History C 2020-With Tag

Pakistan studies 2059/1 O’Level2021-2022
History Notes 2059/1 1
Section C
Compiled by Ahmad Uddin

www.ahmaduddin.webs.com
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Written and compiled by Ahmad Uddin Hasan
Nationhood 1947-1971.
2
INDEX
No.
Chapter No.
11. Chapter 11: How successful was the establishment of

an independent nation between 1947 and 1948. 03
12. Chapter 12: How far did Pakistan achieve stability

following the death of Jinnah (1948 – 1958).
14
13. Chapter 13: Why did East Pakistan Seek and Then Form
The Independent State of West Pakistan.
3
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Chapter 11: How successful was the establishment of an independent nation

between 1947 and 1948.
Early Problems 3
• Pakistan created after desperate urgency. It came into existence with horrible
loss of life and property, and the migration of millions of surprised and
penniless men, women, and children.
• They now have the freedom to worship, practice their religious faith and
develop their culture. Moreover, independence had opened up a bright future
for the Muslims, who hoped for a better standard of living, economic
development, prosperity and a fuller life.
• They faced many problems after creation of Pakistan.

The main problems were:
1. Refugees 2. Division of Assets

3. Indus Water 4.Accession of Princely
States
1. Refugees
• It agreed between Jinnah and Nehru that a Boundary Commission should

be setup to define the borders between India and Pakistan. The British
Government immediately appointed a Boundary Commission under Sir
Cyril Radcliffe to demarcate permanent borders. The boundaries would be
defined as such that provinces, districts, and villages that were
predominantly Muslim went to Pakistan, while Hindu majority areas went
to India. Provinces like Baluchistan, Sindh, N. W. F. P. and East Bengal
provided little difficulty. The deep problems arose when boundaries in
Punjab had to be fixed; there were also a substantial number of Hindus
and Sikhs residing in this region, other than the Muslims, However, the
province was partitioned.
• When the boundaries were drawn between India and Pakistan, it resulted
in many tragic events. In an almost frantic, cruel rush, the commission
divided districts, villages, farmlands, water and property. Thousands of
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innocent men, women and children were caught unaware. The result was
that many hastened across the border, leaving their homes, land and
personal property to seek refuge. Both India and Pakistan were soaked in
blood and seven million refugees who had to rehabilitated, clothed, fed and
sheltered needed shelter in Pakistan.
4
2. Division of Assets
• Partition also involved dividing of the assets of the Sub-continent. India,

being the larger country, got the lion's share in all transactions, leaving
Pakistan with minimal resources to survive and build on. Equally
disastrous was the economic situation. There were not sufficient skilled
personnel to run the railways, hospitals and offices. There were not
enough chairs, tables or even stationery and paper pins for administrative
purposes. Food was scarce and Pakistan had no industry.
• At the time of partition, the cash balances of undivided India stood at about
Rupees 4,000 million. At the beginning of December 1947, India and Pakistan
mutually came to an agreement that Pakistan would get Rupees 750 million
as her share. Rupees 200 million were paid to Pakistan while Rupees 550
million were to be paid immediately but this amount was withheld on the plea
that Pakistan would use it in the war going on in Kashmir. However, as this
stand was morally untenable, the remaining amount was later on released
after Gandhi's fast and underworld pressure on January 15, 1948.
•
• Soon afterwards, Sardar Patel threatened that the implementation of the
agreement would depend upon the settlement of the Kashmir issue. On the
Gandhi's request that the Indian Reserved Bank of India paid Pakistan Rupees
500 million, retaining the balance of Rupees 50 million to adjust some trumped
up claim against Pakistan.
3. The Indus Water

• The most explosive of Indo-Pakistan disputes was the question of sharing the
water of the Indus basin. On April 1, 1948, India cut off the supply of water
from the two head works under her control. Fortunately, Eugene Black,
President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
offered the offices of the Bank for the solution of the water problem in 1952.
• A solution acceptable to both governments was agreed upon in 1960 at the

“Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement” at Karachi. This treaty is
commonly known as the "Indus Water Treaty". The treaty allowed for a
transitional period of 10 to 13 years, after which the three eastern rivers
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would fall exclusively to India's share and the three western rivers to Pakistan.
During the transitional period, Pakistan would construct a system of
replacement works consisting of two dams, five barrages and seven link canals
financed by the Indus Development Fund.
4. Accession of Princely States 5
• There were 560 semi-autonomous princely states prior to partition, these states
existed in British India many Princely states whose future had to be settled
before Britain withdrew from India. Some fell within Indian Territory, others
in Pakistan.
• On July 25, 1947, Lord Louis Mountbatten (the last Viceroy of India) in his
address to the Chamber of Princes advised them that in deciding the question
of accession, they should take into consideration communal composition and
the geographical location of their states. Nearly all the states accepted the
reality of the situation and opted for either Pakistan or India accordingly. There
were four states, Junagarh, Hyderabad, Jodhpur and Kashmir, which defied
the principle of partition.
I. Junagarh:
• The ruler of Junagarh was a Muslim but 80
percent of his subjects were Hindus. On
September 15, 1947, the Nawab acceded to
Pakistan, despite the fact that his state did not
fall within the geographical grouping of
Pakistan. India protested, stormed in her troops,
and forcibly reversed the Nawab's decision and
Junagadh became a part of India.
II. Hyderabad:
• Hyderabad, the second of the defiant states was the largest and richest in
India. Its population was 85 percent Hindu but the ruler (Nizam Usman Ali
Khan) was a Muslim. He was reluctant to accede to either India or Pakistan
but was dismissed by Mountbatten for adopting this course. The Nizam was
forced by the Indian government and Lord Mountbatten to join India.
• A standstill agreement was concluded between India and Hyderabad. The

Hindu subjects were encouraged to revolt against the Nizam's desire to be
independent. The whole province suffered turmoil and violence. Hyderabad
filed a complaint with the Security Council of the United Nations. Before the
hearing could be started, Indian troops entered Hyderabad to "restore
order", and under the pretext of "police action" Hyderabad was forced to join
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India. The Hyderabad army surrendered on September 17, 1948, and finally
Hyderabad was annexed into the Indian Union.
III. Jodhpur:
Yet another prince, the Maharaja of Jodhpur, expressed a wish to join
Pakistan but Mountbatten warned him that his subjects were mostly Hindus 6
and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As a result,
Jodhpur, too, acceded to India.
IV. Kashmir:
• Kashmir, the last of the insolent states, was
the reverse of Hyderabad. It had a Hindu
ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, but his subjects
were mostly Muslims, accounting to 78
percent of the total population. The
Maharaja was reluctant to join either India
or Pakistan. Lord Mountbatten urged him to
take a decision to join either of the states
before August 15, 1947. The Maharaja
asked for more time to consider his decision.
In the meantime, he asked the Indian and
the Pakistani government to sign a
"standstill agreement" with him. Pakistan consented but India refused.
• The local population of Pooch began to press the Maharaja to accede to

Pakistan. In August 1947, they held a massive demonstration to protest against
the Maharaja's indecisiveness. The Maharaja panicked. He asked his Hindu
paratroopers to open fire, and within a matter of seconds, several
hundred Muslims were killed. Rising up against this brutal action, a local
barrister called Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim immediately set up the Azad
Kashmir government and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the
Maharaja.
• By October 1947, the war of Kashmir had begun in earnest. The Pathan
tribesmen from the North West Frontier Province, wanting to avenge the
deaths of their brothers, invaded the valley. On reaching the valley of
Kashmir, they defeated the Maharaja's troops and reached the gates of
Srinagar, the capital. The Maharaja sensing his defeat took refuge in Jammu
whence he appealed to India to send troops to halt the onslaught of the
tribesmen. India agreed on the condition that Kashmir would accede to India.
• On October 26, 1947, the Maharaja acceded to India. Lord Mountbatten

accepted the accession on behalf of India. On October 27, 1947, India began
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to airlift her troops to Srinagar, and launched a full-scale attack on the

tribesmen. Pakistan was stunned. Despite her scant military resources,
Pakistan was prepared to send in her troops but the British General
Gracey, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, was against it. Jinnah
proposed an immediate ceasefire and later on a fair and free plebiscite in
Jammu and Kashmir. In January 1948, India took the dispute to the Security 7
Council. There it accused Pakistan of aggression and demanded that Pakistan
withdraw her tribesmen but Pakistan held that the accession of Kashmir had
been brought about by force. The government requested the Security
Council to arrange a cease-fire and asked both the tribesmen and the
Indian troops to withdraw so that a free and impartial plebiscite could be
held to ascertain the wishes of the people of Kashmir.
• While the Kashmir issue was still on the table, the Indian troops launched a
full-scale attack and drove the tribesmen right back to the Pakistani border.
Pakistan rushed her regular troops into Kashmir and a full-scale war with
India ensued. She took control of the Azad Kashmir Army but the Security
Council on August 13, 1948, called for an immediate ceasefire, the
withdrawal of all Pakistani and Indian troops and holding of plebiscite
under United Nations' supervision. Both the Indian and Pakistani
governments accepted the resolution. In January 1949, the resolution began
to be implemented and in July 1949, the ceasefire line was demarcated.
• Pakistan's side of Kashmir consisted of some parts of Jammu, Poonch, and

some areas of Western Kashmir, Gilgit, and a great chunk of Ladakh
territory near the Chinese border in the North. India kept the valley of
Kashmir, Jammu and the remainder of Ladakh territory near the Tibet
border. The cease-fire has remained in existence since 1949.
• No plebiscite has been held and thus the Kashmir issue remains disputed
and unresolved.
Q. What was the Boundary Commission? [4]
This commission report on 16th August 1947. It was a commission set up to

divide the boundaries for Pakistan and India. It was head by Sir Radcliffe and
Mount batten participated vastly in the division of boundaries. It made unfair
commission which gave Muslim majority areas to India like city of Gurdaspur.
India got a way to enter Kashmir because of the path made up by the
commission for Hindus.
Q. Why steps did Pakistan take to solve the refugee problem? [4]
Pakistani Government collected aid from the Pakistanis living in well
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condition. Pakistan joined UNO to take help from UNHCR. Quid-e-Azam

established a relief fund. Government Made temporary shelter, gave medicines
and training was given on government work.
Q. What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

In 1948, April, India stopped Water from Firozpur Headwork. Pakistan’s 8
agriculture was in great danger. The dispute was solved by International Court
of Justice in which water of 3 rivers was given to Pakistan. Furthermore, help
and contract for building of 2 dams and some canals was also given.
Q. What was the Kashmir Issue?

In 1947 Poonch District, the Muslim tribesman rebelled against the Hindu Ruler
Hari Singh. India invaded Kashmir on Hari Singh’s plea. Pakistani forces also
attacked. Both armies captured as much as they could until UN put a ceasefire
in 1949. The state of Indian Controlled Kashmir was declared disputed. A
plebiscite has to hold to solve this problem. 2 wars have strung up due to
Kashmir’s unsolved issue, 1965 and 1971 wars.
Q Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

(N2006/P1/4b)
Comments: In part (b), candidates had to explain why Pakistan faced a

refugee problem. Most answers tended to contain good detail; few only
described events such as the violence and massacres that took place at this
time.
(b) Explain why the subcontinent was faced with a refugee problem in 1947?
[7]
• One reason was the attacks on trains and caravans of refugees led to a violence
in which many were being killed and even those supposed to protect people
sometimes turned to murder. The violence sometimes arranged by the local
authorities and many Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an
organized program for the massacre of Muslim refugees. In the non-Muslim
princely states, there were examples of state troops being used to support
attacks on Muslims. It is also said that in result of this anger many Hindus and
were killed on the Pakistani borders too. It is estimated that at least one million
men, women and children died and a million were made homeless as a result
of partition Refugees coming into Pakistan controlled area for the Punjab or
Karachi, creating huge logistical problems in the new capital city which had
made accommodate two million refugees. It was another decade before any
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ambiance of emerge Resetting the millions of refugees, who had lost everything
they has including many woman and children and it was a difficult and
expensive problem for both countries especially Pakistan.
• Another reason was the communal tension as during 1946 and 1947,
tension between the Hindu and Muslims begun to spill over into violence and a 9
large loss of life in spite of pleas of calm by both Congress and the Muslim
League, the violence continued and the numbers killed increased in the period
during April to July 1947. When the Boundary Award was announced on 16
August 1947, things became even worse. Millions of people found
themselves living in the wrong country and became victims of communal
attacks. The only answer was for Muslims to move to Pakistan and non-
Muslims to move into India. So began what perhaps was the largest migration
ever witnessed in the history of humankind and some of the worst scenes of
communal violence.
• Moreover, Partition had been made along religious lines in the hopes of
easing tensions between Muslim and Hindu communities-instead it made
matters worse. Over 10 million people had moved from India to Pakistan or
in the other direction by January 1948. Some moved willingly taking as many
of their possessions with them as they could. Other fled from violence and often
arrived in their new country with nothing at all. Many Muslims were forced
across the border making it difficult for the new Pakistan government to
manage such a large number of refugees.
(b) Explain three reasons for the canal dispute between Pakistan and India?
[7]
• The main reason of the canal water dispute was unfair Radcliffe Award. This
award gave the Muslim majority district of Gurdaspur and Ferozpur to India.
The canal headwork’s of Madhopur on river Ravi and Ferozpur headwork’s
on river Sutlej were given to India so India was able to control the flow of
water to Western Punjab so on 1st July 1948, India stopped the flow of water
towards Pakistan. Although India had promised not to stop the flow of water
but India claimed that as the head works fell in its country so its India’s right to
use of these head works. Pakistan resisted about it that it is against
international law but India did not agree on it.
• Moreover India wanted to unstable the Pakistan since beginning as it is an

agriculture country and its economy depends upon agriculture it has fertile soil
but rainfall is scanty and undependable, so its agriculture depend upon the
irrigation by canals drawn from the Indus and its five tributes if water could not
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be provided so Pakistan’s economy may go astray and riots may be started in

Pakistan and that country could not be stable and Pakistan government or they
had to purchase water from India and accept India’s demands.
• Furthermore, India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir in 1948. India claimed
that Kashmir was a part of India whereas Pakistan rejected this view and said 10
as it has Muslim majority so that area became a part of Pakistan. India thread
to Pakistan and stopped the flow of eastern rivers to pressurize Pakistan to
accept Indian control over Jammu and Kashmir but Pakistan did not approve it.
Q ‘The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the
newly established government of Pakistan in 1947’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2007/P1/4c)
Comments: In their responses to part (c), many scored highly because they
were able to explain why various problems caused such difficulties for the
new government. Weaker answers, however, described the nature of the
problems without showing how they affected the new country. Such
answers could only score within level 2.
Marking Key: Canal Water Dispute to be explained for maximum marks.

Also produces a judgment or evaluation.
(c)The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the
newly stablished government of Pakistan in 1947’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
• Pakistan had to face many problems after creation of Pakistan like Canal Water
dispute, refugee problem, and division of assets and princely states.
• The canal water dispute was the most serious problem for Pakistan in April
1948 because India cut off the canal water, which drained Eastern Punjab in
Pakistan as their headwork, were located in India. India wished to unstable
the newly born country because Pakistan is an agriculture country and its
economy depends upon agriculture. It has fertile soil but rainfall is scanty and
undependable, so its agriculture depends upon the irrigation drain from the
Indus and its five tributes and government had to solve it because without water
western Punjab’s area could not been cultivation so in 1959 a temporary
agreement was passed that India would not close rivers for some years.
• Secondly, during the 1947 as the partition date was coming near communal
tension grew in India. Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased
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dramatically. Very close to the partition anti-Muslim riots started in many cities.
In 1946 massacre of Muslims of Bihar was the first organized attack on the
Muslims. In eastern Punjab arrangement killing of Muslims were carried out
by Sikhs and Hindus militants who were helped by police and army of Sikh
states of east Punjab and Kashmir. So Muslims fearful of being killed were
forced to leave all their possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. 11
They reached Pakistan penniless, homeless and jobless. Pakistan
government had lack of finical support but tried it is hard to help them.
• Thirdly, the division of financial Assists, it was decided in June 1947 Pakistan
would had been paid 750 million rupees of the 4 billion rupee in reserve bank.
Firstly, India paid Rs.200 million and then Rs.500 million with great difficulty,
and India was taking time to give amount to Pakistan to make it unstable and
at that time Pakistan needed much amount to resolve the administration,
refugee problems At that time Pakistan had just amount of one month salary
for government servants and the problems of refugee had to solve so
government required her share as soon as possible. India paid 700 million in
two years but remaining 50 million are still unpaid.
• Fourthly, Pakistan needed military equipment for its security and it was
decided to be given 36% out of 44% of military assets to Pakistan. After
creation of Pakistan, all the 16 ordinance factories were in India and India
did not like to stable Pakistan so refused to give share of Pakistan in ordinance
factories and gave amount of 60 million rupees instead of ordinance
machinery. The military supplies, which India agreed to handover, did not arrive
at times, or when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and
obsolete. The result of the division of military assets in 1947 was that
Pakistan started its existence with the seriously under resourced military
force.
• Fifthly, the matter of Princely states as accession of three princely states

proved to be a difficult and serious problem for Pakistan. The ruler of Junagarh
wished to join Pakistan but India invaded Junagarh and Pakistan army was
powerless to stop them. The Nazim of Hyderabad was a Muslim he wished
to be independent or be a part of Pakistan but India invaded Hyderabad after
Quaid-e-Azam’s death and Pakistan government could not do anything. At the
same time, Kashmiri public wished to join Pakistan and they rebelled but
Prince Hari Singh did agreement to join India. Although Pakistan army fought
but the war over without any result and this is still a problem for Pakistan.
Evaluation: Yourself ☺
(c) The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of
Partition during 1947 and 1948? Do you agree? Explain your answer [14]
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Successes
• One problem was to create unity among the people of Pakistan. On 14

August 1947, Pakistan became an independent country and Quaid-e-Azam
became the first Governor General of Pakistan. The biggest single
achievement of the Quaid Azam as governor general was ensuring that the new 12
state survived against all the odds. To help the newly arrived refugees, he
set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as possible. The people
were quick to respond with donations in cash and kind. He toured the all the
provinces encouraging and motivating the people. He said that no one is a
Bengali, Punjabi Sindhi, Balochi or a Pathan, all of us are Pakistanis and we
should be proud of being Pakistanis. He was opposed religious
intolerance, provincialism and racialism. He was also determined that
Pakistan was not going to adopt a bigoted policy towards minorities and
declared himself “the Protector General' of religious minorities.
• To emphasize the role of Pakistan in the world community, the Quaid e Aram
also secured membership of Pakistan in the United Nations Organization
(UNO) in September 1947 and tried to draw their attention to Kashmir problem.
• Pakistani government planned to make a strong political and civil government.

So Jinnah appointed Liaquat Ali Khan as the Prime Minister and a cabinet was
formed. A Constituent Assembly was formed one of its tasks was to frame the
future constitution of Pakistan, Karachi was made the capital of Pakistan and
Central Secretariat was set up to run the country Special people with
government experience officers were brought from India by trains. He also
drafted the civil Service Commission. The Quaid-i-Azam established the State
Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948, currency was also printed.
• The Pakistan army needed more officers and the gaps were filled by offering
temporary commissions and using British officers. He wanted that Pakistan
must have proper arms and ammunition as they first fought in 1948 against
India for Kashmir. Jinnah's Industrial Policy Statement of 1948 encouraged the
establishment of industries in predominantly agricultural economy.
Failure
• After the partition, India threatened Pakistan to stop its water supply from
head works in the Indian Territory. Quaid-e-Azam reached a temporary
compromise with India in the canal Water dispute that ensured that
Pakistan's agriculture would not denied precious water supplies. Canal Water
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Dispute was not resolved until 1960. The Indus water treaty was signed in
1950 very late after his death.
• He also forced India to hand over the agreed financial assets from pre-partition
India. Only 200 million rupees received at first instead of 750 million under
the final settlement. There was also a shortage of properly qualified and 13
experienced personnel. Jinnah worked tirelessly day and night but the problem
of Kashmir and other princely states could not be solved. Due to migration,
many millions of people were made homeless and were in a bad state.
• India occupied Kashmir and other princely states, the issue was placed in
front of the UN Security Council but it is not yet resolved Jinnah was not well
and survived for thirteen months after independence. He had fought so
hard to establish the country on a firm footing he was truly a political leader; he
was more than the architect of the Islamic nation he personally called into being.
However, he tried to solve the problems but was not completely
successful, as he could not live long.
Judgement 1: Pakistan was able to solve the issues. [1]

Judgement 2: Pakistan was unable to solve. [1]
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Chapter 12: How far did Pakistan achieve stability following the death
of Jinnah (1948 – 958)?
Governor Generals
S. No. Name Duration
14
1. Mr. Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-e-Azam) Father of 15-08-1947 to 11-09-1948
the Nation
2. Khawaja Nazim uddin 14-09-1948 to 16-10-1951
3. Malik Ghulam Mohammad 19-10-1951 to 05-10-1955
4. Maj. General Iskandar Mirza 06-10-1955 to 22-03-1956
President
1. Maj. General Iskandar Mirza 23-03-1956 to 27-10-1958
2. General Mohammed Ayub Khan 27-10-1958 to 25-03-1969
3. General Mohammed Yahya Khan25-03-1969 to 20-12-1971
4. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 20-12-1971 to 14-08-1973
5. Mr. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry 14-08-1973 to 16-09-1978
6. General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq 16-09-1978 to 17-08-1988
7. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan 17-08-1988 to 08-07-1993
8. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 18-07-1993 to 14-11-1993
9. Sardar Farooq Ahmed Leghari 14-11-1993 to 02-12-1997
10. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 02-12-1997 to 01-01-1998
11. Justice Mohammed Rafiq Tarar 01-01-1998 to 20-06-2001
12. General Parvez Musharraf 20-06-2001 to 1999
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Prime Minister
1. Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan 15-08-1947 to 16-10-1951 15
2. Khawaja Najam uddin 17-10-1951 to 17-04-1953
3. Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra 17-04-1953 to 11-08-1955
4. Ch. Mohammed Ali 11-08-1955 to 12-09-1956
5. Mr. Husain Shaheed Suharwardi 12-09-1956 to 18-10-1957
6. Mr. Ibrahim Ismail Chaundrigar 18-10-1957 to 16-12-1957
7. Malik Feroz Khan Noon 16-12-1957 to 07-10-1958
8. Mr. Noor-ul-Amin 07-12-1971 to 20-12-1971
9. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 14-08-1973 to 05-07-1977
10. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo 23-03-1985 to 29-05-1988
11. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto 02-12-1988 to 06-08-1990
12. Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan Jatoi 06-08-1990 to 06-11-1990

(Caretaker)
13. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 06-11-1990 to 18-04-1993
14. Mir Balakh Sher Mazari (Caretaker)18-04-1993 to 26-05-1993
15. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 26-05-1993 to 08-07-1993
16. Mr. Moin Qureshi (Caretaker) 08-07-1993 to 19-10-1993
17. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto 19-10-1993 to 05-11-1996
18. Malik Meraj Khalid (Caretaker) 06-10-1996 to 17-02-1997
19. Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 17-02-1997 to 12-10-1999
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Liaquat Ali Khan (1947-1951)

16
• Liaquat Ali Khan (1947-1951) contributions to the struggle for independence

were numerous.
• After independence, he was thus the natural choice for the premiership.
• Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Being the first Prime Minister of the country, Liaquat Ali Khan had to deal with
a number of difficulties that Pakistan faced in its early days.
• He helped Quaid-i-Azam in solving the riots and refugee problem and in setting
up an effective administrative system for the country.
• He established the groundwork for Pakistan's foreign policy.
• He also took steps towards the formulation of the constitution.
• He presented The Objectives Resolution, a prelude to future constitutions,
in the Legislative Assembly on March 12, 1949.
• It is considered to be the "Magna Carta" in Pakistan's constitutional history.
• Liaquat Ali Khan called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country,
next in importance, only to the achievement of independence".
• During his tenure, India and Pakistan agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir
in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations.
• According to this agreement a ceasefire was affected in Kashmir in January
1948.
• At this critical moment in the history of South Asia, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali
Khan met Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950 so solve minority
issues.
• In May 1951, he visited the United States and set the course of Pakistan's
foreign policy towards closer ties with the West.
• An important event during his premiership was the establishment of National
Bank of Pakistan in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency
mill in Karachi.
• Liaquat Ali Khan was unfortunately assassinated on October 16, 1951. Security
forces immediately shot the assassin, who was later identified as Saad Akbar.
The government officially gave Liaquat Ali Khan the title of Shaheed-i-Millat.
(a) Describe Objectives Resolution is passed [1949] [4]
On March 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution moved by

Liaquat Ali Khan, the then Prime Minister of Pakistan. It was called the
Objectives Resolution. It proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan
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would not be modeled on European pattern, but on the ideology and

democratic faith of Islam. The Objectives Resolution, which is considered to
be the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history, proclaimed the
following principles:
Objective Resolution 17
1. The constitution should observe the principles of democracy, freedom, equality,
tolerance and social justice lay down by Islam.
2. Muslims would be able to lead their lives according to Islamic principles.

3. Other religious group should be able to practice their religion freely.
4. Minorities and the poor would be legally protected from social injustice.
5. Pakistan shall be a federation.
6. All fundamental human rights should be granted.
7. The legal system should be independent of government
Advantages:
• It proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan would not be modeled on
European pattern, but on the ideology and democratic faith of Islam.
• It was also the first step towards the constitution making and most important
occasion in the life of Pakistan.
• The Islamic ideological character of Pakistan was preserved and on these
points future constitution of Pakistan was to be based.
• It provided a guideline for the future constitutions of Pakistan which were
passed in 1956, 1962 and 1973.
Disadvantages:
• It contained several references to Islam as it tried to counter criticism from

Ulema that that the new government had not made Pakistan a proper Islamic
state based on Sharia.
• There was no agreement that how these objectives would be implemented.
• Further no time table given for the holding of elections and drafting of
constitution.
Liaquat -Nehru Pact 1950
• At the time of independence, many communal riots broke out in different areas
of India and Pakistan.
• These riots had a great impact on the status of minorities in the two nations.
• Due to brutal killings by the majority community, a huge number of Muslims
migrated from India, and Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan.
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• Yet, the mass migration failed to solve the minority problem.

• Even after the migration, almost half of the Muslims living in the Sub-continent
were left in India and a sizable number of Hindus in Pakistan.
• Those who were left behind were unable to become an integral part of the
societies they were living in.
• The people and government of their countries looked upon them as suspects. 18
• They were unable to assure their countrymen of their loyalty.
• The two Prime Ministers met in Delhi on April 2, 1950, and discussed the matter
in detail.
• The meeting lasted for six long days.
• On April 8, the two leaders signed an agreement, which was later entitled as
Liaquat-Nehru Pact.
• This pact provided a 'bill of rights' for the minorities of India and Pakistan. Its
aim was to address the following three issues:
•
1. To alleviate the fears of the religious minorities on both sides.
2. To elevate communal peace.
3. To create an atmosphere in which the two countries could resolve their other
differences.
• According to the agreement, the governments of India and Pakistan solemnly

agreed that each shall ensure, to the minorities throughout its territories,
complete equality of citizenship, irrespective of religion; a full sense of security
in respect of life, culture, property and personal honor.
• It also guaranteed fundamental human rights of the minorities, such as
freedom of movement, speech, occupation and worship.
• The pact also provided for the minorities to participate in the public life of their
country, to hold political or other offices and to serve in their country's civil and
armed forces.
• The Liaquat-Nehru Pact provided for the mechanism to deal with oppressive
elements with an iron hand.
• Both the governments decided to set up minority commissions in their
countries with the aim of observing and reporting on the implementation of the
pact, to ensure that no one breaches the pact and to make recommendations
to guarantee its enforcement.
• Both Minority Commissions were to be headed by a provincial minister and
were to have Hindu and Muslim members among its ranks.
• India and Pakistan also agreed to include representatives of the minority
community in the cabinet of the two Bengals, and decided to depute two
central ministers, one from each government, to remain in the affected areas
for such period as might be necessary.
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• Both the leaders emphasized that the loyalty of the minorities should be
reserved for the state in which they were living and for the solution of their
problems they should look forward to the government of the country they were
living in.
• This pact was broadly acknowledged as an optimistic beginning to improve
relations between India and Pakistan. 19
(a) What do you know about Liaquat Ali Khan? (1947-1951) [4]
He was the 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan. He took part in developing

Pakistan. He could not frame the constitutions of Pakistan but Objective
Resolution was passed during his government in 1949. He made PRODA to
place eager eye on corruption of government officers in 1948. He signed
“Liaquat –Nehru Pact in 1950 to save minorities rights. He was assassinated
on 16th October 1951 while addressing a public rally in Rawalpindi.
(a) What do you know about PRODA? [4]
In 1949, Liaquat Ali Khan enforced an act PRODA (Public and Representative
Officers Disqualification Act). By this act, complains to be made to the
governor general or the provincial governors who could enquiry against
any officer by judges. If anybody found guilty under PRODA so he was exile
from the office. This law was made to eliminate corruption but elite class used
this law to exile the officers who they did not like.
(a) Describe Liaquat Nehru Pact. [4]
In 1950, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan signed a pact. It was agreed that each government was
responsible for the safety of minority groups within its borders. Free
passage of refugee across the border was restricted and a visa system for
refugee was introduced.
(a) What do you know about Rawalpindi conspiracies? [4]
In 1951, army was unhappy from government over the Kashmir policy. Some
of the officers began a plan to coup the government of Pakistan. This
conspiracy was discovered by the Ayub Khan. The conspirators were
arrested and imprisoned. Among them were the major General Akbar Khan,
chief of the general staff and 14 other officers.
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(a) What do you know about Khawaja Nazim Uddin? (1951-1953) [4]
He became second Prime Minister in 1951 and belonged from East

Pakistan. In West Pakistan, the unrest was exploited by religious elements
that wanted Ahmediyas to be declared as non-Muslims and drought make the
life difficult for people. In East Pakistan flood made food crisis and they were 20
protesting against Urdu as National Language. The government of Khawaja
Nazim Uddin was criticized for lacking firmness in maintain law and order
and dealing with the economic situation. In 1953, Malik Glulam Muhammad
dismissed Khawaja Nazim Uddin government
(a) What do you President Yahya Khan (25th March 1969 to 1971) [4]
On 25th March 1969, Yahya Khan imposed Martial Law and he declared
himself the president of Pakistan. He abrogated 1962 constitution, banned all
the political parties and their activities, dissolved national and provincial
assemblies and dismissed central and provincial cabinets. In his address to
the nation he announced to protect life, liberty and property of the public. He
got critical situation of the country and tried his best to solve these problems.
(b) Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1951? [7]
• Liaquat Ali Khan produced Objective Resolution on 12th March 1949, which
gave hope for the future constitution quickly. On 28th September 1950, draft
proposals based on the Objectives were put forward by the Basic Principles
Committee. A bicameral legislative assembly was proposed, with two houses
having equal seats in both wings. The Objective resolutions formed a part of
constitution as the “Directive principles of State Policy”. In the objective
resolution it was said that the constitution should observe the principles of
democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice lay down by
Islam. Religious freedom for all and the legal system should be
independent of government and the president was to be elected jointly by
the two houses. It was also proposed that Urdu would be the official
language of Pakistan.
• There was immediate opposition to the proposals, especially in East

Pakistan, which complained of under-representation in the proposed
government of Pakistan. Population-wise they were the largest but had been
given equal representation with each of West Pakistan’s our provinces. East
Pakistan feared that they would become a colony of West Pakistan. The
proposal that Urdu become official national language was also opposed by
East Pakistan.
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• Moreover, opposition against the proposal also came from a number of local
and provincial politicians and Muslim scholar. Politicians did not approve of
the power that was proposed for the head of state and for central government.
Side by side Scholars also against the proposals and argued that the state
should be governed entirely on Islamic principles on the other side non-
Muslims horrified that rights of non-Muslims could not be safeguard through 21
these proposals so they also rejected it.
(b) Why Khawaja Nazim uddin was dismissed from government in 1953? [7]
• Khawaja Nazim Uddin became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1953. At that
time Pakistan suffered serve economic problems leading to civil unrest. There
was a great food crisis due to flooding in East Pakistan and the Bengali-
Speaking East Pakistan was increasingly angry over the Language issue. In
January 1952, on visits to Dhaka, Nizam Uddin repeated Quaid-e-Azam’s
commitment that Urdu would be the national language of Pakistan; the Bengali
who little protest at that time now had started organized protest in which three
demonstrators were killed and as a result support for the Muslim League from
East Pakistan clasped.
• In West Pakistan the unrest was exploited by religious elements that wanted
Ahmediyas to be declared as non-Muslims. The government of Khawaja Nazim
uddin was criticized for lacking firmness in maintain law and order and dealing
with the economic situation. In 1953, Malik Ghulam Muhammad dismissed
Khawaja Nazim Uddin’s government and appointed Muhammad Ali Bogra as a
new Prime Minister of Pakistan.
(a) Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954-55. [4].
Muhammad Ali Bogra the Prime Minister, had little political experience. General
Ghulam Muhammad expected him to support his authority and he wanted
Bogra as he was told, Bogra wanted to curb power of Governor General.
Ghulam Muhammad was out of the country on an official tour so Bogra
introduced an amendment in 1935 Government India Act, Bogra was trying to
take away some of the powers of the Governor General that all the ministers
must be member of the Assembly including the Prime Minister and Assembly
had to approve the cabinet and Governor General had to take the advice of his
ministers. This action caused a political crisis in the country. Ghulam
Muhammad waited for Bogra to leave the country and declared a state of
emergency in the country and also dissolved the Constituent Assembly. The
Speaker Maulvi Tamiz uddin filed an appeal in the Sindh High Court which gave
the decision in his favor Ghulam Muhammad appealed to the Federal Court
0321-3733466
against the judgement and his dissolution of the assembly was accepted as
correct.
(a) Describe the 1956 Constitution.
The Second Constituent Assembly passed the Constitution Bill on 29 February 22

1956 and it was formally adopted on 23 March 1956. This constitution was a
compromise between the two major parties the Muslim League and the United
Front.
The Terms were as following.
• Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic.
• The president shall be a Muslim over 40 and shall be elected by the Central
and Provincial Legislatures.
• He shall appoint the prime minister and the Cabinet.
• He shall have emergency powers and shall have the right to dissolve the
Assembly on the prime minister's advice.
• There shall be a Cabinet (advisory only) and a National and Provincial
Assemblies.
• The National Assembly shall have an equal number of seats from East and
West Pakistan.
• The Constitution shall only be amended by a two-thirds majority in the
Assembly.
• Under this Constitution, Iskandar Mirza became President of Pakistan.
The Constitution lasted for only two and half years and scrapped in 1958 when
General Ayyub Khan declared Martial Law in the country.
(b) Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1957 [7]
• Jinnah had died in 1948 and Khan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in
1951. • The country was struggling to establish itself without these two
figures. • The problems of running a new country were very difficult to
overcome and joint assets had not been shared. • There was a lack of
stability which led to many different governments being formed during these
years. • In 1953 Nazimuddin’s government was dismissed and replaced with
Bogra who lacked experience. • An example was in the passing of the
amendment to Government of India Act in 1954 while Ghulam Muhammad
was abroad to limit his powers causing a crisis. When he returned he
dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency stating that
Bogra had lost the confidence of the people. • This was challenged in court
0321-3733466
but Ghulam Muhammad prevailed. • The One Unit Policy was also
unpopular, causing unrest.
Paragraph 1 (Social Problems)

23
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah died in September 1948 and Liaquat Ali Khan was
assassinated in October 1951.The country was struggling to establish itself
without these two experienced figures. The problems of running a new country
were very difficult to overcome and India had not been forthcoming in sharing
out the joint assets. Pakistan had lack of resources to rehabilitee immigrants
and canal water issues as country was in the state of famine. The main problem
was the language issues in East Pakistan were language issue and more seats
in central assembly as they were in Majority but west Pakistani did not agree to
give rights to East Pakistanis.
Paragraph 2 (Political issues)
• There was a lack of stability in political government which led to many different
governments being formed during these years. In April 1953 Ghulam
Muhammad dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin's government and appointed
Muhammad Ali Bogra as the new Prime Minister. Bogra had little political
experience and Ghulam Muhammad expected him to support his authority but
Bogra was determined to press ahead with proposals for the new constitution
that brought him into conflict with Ghulam Muhammad. In September 1954,
when Ghulam Muhammad was out of country, Bogra persuaded the Assembly
to pass laws limiting the powers of Governor General. This was an attempt
by the Assembly to weaken the powers of the Governor General Bogra decided
to curb the power of the Governor- General Ghulam Muhammad was furious
and on 24 October he declared a state of emergency and dissolved the
Constituent Assembly stating that Bogra had lost the confidence of the
people. Speaker of the assembly Maulvi Tamiz Uddin challenged this decision
Sindh High Court gave decision in favor of the speaker. Ghulam Muhammad
filed an appeal before Federal Court who gave decision in favor of him.
Paragraph 3 (Problem b/w East and West Pakistan)
• The One Unit policy made by Bogra was also causing unrest among West
Pakistan. According to this policy independence and identity of the provinces
were lost and East Pakistan felt that it was done intentionally to reduce their
majority power. Although East Pakistan had more people, but according to this
policy, East Pakistan was given an equal number of seats. Leading provincial
politicians and political parties of East Pakistan feared a loss of power. East
0321-3733466
Pakistan saw the One Unit of West Pakistan as a devise to curtail their majority
in the National Assembly. Little constitutional development could take place
because of these problems.
(b) Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? [N14)
24
Paragraph 1 (Death of experienced leaders)
assassinated in October 1951. The country was struggling to establish itself
and canal water issues as country was in the state of famine. The other problem
give rights to East Pakistanis. The other problem was mostly associated with
managing the Kashmir Issue and the relations with India over it were very
difficult with no agreement on its future.
Paragraph 2 (Problems in Malik Ghulam Muhammad rule)
• Moreover, there was the problem of not making the constitution for the new
country up to 1956 and when in 1956 the first constitution was made so it was
not liked by the East Pakistanis. The formation of East Pakistan brought with it
problems relating to the capital being located in West Pakistan, and although
West Pakistanis accepted Bengalis also a National language but after so much
protest and on terms that Both wings have equal number of seats in national
assembly. Although East Pakistani politicians accepted it but the refusal to have
Bengali as the main language was a space of discontent and conflict.
Paragraph 3 (unexperienced Politicians)
• Together with the assassinations of leading figures, inexperienced politicians

were having great difficulty in running the country, and as a result there was a
lack of stability in governing and this led to many different governments being
formed during these years. About seven Prime Ministers were changed during
11 years of Pakistan's rule. Many Prime Ministers and One Unit Schemes were
also not liked by the West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The rulers were having
a collection of politicians with differing views. In 1958, Iskandar Mirza, using the
constant disagreements in the government as his excuse. Proclaimed Martial
Law with himself as the President.
0321-3733466
(b) Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955? [7] (N 16)
assassinated in October 1951. The country was struggling to establish itself
without these two experienced figures. The country was struggling to establish
itself without these two experienced figures. The problems of running a new 25
country were very difficult to overcome and India had not been forthcoming in
sharing out the joint assets. Pakistan had lack of resources to rehabilitee
immigrants and canal water issues as country was in the state of famine. The
main problem was the language issues in East Pakistan were language issue
and more seats in central assembly as they were in Majority but west Pakistani
did not agree to give rights to East Pakistanis.
• There was a lack of stability, which led to many different governments being
formed during these years. In April 1953, Ghulam Muhammad who became the
third governor general dismissed Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin's
government and appointed Muhammad Ali Bogra as the new Prime Minister.
Bogra had little political experience and Ghulam Muhammad expected him to
support his authority but Bogra was determined to press ahead with proposals
for the new constitution that brought him into conflict with Ghulam Muhammad.
In September 1954, when Ghulam Muhammad was out of country, Bogra
persuaded the Assembly to pass laws limiting the powers of Governor General.
This was an attempt by the Assembly to weaken the powers of the Governor
General Bogra decided to curb the power of the Governor- General Ghulam
Muhammad was furious and on 24 October he declared a state of emergency
and dissolved the Constituent Assembly stating that Bogra had lost the
confidence of the people. Speaker of the assembly Maulvi Tamizuddin
challenged the decision Sindh High Court gave decision in favor of the speaker.
Ghulam Muhammad filed an appeal before Federal Court who gave decision in
favor of him. Therefore, it was difficult to make a constitution, which is accepted
by both the Prime Minister and Governor General.
• More over in the government of Iskandar Mirza, The One Unit policy made by
Bogra in 1955 also causing unrest among West Pakistan and East Pakistan. In
West Pakistan it ended the independence and identity of the provinces and East
Pakistan felt that it was done intentionally to reduce their majority power in the
assembly as by making this the population of both wings became equal.
Leading provincial politicians and political parties feared a loss of power. Even
many of those who supported One Unit in principle, tuned against it when the
government failed to keep all its promises to provincial leaders so little
constitutional development could take place because of these problems.
0321-3733466
(b) Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1957 [7]
• Jinnah had died in 1948 and Khan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in
1951. • The country was struggling to establish itself without these two
figures. • The problems of running a new country were very difficult to 26
overcome and joint assets had not been shared. • There was a lack of
stability which led to many different governments being formed during these
years. • In 1953 Nazimuddin’s government was dismissed and replaced with
Bogra who lacked experience. • An example was in the passing of the
amendment to Government of India Act in 1954 while Ghulam Muhammad
was abroad to limit his powers causing a crisis. When he returned he
dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency stating that
Bogra had lost the confidence of the people. • This was challenged in court
but Ghulam Muhammad prevailed. • The One Unit Policy was also
unpopular, causing unrest.
Paragraph 1 (Social Problems)
assassinated in October 1951.The country was struggling to establish itself
and canal water issues as country was in the state of famine. The main problem
give rights to East Pakistanis.
Paragraph 2 (Political issues)
• There was a lack of stability in political government which led to many different
governments being formed during these years. In April 1953 Ghulam
Muhammad dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin's government and appointed
Muhammad Ali Bogra as the new Prime Minister. Bogra had little political
experience and Ghulam Muhammad expected him to support his authority but
Bogra was determined to press ahead with proposals for the new constitution
that brought him into conflict with Ghulam Muhammad. In September 1954,
when Ghulam Muhammad was out of country, Bogra persuaded the Assembly
to pass laws limiting the powers of Governor General. This was an attempt
0321-3733466
by the Assembly to weaken the powers of the Governor General Bogra decided
to curb the power of the Governor- General Ghulam Muhammad was furious
and on 24 October he declared a state of emergency and dissolved the
Constituent Assembly stating that Bogra had lost the confidence of the
people. Speaker of the assembly Maulvi Tamiz uddin challenged this decision
Sindh High Court gave decision in favor of the speaker. Ghulam Muhammad 27
filed an appeal before Federal Court who gave decision in favor of him.
Paragraph 3 (Problem b/w East and West Pakistan)
• The One Unit policy made by Bogra was also causing unrest among West
Pakistan. According to this policy independence and identity of the provinces
were lost and East Pakistan felt that it was done intentionally to reduce their
majority power. Although East Pakistan had more people, but according to this
policy, East Pakistan was given an equal number of seats. Leading provincial
politicians and political parties of East Pakistan feared a loss of power. East
Pakistan saw the One Unit of West Pakistan as a devise to curtail their majority
in the National Assembly. Little constitutional development could take place
because of these problems.
(c) Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan's domestic

policies between 1948 and 1958?
(i) Liaquat Ali Khan (ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad (iii) Iskandar Mirza
(iv) Khawaja Nazim uddin
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
• Malik Ghulam Muhammad was the third Governor-General of Pakistan. After

the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, he persuaded Khawaja Nazimuddin’s to
become Prime Minister. In 1950 a Planning Commission was set up to oversee
economic development in Pakistan. In 1951 it launched a Six Year Plan for
Pakistan, covering agriculture, fuel and power, industry and mining, transport
and communications and social uplift schemes. It played an important part in
bringing about economic development in Pakistan in 1953, a Planning Board
was set up to review the development that had taken place and this produced
a draft for Five Year Plan in 1956 to follow on from the Six Year Plan. However,
there were severe problems in Pakistan that hampered development at this
time such as severe food shortages and a drought from (1951 to 1953) led to
rioting in most cities throughout Pakistan. The rioting, however, had not been
just about food shortages. It also had a religious element. Some Ulema had
begun a campaign against the Ahmadis. They demanded that all Ahmadis be
dismissed from office, inducing Zafarullah Khan, the Foreign Minister. It was
only after martial law was imposed and numerous arrests were made that the
rioting was brought under control. In April 1953 Ghulam Muhammad dismissed
0321-3733466
Khawaja Nazimuddin's government and appointed Muhammad Al Bogra as the

new Prime Minister. Bogra had little political experience and Ghulam
Muhammad expected him to support his authority but Bogra was determined to
press ahead with proposals for the new constitution that brought him into
conflict with Ghulam Muhammad. With the support of the Constituent
Assembly, Bogra decided to curb the ever of the Governor-General. Ghulam 28
Muhammad was furious and on 24 October 1954 be declared a state of
emergency and dissolved the Constituent Assembly. Speaker of the assembly
Maulvi Tamiz uddin challenged this decision. Sindh High Court gave decision
in favor of the speaker. Ghulam Muhammad filed an appeal before Federal
Court who gave decision in in favor of him. Little constitutional development
could take place because of these problems. Pakistan also joined SEATO and
CENTO in a hope to get Western aid for it, in term of money, supplies and the
help of various industrial experts. Malik Ghulam Muhammad resigned in 1955
due to health.
• Iskandar Mirza became 4th Governor General alter resignation of Malik

Ghulam Muhammad. He introduced the One Unit policy in 1955 under which
the four provinces and various states of West Pakistan were merged into one
unit. In introducing this policy, he prevented East Pakistan gaining a majority in
the Assembly. Not everyone, however welcomed One Unit or the way in which
it was achieved. He decided that what Pakistan needed was a leader capable
of taking decisive action. He was not afraid to take it. He dismissed Muhammad
All Bogra as Prime Minister and appointed Chaudhry Muhammad Ali as Prime
Minister and pressed him hard to have a Constitution drawn up quickly. On 29
February 1956 Pakistan's first Constitution was adopted by the Second
Constituent Assembly. It was formally enforced on 23 March. Pakistan was
known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The office of Governor General was
replaced with that of President and Iskandar Mirza became. First President of
Pakistan Iskandar Mirza's government program initiated an industrialization and
rural development program. Five Prime Ministers were changed during the time
of Iskandar Mirza. His rule became increasingly unpopular and lost the support
of many leading politicians. The 1956 Constitution had been introduced with
the promise of elections in 1957. Mirza dare not call these as he knew he would
lose. On 7 October 1958. Iskandar asked the Commander in-Chief of the army.
General Ayub Khan, to take charge as Chief Martial Law Administrator Later,
Ayub Khan forced Iskandar Mirza to resign and he was exiled to London.
• Liaquat Ali Khan was the First Prime Minister of Pakistan from August till
October 1951. In these any years of the creation of Pakistan the main problems
were the establishment of Central government offices at Karachi, the
accommodation problem, the division of military and financial assets between
India and Pakistan the refugee problem and canal water problem. These
problems were so grave that proper attention could not be paid to education,
0321-3733466
agriculture industry and transport during these early years. Liaquat Ali Khan
made the first move towards constitutional development with his Objectives
Resolution in 1949. This focused on the principles of Islam and human rights.
It was designed to deflect criticism from religious leaders who said the new state
was not Islamic enough. This was then followed by the drafting of a constitution,
which attracted much criticism as it was seen by many as being insufficiently 29
Islamic. The public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act (PRODA)
was also introduced which showed that Pakistan had yet to become the free
democratic country that the Quaid had envisioned. This law was designed to
eliminate corruption, but in reality, it allowed the ruling elite to remove those
who did not approve of it. The country faced food shortage soon after partition
Liaquat Ali Khan also managed to keep the economy going and produced
surplus budgets for the new state. Regional and provisional politicians became
stronger and Liaquat Ali Khan could not control them. Some army officers were
unhappy with the government began to plan a coup to take over the
government. In March 1951, this 'Rawalpindi Conspiracy' was discovered by
Ayub Khan and the conspirator were arrested, tried and imprisoned. Liaquat All
Khan was assassinated in October 1951 and did not get much time to carry out
his domestic plans and policies.
• Khawaja Nazim uddin became 2nd governor general on 14 September 1948,

three days after the death of the Quaid-e-Azam. The Constituent Assembly had
set up a Basic Principles Committee to decide the principles on which the new
constitution should be based its findings were contained in a document called
the Objectives Resolution, which was passed on 12 March 1949. It focused on
the principles of Islam and human rights. Although it contained several
references to Islam, as it tried to counter criticism from the Ulema that the new
government had not made Pakistan a proper Islamic state, with a constitution
based on the Shariat. The Public and Representative Officers Disqualification
Act (PRODA) was also introduced which showed that Pakistan had yet to
become the free, democratic country that the Quaid had envisioned. This law
was designed to eliminate corruption, but in reality, it allowed the ruling elite to
remove those who it did not approve of. Some army officers were unhappy with
the government began to plan a coup to take over the government. In March
1951 this "Rawalpindi Conspiracy was discovered by Ayub Khan and the
conspirators were arrested, tried and imprisoned. After the assassination of
Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazim uddin became second Prime Minister of
Pakistan and served the nation for two years. During his administration, tension
increased between East and West Pakistan. Economic problems and food
shortages worsened and there was much discontent across the country.
Bengali-speaking East Pakistan was increasingly angry over the language
issue as Urdu was to be the national language of Pakistan. As a result, support
for the Muslim League in East Pakistan collapsed. Nazim uddin was dismissed
in April 1953 by the Governors General, Malik Ghulam Muhammad.
0321-3733466
• In my point of view, it is clear that Iskandar Mirza contributed the most to

Pakistan's domestic policies between 1948 and 1958 including the introduction
of 1956 Constitution.
(c) Was the economic reform of the Malik Ghulam Muhammad main reform?
Explain your answer. [14] 30
• Malik Ghulam Muhammad was selected in 1st cabinet in 1947 and he was
made Finance Minister by Quaid-e-Azam. After the resign of Khawaja Nazim
uddin became the 3rd Governor General of Pakistan. One was the economic
Reform as in 1950 a planning commission was setup to oversee economic
development in Pakistan. In 1951 he launched a Six Year plan for Pakistan
which was not successful due to political instability. In 1952 Major Jute
producing plant was opened at East Pakistan and exploration for oil/gas
led to the discovery of vast reserves of natural gas at Sui in Baluchistan.
• Furthermore, was the political Matters, Malik Ghulam Muhammad dismissed

the Khawaja Nazim Uddin because there was a serious drought in Pakistan.
This affected food production and in 1953 severe food shortage led to rioting
in most cities throughout Pakistan. It had also a religious element. Some Ulema
had begun a campaign against the Ahmadis. They demanded that all
Ahmadis be dismissed from office including Zafarullah khan. In April 1953
Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Khawaja Nazim uddin and three other
members of the cabinet, blaming them for not controlling the economy and
the riots that resulted from food shortage and issue of Ahmadi.
• Furthermore, new cabinet was formed which includes a new Prime Minister
Muhammad Ali Bogra, who had been the acting ambassador to the USA. In
September 1954, M. Ali Bogra tried to reduce the discretionary powers of
Governor General under which Ghulam Muhammad dismissed his
government. Ghulam Ishaq Khan then chose a new cabinet and re-appointed
Bogra as Prime Minister. Maulvi Tamiz Uddin, the speaker of dissolved
assembly challenged the decision in Sindh High Court. The court gave
verdict in favor of Tamiz Uddin, but the Supreme Court reversed the decision
of Sindh High Court. Ghulam Muhammad fell ill and had to resign in August
1955. Major General Iskandar Mirza replaced them.
(a) What was the 'One Unit Scheme?
As acting Governor General, on 5 October 1955 Iskandar Mirza passed an

order establishing the unified province of West Pakistan, known as the 'One
Unit' scheme. The integration of all the areas of West Pakistan in a single
0321-3733466
province had first been announced in November 1954 when Prime Minister
Muhammad Ali Bagra had stated that all the four provinces and ten princely
states within West Pakistan were to be merged into a single administrative
system. Iskandar Mirza claimed it would bring about greater efficiency and
enable more rapid development West Pakistan politicians and administrators
feared their influence may be challenged if they did not do this, as there were 31
10 million more people East Pakistan. By unifying West Pakistan and
making West Pakistan and East Pakistan officially with equal representation
in the Assembly, the One Unit Scheme prevented East Pakistan from staining
a majority in the Assembly. This was very unpopular in East Pakistan.
(a) Describe Legal Frame Work Order (L.F.O.) in 1970. [4]
Yahya Khan announced L.F.O. on 30th March 1970. It means that many
provisions of 1962 constitution would be ended. He promised to hand over the
power to the selected candidates of the country. He committed himself to
elections to the to the assembly on the basis of direct vote by adult franchise
LFO announced to setup a national assembly with 313 seats and out of those
13 were reserved for women.
(a) What was meant by Basic Democrats? [4]
On 27th October 1959, Ayub khan announced the basic democracies. Those
who were elected on to the lowest tier of government, the local committee, were
given the title Basic democrats. There were 80,000 basic democrats, later
increasing to 120,000. The first elections of BDs were held between 26
December 1959 and then 7 January 1960. Political parties were not allowed to
take part. Then Ayub Khan gave the chance to newly elected BDs the chance
to vote in the referendum as to whether or not he would remain as president.
About 95 percent of them voted for him. Ayub Khan, who had seized power,
was then able to claim that he had the backing of the people of Pakistan.
(a) Why was Islamabad chosen as capital? [4]

It had a better climate. To keep Officials away from Commercial influences. To
move Center of Administration from industrially and commercially developed
south to the Northern Punjab. It was a site north of Rawalpindi. A lot of money
was spread on the new Capital.
(a) What was the U2 crises? [4]
In 1960, U2 was the American Spy plane launched from Pakistan air base of
Peshawar. It was spying on Russia and shot down. Gary Powers the pilot was
arrested and found guilty of spying after photos were discovered. Russia
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threatened Pakistan that they will attack on the country. Pakistan refused to
have any knowledge of the spy plane’s mission. Relations with America also
deteriorated.
Q Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7] (N2004/P1/4b)

32
Comments: In part (b) candidates had to explain why Martial Law was
declared in 1958. Many candidates were able to describe the events that led
to this declaration but few were able to fully explain why these resulted in
Martial Law being declared. As a result, these candidates were not as
successful in gaining many marks compared to earlier part (b) questions.
Marking Key: Explains reasons
There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it
reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army
should take control until stability had been restored and questions answered.
East Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension
.
Q. Why was Martial Law desired by Ayub Khan in 1958? [7]
Paragraph 1 (Political instability)
• By 1958 the government of the President Iskandar Mirza was unpopular and
the political situation was chaotic. Between 1955 and 1958 five different prime
ministers tried unsuccessfully to establish a stable government. In 1955,
Prime Minister Muhammad All Bogra was dismissed by Governor General
Islander Mirza and he was replaced by Chaudhry Muhammad Ali but he
resigned in 1956. Husain Shaheed Suharwardi, a politician from East
Pakistan, the new Prime Minister could not work as a puppet. He was
replaced by Ibrahim Ismail Chaundrigar having a collection of politicians with
different views. Malik Feroz Khan Noon was the next choice He only kept his
coalition going by the old method of appointing a very large Cabinet It had 26
members out of a total of 80 members in the National Assembly. President
Iskandar Mira had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was
alarmed at a plan by Suharwardi to unite the political leadership of Bengal and
Punjab against him. According to the Constitution elections were to be held in
1958, politicians tried to win support by any means. To most Pakistanis and the
rest of the world, the government seemed corrupt and inefficient.
Paragraph 2 (Policies)
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• The inflation rate was also high and economy was overburdened. People
were in despair as Pakistan faced bankruptcy and chaos in East Pakistan
severe floods caused food shortage and great distress Democratic institutions
became weaker and weaker East Pakistanis felt deprived. They wanted more
way in the government which was not granted. They wanted Bengali to be the
national language along with Urdu and they were not agreed with the 1956 33
constitution as it again had equal number of seats in the assemblies Merger of

four provinces and creation of West Pakistan under 'One Unit Scheme' was
disliked by people of Sindh and East Pakistan.
Paragraph 3 (Fear from India)
• From the start, Pakistan had been threatened by its powerful neighbor India.
The dispute over Kashmir emphasized the danger and a strong army was
essential. The army had thus attained a very important role in the nation. As
Army Commander-in-Chief. General Ayub Khan had become a well-known and
powerful Tiger. He had successfully negotiated with the USA for economic
and military assistance. Therefore, he felt that the army should take to will
stability had been restored and questions would be answered. Therefore, on
7th October 1958 Iskandar Mirza abrogated the constitution, dissolved the
assemblies and asked Muhammad Ayub Khan to take change as a Chef Martial
Law Administrator.
(b) Why was Islamabad chosen the new capital of Pakistan? [7]
Paragraph 1
• Since Partition the Capital Had Been Karachi. Until 1958 The Intention Has
Been to Build a New Capital at Gadab Near Karachi. Instead, in 1960, the
Government Moved Reversal Hundred Kilometers from Karachi to the Punjab.
Whilst A New Capital City, Islamabad, Was Being Built, Temporary Buildings
Were Used at Chaklala, Just Outside Rawalpindi. One of The Reasons Given
for The Change Was That Islamabad Was a More Favorable Location with A
Better Climate.
Paragraph 2
• Another Important Reason Was That Government Office Would Be Moved Well
Away from The Commercial Districts of Karachi That Might Have Some
Unwanted Influences On Them. It Was Also Seen Is an Appropriate Movement
of the Power Base from the Industrially and Commercial Developed South to
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The Underdeveloped Punjab Region in The North. Ayub Khan Wanted to Be

Closer to The Army's Command Headquarters in The North Which He Saw
a Vital in Times of the Martial Law.
Paragraph 3
• Karachi had a very warm and humid climate and as a port, it was not felt that 34
it represented the needs of a capital city as the existing buildings were not
adequate in number or up to the standards required by a capital. The layout
and structure of the existing port city did not allow it to take on the functions of
a modem capital. Because its position on the coast it was considered vulnerable
to the attacks from Arabian Sea. The vast influx of refugees intensified the
existing problems and create new ones. The construction of Islamabad was
started in October 1961, and the city came into life on 25 October, 1966, when
first office building Islamabad was occupied. In 1967 Islamabad was officially
made the capital. However, the change was another cause of discontent in east
Pakistan. They preferred another sites for the national capital, including, in their
part of the country. Building Islamabad cost a great deal of money when many
Pakistan were experiencing shortages. This together with the claim that Ayub
khan's friends in the army and in the industry were making fortunes out if land
speculation in the new city, caused great resentment army and inn try were
making fortunes out of land speculation in the way and at resentment.
Q Explain why Ayub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969 the ‘Decade
of Progress’. [7] (J2008/P1/4b)
Comments: In part (b), candidates had to explain why Ayub Khan called
1958-69 the ‘Decade of Progress’. Many dealt with this question
appropriately and achieved Level 3.
Marking Key: Explains reasons.
Medical facilities were improved and attempts were made to control the
population through a family planning program. Economic growth was
enabled through industrial developments funded by loans from the West.
Agricultural reform meant an increase in agricultural production. He also
tried to deflect increased criticism of his government by highlighting the
reforms which in the main only benefited the wealthy.
(b) Explain why Ayyub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969, the ‘Decade of
progress. [7]
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• Firstly, Agricultural reform, Pakistan is an agricultural country and Ayub khan

wanted to increase agricultural output. So he set up the Land Reform
Commission in 1959 that any Landowner would not hold smaller than 12.5
acres or larger than 500 irrigated or 1000 unirrigated land and over this limit of
land was taken by the government which is sold to that those tenants who 35
actually formed it. Indus water treaty was signed in 1960 to make two large
dams and link canals to help irrigation and formers were given loans to build
wells to reduce the need for canal irrigation. Farm’s machinery, high yielding
seeds, fertilizers was imported. These reforms made the agricultural production
double.
• Another was the Industrial reform, Ayub khan encouraged policy of privatization
in industrial sector. To develop the industries in Pakistan he established
Industrial Development Corporation. He also seeks financial assistance of the
western countries and started the tradition loans from Development
Corporation side by side Incentives were given to import machineries for
Industries, given them loans, tax concessions to increase industries in Pakistan.
Establishment of oil refinery 1962 in Karachi, signing of R.C.D. in 1964, Mineral
Development Corporation and started Export Bonus Scheme increased the
average annual rate. It became 7% in 1960 and Pakistani industries improved
significantly.
• Another was the social and educational reforms, Ayub Khan planned to
rehabilitation of 75,000 refugees in newly built dwelling near Karachi and laws
were passed that factory owners had to provide accommodation for their
workers at a reasonable rent. He took serious action against black marketing
and fixed the prices of essential foods. Ayub Khan also tried to control
population growth and setup the Family Planning program, funded largely by
American loans. He also reformed the marriage and divorce laws to improve
the position of women. He also improved medical and nursing training schools
to increase the number of doctors and nurses. Many schools and colleges were
opened; Syllabus was upgraded revised.
Q ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were more successful than any other of
his domestic policies between 1958 and 1969’. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2007/P1/4c)
Comments: In their responses to part (c) on Ayub Khan’s domestic policies

answers were not substantive. Most candidates were able to describe his
domestic reforms but marks tended to be limited to level 2 with a maximum of
six. Again it has to be repeated that in order to access the higher marks in levels
3 and 4, candidates were required to explain and make comments on how
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successful such attempts were rather than merely describe them. Once again
this question highlights the need of Centers and their candidates to focus more
clearly on explanation rather than description.
Marking Key: Explains at least two factors. Agricultural reforms to be explained

for maximum marks. Also produces a judgment or evaluation. Land was 36
redistributed to farmers with medium sized farms and agriculture was revitalized
to such an extent that crop outputs were at record levels. However, there were
other factors which were important aspects of his domestic policies. In 1962 an
oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation
was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. An Export Bonus Scheme
was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports. National
growth rate rose more than 7% and the economy grew three times faster than
any other South East Asian country. However, the new wealth was concentrated
in the hands of a few and the general population didn’t benefit. As a result of
these policies economic growth rose sharply. In 1959 Basic Democracies were
introduced which was a 4 tier structure of government allowing elections at
various levels, The success of these councils which were set up was such that
martial law was lifted
(c) Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were more successful than any other
of his Domestic policies between 1958 and 1969’. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
(Max. Marks for explaining agricultural reforms and explain and make comments
on how successful such attempts were rather than merely describe them)
• Firstly, Agricultural reform, Pakistan is an agricultural country and Ayub khan

wanted to increase agricultural output. So he set up the Land Reform
Commission in 1959 that any Landowner would not hold smaller than 12.5
acres or larger than 500 irrigated or 1000 unirrigated land and over this limit of
land was taken by the government which is sold to that those tenants who
actually formed it. Indus water treaty was signed in 1960 to make two large
dams and link canals to help irrigation and formers were given loans to build
wells to reduce the need for canal irrigation. Farm’s machinery, high yielding
seeds, fertilizers was imported. These reforms made the agricultural production
double. It should be noted that much of the increased productivity was due to
mechanization, which could be afforded by the big Landowners.
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• Another was the Industrial reform, Ayub khan encouraged policy of privatization
in industrial sector. To develop the industries in Pakistan he established
Industrial Development Corporation. He also seek financial assistance of the
western countries and started the tradition loans from Development
Corporation side by side Incentives were given to import machineries for
Industries, given them loans, tax concessions to increase industries in Pakistan. 37
Establishment of oil refinery 1962 in Karachi, signing of R.C.D. in 1964, Mineral
Development Corporation and started Export Bonus Scheme increased the
average annual rate. It became 7% in 1960 and Pakistani industries improved
significantly but it gave benefit to 22 families of West Pakistan and number of
Pakistani could not get benefit of these schemes.
• Another was the social and educational reforms, Ayub Khan planned to
rehabilitation of 75,000 refugees in newly built dwelling near Karachi and laws
were passed that factory owners had to provide accommodation for their
workers at a reasonable rent. He took serious action against black marketing
and fixed the prices of essential foods. Ayub Khan also tried to control
population growth and setup the Family Planning program, funded largely by
American loans. He also reformed the marriage and divorce laws to improve
the position of women. He also improved medical and nursing training schools
to increase the number of doctors and nurses. Many schools and colleges were
opened; Syllabus was upgraded revised. On a result of these reforms many
students of university anger on the division to extend the degree course three
to five years and Factory owners did not give proper hoses to their workers.
• Another was the political reform: In 1958, Ayub khan banded all political parties
under Martial Law Regulation. In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced
which a four tier structure of government in which ordinary people elected union
council members which are 80,000 in number. In 1962 Ayub asked vote of
confidence from basic democrats and became president and made 1962
presidential form of government. The Martial law was lifted and ban on political
parties are removed. Basic Democratic members would vote to elect the
Central and Provincial Legislatures. This system was not successful that people
were not allowed to direct vote to select the Central and Provincial Legislatures.
People of East Pakistan dislike it because they thought they were treated as a
colony of West Pakistan. Although many steps were taken to remove this
concept as Urdu and Bengali both were recognized as national language,
National Assembly sections were to be held in both Dhaka and Islamabad and
if the President from West Pakistan then the Speaker of Assembly was to be
from East Pakistan.
• In my point of view, the Agriculture reform was more successful reform but his
other reforms were also successful because Pakistan is an agricultural country
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and unable to produce food of our requirement so we have to be self-sufficient.

Ayub khan annualized this situation and he wished to boost up Pakistan’s
agriculture reform. As a result, Pakistan’s production doubled.
(b) Why Ayub Khan had to resign on 25th march 1969? [7]
38
• Ayub khan tried to control Pakistan’s politics. Ayub Khan introduced several
measures to control the politicians e.g. EBDO (Elected Bodies Disqualifications
Ordinance). A systematic victimization of political opponents was carried out.
In fact, there was an end to civil liberties in Pakistan. During the Presidential
Elections held in 1965, Ayub Khan was nominated as Presidential candidate of
a new party Convention Muslim League”. Combined opposition parties
nominated Miss Fatima Jinnah as their Presidential candidate. Ayub Khan won
64% of the votes, compared to Miss Fatima Jinnah’s 36%. This result was
challenged by the opposition, who claimed that the voting had been rigged.
There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were killed.
• Ayub khan’s Education and Economic reforms were criticized. Press freedom
was limited to a great extent. The students’ anger at the decision to extend
degree courses from two to three years and protest was made to improve
scientific education and research. So clashes between the police and the
students started and this unrest spread throughout Pakistan in October 1968.
Although some improvement came in economy of Pakistan but only 22 families
of West Pakistan could enjoy the policies of Ayub Khan and East Pakistanis
were not satisfied with the economic policies of the Ayub’s government. They
organized themselves under the leadership of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman and
presented their demands for full autonomy.
• Ayub Khan decided to celebrate the achievements of his 10 year as head of the
state, but this did not end the growing opposition. People were angry that
millions of rupees were spent on those celebrations at a time when they were
experiencing economic difficulties. Taxes were increased, prices went up, and
there were many shortages. There was a lot of criticism over the cost of building
in the new capital city. On a visit to Peshawar Ayub Khan was the target of a
failed assassination attempt. Ayub Khan carried out widespread arrests,
including Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; there were protests, which spread to East
Pakistan.
• After the 1965 war, he had to accept a humiliating cease-fire on Tashkent
agreement. Opposition parties were quick to criticize Ayub Khan and demanded
a return to democratic politics. In 1966 Bhutto resigned from the government
and in next year he organized a new mass political party, the Pakistan People’s
Party. During 1968 the protests and riots were impossible to shop and Bhutto
captured the public mood in West Pakistan with his campaign for Islamic
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Socialism. In East Pakistan Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Awami League became a

serious threat to the President’s autonomy. He imposed Martial Law to control
this situation but he had to resign from power in 1958.
39
0321-3733466
Chapter 13: Why did East Pakistan Seek and Then Form The Independent
State of West Pakistan
Legal Framework Order [1970]
• After the abrogation of the Constitution of 1962, Yahya Khan needed a legal 40
framework to hold elections.

• In April and July 1969, he held discussions with prominent political party leaders
to learn their point of view.
• Most of them asked for the revival of the Constitution of 1956 on the ground
that its abrogation had been unlawful, and the country should return to the
constitutional position prevailing on the eve of the 1958 coup.
• Yahya Khan initially agreed with this opinion, but had to change his stance due
to opposition from the Awami League.
• Not being well versed in constitutional affairs, he appointed a team to draft a
new constitutional formula.
• He voiced his ideas about the constitutional issues in his broadcast address to
the nation on November 28, 1969.
• The formula was officially issued on March 30, 1970, and is known as the Legal
Framework Order of 1970.
• According to this order, One Unit was dissolved in West Pakistan and direct
ballot replaced the principle of parity.
General Elections 1970
• According to the results of the elections, Awami League emerged as the single
largest party in the National Assembly by winning 160 seats.
• It was also able to win 288 out of 300 seats in the East Pakistan Assembly.
• However, the party failed to win even a single seat in the four Provincial
Assemblies of West Pakistan. Pakistan People’s Party managed to win 81 out
of 138 seats reserved for West Pakistan in the National Assembly.
• The party also performed well in the Provincial Assembly polls of the Punjab
and Sindh Assemblies.
The Separation of East Pakistan [1971]
• The separation of East Pakistan was a great setback to Pakistan.

• By 1970, sentiments for national unity had weakened in East Pakistan to the
extent that constant conflict between the two Wings dramatically erupted into
mass civil disorder.
• This tragically resulted in the brutal and violent amputation of Pakistan's
Eastern Wing.
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• The physical separation of a thousand miles between the two wings without a
common border, and being surrounded by Indian territory and influences, led
to constant political, economic and social conflicts between the two wings;
embittering relations bringing the country on the verge of collapse.
• As a result of the separation of its Eastern Wing, Pakistan's international credit
was depleted and the military, being its most powerful institution, suffered a lot. 41
• To some, the very concept of Pakistan as the homeland for the Muslims in
Southeast Asia no longer appeared valid.
• Trouble started right at the inception of Pakistan in 1947. Almost immediately,
East Pakistan claimed that as their population (55 percent as compared to 45
percent in the West) was greater, they were in a majority.
• Democratically, the Federal Capital, therefore, should have been in Dhaka and
not in Karachi.
• Since Karachi was the seat of the National Government; ministers, government
officials and industrialists exerted immense influence on national and regional
affairs, which brought them many benefits.
• But the East Pakistanis were unable to extract the same kind of advantages, as
they were a thousand miles away from the Capital.
• Moreover, the Capital initially attracted wealthy industrialists, businessmen,
administrators, doctors and other professionals who had fled from India.
• The location of the Capital, it was said, created great economic imbalance,
uneven distribution of national wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the
people of West Pakistan, because they were able to sway decisions in their
own favor.
• Secondly, Bengalis resented the vast sums of foreign exchange earned from
the sale of jute from East, which were being spent on defense.
• They questioned how the expenditure for the Kashmir cause would be justified,
when it could otherwise have been productively used to build dams and barriers
to control floods, eradicate poverty and illiteracy, and supply food and shelter
for the ever-growing population in East Pakistan.
• Thirdly, the people of the East believed that it was sheer regional prejudice that
all white-collar jobs were taken by West Pakistanis.
• Many mistakes were made early in the short history of Pakistan.
• There lived in East Pakistan about 15 million Hindus who, with the help of their
fellow West Bengali Indians from across the border, were able to exploit East-
West differences that emerged as a result of these mistakes.
• Grievances were exaggerated to foster anti-West Pakistani feelings that
eventually created Bengali Nationalism and separatist tendencies. Bengali
political leaders went around depicting the Central Government and West
Pakistan as hostile exploiters. However, no effective efforts were made by the
Government to check these anti-national trends.
"INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER"
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The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agrees to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed

Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA,
General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and BANGLA DESH forces
in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and
naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces
will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently 42
located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant- General
JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
• The PAKISTAN Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-
General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA as soon as this instrument has been signed.
• Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and
will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war.
• The decision of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA will be final,
should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender
terms.
• Lieutenant- General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA gives a solemn assurance that
personnel who surrender will be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers
are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention and
guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military
forces who surrender.
Signed:
(JAGJIT SINGH AURORA) Lieutenant-General General Officer Commanding in
Chief Indian and BANGLA DESH Forces in the Eastern Theatre
(AMIR ABDULLAH KHAN NIAZI) Lieutenant-General Martial Law Administrator

Zone B and Commander Eastern Command (PAKISTAN) 16 December 1971"
• The surrender led to the disintegration of East and West Pakistan and the
establishment of Bangladesh.
• After 25 years, the East Pakistanis declared them independent and renamed
their Province as Bangladesh.
• Pakistan finally recognized Bangladesh at the Islamic Conference in Lahore on
February 22, 1974.
(a) What was the 6-point Program of Muneeb ur Rahman? [4]
This was the demand of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman of Awami League. They were
as way suggestions suggesting that West Pakistan should have its own arm
and currency. Furthermore, each half should keep its own revenue. Separate
governments in each half should control Federal and Foreign affairs of each
half. Infect these were Points suggesting the two units to be totally different in
all but name.
(a) Who was Sheikh Mujib? [4]
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He was born in 1920, he was a strong believer of Self Government for East
Pakistan. He was the founder of Awami League. He was successful in winning
1970 elections and uprising Bengalis against Pakistan. He became the first
Prime Minister of Bangladesh. He was murdered in a military takeover on
August 1975.
43
(a) What do you know about Operation searchlight? [4]
In 1971, president Yahya Khan launched Operation Searchlight. The purpose

of this campaign was to crush Bengali nationalism. Yahya claimed that he had
launched this campaign to keep order in East Pakistan, as the Awami League
campaign was a threat to Pakistan unity. Operation searchlight was an attempt
to wipe out all opposition in which Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus
were treated with extreme harshness. Mujib-ur-Rehman was arrested and in
protest, thousands of Bengali were killed when Pakistan army took control of
cities and towns. Press censorship was imposed and all the political activities
throughout Pakistan was banded.
(b)Why the victory of the Awami League caused a constitutional problem?

[7]
• The Awami League had won the election on a program limiting the power of
central government over the provinces. The different areas of the country
wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned from trade, which
would subsequently reduce the funds to the central government in West
Pakistan. Consequently, Yahya Khan and the West Pakistani politicians were
not prepared to allow the Six Points of Mujib-ur-Rahman to be put into action.
Mujib believe that they were negotiable, but he had little chance to explain this
before steps were taken against it. President Yahya urged Mujib Ur Rahman to
tone down the six Points and so Save Pakistan from breaking up but Mujib Ur
Rahman, inspired by the strong support he had won, was unwilling to give up.
The first meeting of the newly elected Assembly was delayed. Postponing the
Assembly provoked outrage in Last Pakistan and Awami League's supporters
started a campaign of protest. Mujib was now being driven by public pressure
to go further than he had originally intended.
• In the elections held in December 1970, the Awami League had won a landslide
victory (160 out of 162 seats) in East Pakistan and the National Assembly and
was in a position to form a government on its own. The future Prime Minister
and the entire cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) had won an
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overwhelming victory in West Pakistan (81 out of 138 seats), it was likely it
would have no role in the future government unless the Awami League invited
it to share power.
• President Yahya Khan was also not willing to allow the Awami League to take
over the National Assembly by forming a government. Mujib ur Rahman insisted 44
that with a majority of seats in the Assembly he was entitled to form a

government. Zulfiqar All Bhutto argued that a majority alone does not count.
The PPP, he said, was also entitled to take part in the government. Attempts
were made at a compromise. Talks between Bhutto and Mujib-ur-Rahman
failed. There was simply too much mistrust between them for any agreement to
be reached. Mujib wanted to talk about constitutional changes. He wanted his
Six Points to become part of the constitution.
Study the sources carefully and then answer the questions, which follow.
SOURCE A
The cyclone that broke Pakistan is back!
Cyclone Bhola hit East Pakistan on 12 November 1970. It wiped out villages,
destroyed crops and killed nearly one million people. Nearly 85 per cent of the
area was destroyed. Three months after the cyclone, 75 per cent of the
population was receiving food from relief workers. Historians believe the
devastation caused by the cyclone, the view that the government had
mismanaged the relief efforts and West Pakistan's blatant neglect, all
contributed to the high levels of anti-West Pakistan feeling. This led to a
sweeping victory for the Awami League, and eventually the breakup of
Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh. The catastrophe happened in
Pakistan year it is felt that few Pakistanis even know of it by name. Fewer still
remember that it eventually contributed to Pakistan's breakup. [From The
Express Tribune, 18 August 2010]
According to Source A, what problems did Cyclone Bhola cause in 1970?

[3]
The Cyclone Bhola destroyed villages and the crops in East Pakistan. Nearly 1
million people died, and about 85 per cent of the area was destroyed. Three
months later, 75 percent population was still receiving food supply from aid
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workers. People of East Pakistan believed that the government of West

Pakistan had mismanaged the relief efforts. East Pakistan also blamed West
Pakistan for lack of aid and their blatant neglect contributed to high levels of
anti-West Pakistan feelings.
45
(b) What does Source B tell us about the outcome of the conflict between
East Pakistan and West Pakistan? (5)
Source B
Source B shows Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi singing the
document of surrender at Dhaka while Indian General at Singh Arora, other
army officers and media persons watching it closely. This source suggests that
ending of the conflict was an important event because there are military men at
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high ranks witnessing the signing of a peace treaty. The source shows that the
Indian army had become involved in that conflict and had helped defeat the
Pakistani army. This led to the formation of Bangladesh. The source also
suggests that this news was important so would be broadcast around the sub-
continent and probably the world as one person can be seen holding
46
microphone on the right side of the photograph.
(c) The six points of the Mujeeb Ur Rahman, were the main reason for the
creation of Bangladesh, Explain your answer. [14]
• The Eastern wing of Pakistan seceded independence, which was actually the
culmination of long running socio-political and economic problems and the
disagreement between western and eastern part of Pakistan.
• One reason was the Mujeeb-ur-Rahman six points. He wanted to safeguard

the rights of Bengali people. He proposed that central government has just
defense and foreign policy only. All other decisions like taxation, trade
agreement revenue collection and currency and army would be in the
hands of provinces. Yahya Khan and other West Pakistani politicians
including Zulfiqar Ali disagreed and he wanted power sharing whereas Yahya
Khan did not want to weaken the power of central government and the
funds, which are transferred from east to west wing. Although Mujeeb won the
election but he was not allowed to become prime minister and he was
arrested too so freedom fighters started arm struggle in East Pakistan.
Furthermore, another important reason was political rights. East Pakistan’s
population was more than West Pakistan but they were given equal number
of seats in assembly and they were demanding more seats according to
population. As capital was in West Pakistan so mostly politicians were from
there so East Pakistanis demanded more politicians and ministries from East
Pakistan. If any Prime minister was elected from East Pakistan so, he was
reposted like Khawaja Nazim Uddin and when Mujeeb-ur-Rahman won the
election so he was not allowed so it seems that East Pakistan was a colony of
West Pakistan.
• Another reason was economic crises, as East Pakistan wanted more share.
East Pakistan blamed that the main export of Pakistan is Jute, which is
cultivated in East Pakistan, but its main share is used in the development
of West Pakistan and defense to save West Pakistan’s border. Industries
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were less developed in East Pakistan than West Pakistan and if any Industry is
in East Pakistan so its owner is from West Pakistan. AS capital was in West
Pakistan so flow of currency was towards West Pakistan and in the result per
capta income of East Pakistan reduced to 288 from 305 rupees where as
in West Pakistan it increased from 300 to 375. They have been given less
47
government jobs and on higher-grade job, west Pakistani were hired these
polices grew anger.
• Furthermore, another reason was social and cultural problem. In it, one
reason was language issue, Bengali was not taken as a national language of
Pakistan in 1947 and later it became official language in 1956 constitution but
after a long protest in which number of people injured and shot dead.
Bengali life style, their culture and social life was quite different from West
Pakistan but their culture was not promoted and East Pakistanis anger also
grew when they were suffering from flood and relief was reaching there at
slow rate and around 50000 people died and Pakistan refused Indian help
also which is more near to East Pakistan than West Pakistan so they felt West
Pakistan is not sincere to us.
• Furthermore, the geographical position of East Pakistan was an important

reason for the creation of Bangladesh. East Pakistan was at a distance of 2000
Km from the West Pakistan. There was no direct and save land route between
the two wings. It created political and administrative problems for the
government. A climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression
in this area, which caused further discontent. If west and east Wings would be
adjacent to Pakistan, the separation would never have taken place.
• In my view main reason was economical reason as when people are not
given chance to survive so they become against the government and start
rebel to get their rights.
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Pakistan studies 2059/1 O’Level2021-2022

History Notes 2059/1 1

Compiled by Ahmad Uddin

11. Chapter 11: How successful was the establishment of

12. Chapter 12: How far did Pakistan achieve stability

Chapter 11: How successful was the establishment of an independent nation

• They faced many problems after creation of Pakistan.

1. Refugees 2. Division of Assets

• It agreed between Jinnah and Nehru that a Boundary Commission should

• Partition also involved dividing of the assets of the Sub-continent. India,

3. The Indus Water

• A solution acceptable to both governments was agreed upon in 1960 at the

4. Accession of Princely States 5

• A standstill agreement was concluded between India and Hyderabad. The

• The local population of Pooch began to press the Maharaja to accede to

• On October 26, 1947, the Maharaja acceded to India. Lord Mountbatten

to airlift her troops to Srinagar, and launched a full-scale attack on the

• Pakistan's side of Kashmir consisted of some parts of Jammu, Poonch, and

Q. What was the Boundary Commission? [4]

This commission report on 16th August 1947. It was a commission set up to

condition. Pakistan joined UNO to take help from UNHCR. Quid-e-Azam

Q. What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

Q. What was the Kashmir Issue?

Q Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

Comments: In part (b), candidates had to explain why Pakistan faced a

• Moreover India wanted to unstable the Pakistan since beginning as it is an

be provided so Pakistan’s economy may go astray and riots may be started in

Marking Key: Canal Water Dispute to be explained for maximum marks.

• Fifthly, the matter of Princely states as accession of three princely states

• One problem was to create unity among the people of Pakistan. On 14

• Pakistani government planned to make a strong political and civil government.

Judgement 1: Pakistan was able to solve the issues. [1]

2. Khawaja Nazim uddin 14-09-1948 to 16-10-1951

3. Malik Ghulam Mohammad 19-10-1951 to 05-10-1955

4. Maj. General Iskandar Mirza 06-10-1955 to 22-03-1956

1. Maj. General Iskandar Mirza 23-03-1956 to 27-10-1958

2. General Mohammed Ayub Khan 27-10-1958 to 25-03-1969

3. General Mohammed Yahya Khan25-03-1969 to 20-12-1971

4. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 20-12-1971 to 14-08-1973

5. Mr. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry 14-08-1973 to 16-09-1978

6. General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq 16-09-1978 to 17-08-1988

7. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan 17-08-1988 to 08-07-1993

8. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 18-07-1993 to 14-11-1993

9. Sardar Farooq Ahmed Leghari 14-11-1993 to 02-12-1997

10. Mr. Wasim Sajjad 02-12-1997 to 01-01-1998

11. Justice Mohammed Rafiq Tarar 01-01-1998 to 20-06-2001

12. General Parvez Musharraf 20-06-2001 to 1999

1. Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan 15-08-1947 to 16-10-1951 15

2. Khawaja Najam uddin 17-10-1951 to 17-04-1953

3. Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra 17-04-1953 to 11-08-1955

4. Ch. Mohammed Ali 11-08-1955 to 12-09-1956

5. Mr. Husain Shaheed Suharwardi 12-09-1956 to 18-10-1957

6. Mr. Ibrahim Ismail Chaundrigar 18-10-1957 to 16-12-1957

7. Malik Feroz Khan Noon 16-12-1957 to 07-10-1958

8. Mr. Noor-ul-Amin 07-12-1971 to 20-12-1971

9. Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 14-08-1973 to 05-07-1977

10. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo 23-03-1985 to 29-05-1988

11. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto 02-12-1988 to 06-08-1990

12. Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan Jatoi 06-08-1990 to 06-11-1990

13. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 06-11-1990 to 18-04-1993

14. Mir Balakh Sher Mazari (Caretaker)18-04-1993 to 26-05-1993

15. Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif 26-05-1993 to 08-07-1993

16. Mr. Moin Qureshi (Caretaker) 08-07-1993 to 19-10-1993