Cri 325

VICE AND DRUGS
EDUCATION AND CONTROL
#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

“Most drugs are illegal and
so taking or possessing them
is a crime”

Objectives:
 It is the objective of this chapter to

inculcate into the mind of the
students/readers the true meaning of drugs,
their sources/ origin and the history why not
all drugs are legal, as well as what makes
them illegal.
 It is also the objective of this chapter to
emphasize to the students/readers how
drugs influence an individual emotionally,
intellectually, psychologically, and socially
that may result in the modification of
attitudes that influence behaviour.
Legal Basis on Illegal Drugs
 R.A. 6425 - Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, April 4,
1972
 Republic Act 9165. Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002 was passed, which in July 4,
2002
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10640 - AN ACT TO
FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ANTI-DRUG
CAMPAIGN OF THE GOVERNMENT, AMENDING
FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION 21 OF REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 9165, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
"COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF
2002"
Vices

Vice - It's Definition
and Control
 Vice refers to any

immoral conduct or
habit, the indulgence
of which leads to
depravity, wickedness
or corruption.
Importance of the Study of
Vice
 1. It is important because its evil
effects are more disastrous, morally and
physically than of other crimes;
 2. It is important because vice affects
the daily lives of many people.
 3. It is important because its existence
causes a serious problem in law
enforcement.
 4. It is important because
commercialized vice disrupts the social
make-up of the community.
Smoking
⚫ Smoking is a practice in
which a substance is
burned and the resulting
smoke is typically
breathed in to be tasted
and absorbed into the
bloodstream.

Coffee
⚫ Coffee is a drink prepared from
roasted coffee beans. Darkly
colored, bitter, and slightly acidic,
coffee has a stimulating effect on
humans, primarily due to its
caffeine content.
⚫ It is the most popular hot drink in
the world.
⚫ Caffeine is a central nervous
system stimulant
⚫ Gambling is the act or activity of betting
money, for example in card games or on
Gambling horse racing. Gambling is a game or scheme
wherein the result of which depends wholly
#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024 or chiefly upon chance of hazard.
Chance of Hazard,
defined.
 Chance of Hazard is the

uncertainty of the result of the
game when the outcome of the
game is incapable of calculation
by human reason, foresight,
capacity or design/
Alcohol, defined
Alcohol is one of the oldest

intoxicants known to man.
It is created when grains, fruits, or
vegetables are fermented. Ever
since, there has been a continuous
effect, everywhere, to control its
consumption because of its
devastating effects on human life.
Many countries all over the world
have tried prohibition ban with little
success.
Fermentation, defined.
⚫ Fermentation is a process that

uses yeast or bacteria to
change the sugars in the food
into alcohol. Fermentation is
used to produce many
necessary items.
Alcoholism, defined.
 Alcoholism refers to the

state or condition of a
person produced by
drinking intoxicating
liquors excessively and
with habitual frequency.
Alcoholic, defined.
 Alcoholic refers to a person

who, from the prolonged
and excessive use of
alcoholic beverages, finally
develops physical and
psychological changes and
dependence on alcohol.
How does Alcohol affect the Body?
⚫ Alcohol is a depressant, which

means it slows down the
function of the central nervous
system. Alcohol actually blocks
some of the messages trying to
get into the brain. This alters a
person's perceptions, emotions,
movement, vision, and hearing.
What is Prostitution?
 Prostitution is an act or
practice of a woman who
engages or habitually
indulged in sexual
intercourse for money or
profit.

Who is deemed a
prostitute?
❖ A prostitute is any woman

who engages herself,
indiscriminate sexual
intercourse or acts with
males for hire.

Types of Prostitutes
The different types of prostitutes are:
1. Call Girl — This is a part-time prostitute who have her own
legitimate work or profession, but works as prostitute to augment
her income.
2. Hustler — This is a professional type of prostitute who works at a
bar or tavern. She is also a pick-up girl or a street-walker.
 3. Door Knocker — This is an occasional or selective type of
prostitute who is usually a new comer in the business.
 4. Factory Girl — This type of prostitute is the real professional
type who works in regular house of prostitution.
What is Whore/Knocker
⚫ It is the name often used for all types of prostitutes.
Pimp
⚫ One who provides gratification for the lust of others.
Who controls prostitutes and arranges clients for them,
taking part of their earnings in return.
White Slavery
⚫ The procurement and transportation of women across
satellite for immoral purpose.

Historical Evolution
and Implication of
Vices in Society.

GENERAL HISTORY
OF DRUGS

 The Bible is a very reliable
source in tracing the early use
and abuse of narcotics. The
Book of the Old Testament
revealed that the mighty
Samson was put to sleep by
Delilah by means of a drug-
laved wine before cutting his
hair, the source of strength,
and subsequently gouged his
eyes before feasting
Philistines already "high
spirited" with narcotics mixed
with intoxicants (Sotto,
1994).
 .
❑ The use of chemical
substance that alter
physiological
functioning dates back
to the Old Stone Age.
Egyptian relics from
3500 B.C. depict the
use of opium in
religious rituals.
 Egyptian relics from 3500
B.C. depict the use of opium
in religious rituals. By 1600
B.C.., an Egyptian reference
work listed opium as an
analgesic, or painkiller.

❖ TheIncas of South America were known to have
used cocaine for at least 5000 years ago.

 Cannabis,the hemp
plant (Cannabis sativa
L) from which
marijuana and hashis
are derived, also has a
5000-year history.

 During World Wars I and II, the use of
injectable morphine to ease the pain of battle
casualties was so extensive that morphine
addiction among veterans came to be known as
the “soldiers disease”.
 Then in 1898, the Bayer Drug
Company in Germany introduced a
new opiate, supposedly a non-
addictive substitute for morphine
and codeine.
 It
came out under the trade name
heroine, yet it proved to be even
more addictive than morphine.

History of Drug Abuse
in the Philippines
 The intoxicants and

stimulates used by the
early Filipinos were
fermented alcoholic
beverages and the
natural preparations
known as “nga-nga” in
vernacular.
 Pres. Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic
Act No. 6425 known as the “Dangerous Drug Act
of 1972”. This law which was amended by
Presidential Decree No. 44, dated November 9,
1972 placed under control not only narcotics by
also psychotropic substances.
 On November 14, 1972, the Dangerous Drug Board
was organized to provide leadership, direction and
coordination in the effective implementation of
R.A 6425.

 By the late 1980’s, methamphetamines and ephedrine
hydrochloride entered the country, mainly via Hong
Kong, and became known as shabu. According to the
UNODC annual report on its research findings, the
Philippines is a major exporter of marijuana and has
been for many years. Most marijuana is either
consumed domestically or exported to Australia,
Japan, United States and Europe.
 The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was
created under Republic Act No. 9165 on June 7, 2002
creating a distinct and separate agency geared
towards the realization of a drug-free Philippines.

THE GLOBAL DRUG
SITUATION

DRUG TRAFFIC
ROUTE
 On the other side of the globe

is the second major drug
traffic route, which is
composed of the popular
“Golden Triangle”
 (1) Burma/Myanmar,
 (2) Laos, and
 (3) Thailand
In Southeast Asia
 The “Golden Triangle” produced
approximately 60% of Opium in the
world, and 90% of opium in the
eastern part of Asia. It is also the
officially acknowledged source of
Southeast Asian “Heroin”.
 A heroin is produced in the “Golden
Triangle” and passes through
nearby countries in relatively small
quantities through air transport
while in transit to the United
States and European countries.
The Golden • (1) Iran, (2) Afghanistan,
Crescent • (3) Pakistan, and (4) India.
 The “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier
Southwest Asia of opium poppy, marijuana and heroin
products in the western part of Asia. It
produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit
heroin channel in the drug underworld
market.
THE WORLD’S DRUG
SCENE

Middle East
 The Becka Valley of Lebanon

is considered to be the biggest
producer of cannabis in the
Middle East. Lebanon has also
became the transit country for
cocaine from South America to
European illicit drug markets.

Spain
 Spain is known as the major
transshipment point for
international drug traffickers
in Europe, and became the
“Paradise of drug users” in
Europe.

South America
 Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and

Panama are the principal sources
of all cocaine supply in the
world due to the robust
production of the “coca plants”.

Mexico
Mexico is known in the world to be the number one

producer of “Marijuana”.

Philippines
 The Philippines is second to
Mexico in the production of
Marijuana. It also became the
major transshipment point for
the worldwide distribution of
illegal drugs particularly
“Shabu” and “Cocaine” from
Taiwan and South America. It
is noted that the Philippines
today is known as the drug
paradise of drug abusers in
Asia.
India
 India is known as the
center of the world’s
drug map, leading to
the rapid drug
addiction among its
people.

Indonesia
 North Sumatra has
traditionally been the main
cannabis growing area in
Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is
an important transit point
for drugs en route to
Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia,
and Thailand
 These countries are known

to be the most favorable
sites of drug distribution
from the “Golden
Triangle” and other parts
of Asia.

China
 China is the transit route for
heroin from the “Golden
Triangle” to Hong Kong. It is
also the country where the
“epedra plant” is cultivated –
source of drug “Ephedrine”
which is the principal chemical
for producing shabu.

Hong Kong
 Hong Kong is known as

the world’s
transshipment point of
all forms of “heroin”.

Japan
 Japan has become the

major consumer of
cocaine and shabu from
the United States and
Europe.

RA 953
“NARCOTICS DRUG LAW”
Approved: June 20, 1953
AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF, WITH THE
COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE, AND THE IMPOSITION
OF FIXED AND SPECIAL TAXES UPON ALL PERSONS WHO
PRODUCE, IMPORT, MANUFACTURE, COMPOUND, DEAL IN,
DISPENSE, SELL, DISTRIBUTE, OR GIVE AWAY OPIUM,
MARIJUANA, OPIUM POPPIES, OR COCA LEAVES, OR ANY
SYNTHETIC DRUGS WHICH MAY HEREAFTER BE DECLARED
HABIT FORMING BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES,
THEIR SALTS, DERIVATIVES OR PREPARATIONS, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

RA 6425
“DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 1972”
March 30, 1972
DDB was organized to

provide leadership, direction,
and coordination

RA 9165
“COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS
ACT OF 2002”
June 7, 2002
PDEA- serves as its primary

implementing arm in
realizing the vision of a drug-
free country

DRUG TRAFFICKING OR
ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE
ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING DRUG TRAFFICKING
The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery,

administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, global illicit trade involving the
trading, transportation, distribution, importation, cultivation, manufacture, distribution
exportation and possession of any dangerous and sale of substances which are
drug and/or controlled precursor and essential subject to drug prohibition laws.
chemical. (RA 9165) (UNODC)
TRADING
Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs

and/controlled precursors and essential chemicals using
electronic devices in any of such transactions whether for
money or any other consideration

DRUG SMUGGLING
Illegal ENTRY of drug

WHAT IS DRUG
TRAFFICKING?
 Drug trafficking is a global illicit
trade involving the cultivation,
manufacture, distribution and
sale of substances which are
subject to drug prohibition laws.
 UNODC is continuously
monitoring and researching
global illicit drug markets in order
to gain a more comprehensive
understanding of their dynamics.
Drug trafficking is a key part of
this research. Further information
can be found in the yearly World
Drug Report.
The following are some techniques
used by drug traders when crossing
borders:
❖ Avoiding border checks, such as by

small ships, small aircraft, and
through overland smuggling routes.
❖ Submitting to border checks with the
drugs hidden in a vehicle, between
other merchandise, in luggage, in or
under clothes, inside the body, etc.
❖ Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs
in diplomatic mail/luggage, to avoid
border checks.
Mule
 A mule is lower-echelon criminal

recruited by a smuggling organization
to cross a border carrying drugs, or
sometimes an unknowing person in
whose bag or vehicle the drugs are
planted, for the purpose of retrieving
them elsewhere.

 Hierarchical
 Arrangement includes the
manufacturer who uses his men to
Two primary smuggle, wholesale and store, and
means of distribution the drugs.
distribution:  Hub – and – Spoke layout

 → takes advantage of local gangs
and other localized criminal
organizations.

Drug syndicate
 Is a group of organized and

professional criminals with
a formal hierarchy of
organization set in illicit
drug cartel trade. It is also
otherwise known as “a
drug cartel”.

Drug cartels
 are criminal organizations

developed with the primary
purpose of promoting and
controlling drug trafficking
operations. They range from
loosely managed agreements
among various drug traffickers
to formalized commercial
enterprises.

Basic structure of the drug cartels:
 Falcons (Halcones):
 Considered the "eyes
and ears" of the streets, the
'falcons' are the lowest rank
in any drug cartel. They are
responsible for supervising
and reporting the activities
of the military and their rival
groups.
 Hitmen (Sicarios):
 The armed group within the drug cartel that are
responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings,
thefts, extortions, operating protection rackets, and defending
their 'plaza' from rival groups and the military.
 Lieutenants (Lugartenientes):
 The second highest position in the drug cartel
organization that are responsible for supervising the hit men
and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to
carry out low-profile executions without permission from
their bosses.
 Drug lords (Capos):
 The highest position in

any drug cartel that are
responsible for supervising
the entire drug industry,
appointing territorial leaders,
making alliances, and
planning high-profile
executions.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME
GROUPS BEHIND THE
GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
The Columbian Medellin Cartel
 It was an organized network of
drug suppliers and smugglers
originating in the city of Medellín,
Colombia. It was founded and run by
Ochoa Vazquez brothers Jorge
Luis, Juan David, and Fabio
together with Pablo Escobar.
 was a powerful and highly organized
Colombian drug cartel and
terrorist-type criminal organization
originating in the city of Medellín,
Colombia that was founded and led
by Pablo Escobar.
Cali Cartel
 was a drug cartel based in
southern Colombia, around
the city of Cali and the Valle
del Cauca Department.
 The Cali Cartel was founded
by the Gilberto Jose
Rodríguez Orejuela (Don
Chepe” – “the Chinese
Player) together with his
brother Miguel, as well as
associate José Santacruz
Londoño. The group's
nickname as "Cali's
Gentlemen."
The Chinese Triad (Black Societies)
 The Chinese Triad, also called the
Chinese “Mafia” is the oldest and
biggest criminal organization in the
world.
 It is believed to be the controller of the
“Golden Triangle” with international
connection on drug trafficking.
 The symbol triad societies is depicted by an
equilateral triangle with the 3 sides
representing the 3 Chinese concepts of
heaven, earth, and man.

Structure and composition

Philippine
Anti-Illegal
Drugs
Strategy
(PADS)

The Anti-Drug Strategy
 Drug supply reduction efforts involving

aggressive law enforcement and
prosecution with strong adherence to the
rule of law and observance of human
rights, coupled with comprehensive
demand reduction initiatives and
supported by strong international ties.
Components of the
Anti-Drug Strategy

1. Drug Supply Reduction
 Take away drugs from the public

through market denial operations and
prevention of diversion from the licit to
illicit market; and reduce the
proliferation of illegal drugs through
sustainable alternative development
programs.
Law Enforcement
 Philippine National Police launched its PNP
Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Plan:
 Double Barrel. Implemented in a two-pronged
approach, this is the centerpiece of PNP’s
campaign against illegal drugs.
 The lower barrel is dubbed as Project Tokhang
(ToktokHangyo)

The upper barrel, which
is the Project HVT (High
Value Target)
 It is a sustained anti-illegal
drugs police operation that
includes buy-busts, service
of search and arrests
warrants, manhunts, raids,
and checkpoints against
High Value and Street Level
Targets involved in
trafficking and selling of
illicit drugs.
Regulatory
Compliance
 The Board continually
update list of drugs for
regulation and
monitor drug abuse
trends to determine
the possible inclusion
of new drugs and
substances.
Judicial and Legislative Measures
 Measures consist of regular reprisal of the

judiciary on recent Board regulations and
the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002 or RA 9165.
 The Board also seek to foster and improve
cooperation among pillars of the criminal
justice system such as the judiciary,
prosecution and law enforcement.
 Investigative processes and evidence required for the following illegal vices: Prostitution,
Smoking, Alcoholism, Gambling, and others emerging and popular vices, e.g., illegal drag
racing, computer games.
 • Presidential Decree No. 1602
 • Republic Act No. 6956
 • Other related laws
 Relevant Laws and Jurisprudence on Prostitution, Smoking, Alcoholism, and Gambling.

 • Republic Act No. 9211
 • Republic Act No.3063
 • Presidential Decree No.449

2. Drug Demand Reduction
 Take people away from the lure of drug abuse
through policy formulation, preventive
education, research, treatment, rehabilitation
and reintegration; provision of alternative
development programs and forging
cooperation with regional and international
agencies and counterparts.

Policy Formulation
 The Board issued several Board

Regulations to respond to the current
national drug abuse situation and
directives of former president Rodrigo
Duterte.

Preventive Education and Capacity-
building
 The Philippines is adopting the

International Standards on Drug Use
Prevention which stipulates that prevention
initiatives should target the various
developmental stages and settings.

Treatment, Rehabilitation and Reintegration
 As an important facet of drug demand

reduction, trends in treatment and
rehabilitation as well as issues and concerns
that families and recovering drug dependents
face during the process are continually
monitored.

The Dangerous Drugs Board
Organizational Structure of the Dangerous Drugs Board

 the Board is headed by the Chair and two permanent members.
 The twelve (12) members of the Board who shall be in an ex-officio capacity are the
following National Government Agencies:
 1. Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);
 2. Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH);
 3. Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND);
 4. Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF);
 5. Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);
 6. Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG);
 7. Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD);
 8. Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);
 9. Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd);
 10. Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED);
 11. Chairman of the National Youth Commission (NYC); and
 12. Director General of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA).
 The two regular members shall be the
President of the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines (IBP) and the Chairman or
President of a nongovernment
organization (NGO) involved in dangerous
drug campaign

Secretary
Catalino S. Cuy

Investigative
processes and
evidence

Republic Act No.  AN ACT MODIFYING THE EXCISE TAX ON
6956 DISTILLED SPIRITS, WINES, FERMENTED
(June 18, 1990) LIQUOR AND CIGARETTES, AMENDING
FOR THE PURPOSE SECTIONS 138(a) AND
(b), 139, 140 AND 142(c) AND (d) OF THE
NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, AS
AMENDED

Republic Act No. 9211
•AN ACT REGULATING THE PACKAGING,
USE, SALE, DISTRIBUTION AND
ADVERTISEMENTS OF TOBACCO
PRODUCTS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

 PD 1602 - illegal gambling
 RA 6956 - June 18, 1990. AN ACT MODIFYING THE EXCISE
TAX ON DISTILLED SPIRITS, WINES, FERMENTED LIQUOR AND
CIGARETTES, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION
 RA 9211 - Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
 RA 3063 - AN ACT AUTHORIZING LICENSED RACE-TRACKS
AND RACING CLUBS AND THEIR AUTHORIZED AGENTS TO
OFFER, TAKE OR ARRANGE BETS OUTSIDE THE PLACE,
ENCLOSURE OR TRACK WHERE THE RACES ARE HELD,
PROVIDED SUCH BETS ARE OFFERED, TAKEN OR ARRANGED
ONLY IN RIZAL PROVINCE AND IN CHARTERED CITIES, AND
PROVIDING PROPER PENALTIES FOR
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 449 May 9, 1974
COCKFIGHTING LAW OF 1974
 Presidential Decree No. 483 took effect in 1974, seeking to penalize
betting, game fixing or point shaving and machinations in sports
contests.
 What is Presidential Decree No 1306?

 No. 1306. AMENDING SECTION 2 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 810
ENTITLED: "AN ACT GRANTING THE PHILIPPINE JAI-ALAI AND
AMUSEMENT CORPORATION A FRANCHISE TO OPERATE, CONSTRUCT
AND MAINTAIN A FRONTON FOR BASQUE PELOTA AND SIMILAR GAMES
OF SKILL IN THE GREATER MANILA AREA".
Definition of Terms: (RA 9165)
 Manufacturer- Refers to any person or entity, including a
repacker, who makes, fabricates, assembles, processes,
or labels a finished product.5use of any drug?
 Deliver - It is an act of knowingly passing a dangerous
drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any
means, with or without consideration.
 Administer - It is the act of introducing any dangerous
drug into the body of any person with or without his
knowledge.

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VICE AND DRUGS

EDUCATION AND CONTROL

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 It is the objective of this chapter to

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Vice refers to any

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Chance of Hazard is the

Alcohol is one of the oldest

⚫ Fermentation is a process that

 Alcoholism refers to the

 Alcoholic refers to a person

⚫ Alcohol is a depressant, which

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

❖ A prostitute is any woman

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 The intoxicants and

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 On the other side of the globe

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 The Becka Valley of Lebanon

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

Mexico is known in the world to be the number one

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 These countries are known

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Hong Kong is known as

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Japan has become the

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

March 30, 1972

DDB was organized to

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

PDEA- serves as its primary

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery,

Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

Illegal ENTRY of drug

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

❖ Avoiding border checks, such as by

 A mule is lower-echelon criminal

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

distribution:  Hub – and – Spoke layout

#CRI325 #UMCCJE #MGEMPESAO2024

 Is a group of organized and