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Lesson Worksheet 2A (Refer to Book 2A §2.1)

2.1 Laws of Positive Integral Indices

(a) For any number a and any positive integer n,

a × a × a × … × a = an.  a is called the base and
n is called the index.
a appears n times
n
(b) a is read as ‘a to the power n’ or ‘the nth power of a’.

2.1A Law for am × an

If m and n are positive integers, then

am × an = am + n  Apply to the powers with
the SAME base only.

1. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers in index notation.
(a) 43 × 42 Add the indices. (b) x7 ⋅ x6

→ Ex 2A 1, 4(a), (b)
○

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) 3x9 × 4x12 (a) 2p13 × 6p7
(b) (−2y11) × 5y8 (b) (−3q10) × (−5q2)
Sol (a) 3x9 × 4x12 Multiply the Sol
=3×4×x ×x 9 12 number parts and
put the variable
= 12 × x9 + 12 parts together.
= 12x21

(b) (−2y11) × 5y8

= (−2) × 5 × y11 × y8
= −10 × y11 + 8
= −10y19

2. Simplify the following expressions. 3. Simplify the following expressions.

(a) 2h5 × 4h6 (a) (−7x4) × (−3x9)
(b) 5k8 × (−6k3) (b) (−2y) × 8y12

→ Ex 2A 6
○

Example 2 Instant Drill 2

Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) −p2 × 4p3 × 3p5 (a) 2q × (−5q4) × q6
(b) m2n × 7m11n4 (b) a3b5 × (−3a2b4)
Sol (a) −p2 × 4p3 × 3p5 Sol
2 3 5
= (−1) × 4 × 3 × p × p × p
= −12p2 + 3 × p5
= −12p2 + 3 + 5
= −12p10

(b) m2n × 7m11n4

= 7 × m2 × m11 × n × n4 Put the powers
with the same
= 7m2 + 11n1 + 4 base together and
= 7m13n5 multiply them.

4. Simplify the following expressions. 5. Simplify the following expressions.

3 2
(a) (−a)(2a )(7a ) (a) (−3b7)(−8b4)(b9)
(b) −x6y10 × 5x9y3 (b) −8m4n7 × (−4m5n13)

→ Ex 2A 15, 16
○
2.1B Law for am ÷ an
If m and n are positive integers and a ≠ 0, then
am
am ÷ an = = am – n (where m > n)
an
am 1
am ÷ an = n = n − m (where m < n)
a a

6. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers in index notation.
(a) 98 ÷ 96 Subtract the indices. (b) b9 ÷ b12

→ Ex 2A 2, 7
○

Example 3 Instant Drill 3

Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) 15x7 ÷ (5x3) (a) 20a9 ÷ (4a6)
(b) 12y2 ÷ (−6y8) (b) −35p4 ÷ (15p12)
15 x 7 Sol
Sol (a) 15x7 ÷ (5x3) =
5x3
15 7 − 3
= x
5
= 3x4

2 8
12 y 2
(b) 12y ÷ (−6y ) =
− 6 y8
2
= − 8−2
y
2
=− 6
y

7. Simplify the following expressions. 8. Simplify the following expressions.

8 13
(a) 18h ÷ (3h ) (a) 16s3 ÷ (−8s12)
(b) −21k14 ÷ (14k6) (b) −18t10 ÷ (−27t4)

→ Ex 2A 9, 10
○
Example 4 Instant Drill 4
Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) 10a5 ÷ (2a2) ÷ (6a) (a) 18c7 ÷ (3c2) ÷ (−9c)
(b) 12x2y ÷ (−4xy3) (b) 63e5f 7 ÷ (7e12f 3)
10a 5 Sol
Sol (a) 10a5 ÷ (2a2) ÷ (6a) = ÷ (6a)
2a 2
= 5a5 − 2 ÷ (6a)
= 5a3 ÷ (6a)
5a 3
=
6a
5a 3 − 1
=
6
5a 2
=
6
2 312 x 2 y
(b) 12x y ÷ (−4xy ) =
− 4 xy 3
3x 2 − 1
=−
y3 − 1
3x
=− 2
y

9. Simplify the following expressions. 10. Simplify the following expressions.

10 2 3
(a) 20h ÷ (−2h ) ÷ (−5h ) (a) −24k5 ÷ (3k2) ÷ (−2k6)
(b) −4x2y7 ÷ (32xy12) (b) 25x8y12 ÷ (15x6y16)

○ Ex 2A 17, 19
→
2.1C Law for (am)n

If m and n are positive integers, then

(am)n = am × n

11. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers in index notation.
(a) (36)2 (b) (x3)8

→ Ex 2A 11
○
Example 5 Instant Drill 5
Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
3
(a) (x2 ⋅ x3)2  y4 
(b) (a3)4 ÷ a5 (a)  2 
y 
Sol (a) (x2 ⋅ x3)2 = (x2 + 3)2 (b) −(m2)3 × m5
= (x5)2 Sol
5×2
=x
= x10
(b) (a3)4 ÷ a5 = a3 × 4 ÷ a5
= a12 ÷ a5
= a12 − 5
= a7

12. Simplify the following expressions. 13. Simplify the following expressions.
6 4
(a) (s ⋅ s) (m 4 ) 8
(a)
 r2 
8
m14
(b)  5  (b) (m2)6 × (m3)3
r 

○ Ex 2A 21, 22
→
 n
a
2.1D Laws for (ab) and n
 
b

If n is a positive integer, then

(a) (ab)n = anbn
n
a an
(b)   = n (where b ≠ 0)
b b

14. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers in index notation.
4
5  1 
(a) (−a) When n is even, (−1) = 1;
n (b)  
When n is odd, (−1)n = −1.  −3

Example 6 Instant Drill 6

Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) (3a)3 (a) (5c)2
3 9
−2  −1
(b)   (b)  
 b   n 
Sol (a) (3a)3 = 33a3 Sol
= 27a3
3
−2 (−2) 3
(b)   =
 b  b3
=− 8
b3

15. Simplify the following expressions. 16. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) (mn)8 (a) 3(−x)6
4 3
2  q 
(b)   (b)  
 p  −3

○ Ex 2A 12, 13
→
Example 7 Instant Drill 7
Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
3 2
 a4   t7 
(a)  2  (a)  9 

c  u 
(b) (−u2v4)6 (b) (2r3s8)4
3
 a4  (a 4 ) 3 Sol
 
Sol (a)  2  = 2 3
c  (c )
4× 3
= a
c 2× 3
12
= a
c6
(b) (−u2v4)6 = (−u2)6(v4)6
= (−1)6(u2)6(v4)6
= u2 × 6v4 × 6
= u12v24

17. Simplify the following expressions. 18. Simplify the following expressions.
12 5
 p4   − c3 
(a)  3  (a)  10 
q  d 
(b) (−a2b3)4 (b) −(−h6k9)7

→ Ex 2A 23, 24
○
 Example 8 Instant Drill 8
Simplify the following expressions. Simplify the following expressions.
2 3
2  p
(a)   × (2b)3 5
(a) (8p) ×  
b 8
x2 y9 a 9b 4
(b) (b)
( x3 y 2 )4 ( a 3b) 5
2
2 2 Sol
Sol (a)   × (2b)3 = 2 × 23b3
b b2
3
= 22 × 23 × b
b2
= 22 + 3 × b3 − 2
= 25b
= 32b
x2 y9 x2 y9
(b) = 3 4 2 4
( x3 y 2 )4 ( x ) ( y )
x2 y9
=
x12 y 8
9−8
= y
x12 − 2
y
= 10
x

19. Simplify the following expressions. 20. Simplify the following expressions.
3 12 3
 2
(a) 22a7 ×  3  (a) h k
a  (h 5 k 4 ) 2
9 10 3
(b) (5b6)4 × 1 (b) (r s )
25b13 r 18 s 33

→ Ex 2A 25, 27
○
t You