CHAPTER 5: LITERATURE IN CAR AND • The bible was first translated into Tagalog in

NCR Barlaan and Josaphat in 1708 and 1712.

CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region
• The life of Christ in epic tradition known
CAR – Rich in beliefs, customs, rituals, popularly today as Pasyon was written in
traditions and other cultural practices. Tagalog by various writers like Gaspar
Aquino de Belen and Fr. Mariano Pilapil.
• Ifugao do not have a systematic form of
writing but their oral literature
• Metro Manila is comprised of cities
Amador T. Daguio was a Filipino writer and composing the national capital region
poet during pre-war Philippines. He was a namely
Republic Cultural Heritage awardee for his
works.  Manila
 Quezon City
 Caloocan
1. Wedding Dance – written by Amador
 Las Piñas
Daguio  Makati
 Malabon
2. Man of Earth by Amador Daguio
 Mandaluyong
3. Huhud hi Aliguyon – Ifugao harvest song  Marikina
 Muntinlupa
(Stanford, 1952)
 Navotas
4. The Flaming Lyre – a collection of poems  Parañaque
 Pasay
(Craftsman House, 1959)
 Pasig
5. The Thrilling Poetical Jousts of Balagtasan  Taguig
 Valenzuela
(1960)
6. Bataan Harvest – war poems (A.S Francisco Balagtas Baltazar – author of
Florentino, 1973) Florante at Laura

7. The Woman Who Looked Out the Window –
collection of short stories (A.S Florentino,
1973)
8. The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor (1975)
9. Republic Cultural Heritage Award (1973)
• Tagalog Region – birthplace of rich tradition
of Philippine culture in language, politics,
economy and literature.
• First printing press was established in
Manila. This gave way to the publication of
the first book, Doctrina Christiana in
xylography in 1593, written in Spanish and
Tagalog versions.
Jose Rizal – author of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
Andres Bonifacio – Ama ng Katipunan, author
of Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Spanish
period; poem)
Makamisa – last novel of Jose Rizal that is
translated by Andres Bonifacio
Apolinario Mabini – Utak ng Himagsikan,
Dakilang Lumpo
Emilio Jacinto – Utak ng Katipunan, author of
The Primer of the Katipunan (Spanish period;
poem)
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – pen name: Plaridel;
Father of Philippine Journalism
Lope K. Santos – Ama ng Balarilang Filipino
Jose Corazon de Jesus – Huseng Batute o Duplo – dramatic form called kulilising
hari
Jose P. Laurel
Amado V. Hernandez • The written literature became significant only
in the late 19th century:
Alejandro Abadilla
o Tomas de San Geronimo’s “Soneto sa
Modesto de Castro Pagdayeg can Santa Maria Gihapon
Virgen” (1751) – first of many
Claro M. Recto
compositions that show metaphor of pre-
Faustino Aguilar colonial verse
o Pasyon – longest poetic form
o Linambay – also known as moromoro
because of its anti-Muslim theme
CHAPTER 6: LITERATURE IN CENTRAL
AND EASTERN VISAYAS Vicente Sotto – Father of Cebuano Letters
Marcel Navarra – Father of the Modern Short
Cebuano Literature – refers to the body of oral Story in Cebuano
written literature of speakers of Cebuano, the
mother tongue of quarter of the country’s • The prose narratives developed into the
population who lives in central Visayas sugilanon or short story, the first example
of which is “Maming” (1901) by Vicente
Provinces of Central Visayas Sotto and later into the sugilambong or
1. Cebu novel.
2. Bohol
3. Siquijor • The Cebuano writer’s craft was honed in
4. Negros Oriental early translations of European fiction and
5. Leyte imitations of American models, as shown in
the works of:
• Cebuanos have rich oral tradition, including o Juan Villagonzalo
legends like: o Uldarico Alviola
o Maria Cacao, legends of Southern Cebu. o Angel Enemecio
o Lapulapu and his father Datu Manggal of o Flaviano Boquecosa
Mactan o Sulpicio Osorio
o Haring Gangis ug Haring Leon, a folktale o Nicolas Rafols
and fable.
• Writers’ groups certainly contributed to
• Among the early poetic forms are: literary growth, notably
o Garay – verses o Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya (LUDABI)
o Harito – shaman’s prayers o Bathalan-ong Halad sa Dagang
o Tigmo – riddles (BATHALAD)
o Panultihon – proverbs
SICALAC AND SICAVAY

• Poem are sung, like the occupational songs

• The story of Sicalac and Sicavay is a central
and lullabies
Visayan myth explaining the origin of the
o Balitaw – extemporaneous poetic
first man.
debate between man and woman
• Sicalac and Sicavay is a story among the
Pintados, who are described as fair-skinned
people whose males decorate their whole
body with tattoos
• The story also explains the origin of the
islands Cebu and Samar, the origin of
concubinage, and the origin of stealing
• The people of the coast, who are called the
Yligueynes [Hiligaynons, or the Ilonggos],
believe that heaven and earth had no
beginning, and that there were two gods,
one called Captan and the other Maguayen.
• They believe that the land breeze and the
sea breeze were married; and that the land
breeze brought forth a seed, which was
planted by the god Captan.
• When the seed grew, it broke into two
sections, which became a man and a
woman. To the man they gave the name of
Sicalac, called lalac [lalaki, man]; the
woman they called Sicavay, called babayes
[babae, woman].
• They married, and called their first son Sibo
[Cebu]; then a daughter was born to them,
and they gave her the name of Samar. This
brother and sister also had a daughter,
called Lupluban. She married Pandaguan,
a son of the first pair, and had a son called
Anoranor.
EASTERN VISAYAS
Eastern Visayas is made up of six provinces:
1. Northern samar
2. Eastern samar
3. Samar
4. Biliran
5. Leyte
6. Southern Leyte
• The City of Tacloban is the major center of
trade and commerce and education in the
region.
• The literature of Eastern Visayas refers to
the literature written in Waray and Cebuano
by writers from the region.
• An Kaadlawon (1901) – the first Waray
newspaper
• In Samar, Eco de Samar y Leyte, a long
running magazine in the 1900s, published
articles and literary works in Spanish, Waray
and English.
• In Leyte, An Lantawan, which has extant
copies from 1931 to 1932, printed religious
and occasional poetry. It also published
satirical poems of Bagong Katipunero:
o Luro, Datoy Anilod, Marpahol, Vatchoo
(Vicente I. de Veyra)
o Julio Carter (Iluminado Lucente)
o Ben Tamaka (Eduardo Makabenta
o Kalantas (Casiano Trinchera)
• The period 1900 to the late fifties witnessed
the finest Waray poems of:
o Casiano Trinchera
o Iluminado Lucente
o Eduardo Makabenta
and the emergence of the poetry of:
o Agustin El O’Mora
o Pablo Rebadulla
o Tomas Gomez Jr.
o Filomeno Quimbo Singzon
 o Pedro Separa
o Francisco Aurillo
o Eleuterio Ramoo.
• Trinchera, Lucente, and Makabenta were
particularly at their best when they wrote
satirical poetry.
• The zarzuela as a dramatic form enthralled
audiences for its musicality and dramatic
action.
• Known Cebuano writers of Leyte like:
o Eugenio Viacrusis
o Angel Enemecio
o Enemecio Fornarina
o Fernando Buyser
• They first published their fiction and
poetry in Cebu publications, and their
works have afterward formed part of the
literary anthologies in the Cebuano
language.
• The Moro-Moro is a form of theater
premised on battles between Christians and
moors performed in village fiestas in the
Philippines from the Spanish colonial period
to the present.
BOWAON AT TOTOON
• Bowaon means Falsehood
• Totoon means Truth
CHAPTER 7: LITERATURE IN ARMM AND
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
• The Muslim cultural communities may be
classified into 13 major ethno-linguistic
groups:
1. Jama Mapuns of Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi
2. Iranons of Cotabato
3. Kaagans of Davao del Norte
4. Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental
5. Kalibugans of Zamboanga
6. Maguindanaos of Maguindanao
7. Maranaos of Marawi
8. Palawanons and Molbogs of Palawan
9. Samas of Tawi-Tawi
10. Sangils of Sarangani
11. Tausugs of Sulu
12. Yakans of Basilan
13. Bangingis of Tongkil and Zamboanga
• The Iranon, Kaagan, Kalibugan, Maranao,
and Maguindanao live in mainland
Mindanao.
• Jama Mapun, Palawanon, Molbog, Sama,
Sangil, Tausug, and the Yakan reside in the
island provinces.
• Bangingis in mainland Mindanao, that is, in
Zamboanga in Tongkil, which is an island
municipality of the province of Sulu
• Regardless of cultural community, all Filipino
Muslims belong to one Ummah Muslimah.
o Ummah Muslimah – is an Arabic word
meaning “community”
• Folk literature in Mindanao Muslim cultural
communities as in other Filipino groups
follow the oral tradition in that folktales,
myths, legends, epics, poems, riddles and
proverbs are handed down by word of
mouth from generation to generation.
• Folk literary genres in Muslim cultural
communities may include:
o Folktales
o Myths
o Legends
o Fables
o Ballads
o Poems
o Riddles
o Proverbs
o Epics
• The Jama Mapun, Sama, and the Tausug
used to belong to the same province.

• Former President Ferdinand E. Marcos

issued Presidential Decree No. 302 on
September 27, 1973, segregating Sulu
(where the Tausug live) and Tawi-Tawi
(where the Jama Mapun and Sama come
from) as separate provinces.

• The Maranao, Maguindanao, and Iranon call

their tales is parallel to the Tausug, Sama,
and Jama Mapun experience.

• The Jama Mapun and Sama call their tales

as kana-kana

• The Tausug calls their tales as katakata.

• The Maranaos calls their tales as totol.

• The Iranon call their tales as tudtol.

• The Maguindanao call their tales as

tudtolan.

• The Kaagan of Davao Oriental, Davao Del

Sur, and Davao Del Norte call their tales as
oman-oman.