After Partition

Q. Why was the Radcliff award of 1947 considered unfair by Pakistan?

Outline

● Ferozepur

● Gurdaspur

● Calcutta

● Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed to head a boundary Commission to establish new
borders between Muslims and Non-Muslims areas of Punjab and Bengal. Its discussion
was known as Radcliff Awards according to which Ferozepur, a Muslim majority area
was unfairly given to India which disappointed Pakistan this later lead to Canal Water
Disputes between India and Pakistan as the headworks of river Sutlej was in Ferozepur
and India would access and stop its water which could adversely affect Pakistan’s
agricultural economy

● Also Gurdaspur Although a Muslim majority area was given to India due to which India
has borders with Kashmir. This led to the Kashmir issues between Pakistan and India in
future, which was also the cause of the war of 1965 between the two countries. The
Kashmir Issue is the backbone of bad relations with India and Pakistan to date. Secondly,
when Muslims in Muslim majority areas such as Gurdaspur found out that they were
not a part of Pakistan (due to unfairness of the R.A), they migrated to Pakistan to escape
the violence they were facing in India. They aggravated the refugee problem for
Pakistan

● Also Calcutta was given to India, even though it was surrounded by Muslim majority
areas. Jinnah requested the Radcliffe Commission for a referendum in Calcutta however
his request was ignored and Calcutta was awarded to India. Calcutta contained many
Jute processing mills. Since Pakistan had no Jute processing mills this created economic
 problems for the country in years following independence as its main export was Jute
(produced in East Pakistan)

Q. Why was there a refugee problem in 1947?

Outline

● Radcliffe Award

● No food and shelter

● Communal violence

● Firstly after the announcement of Radcliffe Award on 16 august 1947 many Muslims
found that the area in which they were living in was not included in Pakistan as many
Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur were given to India, Thus a large number of
Muslims left their homes and belongings and migrated to Pakistan which created
refugee problem

● Secondly Muslims living in India were subjected to violence due to partition on

communal lines. Large scale Muslim massacres were carried out by Hindus and Sikhs
especially in Punjab. Therefore the Muslims living in these areas migrated in large
numbers to Pakistan to escape the violence; this aggravated the issue of refugees

● Thirdly many Muslims, who migrated from India to Pakistan, were short of both food
and shelter. The government being unstable was not prepared and could not provide
immigrants with basic necessities which worsened the situation even more

Q, Why was there a Canal Water Dispute between Pakistan and India?

Outline

● Partition of Punjab

● Both countries had claims

 ● India promised not to stop water

● The canal water dispute mainly arose due to partition of Punjab. The Western half with
irrigated land was given to Pakistan; the water was coming from head works in the
eastern half which was awarded to India. This caused conflicts and disputes started. If
the province had been properly partitioned then there would be no disputes

● Secondly, both countries argued over the water, India claimed that as the head works
was in India then the water from river Ravi and Sutlej belonged to them. Pakistan on the
other hand claimed that as Pakistan’s economy is agro based and dependent on the
water so they had a right on the water. Thus the non-compromising attitudes of both
countries lead to disputes

● Thirdly, India had promised not to interfere with water coming to Pakistan but soon the
supply was stopped and dispute started due to which Pakistan was not able to cultivate
its lands effectively and therefore was placed in a difficult situation and had to argue
with India

Q. How successful were the domestic policies of Liaqat Ali Khan as Prime
Minister of Pakistan? Explain your answer.

● In 1949, LAK presented Objectives Resolution to the constituent assembly which stated
Islamic principles of democracy, equality and tolerance would be introduced and that
Muslims would lead their lives according to Islamic principles. Thus, this was a success,
as LAK gained the support of Ulemas due to its Islamic approach, which strengthened his
government.

● Objective resolution also stated that minorities and the poor would be legally protected
from social injustice. Thus this was a success for LAK, as the minorities living in Pakistan
were satisfied as their rights would now be safeguarded.

● Furthermore, the resolution was the preamble of all future constitutions of 1956, 62 and
73. Thus this was a success, as the resolution proved to be the base of all future
constitutions.
● LAK also produced surplus budgets. Thus, this shows his hard work as he was financially
able to manage Pakistan in a difficult time.

● Furthermore, LAK appointed Ayub khan as the first Pakistani Commander in chief. This
pleased the army as they were reluctant to take orders from the British CNC General
Douglas Gracey. Thus it was a success as he gained support of the army.

● The objectives Resolution did not give a time to form a constitution. Thus, this was a
failure as the government officials became relaxed and this led to delay in constitution
making until 1956, when it was urgently needed.

● Furthermore, the resolution contained no reference as to how its provisions were to be

implemented. As a result, it remained only on paper, and LAK failed to make Pakistan an
Islamic welfare state as suggested by the Objectives Resolution.

● In 1950 Liaqat Ali khan presented the Basic Principles committee (BPC) report in the
Constituent Assembly which was heavily criticized e.g. it stated that there would be
equal number of seats for both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East
Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they were more in number (54 % population) and it
was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism L.A.K had to
withdraw the report for further consideration which delayed the constitution making.

Q. Why was the constitution delayed in 1950?

OR
Q.Why was the first report of Basic principal committee 1950 criticized?

● LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that there would be equal
seats from both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis
criticized it by saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan
and so it was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism L.A.K had to
withdraw the report from further consideration which delayed the constitution.

● LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Urdu should be made
the official language. However, this was resented by East Pakistanis. They wanted their
 language, Bengali to be the official language as it was important for their culture. Thus
because of this criticism, by East Pakistanis, LAK had to withdraw his report from further
consideration, which led to delay in constitution making.

● LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Federal Government
and Head of State should be given the main powers. This was rejected by provincial
politicians, as they wanted full provincial autonomy. Thus because of this criticism, LAK
had to withdraw his report from further consideration, which led to delay in constitution
making.