukati me
muscle cell munowanikwawo tumitsara twakawanda tunobtasira pakuomarara kwe cell.
Tumitsara utu tunonzi myofibrils.
Smooth muscle / mhasuru dzepadumbu.

Idzi imhasuru dzinowanikwa pa dumbu (stomach) nepama tumbu (ma small nema large
intestines).Dzinoita basa rekusanganisa nekufambisa chikafu chemudumbu. Kuomarara
(contract) nekupfava (relax) kunoita mhasuru idzi padumbu nemumatumbu kunoita kuti
chikafu chiri mudumbu chisangane ne muto unogaya chikafu kotiwo chikafu chiri mumatumbu
chinofambawo chichi torwa muropa chimwe chichienda kunoraswa panze .
Mufananidzo we smooth muscle tissue urikuratidza kuti mhasuru iyi yakagadzirwa nema cells
anenge ma pipe akabatanidzwa. Pipe rimwe chete rinomirira cell imwe chete. Cell rimwe ne
rimwe rine nucleus imwechete mairi. Zvasiyana nema muscle cells ane ma nucleus akawanda.

Cardiac muscle / mhasuru dzepa moyo

Idzi imhasuru dzinowanikwa pa moyo unopomba ropa.

Kuoma (contract) kunoita ma muscles aya kunodzora moyo kuita mudiki ropa robva
rapfanywa rokwanisa kufamba kuenda kunhengo dzakasiyana siyana dzemuviri. Ma muscles
aya akapfava zvinoita kuti moyo ukure ropa rakawanda robva rapinda mumoyo. Ma cells
emhasuru idzi akada kufanana neema smooth muscles asi anozo siyana pakuti ma cells epa
cardiac muscle akati futei haasi ma tete, uye mapfupi haana kunyanya kureba. Ma cells aya ane
nucleus imwe chete mukati mawo.
Ma cells ema plants
Sezvinoitawo mhuka ma plants anenhengo dzinoshanda zvakasiyana siyana izvo zvinoita kuti
ararame .

Palisade cells
Shizha redu tikari ongorora zvakanaka mukati maro tinoona kuti rine layer kumusosoro ne layer
rekusazi (upper and lower surface). Pakati pacho panotumidzwa zita rekuti mesophyll . Pa
mesophyll apa ndipo panowanikwa ma cells anonzi mesophyll cells.Pama mesophyll cells, ari
nechekumusoro anonzi ma palisade cells ari pazasi pacho anonzi spongy mesophyll cells.

Chimiro chema cells ari mushizha

Chimiro nekurongeka kwakaita ma cells ari mu shizha kunoita kuti shizha rigogona kugadzira
chikafu richishandisa zuva , mvura ne oxygen. Pazasi pe shizha pakanzi pa (lower surface )
pamowanikwa ma buri ( stoma ) anopinza mhepo mushizha . Pama cells aripa mesophyll haana
kubata batana zvinoita kuti mhepo ifambe zvakana pakati pema cells. Ma palisade cells ari
nechekumusoro kwe shizha zvinoita kuti awane mushana kana kuti zuva zvakanayanaya .Ma
Palisade cells akazara ne tunhengo turi mukati tunonzi ma chloroplasts uto tuno tora moto
kubva kuzuva .

Basa rema Palisade cells

Ma palisade cells akati kure kudarika amwe ma cells , zvinomabatsiridza kutora carbon dioxide
ne mvura inoshandiswa pakugadzira chikafu ( photosynthesis).
Ma palisade cells akazara nema chloroplasts kuti agone kutora moto kubva kuzuva.
Root hair cells / ma cells anowanikwa kutumidzi tudiki
Root hair cells ma cells anowanika kunoperera midzi yemiti kana zvirimwa (plants).
Anowanikwa patumidzi tunoita setu vhudzi. Ma root hair cells aya haa rarame kwenguva refu
asi anokasikawo kukura .
Ma root hair cell ane muswe unoti rebei uchipinda pakati pe tsanga dze mavhu sezviri
pamufananidzo. Root hair cells ane ganda rakatetepa rinopinda mvura ( permeable to water).
Cytoplasm yacho ine vacuole yakati kurei zvekunge ichavharira cytoplasm yese . Mu cytoplasm
ye root hair cell munowanikawo nucleas iyo inotungamira kukura , nemabasa anoitika mu cell .

Mabasa ema root hair cell

Root hairs anotora (absorb) mvura ne ma mineral salts kubva muvhu. Huwandu hwema root
hair cells unoita kuti agone kutora mvura yakawanda nekuti surface area kana kuti nzvimbo
dziri kupinza mvura dzinenge dzwakawanda.

Mukupedzisa
Ma root hair cells ane muswe wakati rebei ( elongated ) zvinobatsira kuti atore mvura
yakawanda .
Ma root hair cell ane ganda rakatetepa rino tendera kuti mvura ipinde mu cell.
Vacuole hombe inowanikwa mu cytoplasm inochengeta mvura iya inenge yatorwa kubva
kuivhu .
 Chikamu 2

Chikafu chezvirmwa / Plant Nutrition

Miti ne nezvirimwa (plants) zvinoda chikafu chakasiyana siyana chinoshanda pakuti zvikure
nekuita mabasa akasiyna siyana. Zvikafu zvinodiwa nema plants zvinosanganisira mvura , ma
mineral salts carbon dioxide ne zuva. Ma plants anokwanisa kuzvigadzirira chikafu chinonzi ma
carbohydrates nema proteins.
Ma plants anogadzira chikafu chema carbohydrates kuburikidza ne photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis inoitika mumashizha. Photosynthesis kugadzirwa kwechikafu kunoitwa nema
shizha achishandisa mweya we carbon dioxide ,mvura ne zuva. Pa photosynthesis
panogadzirwa chikafu (glucose ) ne mweya we oxygen.

Equation mutsara wakanyorwa unongopangidza kuti pakasangana chakatii nechocho panobuda

ichi nechocho.
Mufananidzo
Hupfu + mvura sadza
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
Tikatarisa mhepo (air) yatinoona yakati tenderdza mukati mayo mune dzimwe mhepo
dzatinogona kupatsanura dzinoti nitrogen , oxygen , carbon dioxide ne water vapour .
Panopinda mhepo mu shizha nepa stoma carbon dioxide iri mu mhepo imomo inozo
sanganawo nemvura yauya kushizha kuburikidza ne vascular bundle. Kusangana kwezviviri izvi
kunoitika muma palisade cell nemu spongy mesophyl cells . Ma chloroplasts anowanikwa mu
ma Palisade cells ne mu spongy
mesophyll anotora moto kubva
kuzuva achibatsiridzwa ne muto
unonzi chlorophyll (green pigment)
urimu ma chloroplasts.
Moto watorwa kuba kuzuva ndiwo
unobatsiridza kusanganisa carbon
dioxide ne mvura kuti pazobuda
glucose ne oxygen.
Glucose ndiyo sugar inoshanda
pakugadzira simba rinodiwa nema
plants pakukura nepa mabasa
akasiyana siyana anoitika munhego
dzema plants.
Glucose inogona kubatana ne amwe
ma glucose anenge agadzirwa
kugadzira starch , iyo inochengeteka zvakanaka mumashizha nemumichero. Glucose kana iri
imwe chete inotumidzwa kunzi monosacharride, kana dzava mbiri dzavakunzi discharride kana

dzawanda dzavakunzi polysaccharide.

Tinogona kutsvaga kuti zvinhu zvataurwa pa photosynthesis ndizvo here zvinoshanda kuti
photosynthesis iitike.
Tichatanga nekutsvaga kuti tinoziva sei kuti starch irimo mushizha.
Kutsvaga kuti starch irimo here mushizha
Zvinodikanwa
Shizha ranga riri pamushana kwema hour anopfuura 2 , ethanol , methylated spirit , iodine
solution , dropper , water, test tube , 100 ml beaker , wire gauze , Bunsen burner
1. Fashaidza mvura mu beaker. Nyika shizha mumvura irikufashaira kwenguva inoikwana 1
minute .
2. Tora shizha rafashaidzwa mumvura oisa mu test tube ine ethanol or methylated spirit.
Test tube racho riise mumvura iriku fashaira kusvika shizha risisina ruvara rwe green.
3. Budisa test tube mumvura inopisa orasa ethanol irimu testtube. Chibuditsa shizha
uchiriisa mumvura inodziya kuti ripfawe .
4. Buditsa shizha mumvura oriisa pa tile re white.
5. Isa iodine solution mu dropper odonhedzera iodine solution pashizha riri pa white tile
osiya kwe ma minutes mashoma.
6. Chisuka shizha riya riri pa white tile nemvura. Chitarisa kuti shizha rashanduka ruvara
here .

Tsanangudzo
Kufashaidza shizha muvura kunouraya ma cells kuitira kuti ma cells emu shizha amire kushanda
asashandise glucose , uyezve kufashaidza shizha mu mvura inopisa kunoita kuti alcohol ne
iodone ikwanise kupinda mushizha .Tafashaidzira ethanol iri mu test tube tichishandisa kupisa
kwemvura nekuti tika zviitira pamoto ethanol yese inopera sezvo ichikasika kufashaira (boiling
point 78°C ). Shizha rabva ruvara rwe green rikabva racheneruka parabuditswa mu ethanol asi
paraiswa iodine solution rabva raita ruvara rwe blue black kuratidza kuti mushizha mune
starch. Starch ndiyo inoti ikasangana ne iodine solution inoita ruvara rwe blueblack .
Zvinoita kuti photosynthesis itore nzvimbo / factors of photosynthesis
Tikatarisa pa equation ye photosynthesis tinoona kuti panodiwa , carbon dioxide, water, light
ne chlorophyll kuti photosynthesis iitike . Zvinodiwa zvacho ndizvo zvatino tumidza kuti ma
factors
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Mvura /water
Mvura inodiwa kuti photosynthesis igone kutora nzvimbo. Mvura inosangana ne carbon
dioxide zvosanganiswa kubika glucose.

Zuva / light / mwenje

Zuva rakakosha pa photosynthesis nekuti rinoshandiswa nema chloroplasts kubatanidza mvura
ne carbon dioxide kugadzira glucose. Kuwanda kwe zuva kana mwenje uye nenguva yekuwana
zuva , zvinechipande chakakura pakufambisa photosynthesis. Zuva rikawanda panogadzirwawo
glucose yakawanda. Zuva rikaita shoma glucose inogadzirwa iri shoma. Photosynthesis inoitika
kana paine zuva , kana light repamagetsi (bulb).

Kutsvaga kuona kuti mwenje

unebasa here pa photosynthesis
Unoda plant rine mashizha, pakavharika
pasinga svike zuva, foil, scissors , paper
clips nezvinoshandiswa kuwona kuti
starch iripo here.
1. Tora plant oiisa musinga svike zuva
kana mwenje kwemazuva maviri.
(kubvisa starch).
2. Gadzira foil paper rako sezviri
pamufananidzo .
3. Tenderedza shizha rako ne foil paper uchisiya pamwe pachigona kusvika zuva sezviri
pamufananidzo.
4. Isa plant yako muzuva kwe six hours .
5. Chibvisa shizha riya ranga rakamoneredzwa ne foil paper .
6. Chitora shizha iroro oita sezvatamboita pamusoro kutarisa kuti starch irimo here .
Wawona here kuti chikamu che shizha changa
chichiwana zuva ndicho chaita photosynthesis
chikagadzira starch zvataona nekuti iodine yabva
yaita blue black color.

Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide inodiwa kuti photosynthesis iitike.

Kutsvaga kuona kuti carbn dioxide inodiwa here

1. Tora plant yakaita seiri pamufananidzo uyi ise pasinga svike mwenje for two days ( kubvisa
starch ).
2. Isa rimwe bazi mu flask ine 20 % potasium hydroxide solution , oisa rimwe bazi mu distilled
water.
3. Nyatsa kuvhara ma flask ako sezviri pamufananidzo uchisahndisa cork.
4. Chiisa plant yako pazuva kwe ma hour anokwana kuita six hours.
5. Chitora shizha kubva mu solution yanga iine potassium hydroxide solution , otora rimwe
shizha kubva mu flask manga muine
distilled water.
6. Chitarisa kuti mumashizha awatora aya
mune starch here

Tsanangudzo
Solution yakanzi potassium hydroxide inotora carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo , koitawo
distilled water inongori mvura chete isina chaino wedzera kana kubvisa. Shizha rataona riine
starch ishizha ranga riri mu distilled water. Shizha ranga riri mu potasium hydroxide ranga
risina starch. Izvi zvaratidza kuti carbon dioxide inodiwa kuti photosynthesis igone kuitika.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll muto we green unowanikwa mushizha mukati mema cells muma chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll inobatsira pakutora moto unobva ku zuva yoshandisa moto iwoyo kugadzira
glucose . Mu chlorophyll munowanikwa ma minerals anoti magnesium ne iron. Aripowo
mashizha anoti pamwe pane chlorophyll pamwe hapana ( variegated leaf).

Kutsvaga kuona kuti chlorophyll inodiwa here

1. Tora shizha rine mavara mavara (varigated leaf) seriri pamufananidzo ragara
pamushana kwema hour anokwana kuita six
2. Tora mufananidzo we shizha rako kuitira kuti ozoziva zvaranga rakaita panopera
experiment yedu
3. Chitarisa kuona kuti mune starch her mushizha
4. Tora mufananidzo wezvawa buritsa oenzanisa nemufananidzo wawatanga kutora
5. Chitarisa pawanikwa paine starch nepamwe pawanikwa pasina starch kuti pari
kuenderana here ne panga paine chlorophyll.
Tsanangudzo
Uchaona kuti pashizha redu ratashandisa panga pachiwanikwa chlorophyll ndipo pawanikwa
starch. Panga pasinawo chlorophyll hapana kuwanikwa starch.

Zvinobuda kubva pa photosynthesis / products.

Photosynthesis inogadzira glucose ne oxygen.

Glucose ( carbohydrates )
Glucose ino shandiswa kugadzira simba (respiration). Imwe glucose inono gadzira shuga.
Shuga dzinogadzirwa pa photosynthesis dzinochengetwa kumashizha ku midzi nekumichero
fruits.
Imwewo glucose ino shandurwa kuita mafuta ( lipids ). Ma plants akaita se ma sunflower
anoshandura glucose kuita mafuta anozo chengetwa mumhodzi kana kuti mbeu( seed).
Imwe glucose inoshandurwa kugadzira cellulose. Cellulose mubatanidzwa we glucose
dzakawanda. Cellulose inoshandiswa pakugadzira ganda rema plant cells rinonzi cell wall.
Imwe glucose inoshandiswa kugadzira chimwe chechikafu chinonzi proteins. Glucose inobatana
ne ammonia kugadzira ma amino acids ayo anobatana kugadzira ma proteins . Ma plants
anoshandisa ma proteins pakukura nekugadzirisa panenge pakuvara.

Oxygen
Ndochimwe chinobuda pa photosynthesis. Oxygen imhepo inoshandiswa kugadzira simba
kuburikidza nekunopisa glucose inenge iri muma cells ( respiration). Oxygen yakakoshera
mhuka nekuti dzinorarama ne respiration iyo inoda oxygen kuti inge ichiitika.

Kuratidza kuti oxygen inobuditswa pa photosynthesis.

Tsvaga pondweed (plant yemumvura) , sodium carbonate , 250 cm beaker , test tube , wooden
splint , ne water .
1. Nyugudutsa 3g dze sodium bicarbonate mu test tube. Isa plant mu test tube inemvura
sezviri pamufananidzo.
2. Chiisa pekuti plant yako inowana zuva kusvika plant yagona kugadzira oxygen.
3. Isa glowing splint pamusoro pe test tube ucherechedza kuti chii chioitika.
 Tsanangudzo
Sodium bicarbonate inowedzera carbon
dioxide mumvura izvo zvinoita kuti plant
yedu (pondweed) ikwanise kuita
photosynthesis zvakanaka. Tumhepo uto
turikuoneka turi kugadzirwa ne plant ,
tuno mirira oxygen yagadzirwa panga
pachiitika photosynthesis , saka nekuti
oxygen hairemi inoenda pamusoro
pemvura mu test tube . Patinoisa glowing
splint pamusoro pe test tube , glowing
splint iroro richa baka zvakanyanya nekuti
oxygen inowedzera kubvira kwe glowing
splint. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti oxygen inogadzirwa pa photosynthesis.

Kufambiswa kwe chikafu mu plant

Chikafu chinogadzirwa muma shizha chinofanira kuti chisvike kunhengo dzese dze plant . Ma
plants anewo nzira dzekufambisa chikafu nemvura kuburikidza netsinga dzinonzi vascular
bundle. Pa vascular bundle tinoona kuti mune imwe tsinga inofambisa chikafu inonzi phloem,
koitawo imwe tsinga inofambisa mvura inonzi xylem vessel .
Xylem vessels akaita sema pipe marefu aka gadzirwa nema cells akafa aka booka pakati . Basa
rawo ndere ku fambisa munyu ( minerals) ne mvura kubva ku midzi kusvika kuma shizha .
Phloem tubes akaita sema pipe anogadzirwa ne
ma cells mapenyu anofambisa chikafu kubva
kuma shizha kuendesa ku nhengo dze plant.
Glucose, inofambiswa muma phloem tubes
ichiendeswa kunhengo dzakaita se midzi ,
mashizha achango buda ( leaf buds) ne maruva
(flowers). Kufambiswa kwe glucose
kunotumidzwa zita rekuti translocation.
Glucose inogona kuchengetwawo mumapazi
kana kuti dzinde (stems) , mhodzi kana kuti
mbeu ( seeds) , ne mashizha leaves.
Chi chinoita kuti shizha rikwanise kuita photosynthesis / Adaptation of a leaf
for photosynthesis
Chimiro ( structure ) ye shizha inofambidzana nebasa re shizha rekuita photosynthesi. Chimiro
che shizha chinogona kuiswa muzvipoka zviviri zvinoti chimiro chemukati , koita chimiro
chekunze

Chimiro chemukati.
1. Mesophyll layer iyo ine ma palisade cells ne ma spongy mesophyll , ane ma chloroplasts
akawanda anoita kuti shizha rikwanise kutora moto kuba kuzuva oita photosynthesis.
2. Pakati pema mesophyll cells (spongy parenchyma cells) pane nzvimbo dzinoita kuti
carbon dioxide ikwanise kufamba pakati nekupinda muma cells.
3. Pazasi pe shizha pane ma cells anozi lower epidemis ane ma buri anonzi iwo ma
stomata. Maburi aya anoita kuti mhepo ipinde nekubuda mushizha ichienda
muchadenga (atmosphere).
4. Pamusoro pe shizha pane ma cells anonzi iwo upper epidermis asina ruvara zvekuti
anotendera zuva kuti ripinde risvike kuma palisade nema spongy mesophyll cells .
5. Shizha rine tsinga dzinofambisa mvura ( xylem vessel) izvo zvinoita kuti mvura iyo
inodikanwa pa photosynthesisi igare iripo.

Chimiro chekunze chinoita kuti shizha rigone kuita photosynthesis

1. Shizha rakatetepa uye rihombe (large surface area) izvo zvinori batsiridza kuti ritore
mhepo ne zuva rakawanda.
2. Kutetepa kwe shizha kunoita kuti ma cells arimukati auye padhuze ne panze (surface)
zvinodzikisa panofanirwa kufambwa (distance ) ne carbon dioxide kuti isvike pama
palisade cells.
3. Kaganda kanofukidza shizha kanotendera kuti zuva ripinde (transparent cuticle ). Ma
epidermal cells mashoma shoma saka zuva rino nyatso svika kuma palisade cells risina
chari kanganisa .
4. Tsinga dzirimushizha dzinofambisa mvura ne munyu kubva kumidzi dzichiunza kuma
shizha. Dzinofambisawo chikafu dzichibvisa chikafu kuma shizha. Tsinga hombe
inowanikwa pakati peshizha inotumidzwa kuti midrib.
5. Shizha rinewo kabazi kadiki ( petiole) kano bata shizha nekurimisa zvekuti rikwanise
kutora zuva rakawanda nema rerekero arinenge rakaita.
 Nzwisa yezvimwe zviri mberi

Cowpers gland
Aya anowanikwa panotangira penis pazasi pe prostate gland. Anogadzira madzihwa matete
(mucus) anobatsira kuti pachafambira semen pange pachi tsvedzerera .

Penis
Ndiyo nhengo inofambisa semen kubva kumabhora emurume kuendesa mu nhengo ye mukadzi
munguva yekuitabonde /copulation. Inofamba yakarembera panze uye haina kuomarara asi
yakapfava. Kana yanyerekedzwa kana kurezvwa inomira/ erect sechimuti yakasimba.Penis ine
musoro wakaita mutsvuku unodaidzwa kunzi glans penis. Musoro uyu unetsinga dzakawanda
dzinoita kuti murume anzwe kunyerekedzwa , kudziirwa kana kutonhorwa. Musoro uyu
wakaputirwa ne ganda rinonzi fore skin. Ganda iri ndiro rinobviswa pano checheudzwa nhengo
dzechirume.

Female reproductive system / nhengo dzechikadzi

Nhengo dzechikadzi dzinogadzira mazai (female sex cells) anonzi ma ova pamwechete nema
hormones. Nhengo idzi dzinochengetawo mwana anogadzirwa pakusangana kwe sperm ne
ovum , nekupa chikafu ku mwana uyu. Mazai anogadzirwa ne vakadzi ane nguva yaanozopera
kana vakadzi vayaruka , kazhinji kutangira pamakore 45 years zvichienda mberi.

Vigina
Iri rimwe rematumbu (mascular tube )
rinotangira pa cervix richibuda panze. Mu vigina
ndimo munopinda penis munguva ye bonde ,
uye ndimo munobuda nemwana munguva
yekuzvarwa. Vagina rinowana mucus/ madzihwa
anoita kuti penis ikapinda inge ichitsvedzerera
munguva yekuita bonde kana kuti panenge
pavakuzvarwa mwana. Panotangira vigina
nechepanze panonzi vulva. Panovharwa ne
ganda rinonzi labia rimwe ganda racho rinonzi
labia majora.
Mu vigina munowanikwa ka ganda kanonzi hymen. Kaganda aka ndiko kanonzi humhandara.
Mukadzi wese anozvarwa ainako asi kanobva kana paitwa bonde. Kuti penis inyatsopinde
zvakanaka mu vigina inotanga yabvarura ka hymen. Kubvarurwa kwe hymen ne penis ndipo
panobva humhandara. Kana hymen iripo zvinoreva kuti hapana penis yakambopinda ikabvarura
hymen.