CHAPTE # 2

EARLY YEARS OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

SLO # 2.1.1:
QDiscuss the major features of the
boundary commission? State the Red
Cliff Award
1. The boundary commission was made under Indian
Independence Act of 1947 comprising Punjab
boundary commission and Bengal boundary
commission.

2. Each boundary commission consisted of 5

members of senior judges of high court including
Redcliff the Chairman)

3. In each boundary commission 2 members

belonged to Muslim community and 2 belonged to
Hindu community.
4. In case of controversy the Chairman’s decision.
(Red cliff) had to be final.
5. The boundary commission had to work on the
principle of Muslim majority areas and Hindu
majority areas having contiguous(Combined)
border.
6. The boundary commission divided Bengal and
Punjab into India and Pakistan by awarding
eastern part of Bengal to Pakistan and Western
part of Bengal to India. Similarly, the Western part
of Punjab went to Pakistan and the Eastern part
wen to India.
SLO # 2.1.2:
QDiscuss the need of Boundary
commission?
EXAMINATION QUESTION:
Q State the Red Cliff Award?
On 16 Aug 1947 Red Cliff the chairman
of Boundary Commission announced the
division of Punjab and Bengal between
India and Pakistan popularly called as
Redcliff Award.
 EXAMINATION QUESTION
CHAPTER NO. 1:
Q Describe any 3 reasons which lead to the victory of A.I.M.L in 1945 – 46?
Q What was the message conveyed to A.I.M.L and congress during election of 1945 – 46?

CHAPTER NO. 2:
SLO # 2.1.3:
Q Discuss the need of the boundary
commission?
1.In order to follow the principle of
equality and fairness and to avoid any
sort of future conflict between Hindus
and Muslims related to Punjab and
Bengal there was a need of Boundary
Commission.
2. It was very necessary to establish a
boundary commission to make sure a
just division of the boundaries of Punjab
and Bengal between India and Pakistan
and to deal with the related issues which
could arise due to the partition of
Punjab and Bengal.
SLO # 2.1.2:
Q Analyze the unjustness of the
commission and its impact on
Pakistan as a young state and to the
future of Pakistan.
UNJUSTNESS OF BENGAL
 Bengal had to be divided between
India and Pakistan--- the Eastern part
was dominated by Muslims and
Western part was dominated by
Hindus.
 Calcutta which was the economic and
industrial hub of Bengal was
incorporated into west Bengal
although it had 25% Muslims Majority
and 60% of Untouchables who wanted
to join Pakistan.
 The two important sea routes leading
to Calcutta, Nadia and Murshidabad
 located in the North, despite Muslim
populated cities, were given to India.
IMPACT ON PAKISTAN
The incorporation of Calcutta into Indian
territory (West Bengal) led to the
economic crisis in the Eastern part of
Pakistan such as poor or backwardness
in industries, lack of revenue of trade
and resources, unemployment and
shortage of food ultimately led to the
economic disparity in the Eastern part of
Pakistan.

DIVISION OF PUNJAB:
1. Punjab had to be divided between
Sikh and Muslim communities.
2. The east Punjab was dominated by
Sikh community and the West Punjab
was dominated by Muslims
Community.
UNJUSTNESS
1. The Muslim majority district of
Gurdaspur which include Gurdaspur,
Madhupur and Pathankot were
deliberately given to Sikh community
or India which created two major
problems for Pakistan.(in Pathankot
Hindus and Sikh were in majority)

*Madhurpur had controlling point of

those Canals irrigating Pakistani Punjab
that created shortage of water
(problem) in Pakistani Punjab.

*Gurdaspur and Pathankot Tehsil, sub

division of Gurdaspur district has
contiguous border with Kashmir in the
North that division gave a direct access
to Indian Army to have an un-
 interrupted access to Kashmir which
became a bone of contention between
India and Pakistan in future.
2. Ferozpur district another Muslim
majority district having Ferozpur and
Zera were given to India. In Ferozpur
Tehsil there were headworks or
controlling points of those canals
irrigating west Punjab given to India
which led to the canal water dispute in
the years to come.
 SLO 2.2.1: CANAL WATER DISPUTE
POSSIBLE EXAMINATION QUESTION:
2.2.2
Q Suggest the difficulties which
Pakistan might have faced if the
problem of canal water woud have
not be solved.
2.2.3
Q Explain how canal water dispute was
resolved?
2.2.4
QCriticize the implementation and
outcomes of canal water Basin Treaty.
1. The drought like situation would
have been reported in Pakistani
Punjab that would have led to the
agricultural crises and those crises
would have transformed into food
crises.
2. The forced/push migration would
have been reported in Punjab to
other part of Pakistan that would
have been the reason where the
migrants would have lived.
3. There would have been acute
shortage of water that would have
increased water price that would
have burden the pocket of people of
Pakistan.
4. The unemployment would have
been reported because the farmer
have been forced to give up their
ancestral occupation (agriculture
activity) and that disturbed the
economy of Pakistan as a whole.
5. Had the issue of canal water not
been solved there might have been a
war between India and Pakistan on
water resources.
1. On 19th September 1960 at Karachi
an agreement on water issue was
signd between India and Pakistan
popularly called as Indus water
Treaty.
2. Soon after the independence of
Pakistan, India had stopped water of
Pakistan in 1948 that led to a
temporary water agreement of
purchasing water from India.
3. In 1952, Pakistan accused India of
cutting back its water that created
shortage of water in Pakistan.
4. Negotiation started between India
and Pakistan early in 1954.
5. At last World Bank interfere and it
offered its technical and financial
support to deal with this issue.
6. Negotiation again started, and
World Bank designed a map
 (solution) to canal water dispute that
solution was finally agreed by India
and Pakistan in 1960 which is known
as Indus water Treaty.
7. The treaty divided 6 rivers between
India and Pakistan as Chenab, Jhelum
and Indus went to Pakistan and Ravi,
Bias and Sutlej were given to India.
OUTCOME
1. According to I.W.T India and
Pakistan had to inform each other for
about 6 months before they
constructed any dams on their given
rivers unfortunately India did not act
upon that condition and they
constructed Bhagihar dam and
Krishan Ganga Dam on Chenab river.
2. The volar barrage on Volar lake in
Kashmir was also a violation of Indus
water treaty.
3. India released the water in
monsoon season prior to any notice
created the uninvited flood condition
that damage economic and human
losses to Pakistan and a plan attempt
to weaken the economy of Pakistan.

IMPLEMENTATION
1. India and Pakistan were given 3
rivers each respectively.
2. Pakistan was allowed to use the
water of Ravi, Bias and Sutlej for 10
years.
3. In order to compensate the loss of
waters of Ravi, Bias and Sutlej
Pakistan had to construct 2 dams
Tarbela and Mangla Dam.
4. Pakistan constructed Tarbela dam
of river Indus and Mangla dam on
river Jhelum.
 5. Pakistan is allowed to construct 8
link canals and overcome the
deficiency of water and to irrigate
the far-flung(Distant) area s of South
Punjab.

SLO # 2.2.1: ADIMINISTRATIVE

PROBLEMS
EXAMINATION QUESTION
QWhat was the administrative problem
Pakistan had to face. Also explain the
strategies adopted by Pakistan to deal
with those issues:
PROBLEMS
Administrative problem was a major
problem of Pakistan had to deal with
following were the major challenges
related to administration:
1. No central government.
2. No proper Machinery and
Stationary to carryout administrative
affairs.
3. No official language.
4. No constitution.
5. No proper industries.
6. Security threat from East and North
West.
(India, Afghanistan)
7. Shortage of govt. competitive
employees.
STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES
1. Nomination of Mr. Jinnah as the
head of the state and Liaquat Ali
Khan as the prime minister to deal
with administrative problems.
2. Formation of a 7-member cabinet
to run the government affairs.
3. Establishment of a Central
Secretariat to appoint the
government employees and assign
them different jobs in Karachi.
4. Special trains and aero-planes were
hired to bring the expert people back
to Pakistan who opted for Pakistan.
5. State Bank of Pakistan was
inaugurated on July 1, 1948 to
strengthen the economy of Pakistan.
6. The new industrial policy was
announced by Mr. Jinnah in 1948
focusing on the establishment of new
industries in Pakistan.
7. Foundation stone of Valika Textile
Mills laid on 26th September 1947 at
Karachi by Mr. Jinnah.
8. Membership to UNO was applied
and on 30th September 1947 Pakistan
got membership of UNO successfully.
 SLO 2.2.1: REFUGEE PROBLEM

EXAMINATION QUESTION:
QHighlight the refugee’s problem
Pakistan had to face soon after its
independence. Also explain the
strategies device by government of
Pakistan to deal with that problem?

1. One of the major problem Pakistan

had to face was refugee problem.
2. Over 10 million people exchanged
their countries India and Pakistan
that created accommodation
problem.
3. 6.5 million people came to Pakistan
as refugees at the same time 5.5
million people left Pakistan.
4. In 1947, Karachi received around 2
million people alone. These people
(refugees) were without property
 and they did not have basic
necessities this added economic
burden to the administrative bodies
of Pakistan and they followed the
following strategies to deal with the
issue.
STRATEGIES
1. A special Minister to deal with
refugees and evacuee was
established and Raja Ghazanfar Ali
was made the minister of that
portfolio.
2. Quaid-e-Azam shifted his
secretariat from Karachi to Lahore to
help out the refugees properly.
3. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was
established to help out the refugees
financially.
4. 100 Quarter and 500 Quarter
schemes were introduced to
accommodate the refugees.
5. Colonies were established to
accommodate the refugees such as
Federal B area, Liaquatabad,
Nazimabad, Quaidabad (a city in
Punjab).
6. Compensation scheme was
introduced for peasant/ farmer
refugees. Those farmers who had left
their lands in Punjab and Bengal they
were given equal size of their lands
after submitting claim form with
necessary documents.
7. The same scheme was introduced
for those refugees who left their
houses and property in India.

SLO 2.2.1: LANGUAGE PROBLEM

 QUESTION
QHighlight the nature of language
problem with the strategy adopted by
the Pakistani government to
overcome that problem?
1. Pakistan was a multi lingual state
comprising Sindh, Punjab, N.W.F.P.,
Balochistan and East Bengal.
2. The people of East Bengal were
about 56% of the whole population
of Pakistan that’s why they wanted
their language the Bengali language
to be declared as national language
of Pakistan.

STRATEGY
1. Mr. Jinnah paid a visit to Dhaka(in
1948) and over their he tried to
convince the Bengali people to stay
away from provincialism and racism
 at the same time Mr. Jinnah argued
that if we declare Bengali as official
language the other provinces Sindhi,
Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Balochistan will
demand their language to be
declared as national language of
Pakistan.
2. Mr. Jinnah explained that national
language should be such language
which should not belong to any
region or province of Pakistan that’s
why the Urdu was declared as
national language of Pakistan.
However, he made it clear that
provinces to go for any languages to
deal with their provincial matters in
their respective provinces.
SLO # 2.2.1: DIVISION OF FINANCIAL
AND MILITARY ASSESTS
QAnalyze the issue of division of
financial and Military Assets?
1. According to the division plan
Pakistan had to receive 1 billion out
of 4 billion reserves.
2. India argued that there are some
liablilites which Pakistan had to pay,
that’s why it was agreed to pay to
Pakistan 750 million rupees instead
of 1 billion rupees.
3. India paid to Pakistan an
installment of 500 million rupees in
the mean time war erupted between
India and Pakistan in 1948 and India
stop the rest of amount arguing that
Pakistan could use this amount in
war against India.
4. Mr. Gandhi went on hunger strike
when he came to know this situation
and India had to pay another
installment of 200 million rupees to
Pakistan but the remaining amount
was never paid to Pakistan which
Pakistan desperately needed to
overcome its economic crises.

DIVISION OF MILITARY ASSETS

1. The partition council fixed the ratio
of the division of military assests as
64:36. Pakistan had to be given 36%
military share.
2. There were 17 weapon factories or
ordinance factories and India refused
to shift a single factory to Pakistan
that created shortage of ammunition
and arms and equipments in Pakistan
 which led to security issue in
Pakistan.
3. Finally, it was agreed that India
would pay an amount of 60 million
rupees to Pakistan to compensate
the military loses. Pakistan
established a weapon factory at
WAH Cantt. in 1950 (Punjab) known
as WAH Cantt. ordnance factory.

QAnalyze the issue of lack of trained

personnel in Pakistan?
1. According to partition plan Pakistan
was given armed force of 150,000
soldiers.
2. At the time of partition, Pakistan
required 400 military officials to train
its Army but it had only 2500 Military
officials (Trained).
 3. Pakistani government hired 1000
military officials from Pakistan by
promoting the officials to high/top
positions.
4. The 500 officials were hired from
British army government that
created the communication gap
between officers and common
soldiers at that time it increases the
influence of British army in the
Pakistani armed forces which
eventually led to the Rawalpindi
conspiracy in 1951 in which 14 top
Pakistani military officials tried to
over throw the government.

SLO # 2.2.1 PRINCELY STATES

QAnalyze the issue of accession of
princely states at the time of
Independence?
1. At the time of independence, there
were 562 princely states big or small.
2. It was mentioned in the Indian
Independence act of 1947 that the
princely states either to join India or
Pakistan.
3. 14 states out of 562 states joined
Pakistan they include Chitral, Swat,
DIR, Hunza, Amb, Gilgit, Bhawalpur,
Khairpur, Makran, Lasbella, Kharan,
Kallat.
4. Future of 3 states was hanging in
balance they were Hyderabad,
Junagarh, Kashimir.
5. Junagarh was a Hindu majority
state with a Muslim ruler Nawab
Mahabat Khan Kanju. He announced
to join Pakistan and submitted the
important documents known as
instrument of accession (submitted
 to Govt. of Pakistan) on 16th Sep
1947 and Pakistani government
accepted that.
6. Mount Batten and Congress leaders
and Mr. Jinnah had to follow the
principle of government of Indian
Independence act which said if the
majority of population belongs to a
particular community
plebiscite/direct votting should be
held in order to know the choice of
those people of that state.

SLO 2.2.1: KASHMIR ISSUE

QAnalyze the issue of Kashmir?
SLO # 2.2.5:
QAnalyze how Kashmir issue is the
hindrance between the relation of
Pakistan and India?
ANSWER: 2.2.1
1. Kashmir is a Muslim populated
state in the North Eastern part of
India.
2. Kashmir used to be ruled over by
Maharaja Hari Singh was the ruler of
Kashmir at the time of
independence.
3. People of Kashmir who were
Muslims in majority they wanted to
acceed with Pakistan.
4. The Maharaja of Kashmir had a
secret agreement with the Indian
government known as Treaty of
Friendship.
5. When Pakistan demanded this
state to be the part of Pakistan the
Indian forces used Gurdaspur as the
only route to Kashmir to station its
army.
6. The war erupted between India and
Pakistan in 1948 over this issue.
7. In 1949, India took this issue to
UNO which drew a cease fire line
between Pakistani and Indian
Kashmir.
8. Pakistan argued that the principle
which was followed in the Junagarh
and Hyderabad (if the majority of any
princely state wants to join a princely
state is allowed) must be applied in
Kashmir.
9. The UNO passed a resolution saying
India should hold plebiscite.
10. India has not organized plebiscite
so that it could not allow the people
of Kashmir to join India or Pakistan.

ANSWER: 2.2.5
1. Kashmir is such state which borders
with Tibet, China, Central Asia,
Pakistan that enhances its strategic
importance in the world.
2. India calls Kashmir as its window
towards Central Asia.
3. Kashmir has the origin of almost all
the rivers beside river Indus which
flow to India and Pakistan.
4. Kashmir is very much near to the
World highest battle field known as
Siachen Glacier located in Karakorum
mountain.
5. Kashmir is known as the tourist
paradise which is the great source of
revenue for a state which Kashmir
joins.
6. Both India and Pakistan due to the
above-mentioned reasons want to
have control on Kashmir in order to
 enhance and consolidate their
defense and economy.
7. Both the countries have had 4 wars
on Kashmir so far (1948, 1965, 1971,
1999) on the issue of Kashmir.

8. Kashmir is famous for its tourist

sites in the world that’s why both the
countries want their control over
their state so that may not lose a
major source of Revenue in the form
of TOURIST INDUSTRY.
 SLO # 2.2.1:
QAnalyze the future of Hyderabad
state?
1. Hyderabad was the state located in
the South of India.
2. It was one of the largest princely
state having the population of nearly
160 million people and area of 82
square miles.
3. The state had its own army and
ruled over by Muslims ruler known as
Nizam.
4. Hyderabad was a Hindu populated
state.
5. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted
his state as neutral but viceroy
Mount Batten did not allow him to
do so.
6. India asked Hyderabad to join India
and Nizam was forced to have a
 temporary agreement related to
defence and other internal affairs of
Hyderabad.
7. As soon as Mr. Jinnah was alive
India did not attacked on Hyderabad
but after the 3 days of the death of
Jinnah India attacked on Hyderabad
with 20,000 troop dismantle
Hyderabad and made its part.

SLO # 2.3.4:
EXAMINATION QUESTION
QExplain the guiding principle of Quaid-
e-Azam for the economy of Pakistan?
1. Mr. Jinnah did not like the socialism
and capitalism for Pakistan as the
future economic system of Pakistan.
2. Mr. Jinnah regarded these two
system as a disaster for the world
and Pakistan..
 3. He wanted such economic system
based on the true principle of
equality of manhood, social justice
based on Islamic principle.
4. Adoption of Western economic
practice and theory will not help us
to find out the solution to our
economic problem.

SLO # 2.3.5:
QExplain the guiding principles of
Quaid-e-Azam for the foreign policy of
Pakistan?
In 1948 Mr. Jinnah provided the
foundation of those principle which
could determine the foreign policy of
Pakistan the summary of those
principle is as follows:
1. No aggressive design against any
country in the world.
 2. Friendliness and goodwill gestures
for every nation in the world.
3. Policy of peaceful co-existence (no
interference in the other states).
4. Regional and international co-
operation.
5. No support to racial discrimination.
6. Support to internationally
recognize independent movement.

SLO # 2.3.6:
QState the views of Quaid-e-Azam
regarding the development of
Pakistan?
Following points highlights the views
of Quaid-e-Azam regarding the
development of Pakistan.
1. Sectarianism/ Sectionalism
(religious division) and Parochialism
or provincialism. (Division on ethnic
 basis) are poisonous for the people
of Pakistan for their development as
national unity.
2. Black marketing and Bribery are
such ailments which will not let the
country go on the road of
development.
3. The maintenance of honesty and
fair play by people of Pakistan
specially the government servants is
the basic requirement of
development of Pakistan.
4. The exploitation of minority on the
basis of caste, color and creed will
never let our country go towards the
development.
5. The politics and military affairs
must be kept separated. The civilian
or politician should make the policies
of the country and the armed forces
 should protect the country on the
border.
6. The superiority of the Islamic
principles must be brought in
accordance with the principle of
Western democracy.

SLO # 2.3.3:
QDiscuss the advice of Quaid-e-Azam to
the government officials for national
service?
1. You should keep yourself away
from this political party or that
political party.
2. You should not consider yourself as
master, but you are the servant of
your people.
3. Maintain the highest level of sense
or responsibility, honesty, justice,
 equality and fair play while dealing
with common people.
4. You should not support a particular
political party, but you should
support the current or existing
government without any political
intension.