Experiment No: 1

TITLE: Introduction to Arduino Board, Arduino IDE and Cables.

EXERCISE:
(1) Define different types of Arduino Boards.

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IoT Boards

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Entry Level Boards

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Enhanced Features Boards

(2) Define types of Cables.

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Types of Cables
There are different types of cables available in the market which are used based on the requirement. Not all
types of cables perform the same function but it depends on different types of cables like Electrical cables,
computer cables & Power cables.

Electrical Cables

The cable which is used for the transmission & distribution of electric power is known as electrical cable.
These cables are mainly used for high voltages transmission in locations where overhead lines are not
practical to use. There are different types of electrical cables are available in the market, so types of
electrical cables mainly include the following.

Electrical Cables
Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable

The Non-metallic sheathed cable is also called NM cables or non-metallic building wire cables. These types
of cables contain flexible plastic jackets including 2 to 4 wires and also a bare wire used for grounding.
These electrical cables are used in outdoor or underground applications. The most common type of indoor
residential cabling is NM-B & NM-C non-metallic sheathed cables.

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Underground Feeder Cable

Underground feeder cables are very similar to NM cables, but instead of every wire being separately
enclosed in thermoplastic, wires are connected together & fixed in the flexible material. These cables are
available in different gauge sizes and are used in in-ground & outdoor lighting applications. These cables are
ideal for damp areas such as pumps, gardens, air lamps because of their high water resistance.
Metallic Sheathed Cable

Metallic sheathed cable is also called BX, armored cables. These cables are frequently used to provide an
electric supply for large appliances. These cables include three copper wires where one wire is used for the
current, the second one is a grounding wire & the third one is the neutral wire.

These wires are protected with PVC bedding black PVC sheathing & cross-linked polyethylene. BX cables
including steel wire sheathing are frequently used for high-stress installations & outside applications.

Multi-Conductor Cable

A cable that contains more than one conductor is called a multi-conductor cable. In Europe, this cable can be
described more frequently by using the term multicore. These cables include a minimum of two and a
maximum of 100 or >100 conductors which are twisted in pairs. The whole construction of these cables will
change based on some factors like the voltage, temperature, electrical performance, etc. These cables can be
made with different shieldings like foil, spiral, or braid.

Coaxial Cable

Sometimes, a coaxial cable is also called heliax which includes an insulating layer. The inner conductor of
this cable can be protected by an insulating layer & enclosed by a tubular conducting shield. This cable uses
an external sheath for additional insulation. In a coaxial cable, the term coaxial means, since the two shields
inside divide the similar geometric axis. These cables carry TV signals and connect video equipment.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable includes two wires that are twisted as one, so this cable is used for
the transmission of signal & video applications, telephones, data networks & security cameras. As compared
to optical fiber or coaxial cables, UTP cables are more reasonable. These cables are also used for outdoor
purposes. UTP cables including solid copper cores & copper wires are popular choices because they are
flexible to use on walls. Direct-Buried Cable

Direct buried cables or DBCs are particularly designed bundled fiber-optic or coaxial cables. These cables
do not need any extra sheathing, piping, or insulation before being placed underground. These cables include
heavy metalcore with different banded metal sheathing layers, gel, for shock-absorbing, thread-fortified tape
wrapped by waterproof & heavy rubber coverings.

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These cables are very popular due to moisture, changes from high tolerance to temperature & other
ecological factors for transmission or communication requirements.

Twin-Lead Cable

These cables are smooth two-wire cables, used for transmission in between an antenna & receiver such as a
TV &radio.

Twinaxial Cable

Alternative of coaxial cable is twin axial cable that includes two conductors rather than one. These cables are
mainly used for very short-range high-speed signals.
Paired Cable

The paired cable includes two conductors which are insulated individually. These cables are used in
lowfrequency AC or DC applications.

Power Cables

Power cables are mainly used for electric power transmission from substations to necessary locations. These
cables can be used as underground or overhead based on the requirement. These cables include several
conductors which are protected through an external coating known as insulation. Power cables are available
in different types like Belted, Screened, H-Type, S.L. cables, Super Tension, Oil Filled & Gas Pressure.
Some of them are discussed below.

Power Cables
Belted Cables

The cables that include three conductors which are bunched together & enclosed with an insulating paper
‘belt’ are known as belted cables. In these types of cables, every conductor can be insulated with paper
impregnated through an appropriate dielectric. These cables are used where the voltage range is from 11kv
to 22KV.

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Screened Cables

Power cables like screened cables are applicable up to 33KV of the voltage range, however, in some cases,
the voltage range can be increased up to 66KV. These cables are available in two types like H- type and SL
type.

Pressurized Type Cables

These cables use gas or oil to maintain the pressure of the cable above the atmosphere. These cables are
available in two types gas pressure and oil-filled. Gas pressure cables are applicable for up to 275KV
whereas oil-filled cables are applicable for up to 500KV. Oil-filled cables are available in three types
selfcontained circular type, flat type & pipe type.

Computer Cables

A cable plug or cord that transmits data or power to different devices is known as a computer cable. These
cables include one or more wires and are coated with plastic material. In the computer, there are different
parts available which are connected directly otherwise uses different cables for connecting from parts of the
computer to the system. There are different types of computer cables available in the market which are
discussed below.

Computer Cables
HDMI Cable

In HDMI cables, HDMI stands for “High Definition Multimedia Interface”. It is one type of computer cable,
used to transmit the signals like audio & video through images. This cable can be used to connect different
electronic devices like HDTV, TVs, Projector, cable boxes, DVD players, media streamers, etc.

DVI Cable

DVI (Digital Visual Interface) cable is a video display interface, used to attach the video card & LCD
monitor. By using this cable, one can watch high-quality pictures without having any trouble.

These cables transmit video data to monitors at high resolutions like 2560 x 1600, so these are mostly
applicable in CRT monitors with a VGA connection. The main intention to design this cable is to transmit
analog and digital signals to the computer system.

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VGA Cable

VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) cable is mainly used to transfer video signals by connecting the CPU &
monitor of a computer. At present, these cables can be found in projectors & TVs.

Please refer to this link to know more about VGA Connector.

Ethernet Cable

Generally, the Ethernet cable is used in a wired network to connect different devices like PCs, routers &
switches in a LAN. If this cable length is not long or not durable then the connection quality will be reduced.
The port of Ethernet can be observed on the motherboard to plug the cable directly.

These cables are very similar to telephone cables but it includes the number of wires. There are different
types of Ethernet cables available in the market in different colors. So based on requirement we can select
and use.

PS/2 Cable

This PS/2 (Personal System/2) cable is available with a round connector with 6 pins. These cables are
mainly used to connect the keyboard & mouse to the computer system. These cables are available in small
size but we can extend by using some adapters based on the requirement. These cables are replaced by USB
cables because USB cables can be plugged in very easily.
Audio Cable

Audio cables are used to connect headphones & earphones to the system. Generally, these are mainly used
for connecting a PC sound card, small stereo audio device, or small CD player to any speaker.

USB Cables

The USB (Universal Serial Bus) is very popular and standard cable used to connect different peripherals to a
computer device. The devices which are connected by USB are music players, mice, keyboards, flash drives,
and many more.

MIDI

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) cable carries music data, panning, vibrato, event messages, etc.
These cables can be found in different earlier computer systems where sound cards include MIDI ports that
joint different electronic musical instruments to computers. This cable also connects a synthesizer or MIDI
keyboard to the computer.

QUIZ:

(1) Install Arduino IDE in your system.

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Requirements¶

• Windows - Win 10 and newer, 64 bits

• Linux - 64 bits
• Mac OS X - Version 10.14: “Mojave” or newer, 64 bits Download the Arduino IDE 2.0¶

1. Vist Arduino IDE 2.0.0 Page.

2. Download the IDE for your OS version.

Installation¶

Windows¶

arduino-ide_xxxx.exe 1. Double click the file to run the downloaded file.

2. Read the License Agreement and agree it.

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 3. Choose installation options.

4. Choose install location. It is recommended that the software be installed on a

drive other than the system drive.
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5. Then Finish.

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(2)Explain Hardware and Software requirement for installation of Arduino.

Hardware Requirements:
For the Arduino IDE to install and run, the system is required to have 256 MB RAM on top of
the requirements for the operating system, CPU with Pentium 4 or above.

Software Requirements:

Java run-time environment is an important requirement for the installation and run-time of the
Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE uses avr-gcc to compile the sketches written in the IDE. The
Arduino IDE also requires the USB drivers to be installed to connect with the Arduino board for
uploading the code from the sketch. All of these dependencies are included within the official
download on the Arduino website and when building the system, which means that users don’t
have to install anything other than the Arduino IDE.

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 Experiment: 2

TITLE: To interface LED / Buzzer with Arduino Uno and write a program to turn
ON LED for 1 sec after every 2 seconds.

Components Required:

• Arduino Board

• LED

• resistor

(1) Try to implement with different types of LED

Fig: 1(a) ARDUINO UNO Before executing

Code:
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

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} void loop() { digitalWrite(13,
HIGH); delay(1000);

digitalWrite(13, LOW); delay(1000);

Fig: 1(b) ARDUINO UNO After executing

(2) Implement it with different type of Ardunio board and check the output.

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 Fig: 2(a) ARDUINO MEGA Before executing

Code:

void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

} void loop() { digitalWrite(13,

HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,
LOW); delay(1000);
}

Fig: 2(b) ARDUINO MEGA After executing

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 Experiment No. 3
EXERCISE:
1. Compare both the result i.e., before & after the PUSH button pressed, check the
result of LED

When the button is not pressed, the LED is off. And when we press the button the
LED should be on.

Step by step instructions to build the circuit :-

• First, make sure to power off your Arduino – remove any USB cable.
• Plug a black wire between the blue line of the breadboard and a ground (GND)
pin on the Arduino board.
• Plug the LED. You can notice that the LED has a leg shorter than the other.
Plug this shorter leg to the ground (blue line here) of the circuit.
• Connect the longer leg of the LED to a digital pin (here pin no 8, you can
change it). Add a 220 Ohm resistor in between to limit the current going
through the LED. • Add the push button to the breadboard, like in the picture.
• Connect one leg of the button to the ground, and put a 10k Ohm resistor in
between. This resistor will act as a “pull down” resistor, which means that the
default button’s state will be LOW.
• Add a red wire between another leg of the button and VCC (5V).
• Finally, connect a leg of the button (same side as the pull down resistor) to a
digital pin (here 7)
Code:-

#define LED_PIN 8

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 #define BUTTON_PIN 7 void setup()
{ pinMode(LED_PIN,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT);

} void loop() {
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN) == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);

} else { digitalWrite(LED_PIN,
LOW);
}
}
Non-pressed state value is low once we get the button’s state, we check if it’s

HIGH or LOW:

HIGH (pressed): we power on the LED with digitalWrite() and the HIGH state.

LOW (not pressed): we power off the LED with digitalWrite() and the LOW state.

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 Experiment No: 4
TITLE: To interface Temp and Humidity module with Arduino Uno and note the result.

Components
- 1 * Arduino Uno board
- 1 * USB cable
- 1 * temp and humidity module
- DuPont wires(Female to Male)

(1) Measure the output with different Environment.

Fig: 4(a) ARDUINO MEGA Before executing

Code:

#include <math.h>
doubleThermister(intRawADC)
{ double Temp;
Temp = log(((10240000/RawADC) - 10000));
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Temp = 1 / (0.001129148 + (0.000234125 + (0.0000000876741 * Temp * Temp ))* Temp );

Temp = Temp - 273.15; // Convert Kelvin to Celcius return Temp;}

void setup(){ Serial.begin(9600);} void loop(){
Serial.print(Thermister(analogRead(0))); // display
Fahrenheit Serial.println("c"); delay(500);
}

Fig: 4(b) ARDUINO MEGA After executing

Fig: 4(c) OUTPUT

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Experiment No: 5
To perform Experiment using Arduino Uno to measure the distance of
any object using Ultrasonic Sensor.

Hardware Required:
• Arduino Uno Board
• Ultrasonic sensor
• USB cable – connect to computer Exercise:
1) Compare the result as discussed in above diagram and note the performance.

int inches = 0;
int cm = 0;

long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin)

{
pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(triggerPin,
LOW); pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
{
cm = 0.01723*readUltrasonicDistance(7,7);
(cm / 2.54);Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print(“in,”);
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print(“cm”);
}
delay(100);
}
}

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Result:

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Experiment No: 6
To perform Light Sensor (Photoresister) using Arduino Uno.

Hardware Requirement:
• Arduino Uno
• Light sensor
• USB cable
• Register Exercise:
1) Compare the result after the simulator.
Code: int sensor
value = 0; void setup()
{
pinMode(A0, INPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{

sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(sensorValue);
analogWrite(9,map(sensorValue,0,1023,0,255));
delay(100);
}
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Result:

Re

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Experiment No:7
To perform Flame Sensor using Arduino.
Hardware Requirement:

• Flame sensor
• Male to female jumper wires
• Arduino UNO
• Lighter Exercise:

1) Compare the result as per above criteria and notify the result.
Code:
const int sensorMin = 0; // sensor minimum const
int sensorMax = 1024; // sensor maximum
void setup() { baud: Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() { int sensorReading = analogRead(A0); int

range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 3);
switch (range) { case 0:

Serial.println(“** No Fire **”);

break;

case 1:

Serial.println(“Distant Fire ”);

break;

case 2:

Serial.println(“Fire”);

break;

Dealy(1);

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Result:

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 Experiment No: 9
TITLE: An introduction to Raspberry Pi.

Exercise:
1) Compare the Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
Answer:
No. Arduino Raspberry Pi
1. It is designed to control the While Raspberry Pi computes data
electrical components connected to and produces valuable outputs, and
the circuit board in a system. controls components in a system
based on the outcome of its
computation.
2. Arduino boards have a simple While Raspberry Pi boards have a
hardware and software structure. complex architecture of hardware
and software.

3. Control unit of the Arduino is from The control unit of Raspberry Pi is

the Atmega family. from the ARM family.

4. CPU architecture: 8 bit. CPU architecture: 64 bit.

5. Some of the applications of Some of the applications of

Arduino are traffic light
countdown timer , Weighing
machines , etc.
6. Operating systems are required in
Arduino.
Raspberry Pi are Stop motion
cameras , Robot Controllers , Game
Servers.
Operating System is required in
Raspberry Pi.

2) Define the advantages and disadvantages of Raspberry Pi.

Answer:
Advantages:

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1. Versatility: Raspberry Pi is a full-fledged computer with a range of
input/output options, making it suitable for complex IoT projects
2. Programming: It can be programmed using various languages,
including Python and C++, making it accessible to beginners with
different programming backgrounds.
3. Operating system: Raspberry Pi can run a variety of operating
systems, providing a familiar environment for those with computer
experience.

Disadvantages:
1. Power consumption: Raspberry Pi consumes more power compared to
Arduino, which may be a consideration for battery-powered IoT
projects.
2. Complexity: Its versatility can make it more complex for beginners,
especially those with limited programming or electronics experience.

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 Experiment No: 8

To Perform LASER module using Arduino.

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