Absolute monarchy existed throughout most of Russia’s history.

Moderns critics claim that the 20th

century Communist state in Russia is only a continuation of the despotic rule of the Czars. From 15th-
20th centuries, the Russian people were ruled by the Czars.

The First Czar

 Ivan the Terrible
- In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia
- Struggles for power with boyars - landowning nobles.
- Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”
 Rule of Terror
- In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizez lands.
 Rise of the Romanovs
- Ivan’s heis is weak , leading to period of turmoil
- In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar.

Peter the Great Comes to Power

 The Rise of Peter
- Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia
 Russia Contrasts with Europe
- Cut off geographically from Europe
- Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe
- Religious differences widen gap

Peter Rules Absolutely

 Peter Visits the West
- In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways
 Peter’s Goal
- Goal of westernization - using western Europe as a model of change
 Peter’s Reforms
- Brings Orthodox Church under state control
- Reduces power of great landowners
- Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers
 Westernizing Russia
- Introduces potatoes
- Starts Russia’s first newspaper
- Raises women’s status
- Adopts Western fashion
- Advances education

 Establishing St. Petersburg

- Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier
- Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea
- In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg
- Building city takes many years, many serfs die in process
- By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is force to be reckoned with in Europe

“English Embankment”
St. Petersburg, Russia
PICTURE

Palace Square, St. Petersburg

PICTURE

Church of the Savior on Spilt Blood

St. Petersburg, Russia
The Most Famous Russian Monarch

 Catherine the Great

- Catherine II who ruled from (1762-1796) continued Russia’s expansion leading to the title “the
Great”
- She considered herself an “enlightened despot”
- Sh sponsored French philosophers, free hospitalsand orphanages.
- Catherine also continued Peter’s policy of westernization.
- She invited Western European authors, artists, and musicians to move to Russia.

 She is also cruel and unscrupulous

- She organized a revolt against her own insane husband Peter III, and had him murdered.
- She confiscated peasant lands and gave them to her court favorites.

Peter died without an heir and a power struggle ensued.