International Encyclopedia of Human

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION

EDITOR IN CHIEF
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON, Canada

VOLUME 1
Elsevier
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EDITOR IN CHIEF

Audrey Kobayashi is Professor of Geography and a Queen’s Research Chair at Queen’s University. A
native of British Columbia, she completed a B.A. (1976) and M.A. (1978) at the University of British
Columbia, and a PhD (1983) at UCLA. She taught in Geography and East Asian Studies at McGill
University from 1983 to 1994, then moved to Queen’s, initially as Director of the Institute of
Women’s Studies (1994 to 1999) and thereafter as Professor of Geography. Other positions include
President of the Canadian Association of Geographers (1999-2001), and President of the Association
of American Geographers (2011-2012). In 2011 she was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada,
and in 2018 was appointed a Fellow of the Association of American Geographers. Her scholarship
has always been strongly focused on issues of human rights. She has published widely on topics,
such as anti-racism, citizenship, immigration policy, employment equity, and disability studies.
Her publications are always matched, however, by participation in communities as a scholar activist.
She is currently involved in several research projects that address the “Landscapes of Injustice” of the
Japanese-Canadian uprooting, and the “Right to Remain” of people currently living in precarious
housing in the downtown East Side of Vancouver. Her most recent project is to study the role of
protest music in activism for the rights of homeless people in Dublin, Ireland and Vancouver. Major
publications include Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature, and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness in Canada (co-edited with Andrew Baldwin and Laura Cameron, UBC Press, 2011), Immigrant Geographies of North American Cities
(co-edited with Carlos Teixeira and Wei Li, Oxford University Press, 2012), and Geographies of Peace and Armed Conflict (Routledge, 2012),
Racialization, Indigeneity, and Racism in Canadian Universities (UBC Press 2017), and The International Encyclopedia of Geography (editor 2017).
She has received major awards from the Canadian Association of Geographers, the American Association of Geographers, the Canadian
Association of University Teachers, as well as the Barnes teaching award from the Faculty of Arts and Science Undergraduate Society, and
the Queen’s Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching.

v
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EDITORIAL BOARD

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

vii
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SECTION EDITORS

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mark Boyle worked from 2003 to 2007 at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow as Lecturer and
then Senior Lecturer in Geography and from 2007 to December 2017 as Professor/Chair of Geog-
raphy at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. From 2007 to 2012, he served as head of the
Department of Geography at Maynooth and from 2013 to 2016 as Director of the Interdisciplinary
National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analyses (NIRSA) at Maynooth. From January 2018 he
serves as Chair or Urban Studies and Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice
and Place, at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. He has authored two books, edited
a book, edited nine special editions/sections of international peer reviewed journals and published
over 90 scholarly papers and reports (including 44 in international peer reviewed journals).

ix
x Section Editors

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Noel Castree is a Professor of Geography at Manchester University, United Kingdom, and an

Honorary Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He edits the jour-
nal Progress in Human Geography and is author of the book Making Sense of Nature (2014).
 Section Editors xi

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Francis L. Collins is Professor of Geography and Director of the National Institute of Demographic
and Economic Analysis at the University of Waikato. His research has explored international migra-
tion focusing on the experiences, mobility patterns and regulation of temporary migrants. Francis’
research includes work exploring: international students and urban transformation, higher educa-
tion and the globalization of cities, labor migration, marginalization and exploitation, time and
youth migration, and the role of aspirations and desires as driving forces for migration. Francis is
the author of Global Asian City: migration, desire and the politics of encounter in 21st century Seoul (Wiley,
2018) and co-editor of Intersections of Inequality, Migration and Diversification (Palgrave, 2019), and
Aspiration, Desire and the Drivers of Migration (Routledge, 2019).
xii Section Editors

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Jeremy W. Crampton’s interests are in how and why geolocational technology affects urban and
everyday experience and wellbeing. In particular, he studies the effects of surveillance on privacy,
spatial Big Data and algorithmic decision-making. To address these questions, he analyzes how
digital landscapes of algorithms and data are planned, mapped, and produced. He also has a recent
interest in the geolocational implications of biometric platforms such as facial and emotional recog-
nition technologies. Jeremy is an Editor of the journal Dialogues in Human Geography, and the author
of Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS (Wiley).
 Section Editors xiii

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Sarah de Leeuw, a Professor in Canada with the University of Northern British Columbia’s
Northern Medical Program, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, is
a cultural–historical geographer and creative writer (poetry and literary non-fiction). Her research,
writing, teaching, and activism focus on feminist anti-colonial social justice, especially in rural,
northern, and marginalized places. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Humanities and Health
Inequities and, in 2017, was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada as a member of the College
of New Scholars, Artists, and Scientists.
xiv Section Editors

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho is Associate Professor at the Department of Geography and Senior Research
Fellow at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore. Her research addresses
how citizenship is changing as a result of multi-directional migration flows in the Asia-Pacific. She is
author of Citizens in Motion: Emigration, Immigration and Re-migration Across China’s Borders (Stanford
University Press), which received the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) award for “Best
Book in Global and Transnational Sociology by an International Scholar” in 2019. Elaine is Editor
of the journal Social and Cultural Geography, and serves on the journal editorial boards of Citizenship
Studies; Emotions, Society and Space; and the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography.
 Section Editors xv

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Isaac Luginaah is a Professor and was a Canada Research Chair in Health Geography (200-2017) at
the Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a graduate of
the University of Cape Coast, Ghana (BSc. Hons), Queen’s University of Belfast, UK (MSc), York
University (MES), and McMaster University (PhD), Canada. His research addresses how emerging
epidemics are radically changing health landscapes in the face of increased burdens from environ-
mental exposure in both developed and developing countries. He has led several projects on pop-
ulation, environment, and health. His work in Africa and North America has made strong
theoretical and methodological contributions, addressing environmental hazards and deficiencies
in health service provision.
xvi Section Editors

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

Brij Maharaj is a senior professor in geography who has received widespread recognition for his
research on urban politics, segregation, displacement, local economic development, xenophobia,
and human rights, migration and diasporas, religion, philanthropy, and development. He has pub-
lished over 150 scholarly papers in renowned journals, such as Urban Studies, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Studies, Political Geography, Urban Geography, Antipode, Polity and Space, Geoforum,
Local Economy, and GeoJournal, as well as five co-edited book collections. He is co-editor of the South
African Geographical Journal (Routledge), and serves on several international editorial boards. He is
a B-Rated NRF researcher. He is a regular media commentator on topical issues as part of his
commitment to public intellectualism.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Manuel B Aalbers
KU Leuven, The University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gunn Marit Aasvang
Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division for
Infection Control and Environmental Health,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
M Abreu
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Patrick Adler
School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Adrian Guillermo Aguilar
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
J Agyeman
Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
Ola Ahlqvist
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
L Albrechts
University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Derek H Alderman
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
United States
Fiona Allon
Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, The
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Luis F Alvarez Leon
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, NH, United States
Claes G Alvstam
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Jon Anderson
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
GJ Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Gavin J Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Roger Antabe
Department of Geography, Social Science Centre,
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Constantinos Antonopoulos
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
Management, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Neil Argent
Geography and Planning, University of New England,
Armidale, NSW, Australia
Godwin Arku
The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Canada
Frederick Ato Armah
Department of Environmental Science, School of
Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural
Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
C Arun-Pina
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
James Ash
School of Arts and Cultures, Newcastle University,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Sheena Asthana
School of Law, Criminology and Government, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
xvii
xviii List of Contributors

Jennifer Atchison Holly Barcus

Australian Centre for Culture, Environment, Society and Department of Geography, Macalester College, Saint
Space (ACCESS), School of Geography and Sustainable Paul, MN, United States
Communities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,
Trevor J Barnes
NSW, Australia
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
PJ Atkins
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Clive Barnett
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Rowland Atkinson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University Jon Barnett
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Maoz Azaryahu
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Timothy Barney
United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa, Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies,
Israel University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
Iwan J Azis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States Chris Barrett
English Department, Louisiana State University, Baton
Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt Rouge, LA, United States
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark Leigh Barrick
Geography Department, University of British Columbia,
Jen Bagelman
Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United kingdom
Tanja Bastia
Elena Baglioni Global Development Institute, The University of
School of Business and Management, Queen Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Mary University of London, London, United
Ranu Basu
Kingdom
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
AL Bain
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Jane Battersby
ON, Canada African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town, South Africa
W Andrew Baldwin
Department of Geography, Durham University, Michael Batty
Durham, United Kingdom Faculty of the Built Environment, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
Matthew D Balentine
Jamie Baxter
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Department of Geography, University of Western
NC, United States
Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Clare Bambra Trycia Bazinet
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Carleton University, North Bay, ON, Canada
Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
David Bell
United Kingdom
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Brandon Barclay Derman
University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL, Scott Bell
United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
 List of Contributors xix

David Bennett Adam Bledsoe

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada States

Aimee Benoit S Bodden

School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Vincent Berdoulay JS Boggs

Brock University, St. Catharines, ON,
Laboratoire Passages (UMR 5319), CNRS; and
Canada
University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
JD Bohland
Christin Bernhold
Global Politics and Societies Department, Hollins
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
University, Roanoke, VA, United States
Hamburg, Germany
Sophie Bond
Kathryn Besio
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin,
Geography and Environmental Studies, University of
New Zealand
Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
David Bonilla
Ling Bian Institute of Economic Research, National Autonomous
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Amherst, NY, United States
Marco Bontje
Marcy Bidney University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
American Geographical Society Library, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States Gary Bosworth
School of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln,
Roland Billen United Kingdom
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
William M Bowen
Mark Birkin Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United
Kingdom States

Bradley Wade Bishop Sophie Bowlby

School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Knoxville, TN, United States
Mark Boyle
Elijah Bisung
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
M Jean Blair Paul Boyle
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jordan P Brasher
Ismael Blanco
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
United States
Spain
Mark Brayshay
Sarah Blandy
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Daniel Brendle-Moczuk
Joe Blankenship
McPherson Library, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Canada
xx List of Contributors

S Brentjes RA Butlin
Univeristy of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Gary Bridge Michael Buzzelli
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Cardiff, United Kingdom Canada
Gavin Bridge Jason A Byrne
Department of Geography, Durham University, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences,
Durham, United Kingdom University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
John Briggs Jake Rom D Cadag
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City,
Kingdom Philippines
James MR Brock Catherine A Calder
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
Auckland, New Zealand States
Marc Brosseau
Sydney Calkin
Department of Geography, University of Ottawa,
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Durham, United Kingdom; and School of Geography,
Aleid E Brouwer Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, Kingdom
Groningen, The Netherlands; and Academy of
International Business Administration, NHL Stenden Liam Campling
University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The School of Business and Management,
Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London,
United Kingdom
Kath Browne
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Sébastien Caquard
Christopher R Bryant Department of Geography, Planning and
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
John R Bryson
City-Region Economic Development Institute, Jordan Carlson
Department of Strategy and International Business, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Birmingham Business School, University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Jordan T Carlson
Dirk Burghardt Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Pádraig Carmody
Ryan Burns
Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin,
Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Ireland; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
Richard Bustin South Africa; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin,
Lancing College, Lancing, United Kingdom Ireland
Colin D Butler Juliet Carpenter
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United
Australia; and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Kingdom
Australia
Ricardo Carreon Sosa
Tim Butler Posgraduate School of Engineering, National
Department of Geography, King’s College London, Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,
London, United Kingdom Mexico

Richard Carter-White
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Denise M Carter
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Irene Casas
School of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana Tech
University, Ruston, LA, United States
Emilio Casetti
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Heather Castleden
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
BC, Canada; and Department of Geography and
Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jose Esteban Castro
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom; and National Scientific and Technical
Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Filippo Celata
Department of Methods and Models for Economics,
Territory and Finance, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
Elizabeth Chacko
The George Washington University, Washington, DC,
United States
Chad Chambers
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
GU Chaolin
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
Graham Chapman
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Eric Charmes
RIVES, UMR CNRS EVS, ENTPE, University of Lyon,
Lyon, France
Sutapa Chattopadhyay
Geography and Development Studies, St. Francis Xavier
University, Antigonish, NS Canada
Jingfu Chen
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Zhangliang Chen
Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics
and Regional Economics Applications Laboratory,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
List of Contributors xxi
James Cheshire
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Lynda Cheshire
School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St
Lucia, QLD, Australia
Simon Chilvers
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Frangton Chiyemura
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Vera Chouinard
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Nicholas R Chrisman
Bellingham, WA, United States
Brett Christophers
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Jonathan Cinnamon
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Ryerson
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gordon L Clark
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, School
of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University
Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Banking
and Finance, Monash Business School, Monash
University, Caulfield, VIC, Australia
Nigel Clark
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
David B Clarke
Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea
University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Keith C Clarke
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Nick Clarke
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
P Claval
Paris-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
John Clayton
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
xxii List of Contributors

Hugh Clout Ian Cook

University College London, London, United
Kingdom
Denise S Cloutier
Department of Geography, and Research Affiliate
Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Allan Cochrane
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Kingdom
Logan Cochrane
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Daniel Cockayne
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Chris Cocklin
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Neil M Coe
Department of Geography, National University of
Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Amy Cohen
Department of Anthropology, Okanagan College,
Kelowna, BC, Canada
Peter Collier
Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth,
Southsea, United Kingdom; and University of
Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Damian Collins
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Francis L Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic
Analysis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand
Michael Collyer
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Alex R Colucci
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Creighton Connolly
National University of Singapore, Singapore
David Conradson
School of Earth and Environment, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter,
United kingdom
Philip Cooke
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Thomas J Cooke
Department of Geography, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT, United States
Meghan Cope
Department of Geography, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT, United States
Jon Corbett
Community, Culture and Global Studies, University of
British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Jonathan Corcoran
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Helen Couclelis
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Rory Coulter
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Pauline R Couper
Geography, School of Humanities, York St John
University, York, United Kingdom
Kevin R Cox
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
Shaphan Cox
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Sophie Cranston
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Thomas W Crawford
Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA, United States
Noel Cressie
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Tim Cresswell
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 List of Contributors xxiii

Verónica Crossa Wayne KD Davies

The College of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada
David Crouch
University of Derby, Epperstone, United Kingdom Suzanne Davies Withers
Department of Geography, University of Washington,
Graham Crow
Seattle, WA, United States
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Simin Davoudi
Gregg Culver
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Institute of Geography, University of Heidelberg,
Kingdom
Heidelberg, Germany
Leith Deacon
Andrew Cumbers
School of Environmental Design and Rural
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow,
Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Glasgow, United Kingdom
David Delaney
Nigel Curry
Amherst College, Amherst, MA, United States
Lincoln International Business School, University of
Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom C Delano-Smith
Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced
Michelle Daigle
Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vincent J Del Casino, Jr.
Caoilfhionn D’Arcy
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach,
Maynooth University Department of Geography,
CA, United States
NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Carolyn NM DeLoyde
Sandy Dall’erba
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Department of Agricultural and Consumer
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Economics and Regional Economics Applications
Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Sarah de Leeuw
United States Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department
of Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC),
Craig Dalton
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies and
Program, UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University
Geography, Hempstead, NY, United States
of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC,
Canada
Frances Darlington-Pollock
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Eric M Delmelle
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
Raju J Das University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada NC, United States

Ebenezer Dassah Carolyn NM DeLoyde

United Nations University - International Institute for Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Malaysia Jessica Dempsey
Mark Davidson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States Mark Denil
Amanda Davies sui generis, Washington, DC, United States
Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Steve DeRoy
Anna R Davies The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ben Derudder
Dublin, Ireland Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
xxiv List of Contributors

Menusha De Silva Michelle Duffy

Singapore Management University, Singapore,
Singapore
Michael R Desjardins
Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
NC, United States
Pauline Deutz
Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Sarah Dickin
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Catherine D’Ignazio
Department of Urban Studies and Planning,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
United States
Martin Dijst
LISER, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxemburg
Mahmoudi Dillon
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Alan V Di Vittorio
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
United States
Deborah P Dixon
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Iain Docherty
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Klaus Dodds
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Bolesław Doma nski
Jagiellonian Univeristy, Krakow, Poland
Betsy Donald
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Clemens Driessen
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Martine Drozdz
Technologies, Territories and Societies Laboratory,
CNRS, Paris, France
Jessica Dubow
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of
Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
Patrick J Duffy
National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth,
Ireland
Rae Dufty-Jones
Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Michael Dunford
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
and University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Jim Dunn
Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
William Durkan
Department of Geography, The National University of
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Andrew C Dwyer
University of Bristol Cyber Security Group, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Owen J Dwyer, III
Indiana University School of Liberal Arts at Indiana
University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI),
Indianapolis, IN, United States
R Earickson
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
LaToya Eaves
Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN,
United States
Sally Eden
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
T Edensor
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,
United Kingdom
David W Edgington
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Charity Edwards
Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
 List of Contributors xxv

David C Eisenhauer David Fazzino

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
Stuart Elden
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; and
Politics and International Studies, University of
Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Kajsa Ellegård
Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
Susan J Elliott
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Sarah Elwood
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro
Department of Geography, State University of New York
at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Catawissa, PA,
United States
Yongjiu Feng
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Zhiqiang Feng
Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
David A Fennell
Department of Tourism and Environment, Brock
University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
Md Azmeary Ferdoush
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United
States
Eduarda Ferreira
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Marta Bivand Erdal Federico Ferretti

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Oslo, School of Geography, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Norway Ireland
Christina R Ergler
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Carolyn Fish
New Zealand Department of Geography, University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR, United States
Joshua Evans
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Robert Fish
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Karen Falconer Al-Hindi
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Robert Flanagan
States
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
C Cindy Fan
Department of Geography, University of California Los Richard Florida
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Matthew Farish
Department of Geography and Program in Planning, Robin Flowerdew
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Geography and Sustainable
May Farrales Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern United Kingdom
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; and Ronan Foley
Environment and Community Health Observatory The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Network, University of Northern British Columbia, Maynooth, Ireland
Prince George, BC, Canada
Ken E Foote
Victoria Fast University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
Department of Geography, University of Calgary, United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa,
Calgary, AB, Canada Israel
James R Faulconbridge Benjamin Forest
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
xxvi List of Contributors

Peter J Forman Nick Gallent

Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom University College London, London, United Kingdom
Kelleann Foster Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Penn State, University Park, PA, United Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
States History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Coleen A Fox
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States Emma C Gardner
City-Region Economic Development Institute,
Urbano Fra Paleo
Department of Strategy and International Business,
University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
Birmingham Business School, University of
Derek France Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and International
Gioacchino Garofoli
Development, University of Chester, Chester, United
Department of Economics, Insubria University, Varese,
Kingdom
Italy
Claire Freeman
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Jay D Gatrell
New Zealand Office of Academic Affairs, Eastern Illinois University,
Charleston, IL, United States
Cordelia Freeman
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Franz W Gatzweiler
Nottingham, United Kingdom Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of
Christina Frendo Sciences, Xiamen, China
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Raegan Gibbings
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and
Scott M Freundschuh Tobago
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, United
States David Gibbs
Wardlow Friesen Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

Louis Kusi Frimpong Chris Gibson

Department of Geography and Resource Development,
University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Kurt Fuellhart
Geography-Earth Sciences, Shippensburg University,
Shippensburg, PA, United States
Simone Fullagar
Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
Lisa Funnell
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Levi Gahman
Power, Space, and Cultural Change Research Unit,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Carolyn Gallaher
School of International Service, American University,
Washington, DC, United States
School of Geography and Sustainable Communities,
University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Emily Gilbert
Canadian Studies Program, Department of Geography
and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada; and University College, Toronto, ON, Canada
Kathryn Gillespie
Seattle, WA, United States
Shea Ellen Gilliam
Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Menelaos Gkartzios
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Brendan Gleeson
Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 List of Contributors xxvii

Charmian Goh Martin Gren

Asia Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore Department of Cultural Sciences/Human Geography,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Linnaeus University,
John R Gold
Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Amy L Griffin
Eric Goldfischer School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University of Minnesota, Department of Geography, Australia
Environment, and Society, Minneapolis, MN, United
States Carl Griffin
Department of Geography, University of Sussex,
Ricard Gomà Brighton, United Kingdom
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain Daniel A Griffith
Huiwen Gong School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United
States; and University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
Michael Frank Goodchild TX, United States
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Leonard Guelke
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
D Goodman
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, Javier Gutiérrez
United States Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
MK Goodman Spain
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Robert N Gwynne
Sucharita Gopal University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Department of Earth and Environment, Center for Kingdom
Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, United
States Jeff Hackett
Gernot Grabher The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
RR Hagelman, III
Richard Grant Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
Roy Haines-Young
Dustin W Gray University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Kingdom
Canada
Jouni Häkli
Neil Gray Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Management and Business, Tampere University,
Glasgow, United Kingdom Tampere, Finland

Andrew Greenhalgh-Cook Michael Haldrup

School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Department of Communication and Arts, Roskilde
Nottingham, United Kingdom University, Roskilde, Denmark

Adaeze Greenidge Keith Halfacree

University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Department of Geography, Swansea University,
Tobago Swansea, United Kingdom
xxviii List of Contributors

Edward Hall Matthew G Hatvany

Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Department of Geography, Laval University, Québec,
Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom QC, Canada

Peter Hall Eva Hauthal

Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Sarah Hall
Harriet Hawkins
School of Geography, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of London,
Egham, United Kingdom
Tim Hall
Billy Tusker Haworth
Department of Applied Social Studies, University of
Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Trevor Hancock
Allison Hayes-Conroy
School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of
Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University,
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Carolyn Hank
Jessica Hayes-Conroy
School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee,
Women’s Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
Knoxville, TN, United States
Geneva, NY, United States
Gentry Hanks
Christine Haylett
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Kingdom
Neil Hanlon
Kingsley E Haynes
Geography Program, University of Northern British
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Roger Hayter
Torfinn Harding
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Richard Harris
Stephen Healy
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Stephan Harrison
Liam Heaphy
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental
of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Johannes Hartig Ireland
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Katie Hemsworth
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, Nipissing University, North
Rudi Hartmann Bay, ON, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences,
Martin Henning
University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Francis Harvey Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Institute for
Matthew Henry
Geography, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
John Hasse University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
Brita Hermelin
Robert Hassink Centre for Municipality Studies (CKS), Linköping
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University, Norrköping, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxix

Andrew Herod Rory Horner

Department of Geography, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, United States
Rachel V Herron
Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon
University, Brandon, MB, Canada
Martin Hess
Department of Geography, School of Environment,
Education and Development, University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
John Hessler
Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States
Geoffrey JD Hewings
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
Jennifer Hill
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, Faculty of Environment and Technology,
University of the West of England, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Sam Hind
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
Julian Hine
University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United
Kingdom
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
Kingdom; and University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch
Sciences Po Grenoble, Pacte, University Grenoble Alpes,
CNRS, Grenoble, France
Donna Houston
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
Alice J Hovorka
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jeremy RL Howells
University of Kent, Cantenbury, United Kingdom
Richard Howitt
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brian J Hracs
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Phil Hubbard
Leicestershire University, Leicester, United Kingdom

Elaine LE Ho Ray Hudson

Department of Geography, National University of Department of Geography, University of Durham,
Singapore, Singapore Durham, United Kingdom

Steven Hoelscher Rachel Hughes

Departments of American Studies and Geography, The School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States VIC, Australia

Adam Holden Sarah M Hughes

University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Peter Holland
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Louise Holt
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
David W Hugill
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

P Hopkins PJ Hugill
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
Kingdom States
Donagh Horgan
RP Huizinga
Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Glasgow, United Kingdom
Mark W Horner John S Humphreys
Department of Geography, The Florida State University, School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Tallahassee, FL, United States VIC, Australia
xxx List of Contributors

Sarah Hunt William Jenkins

Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department of Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC), ON, Canada
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical Program,
Ole Jensen
UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University of
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Bob Jessop
Margo Huxley
Department of Sociology, Lancaster University,
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Lancaster, United Kingdom
Andy Inch
Gunnar Thór Jóhannesson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
Department of Geography and Tourism, University of
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Saratchandra Indrakanti
Corey Johnson
Search Science, eBay Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Lisa Ingwall-King NC, United States
UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring
Lynda Johnston
Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Geography Programme, University of Waikato,
Carlo Inverardi-Ferri Hamilton, New Zealand
University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Melissa NP Johnson
Randall W Jackson Department of English Language and Literature,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
States
Nuala C Johnson
William A Jackson School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
Department of Economics and Related Studies, University, Belfast, United Kingdom
University of York, York, United Kingdom
Peter A Johnson
Jane M Jacobs University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Yale-NUS College, National University Singapore,
Singapore Ron Johnston
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Dan Jacobson
Bristol, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada Andrew EG Jonas
Deirdre Jafferally Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
Georgetown, Guyana University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
J Jäger Andrew Jones
University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna, Vienna, School of Arts and Social Sciences, University of London,
Austria London, United Kingdom
M Jay John Paul Jones, III
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand School of Geography and Development, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Mark Jayne
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Martin Jones
Cardiff, United Kingdom Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United
Kingdom
Brian Jefferson
Department of Geography and Geographic Information Owain Jones
Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Bath Spa University, Bath, United Kingdom
Urbana, IL, United States; and Department of Rhys Jones
Geography and Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences,
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyt, United Kingdom
United States
 List of Contributors xxxi

Roy Jones Evangeline O Katigbak

Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built National Institute of Education e Nanyang
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Tod Jones Adrian Kavanagh
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built Department of Geography, The National University of
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Australia
Aoife Kavanagh
H Jöns The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Maynooth, Ireland
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Daithí Kearney
David Jordhus-Lier Department of Creative Arts, Media and Music,
Department of Sociology and Human Geography,
Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ireland
Jin-Kyu Jung
University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United Gerry Kearns
States The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth, Ireland
K Kafkoula
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Gordon Kee
Roger JP Kain Research Centre for Urban and Regional
School of Advanced Study, University of London, Development, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific
London, United Kingdom Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, China
Athanasios Kalogeresis
School of Spatial Planning and Development, Faculty of PF Kelly
Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thessaloniki, Greece
Therese Kenna
Md Kamruzzaman Department of Geography, University College Cork,
Monash Art Design & Architecture (MADA), Monash Cork, Ireland
University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
Judith Kenny
Juan Miguel Kanai University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Portland, OR,
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, United States
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Andrew Kent
Joseph Kangmennaang The Antipode Foundation, Cardiff, United
Department of Geography and Environmental Kingdom
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada Sara Beth Keough
Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI,
David H Kaplan United States
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Fritz Connor Kessler
Emrah Karakaya Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of United States
Industrial Economics and Management, Stockholm,
Sweden Sun-Bae Kim
Department of Geography Education,
Rajesh Kasturirangan Korea National University of Education, Cheongju,
Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, India South Korea
xxxii List of Contributors
Anthony D King
State University of New York at Binghamton,
Binghamton, NY, United States
mrs c kinpaisby-hill
Scott Kirsch
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, Unites States
Priya Kissoon
Department of Geography, The University of the West
Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Rob Kitchin
Department of Geography, Maynooth University Social
Sciences Institute, The National University of Ireland,
Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Jasper Knight
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental
Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
Richard D Knowles
School of Science, Engineering and Environment,
University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography, Queen’s University,
Kingston, ON, Canada
BJ Köbben
Department of Geoinformation Processing, Faculty of
Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation,
University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Natalie Koch
The Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY,
United States
L Koefoed
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark
Sin Yee Koh
School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Tristan Kohl
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Carmen Köhler
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Benedikt Korf
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Zoltán Kovács
University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Menno-Jan Kraak
Department of Geoinformation Processing,
Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth
Observation, University of Twente, Enschede,
The Netherlands
Thomas Krafft
Metamedica, School for Public Health and Primary
Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
Frances Kremarik
School of Architecture and Cities, University of
Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Sneha Krishnan
School of Geography and the Environment, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
John Krygier
Raleigh, NC, United States; and Ohio Wesleyan
University, Delaware, OH, United States
M Satish Kumar
School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Matthew Kurtz
Department of Geography, Environment, and
Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Vincent Kuuire
Department of Geography, University of Toronto
Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; and Social and
Behavioural Health Science, Dalla Lana School of Public
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Alexey V Kuznetsov
Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of
the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN),
Moscow, Russia
Lois Labrianidis
Department of Economics, University of Macedonia,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Eric W LaFary
Peace Corps, Ghana
Suncana Laketa
Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel,
Neuchâtel, Switzerland
 List of Contributors xxxiii

Nina SN Lam Charlotte Lemanski

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
States
Deborah Leslie
Bart Lambregts Department of Geography, University of Toronto,
Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thailand
Agnieszka Leszczynski
Wendy Larner Department of Geography, Western University, London,
Office of the Provost, Victoria University of Wellington, ON, Canada
Wellington, New Zealand
Yee Leung
Soren C Larsen The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States China; and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
Alan Latham
Geography Department, University College London, Nathaniel M Lewis
London, United Kingdom School of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Mickey Lauria
Kingdom
Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
Nicolas Lewis
Tracey P Lauriault
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of
Carleton University, Communication and Media
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and School of
Studies, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
E Laurier Zealand
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
R Lewis
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
David M Lawrence
Sophie A Lewis
Virginia State University and Virginia Union University,
Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, Philadelphia, PA,
Richmond, VA, United States
United States
Philip Lawton
W Li
Geography Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
Jennifer Lea
Johanna Lilius
Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United
Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
Kingdom
Shaun Lin
Philippe Le Billon
Department of Geography, National University of
Department of Geography, School of Public Policy and
Singapore, Singapore
Global Affairs, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada Weiqiang Lin
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Jay Lee
Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Peter Lindner
OH, United States Department of Human Geography, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Jiyeong Lee
The University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea Denis Linehan
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Sang-Il Lee
Department of Geography Education, Seoul National Jo Little
University, Seoul, South Korea University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Richard Le Heron David Littlewood
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sheffield University Management School, The University
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
xxxiv List of Contributors
Min Liu
Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science,
Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences,
East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
Yan Liu
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Sally Lloyd-Evans
Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Lucia Lo
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Jed Long
Department of Geography, Western University, Social
Science Centre, London, ON, Canada
PA Longley
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Becky PY Loo
Department of Geography, The University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong
Flor M López Guerrero
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Julia Lossau
Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen,
Germany
John Lovering
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Murray Low
London School of Economics and Political Science,
London, United Kingdom
Mark Lucherini
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
Timothy W Luke
Department of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United
States
Chris Lukinbeal
School of Geography and Development, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Sophia Maalsen
School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Daniel L Mabazza
Department of Geography, University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Warren E Mabee
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Alan Mace
London School of Economics and Political Science,
London, United Kingdom
Key MacFarlane
History of Consciousness Department, University of
California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA,
United States
William A Mackaness
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
Julie MacLeavy
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol, United Kingdom
Gordon MacLeod
University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Katherine Anne MacTavish
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
Avril Maddrell
Department of Geography and Environmental
Science, University of Reading, Reading,
United Kingdom
Eric Magrane
Department of Geography, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Jacek Malczewski
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Anders Malmberg
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
V Mamadouh
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Steven M Manson
University of Minnesota, South Minneapolis, MN,
United States
Juliana Mansvelt
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Carl Marklund
Institute of Contemporary History, Södertörn University,
Stockholm, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxxv

Terry Marsden John H McKendrick

School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Scottish Poverty and Inequality Research Unit, Glasgow
Cardiff, United Kingdom Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Alan Marshall Katharine McKinnon
School of Social and Political Science, University of Department of Social Inquiry and La Trobe Rural Health
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
David Martin Ethan McLean
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United BC, Canada
Kingdom
Heather McLean
Peter R Martin School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Jessica McLean
Liz Mason-Deese Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
Manassas, VA, United States University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Colin Mason Kate McLean
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury,
Glasgow, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Elizabeth Mavroudi Phil McManus
Geography and Environment, School of Social Sciences, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, NSW, Australia
United Kingdom
Kendra McSweeney
Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Eugene McCann
Columbus, OH, United States
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kathleen J Mee
Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Andrew McCartan Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

J McCarthy Tom Mels

Critical Geography, King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany
Andrew G McClelland
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Derek P McCormack
School of Geography and the Environment, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
K McCracken
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pamela McElwee
Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United
States
Jennifer McGarrigle
Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (IGOT),
University of Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
University - Campus Gotland, Visby, Sweden
Sean Mendonca
Georgetown, Guyana
Jeremy Mennis
Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Peter Merriman
Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
Paula Meth
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
David R Meyer
Olin Business School, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Frank Meyer
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig,
Germany
xxxvi List of Contributors

William B Meyer BE Montz

Department of Geography, Colgate University, East Carolina University, Greenville, NY, United States
Hamilton, NY, United States
Graham Moon
Christiana Miewald School of Geography and Environmental Science,
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kingdom
Judith Miggelbrink Katie Moon
Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany School of Business, University of New South Wales,
Canberra, ACT, Australia
Elisabeth Militz
Department of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Peter Mooney
Switzerland Department of Computer Science, The National
University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Tina Miller
Kelowna, BC, Canada M Morad
London South Bank University, London, United
Bruce V Millett
Kingdom
South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United
States KM Morin
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States
Nate Millington
Department of Geography, The University of Bruno Moriset
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom University Jean Moulin, Lyon, France
Claudio Minca Richard Morrill
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia States
Karyn Morrissey
Jayalaxshmi Mistry
European Centre for Environment and Human Health,
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United
London, Egham, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Clare JA Mitchell Lan Mu
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States

Paul Mkandawire Sayani Mukhopadhyay

Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Human Rights
Program, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Nalini Mohabir
Department of Geography, Planning and Environment,
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Giles Mohan
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Kingdom
Patricia L Mokhtarian
University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Department of Geography, Asutosh College, Kolkata,
India
Darla K Munroe
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
Alan T Murray
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Amber Murrey
Department of Geography and the Environment,
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Malene Monka D Mustafa

Center for Dialectology, Department of Nordic Studies
and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Marius Monsrud
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Critical Geography, King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany
Caroline Nagel
Department of Geography, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC, United States
 List of Contributors xxxvii

Takashi Nakazawa Morton E O’Kelly

School of Business Administration, Meiji University,
Tokyo, Japan
David P Nally
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
AA Naseemullah
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Catherine J Nash
Department of Geography, Brock University, St.
Catharines, ON, Canada
Anoop Nayak
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University
of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
S Neal
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Roderick P Neumann
Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida
International University, Miami, FL, United States
Andrea J Nightingale
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
P Nijkamp
Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Padini Nirmal
Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Becki Nookemis
Department of Psychology, Vancouver Island University,
Nanaimo, BC, Canada
Glen Norcliffe
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Patricia Noxolo
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Neil Nunn
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Cian O’Callaghan
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin,
Dublin, Ireland
Kevin O’Connor
Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Nathaniel O’Grady
Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Shannon O’Lear
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
John O’Loughlin
Department of Geography, University of Colorado at
Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Phillip O’Neill
School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western
Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
David O’Sullivan
Department of Geography, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Tor H Oiamo
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jonathan Oldfield
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Rachel Olsen
The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Elizabeth Olson
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
States
Kenneth R Olwig
Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and
Management, SLU-Alnarp, Alnarp, Sweden
Elizabeth Opiyo Onyango
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Joseph R Oppong
Department of Geography, University of North Texas,
Denton, TX, United States
Meghann Ormond
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Mark Ortiz
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
States
David T Ory
Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC,
United States
Evaristus Oshionebo
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
xxxviii List of Contributors

Ulrich Oslender Marianna Pavlovskaya

Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, School Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
of International and Public Affairs, Florida International Hunter College - CUNY, Ph.D. Program in Earth and
University, Miami, FL, United States Environmental Sciences, CUNY Graduate Center, New
York, NY, United States
Samuel M Otterstrom
Department of Geography, Brigham Young University,
Linda J Peake
Provo, UT, United States
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Samuel Owusu-Agyemang
Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Jamie Pearce
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
States
Deborah Peel
Francis Owusu University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Department of Community and Regional Planning,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States J Richard Peet
George Owusu Graduate School of Geography, Clark University,
Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research Worcester, MA, United States
(ISSER), Centre for Urban Management Studies
Tiina Peil
(CUMS), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Institute for Culture and Learning, Södertörn University,
Anssi Paasi Stockholm, Sweden
Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu,
Finland Jan Penrose
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences,
LC Pace
The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Department for the Study of Religions, Wake Forest
Kingdom
University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
Michael Pacione Chris Perkins
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of School of Environment, Education and Development,
Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Geography, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Kingdom; and The University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
Antonio Páez
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada George LW Perry
School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Ben Page
Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom Michael P Peterson
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Sam Page
States
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Aparna Phadke
K Parker
Department of Geography, University of Mumbai,
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, London,
Mumbai, India
United Kingdom
NA Phelps
Christof Parnreiter
University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
Australia
Hamburg, Germany
Catherine Phillips
Michael Parnwell
School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
VIC, Australia
Jerry Patchell
DR Phillips
Division of Social Sciences, Hong Kong University of
Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
 List of Contributors xxxix

Martin Phillips Valerie Preston

School of Geography, Geology and Environment, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom ON, Canada
Graham Pickren John Preston
Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, United States Transportation Group, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom
Jan Nederveen Pieterse
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Georges Prévélakis
CA, United States University of Pantheon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Paris,
France
Etienne Piguet
Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel, Linda Price
Neuchâtel, Switzerland Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Andy Pike Russell Prince
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(CURDS), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
B Pritchard
United Kingdom
School of Geosciences, University of Sydney,
Steven Pinch Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Carolyn Prouse
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
David Pinder University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
Samantha Punch
University, Roskilde, Denmark
University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Iva Maria Miranda Pires
Gita Pupedis
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Australia
Paul Plummer
Martin Purvis
Department of Geography, The University of Western
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Kingdom
Lucas Pohl
Junxi Qian
Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, The University of Hong
Jane Pollard Kong, Hong Kong, China
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies,
Mike Raco
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
Bartlett School of Planning, University College London,
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Colin G Pooley
Pauliina Raento
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Ate Poorthuis
Saraswati Raju
Singapore University of Technology and Design,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Singapore, Singapore
B Ramírez
Clive Potter
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City,
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Mexico
Marcus Power
Maano Ramutsindela
University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Department of Environmental and Geographical
Andy C Pratt Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South
London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom Africa
xl List of Contributors

NM Rantisi Andrea Rishworth

Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Samuel J Ratick
Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
Paul Robbins
Laura T Raynolds
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Center for Fair and Alternative Trade, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO, United States Guy M Robinson
Department of Geography, Environment and
Jane M Read
Population, School of Social Sciences, University of
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Joseph S Robinson
Sertanya Reddy
Department of Geography, The National Univesity of
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
States
Scott Rodgers
Philip Rees
Department of Film, Media and Cultural Studies,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Birkbeck, University of London, London, United
Kingdom
Kingdom
Ludovico Rella
Department of Geography, Durham University, Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Durham, United Kingdom Department of Global Studies and Geography, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, NY, United States
Johannah-Rae Reyes
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Dallas Rogers
Tobago University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Mark Alan Rhodes, II
Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological Fernanda Rojas Marchini
University, Houghton, MI, United States University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Gareth Rice Reuben Rose-Redwood

School of Media, Culture and Society, University of West Department of Geography, University of Victoria,
of Scotland, Blantyre, United Kingdom Victoria, BC, Canada

Stian Rice Nancy A Ross

University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
Pamela Richardson-Ngwenya
German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical
Agriculture, (DITSL GmbH), The Faculty of Organic
Agriculture, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen,
Germany
Lizzie Richardson
Department of Sociological Studies, University of
Sheffield, United Kingdom; and Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
Chantelle Richmond
Department of Geography, Western University, London,
ON, Canada
Britta Ricker
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development,
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Jairus Rossi
Community and Economic Development Initiative of
Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
United States
Ugo Rossi
Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban
Studies and Planning, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
John Round
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Parama Roy
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Stephen A Royle
Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Susan Ruddick
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
 List of Contributors xli

Derek Ruez Carolin Schurr

Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Management and Business, Tampere University,
Tampere, Finland
Gerard Rushton
The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Jonathan Rutherford
LATTS (Laboratory Technology, Territories and
Societies), Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech, Marne la Vallée,
France
Tod D Rutherford
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of
Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY, United States
China Sajadian
CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Anthropology,
New York, NY, United States
Jennifer Salmond
School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Nathan Salvidge
Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Heywood Sanders
University of Texas-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
United States
Rickie Sanders
Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
RB Sarma
Cotton College, Guwahati, India
VR Savage
RSIS, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Nathan F Sayre
Department of Geography, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Joris Schapendonk
Geography, Planning and Environment, Radboud
University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Regina Scheyvens
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Ted Schrecker
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
Nadine Schuurman
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Guido Schwarz
The National University of Colombia, Bogota, DC,
Colombia
Darren M Scott
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Mark Scott
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
David Seamon
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
Anna J Secor
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Gunhild Setten
Department of Geography, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
E Shantz
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Elizabeth Shapiro-Garza
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University,
Durham, NC, United States
Joanne Sharp
Geography and Sustainable Development, University of
St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
Jon Shaw
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kate Shaw
School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Robert Shaw
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Jianfa Shen
Department of Geography and Resource Management,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
China; and Research Centre for Urban and Regional
Development, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific
Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
xlii List of Contributors

Eric Sheppard Mark W Skinner

Department of Geography, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mor Shilon
TechniondIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
HaeRan Shin
Department of Geography, Seoul National University,
Seoul, South Korea
David Sibley
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Trent School of the Environment, Trent University,
Peterborough, ON, Canada
Astrid Ravn Skovse
Center for Dialectology, Department of Nordic Studies
and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Terry R Slater
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom

James D Sidaway Tom Slater

Department of Geography, National University of Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University
Singapore, Singapore of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Julia Siemer Vanessa Sloan Morgan

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada BC, Canada

Dragos Simandan Adrian Smith

Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London,
University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; and London, United Kingdom
Geography Department, Brock University, St. Christopher J Smith
Catharines, ON, Canada University at Albany, State University of New York,
Neil Simcock Albany, NY, United States
Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United JM Smith
Kingdom Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
David Simon States
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University Karly B Smith
of London, Egham, United Kingdom School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Paul Simpson VIC, Australia
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, RG Smith
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Alex Singleton Susan J Smith
Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Girton College and Department of Geography,
Liverpool, United Kingdom University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Srilata Sircar Kingdom
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom Chris Sneddon
Alistair Sisson Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia Edward W Soja
Victor FS Sit University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China United States; and London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, United Kingdom
Ronald Skeldon
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; and Martin Sokol
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Kingdom
Tracey Skelton
Department of Geography, National University of Michael Sonis
Singapore, Singapore University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; and
Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
 List of Contributors xliii

Matthew Sothern Fraser Sugden

School of Geography and Sustainable Development, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Basil Southey
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s D Sui
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
States
Jacob Sowers
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United Juanita Sundberg
States University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Hayley Sparks
School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Ekaterina Svetlova
Auckland, New Zealand University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Janet Speake John C Sweeney
Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, United Kingdom The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth, Ireland
Simon Springer
Erik Swyngedouw
Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Geography/School of Environment, Education and
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Development, The Manchester University, Manchester,
Krithika Srinivasan United Kingdom
Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh, Ludek Sýkora
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Department of Social Geography and Regional
Pranpreya Sriwannawit Lundberg Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University,
Office of the National Higher Education, Science, Prague, Czech Republic
Research and Innovation Policy Council, Bangkok, Marc Tadaki
Thailand Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Sophie L Stadler LM Takahashi
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada University of Southern California, Sol Price School of
Jean-François Staszak Public Policy, Sacramento, CA, United States
Geography Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Minna Tanskanen
Switzerland University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
Philip E Steinberg T Tasan-Kok
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Rolf Sternberg Adeline Tay
Institute of Economic and Cultural Geography, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Liz Taylor
David Storey University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
Riki M Taylor
Elaine Stratford School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Institute for the Study of Social Change, College of Arts, Auckland, New Zealand
Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart,
TAS, Australia Kees Terlouw
Department of Human Geography and Spatial
Kendra Strauss Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Utrecht, The Netherlands
Samuel Strong Jim E Thatcher
Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Department of Urban Studies, University of Washington
Cambridge, United Kingdom Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
xliv List of Contributors

Karl-Heinz Thielmann Marla Torrado

Long-Term Investing Research, AG, Karlsruhe, Germany Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Deborah Thien
California State University, Long Beach, CA, United Ivan J Townshend
States Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Jean-Claude Thill
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, Charles Travis
NC, United States Department of History, University of Texas, Arlington,
TX, United States
Michael Thomas
Research Department, Statistics Norway (SSB), Oslo, Simone Tulumello
Norway Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
C Thompson
Department of Geography and Environmental David Turnbull
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, ACSIS, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC,
Canada Australia
Daniel K Thompson BL Turner, II
Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning
California Merced, Merced, CA, United States and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, United States
Matthew Thompson
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
Jennifer Turner
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Karen E Till
Department of Geography, The National University of Sarah Turner
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal,
QC, Canada
Judit Timár
Center for Economic and Regional Studies, Békéscsaba, Markku Tykkyläinen
Hungary; Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
and Hungarian Acadey of Sciences, Békéscsaba, David J Unwin
Hungary Birkbeck College, University College London, London,
Jacqueline Tivers United Kingdom
Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Tim Unwin
Kingdom Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University
Chetan Tiwari of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and the Environment,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States Ebru Ustundag
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
GA Tobin
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United Joni T Vainikka
States RELATE Centre of Excellence Geography Research Unit,
F Tödtling University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; and Department of
Institute for Multi-Level Governance and Development, Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg
Vienna University of Economics and Business University, Aalborg, Denmark
Administration, Vienna, Austria
JD van der Ploeg
John Tomaney China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Bartlett School of Planning, University College London,
London, United Kingdom Nico Van de Weghe
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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would not have me in company with a crying child, so I was gently dismissed to my room,
Mary Baxendell's mute appeal being always answered by me with an invitation to
accompany me. Lilian always went early to bed from choice, and Margaret, the
determined, thought it infra dig to sit in the schoolroom after hours.

She was a clever, but rather hard girl, from whom her mother had little sympathy or help.
She disliked babies, openly called them little nuisances, and declined to touch one if she
could help it. But she would neither go to the nursery with the twin boys and Lilian, nor to
the schoolroom with me. She was the eldest daughter, and insisted on her privileges.

These meant sitting with her mother, though she might have to fill her ears with cotton,
whilst she pored over a book, on account of the crying baby, and having tea and bread and
butter for breakfast, whilst the rest, Mr. Barr included, took porridge and milk. Still, I had
my comfort out of Margaret. She had great abilities, was an omnivorous student, did credit
to her teacher, and obliged me to work hard to increase my stores of knowledge for her to
draw upon.

In Mary Baxendell I had a tender, sympathetic girl friend; in the three bright children,
plenty of objects of interest; in Mrs. Barr, mother and sister combined; in Dot, a precious
baby.

It was almost immediately after I went to Hillstowe that Dot announced her intention of
being "Miss Anstey's baby," and took every opportunity of stealing away from nursery to
schoolroom, and nestling in my arms. Many a lesson I gave with the little head resting on
my breast, as the child, weary with play, slept peacefully.

The second little cot in Mrs. Barr's room was vacant within a week after my arrival at
Hillstowe for, hearing the baby begin to cry, and Dot—roused suddenly—take up the
chorus, I stole into the too-populous chamber before the mother could get upstairs, and
carried off Dorothy to my own.

"Dot will stop here," said the sobbing mite. "Dot will be Miss Anstey's night baby, too." And
such she was during my stay at the vicarage.

I explained to Mrs. Barr that I had been acting the child-stealer, and pleaded for Dot's
nightly company.

"Let me have her. She will so comfort me, for you know, dear Mrs. Barr, I have lost all who
used to love me."

She saw I meant this, though at first she thought I only wanted to leave her hands a little
freer and was taking Dot away for her sake. It was for hers and my own too, and when she
consented, and I lay down with the sleeping darling on my breast, I felt, oh! So rich and so
thankful, though my purse held but that solitary half-crown.
In spite of past troubles, I was very happy at the vicarage. There were few visitors, but I
had the benefit of whatever society there was, and it was always of an enjoyable kind. As
the days grew long, the children and I had delightful rambles up the hill-sides to the wide
Yorkshire moors. We found warm welcome and hospitality on holiday afternoons at
farmhouses, or the dwellings of small cloth manufacturers who still employed hand-loom
weavers, though there were larger mills in the valley, turned by water-power. The
parsonage children and their governess had a general invitation, and we never seemed too
many guests, or our visits too frequent, for our large-hearted, homely neighbours.

My heart glows again as I think of them after thirty intervening years, and picture the
faces that brightened at the sight of my little troop and me. How I felt their kindness, while
I knew that it was poured on a young stranger's head, not from any merit in herself, but
out of love and gratitude to the good vicar and his wife under whose roof I dwelt!

I spent Easter at Hillstowe, for the absent boys had a holiday invitation and did not come
home, so my room was not needed. As may be supposed, I had some money anxieties.
That half-crown could not remain perpetually unbroken, and there were collections at the
church. At two months' end, I had not spent a farthing on myself, but I had only twopence
left.

I had, however, made a little venture. We took a work magazine at the vicarage, and
something in its pages inspired me to make an effort in designing. I possessed a good
many odds and ends of materials, and out of these, I fashioned a lamp-mat in shaded wool
and tinsel cord. Crochet was the fashionable work then, and I sent my mat, when finished,
to the editor of the magazine. To my delight, an answer soon came. The design was
original and pretty, and I was requested to name my terms for it. I asked a guinea, which
was promptly sent, and enriched me—in hope as well as pocket.

The mat was not my only success, and I had the happiness of spending half my earnings in
little presents for the children, though their parents protested against the expenditure; but
they saw it pleased me, and I had my way.

The Midsummer holidays were coming, and I was much exercised in my mind as to how I
should spend them. Mary Baxendell would have liked me to go home with her, but her
parents were about to join some relatives in a Scotch town, and she was to accompany
them.

It did not seem to strike my Uncle James that I might need a temporary home when I
returned the five pounds lent by him at Christmas. He took the money, acknowledged it,
expressed his pleasure that I was doing so well, announced the advent of another baby in
words that told rather of resignation than rejoicing, conveyed the united love of himself,
my aunt, and cousins, and there the matter ended.

I tried hard to muster courage to visit my old neighbourhood, and my faithful nurse sent
an ill-spelt but loving letter to beg that I would go to the lodge. There was a family of
strangers at Birch Hill—nice, kind people, who would very likely invite me to the house
when they knew I had lived there. But I decided that I was not strong enough to face the
memories that haunted every room at Birch Hill, or to see strangers in my parents' seats.
So I declined dear old Hannah's loving invite. Mrs. Goulding also intended me to be her
guest, but she had a less desirable inmate in the shape of scarlet fever amongst her
children, and was in great trouble. It really seemed that every door was closed upon Lois
Anstey.

All at once I bethought myself of a place where I could obtain accommodation. The
daughter of a farmer near Birch Hill had married a neighbour's son and gone to live in
Lincolnshire. They had taken a small farm and were doing fairly well, but, having no
children and a good-sized house, they added to their income by taking lodgers during the
summer.

It was to their house I went from Hillstowe to spend my holidays, and it was at Roundtree
Farm I passed the third of my six milestones.

CHAPTER IV.

HAD I known that Mrs. Jennings had already two lodgers at Roundtree Farm, I would not
have gone there, and I told her so.

"Bless you, miss," said she, "you might be here for months and never set eyes on them.
Mr. Winn, a broad-shouldered, handsome gentleman, does nothing but hunt bees and
butterflies and suchlike. Mr. Marsden is mad after out-a-way plants and flowers. They don't
even go a fishing, though, there's lovely trout for the catching. I wish they would, for fish
is hard to get so far from a market."

"But off they go betimes in the morning, with flytraps and tins, which carry lunch first and
no end of green rubbish after. They come home as the birds do—towards night, and they
have dinner and supper in one. Then they are busy arranging what I call 'regular trash,'
and looking as pleased as if a bluebottle was a diamond, or the green stuff good to eat.
They make a lot of litter, but it's clean dirt, as one may say, and they never torment the
live things, but have a way of putting a quick end to them. I couldn't abide to have even a
fly tormented here. They are quiet, regular, and pay well for what trouble they give, so
what could I want more? They will never annoy you, Miss Anstey."

What could I say to this? I paid little; I had come in ignorance; I had nowhere else to go!
Was I to be driven away on account of these neighbours? Not I! Mr. Winn might hunt
beetles, and Mr. Marsden gloat over his "green trash," while I would do my best to forget
the existence of the pair, and enjoy my holiday.

I did not quite succeed in keeping this resolution. I was a daughter of Mother Eve, and,
therefore, curious. My landlady was equally her daughter, and inclined to talk; so from her
I learnt that her lodgers were both "born gentlemen," though Mr. Winn had parents living
and several sisters, whilst Mr. Marsden had only a mother, who doted on him.

"By all accounts she wants him to marry, and she doesn't. She would like him to have wife
and children; but thinks she could pick a mate for him best, and all the while does not
believe there is a lady in the world good enough for this precious son of hers. No matter
what she might be, I suppose the old lady would be jealous of her. Eh, dear! It isn't the
best thing to be over-much thought of, is it, Miss Anstey?"

I told Mrs. Jennings I was no judge, for I had no one left to trouble me with too much love.
And then conscience reproached me as I thought of the dear family at Hillstowe, who had
given me so much cause for thankfulness and made me one amongst them.

"I don't think Mr. Marsden lets his mother's fidgety ways trouble him," replied Mrs.
Jennings. "When he does marry, he will choose for himself, and the right of it, too.
Meanwhile, he seems as happy as a bird, and makes the old lady happy, too, for he is a
dutiful son, if ever there was one."

While professing to care nothing about my neighbours, and to feel no interest in their
movements, I did think I should like to see them without their seeing me. When Sunday
approached, I wanted to ask if they went beetle and fern-hunting on the Sunday, but I was
too great a coward to show even this much interest, and tried to persuade myself that it
was a matter of no consequence to me. Still, I did wonder whether they and I would
occupy opposite corners in that relic of barbarism, a high, square pew, for the church at
Hailsby-le-Beck had not yet been restored, and was a marvel of internal ugliness.

But Mrs. Jennings did not leave me to wonder long.

"The gentlemen," she said, "have friends in this county, and either spend their Sundays
with them, or go home. They leave on Saturday afternoons and return on Mondays."

So my devotions were undisturbed by any occupants of the square pew, except the farmer
and his wife.

I spent a fortnight happily enough, for I had resolved to lay in as much strength as
possible, the better to fit me for my duties at Hillstowe. I wanted to give my very best to
those who were so good to me. So I borrowed a sun bonnet from Mrs. Jennings, and went
with her to the hay-field, where she said I did not play at hay-making. I gathered the
eggs, I fed the chickens, and after much effort and aching of wrists succeeded in learning
to milk a cow. I turned my hand to whatever was going, and could soon bake, make up the
butter, and do almost anything about the farm that its mistress was in the habit of putting
her hand to.

"I cannot know too much," I thought, "and if I should some day go out to Australia, such
accomplishments would be useful."

I had time besides for sketching expeditions and long rambles, sometimes with a
cottager's child for company, at others alone, except for busy and not unhappy thoughts. I
had known much sorrow, but God had been very good in answering my prayers, and giving
me friends. I thanked Him and took courage.

There was a pretty view near the stream, or "beck" as it was called, and I had made up my
mind to sketch it, supported in this resolution by the knowledge that Messrs. Winn and
Marsden never went fishing.

The water was very low, and though the bottom was pebbly, there was some good stiff
clay towards that portion of the steep banks left bare by the falling water.

I was considering which side would be the best from which to take my sketch, and wanted
to cross the beck, to find out. The only bridge was the trunk of a tree—not a very wide
one, but substantial enough. Still, a firm foot and steady head were needed to cross it. I
determined to attempt this, and got on very well until I was past the middle. Then the
ungainly bridge gave an unexpected rock, for it was only thrown across, not fastened, and
over I went into the water.

I was not at first afraid of being drowned, and my clothes would wash, but the situation
was unpleasant on account of that dreadful barrier of stiff clay, on which I could get no
footing or hold. Not a bush was within reach, I was nearly up to my waist in water, nobody
would be likely to hear me call, and any attempt at laying hold of the bank resulted in a
handful of clay, and a slipping back into my original position. I hardly knew Whether to
laugh or cry, my predicament being equally ridiculous and uncomfortable. I knew nothing
about the turns of the stream, or the height of the banks in either direction, so I started
haphazard, and began making my way through the water as cautiously as possible, fearing
now that I might step into some hole, get beyond my depth, and perhaps be drowned.

I soon became even less hopeful of extricating myself without help, for the banks grew
higher as I proceeded. With some difficulty I retraced my course, for now I was going
against the stream. I passed the treacherous bridge, and went in the opposite direction,
but seeing no better chance of escape, I gave a succession of ringing cries, which
produced no reply, then resolved on a new plan. I would scoop out the clay with my hands,
and so make steps by which to escape.

I had just discovered that I could not reach high enough to make my work a success, when
I saw a sunburnt face looking down upon me from the top of the bank, and heard a voice
saying, "Do not be frightened, I will help you. Stay where you are."

Both belonged to my fellow-lodger, Mr. Marsden, and in a very few moments he was in the
water by my side.

The circumstances admitted of scant ceremony, and I was very glad indeed to feel myself
held in his firm grasp, as he guided me through the stream.

"The bank slopes further on," he said, "and with my help you will be able to climb on to
dry ground. I am very sorry to see you in such an uncomfortable and dangerous position. I
suppose you tried to cross by that log bridge. I take blame to myself for not having
replaced a dislodged stone which usually steadies it, as I noticed that the bridge was even
less safe than usual when I crossed this morning. If I had dreamed that feminine feet
would test its firmness, I would have taken better care."

I tried to answer lightly, and even to laugh, but I was glad Mr. Marsden did not. It was bad
enough to be in such a wretched plight, and I think if I had seen an amused look on his
face, I should have changed that poor ghost of a laugh into a cry. When finally landed on
the bank, I was dripping wet from the very shoulders, my hands were mud-stained, my
feet shoeless, for I had lost my shoes in the clay, and my whole appearance was miserable
in the extreme.

Even then Mr. Marsden did not laugh. He was full of kindly pity and regrets for the
wretched object before him, and hurried me on to a cottage, where a good old woman
took me in hand, and insisted on my undressing and getting into her bed, until a change of
clothes came to me from the farm.

Shall I make a confession? Every other girl will feel that what I did was exactly what she
would have done herself, under the circumstances. I glanced towards the little square of
looking-glass which hung on the cottage wall, and rejoiced to see it reflect a clean face,
glowing with the effects of recent haste, and handsomely framed in short, natural curls,
which anticipated by many years the present fashion of fringes. I am afraid I was vain
enough to decide mentally that I looked unusually well, and to be glad of it, as well as
thankful for my escape, and to my rescuer.

It was impossible after this to ignore my neighbours entirely. They must have known that I
lodged at Roundtree Farm before that day, for, without a word from me, Mr. Marsden went
there to warn Mrs. Jennings of my position, and asked her to send me a change of clothes.
But, like good, true-hearted young men, they had guessed my wish to avoid anything like
putting myself in their way, and respected it. That evening, however, Mr. Marsden came to
inquire after me, and he repeated the attention on the following day. Still, he never
presumed upon the service he had rendered me, and though I saw both him and Mr. Winn
from time to time, it was always when the farmer or his wife were close at hand.

Both stayed at Roundtree Farm the next week end, but that had been decided on before
my immersion and rescue, so it resulted from no romantic desire to improve my
acquaintance. It is true we all walked to church together on Sunday, but Mrs. Jennings was
between me and Mr. Marsden, and Mr. Winn followed with the farmer.

We had two or three chilly evenings, after wet days, and then, somehow, we all got
together in the great, cheery farmhouse kitchen, and enjoyed the warmth and brightness,
so contrary to the gloom without.

The farmer put aside his pipe out of respect to me, and his wife grew so interested as her
lodgers discoursed about "creeping things and green stuff," while they displayed their new
treasures, that she ceased to click the knitting-needles—so rarely at rest in her busy
fingers. I listened with delighted ears, and looked at and learned much about things I had
never before cared to notice, though I had spent my life amongst such. And I could not
help seeing that often, whilst Mr. Winn talked, Mr. Marsden's eyes were turned in my
direction. I did not seem to notice this, but listened attentively to the speaker, whilst I felt
my heart beat a little more quickly.

I was glad that no one could catechise me as to how much I remembered of the lecture on
creeping things and winged insects, or I fear I should have disgraced myself utterly. Then,
when the early bedtime came, and we said "Good night," I could not help carrying in my
mind's eye the kind, sun-browned face of Mr. Marsden, who always opened the door to let
me pass out. He carried his fine manners with him everywhere, and in the farm kitchen
was as respectful to Mrs. Jennings and myself as if we had been duchesses.

Mr. Marsden's face being the last I saw at night, was it wonderful that I should dream of it,
both waking and sleeping, more especially as his eyes were so often turned to mine? I was
glad of this, and sorry at the same time, for I knew this happy holiday season would soon
come to an end.

I will not describe Mr. Marsden's looks. Let each reader picture her own hero, and he will
do to represent mine, so far as she is concerned.

I found out quite incidentally that Mrs. Jennings had made her male lodgers acquainted
with my story so far as she knew it, just as she had told me theirs.

One lovely night I went early to bed, leaving my lattice window open. I lay awake,
enjoying the moonlight, which came shimmering through the creeping plants that veiled
the window, and the unbroken silence that prevailed.

It was a realisation of that expressive line in Gray's Elegy—

"And all the air a solemn stillness holds."

All at once, I heard Mr. Marsden's voice, and knew that the young men must be sitting in
the rustic porch below.

"Yes, Winn," he said, "you are right in saying that this is becoming dangerous ground to
me, Miss Anstey has attracted me as no other girl ever did, and all I have heard about her
has served to increase the attraction. She is brave-hearted, of a bright, cheery
temperament, and, if I am not mistaken, essentially true, modest, and pure-minded."
"I believe she is all these," replied Mr. Winn. "The very fact of her acting as she has done
under this roof is a proof of her modesty and straightforwardness. How many girls would
have been here, alone as she is, without availing themselves of such opportunities for
flirtation as are afforded by the neighbourhood of two idlers such as you and me?"

"I hope a good many. You know my feeling about such things, and that the reverence and
love I entertain for my mother make me wish to think well of every woman."

"You may think well of Miss Anstey without making a mistake. Nevertheless, she is a very
dangerous character."

"To you, Winn?" asked Mr. Marsden, quickly; but the merry laugh of his friend reassured
him at once.

"No, my dear fellow. There is not the slightest fear of our becoming rivals, though the
young lady is in herself worth winning. But I would not advise you to try to win her,
because I fear she would not meet Mrs. Marsden's views as to a daughter-in-law."

"That is my trouble, Winn. If I stood alone, I would not hesitate. Even now I can hardly
feel that I ought to stifle the longings of my own heart, when there is nothing wrong in
connection with them. I would speak to Miss Anstey to-morrow, only I know the dear old
mother would be heart-broken if she were not at least consulted before a decisive step was
taken. She is from home just now. We shall not meet for a week, and Miss Anstey may go
from Hailsby before I can see my mother and return. I cannot say to her, 'Please, will you
stay here until I go and tell my mother that I have seen a girl I should like to make my
wife, and then, if she is willing, I will come back.'"

Mr. Winn laughed heartily. "I should think not, indeed," he said. "And if you ask my advice,
I should say, Better run away and do not come back at all."

At this moment the friends rose, left the porch, and strolled away out of hearing.

It seemed dreadfully mean to lie and hear all this; but what could I do? The house was a
quaint rambling old place, once inhabited by the owner of the estate, but now given over
to the farm. It had ins and outs, and I feel sure the two gentlemen were unaware as to
which was my room, as it lay about as far as possible from their chambers. I had never
seen them in the porch before, and could only suppose that they had been tempted to
linger by the extreme beauty of the night, and without dreaming that amid the stillness
the sound of their voices might be borne upwards to other ears.

I hated to play the listener, though what I heard made my heart throb wildly and my face
glow with gladness. Had the speakers been females, or even older men, I should have
warned them that they were within hearing. As it was, I acted like a coward. I feared that
some one might hear me speak to these young men, and place a wrong construction on
the nightly communication, for all the other inmates were in bed. So I failed to do right,
lest I should be suspected of doing wrong. Afterwards, I thought that I might have closed
the window with noise enough to warn them that some one was near, but without letting
them know who it was. I took myself to task rather severely about this, but conscience
cleared me so far. I really had not thought of the window until too late.

That fair night was the least satisfactory I spent at Roundtree Farm, so far as sleep went. I
passed the hours in a whirl of conflicting emotions. I was thankful for the good opinion of
two such men as Mr. Marsden and Mr. Winn. Their words proved that they had judged me
fairly. But my tell-tale heart was at first in a flutter of joy at the thought that the one who
had stolen into it and taken the dearest place, had also given me the same in his.
The joy, however, did not continue unalloyed. Much of it could never leave me. If I were
never to see him again, if I were to spend my future life in loneliness, there would still be
this memory; a good man thought me worthy of his love, and would have made me his
wife, if he could.

I am afraid I began to feel glad that I had not thought of closing the lattice until it was too
late.

It seems strange that after such thoughts I should have resolved not to see Mr. Marsden
again. He had called me brave. I said to myself, "I will deserve his good opinion. He shall
not have to take Mr. Winn's advice, and run away from me. I will run away from him. I will
not bring him into a contest with his mother, or sow the seeds of trouble between them. If
there is a trial to be borne, I will take the larger share. Besides, Lois Anstey is not quite
without pride, or a sense of her own value. I do care for Mr. Marsden, but even he should
seek me and take pains to win me; and into no family would I enter unless the mother
could hold out motherly arms and bid me welcome as a daughter."

Two circumstances enabled me to carry out my resolution without difficulty. Mr. Marsden
and Mr. Winn had started on one of their usual expeditions before I was down in the
morning, and the post brought me a letter from Mary Baxendell, in which she implored me
to spend the rest of my holidays at High Lea.

"We are at home," she wrote, "ten days sooner than was at first arranged. At least, my
mother and I are here, and feeling rather dull, as my father is still away. If you will come
to us, darling Miss Anstey, I shall be quite reconciled to our shortened tour. Do not trouble
to write—come."

Go I did, and on that very day. I told Mrs. Jennings that a friend wanted me, and must set
out with as little delay as possible; that I was not going straight to Hillstowe, but should be
there in due time to resume my teaching. I soon packed my belongings, which were placed
in the farmer's trap amid many regrets and hopes that I would go to Roundtree Farm next
summer. Then, having more than satisfied my kind landlady, I turned my back on Hailsby-
le-Beck, and thus passed that fourth milestone out of the six I wish specially to remember.

CHAPTER V.

MARY BAXENDELL gave me a delightful welcome. She clung round my neck, kissed me,
called me the best of darlings for coming so quickly, and then danced off to tell her mother
of my arrival.

Mrs. Baxendell, less demonstrative, was no less kind, and the remainder of my holidays
sped very happily, in spite of memories of the kitchen at Roundtree Farm, and those who
gathered round its hearth.

Stop! I must be true. Was I quite happy? Did I rejoice in the thought that Mr. Marsden
would have no means of tracing me if he wished to do so, and that under the
circumstances I should soon be forgotten? Again, I must own that my happiness was not
quite without alloy, and I wondered whether, if he cared so much for me, I had a right to
risk his as well as my own.
I was half tempted to send a line to Mrs. Jennings, "just to inform her of my arrival," I said
to myself, and then I scouted the idea. If I had written, my letter would have been for no
such purpose, but from a cowardly regret for having run away, and to give Mr. Marsden a
chance of following and finding me. In my own mind I pictured the scene at the farm,
when Mrs. Jennings delivered my farewell messages to them. I could imagine Mr.
Marsden's dismay and his friend's sympathy, which would be half congratulatory. I seemed
to hear inquiries after my destination, and Mrs. Jennings' reply that she did not know it.
Then there would be a hunt for the letter I had written when seeking accommodation; but
that would be vain, as I had myself twisted it up as a pipe-lighter for Mr. Jennings.

There was little writing done at the farm. I had really answered my own note, for I had
sent an addressed envelope, and told them just to write the word Yes' on a slip of paper if
they could take me in, and I had been obeyed to the very letter. There would not be a
scrap of writing which would guide Mr. Marsden either to High Lea or Hillstowe Vicarage. To
the latter, Mary Baxendell and I returned in company.

The girl was a sweet, sympathetic creature, to whom I spoke with much freedom on most
subjects, but, it is needless to say, not on that nearest of all to my heart. I kept it to
myself, and it was hard work, because human sympathy at such times is very precious.
Only at mornings and nights, as I knelt in my quiet room, with no sound but Dot's gentle
breathing to reach my ear, did I open my heart and pray, "Father, I do desire to be
numbered amongst those that love and serve Thee. Do Thou make all things to work
together for my good, and help me, at all cost to self, to do what is right."

We had trouble at the vicarage that autumn. Good Mr. Barr became seriously ill, and Mrs.
Barr was almost worn out with anxiety and nursing. I did my utmost to relieve her, but
there were so many things in which only a wife or an elder nurse could be of use. I grieved
to see her so overwrought. I knew what a terrible difference this illness would make on the
wrong side in the income, all too little for the brightest days. Friends were kind, and many
helps came from generous hands, but more were needed. I was afraid Mrs. Barr would
break down, and then what would become of the vicar and the children?

He began to mend at last, and then the patient wife's strength gave way to some extent. I
well remember her making a great effort to get outside Mr. Barr's room door, and then
sinking down in a faint on the landing. She had made it to save him the shock of seeing
her fall. My heart ached for them all, and for the first time I grieved over my own poverty.
Mrs. Barr said rest would put her all right again, but rest seemed as unattainable as many
other things for the mother at Hillstowe Vicarage, though she took care that nothing
should disturb her husband's quiet. "His life means the children's bread," she said. "It is of
far more consequence than mine."

To us who looked on, and mourned that we could do no more or better, it was hard to tell
which life was more precious to all concerned.

The vicar was gaining strength and talking of beginning his pastoral work again, though
the doctor protested against it, and said Mr. Barr must go away for a time first.

The vicar's doctor was not the only medical man who orders the unattainable for his
patients, and knows he is doing it. But at this time, friends came forward and presented a
well-lined purse to Mr. Barr, together with loving allusions to his past labours and hearty
wishes for his future health.

Then poor Mrs. Barr's face brightened, a temporary curate was engaged, husband and wife
went to Devonshire for a month, and returned a fortnight before Christmas, with renewed
strength and thankful hearts.
They say that troubles never come-singly, and it happens now and then that the rule holds
good with regard to blessings. A couple of years before that, the bishop had held a
confirmation at Hillstowe, and, as his custom was, had preferred the simple hospitality of
the vicar to that of a wealthy neighbour.

Mr. and Mrs. Barr had not entertained their right reverend guest with stories of difficulties
and trials, or complained of their many olive branches and few pounds per annum, or
shown him long faces.

On the contrary, they had just been their good, true selves, and had made him as
comfortable as possible, without going out of their way.

The bishop had departed with pleasant words of farewell and thanks for Mr. and Mrs. Barr's
hospitality; and there, as was thought, the matter ended.

It did not, however. The bishop remembered Hillstowe, made his calculations, and wished,
vainly for the time, that he could give Mr. Barr a better living.

Then he heard of his illness and recovery, and then, too, came the bishop's opportunity.
Immediately after the vicar's return, a letter arrived in the diocesan's own handwriting,
offering him a living, worth eight hundred a year, in another county.

There was joy and sorrow, both in-doors and out, at the news. Joy for the vicar's sake,
sorrow that he would be lost as the pastor of Hillstowe. I was nearly wild with delight. I did
not know at first that this change would mean separation from the Barrs.

So it proved, however. The beautiful little rectory to which they must remove with the new
year had been built by a childless predecessor, and would be too small to hold the troop of
juvenile Barrs, to say nothing or Mary Baxendell. Moreover, the Baxendells would not spare
Mary to go any distance from High Lea.

Until the rectory could be enlarged, it was settled that the elder girls should go to a
boarding-school, and the twin boys should attend a good day-school, which was within an
easy distance of their future home.

My occupation was gone. My pupils were about to be scattered, I was to lose the precious
little one that called herself Miss Anstey's baby, and whose curly head had so often rested
on my breast in sleep, and enriched me by her sweet presence!

I should lose the companionship of Mrs. Barr too, and more. I must begin to look round for
some other work to do, some roof beneath which there would be room for Lois Anstey.

I was very down-hearted, not because I had to work for my bread, but for fear I might not
find the work to do, and at the thought of going out again into the wide world and all
amongst strangers. It was in vain I took myself to task for selfishness. I did rejoice in the
good which had come to these dear friends, but how could I wholly forget that the
message which brought new life to them was almost like death to me?

It had been previously settled that I was to spend Christmas with the Baxendells. I had
half hoped that they might engage me as governess to Mary, but I found that Mr.
Baxendell shrank from the idea of having a governess in the house. He seemed to think it
would spoil its privacy, and prove a restraint to him and his wife.

Mrs. Baxendell would have liked to engage me. Mary pleaded for this with her father. But
though he rarely denied his pet anything, he would not yield in this matter.
"My wife and I are a Darby and Joan couple," said Mr. Baxendell. "We are quiet, too, in our
ways, and we would never condemn a young girl to the loneliness of a separate room,
because we so often find two to be company enough. Mary, our own child, hardly counts as
a third in the same sense."

I could not plead for a corner, or say that I should be contented with solitude at High Lea;
and so it was settled that music and other teachers should come from a neighbouring town
to give Mary periodical lessons and complete her education at home.

The girl displayed more temper about this matter than I had seen in her before.

"As if I should ever do a morsel of good all by myself!" she said. "It is horrid to think of
solitary lessons, and I know my teachers will get no credit out of me. I would rather have
you than a whole townful of other people. I know I shall hate the very sight of them."

She broke into a passion of tears, and I was obliged to look stern and say, "You will make
your parents feel that I have taught you badly, Mary, if you rebel against their wishes, just
because they do not agree with your own. Besides, they will not care to have me as a
Christmas guest if my presence is to stir up a spirit of opposition in their only child."

"Oh, dear! Miss Anstey," replied Mary, with a helpless gesture; "then I know not what to
do. I must not vex my father and mother, though I so badly want you to stay at High Lea."

Then, after a moment's abstraction, "I do wish my cousin Lawrence would marry you. He is
very nice, and just the right age—twenty-five."

What could I do but laugh at this absurd speech?

"You dear, foolish child," I said, "you must have made up your mind to drive me from High
Lea. If you wish to keep me for a little while, never allude again to my remaining beyond
the holidays; and, above all, never couple my name with that of Mr. Lawrence, or any
other gentleman. It would grieve me sadly; and, more than that, I should run away of my
own accord."

"I would not grieve you for the world," said the child, covering my face with kisses. Mary
Baxendell was now fifteen, and a very child in frankness and innocence, though in some
respects older than her age.

I said to her now, "A year ago, when it pleased God that I should be left fatherless, I
prayed to Him to direct me, and I did not ask in vain. I have had a great deal of happiness
during the year, and I have more friends than I possessed twelve months ago, as well as
more money in my pocket. I came to Hillstowe with just half-a-crown left. When I said
good-bye to the Barrs I had six months' salary to begin the world with again. I am
comparatively rich. If I could leave myself in God's hands immediately after my father's
death, surely I may trust Him after an enlarged experience of His faithfulness."

"Dear Miss Anstey, I know you are right," said Mary. "But you need never want for money,
you know, because my father would give me anything I might ask in that way, though he
will not have a resident governess for me. And, I had nearly forgotten, my cousin
Lawrence and my aunt are expected before dinner-time."

This announcement concerned me little, and I went leisurely on with my arrangements,

only determining that I would not go to the drawing-room until just before the gong was
sounded for dinner.

CHAPTER VI.

A FEW minutes before dinner-time, Mary Baxendell came for me, and we went down
together. In the drawing-room were her father and mother, and an extremely handsome,
stately-looking lady, in black velvet, and wearing some fine diamonds. I could not help
noticing that her hair was whiter than her face would have led me to expect, for her
complexion was fair, and the colour on her cheeks might have been envied by any girl. She
looked still more remarkable from the fact that her eyes, eyelashes, and eyebrows were
very dark.

"Aunt," said Mary Baxendell, drawing me towards this lady, and doubtless considering that
she had special vested rights in her governess, "this is Miss Anstey."

A tall young man, who was looking out at a window, and whose back was towards us as we
entered, started as Mary mentioned my name. Almost before the aunt and I had
exchanged salutations, Mary cried, "Cousin Lawrence, let me see your face, please."

The young man turned in compliance with this unceremonious request, and in the face
thus presented I saw—Mr. Marsden!

Which were playing me false? Eyes or ears? I understood how my bewilderment had been
caused when Mary continued—

"Miss Anstey, this is my cousin, Mr. Lawrence Marsden."

I had only heard him called Mr. Marsden at the farm, Mrs. Jennings not being likely to
mention his Christian name. He and his friend addressed each other as "Marsden" and
"Winn," whilst Mary Baxendell invariably spoke of him as "Cousin Lawrence," and of his
mother as "aunt."

Mary opened her eyes very wide when she saw Cousin Lawrence's face light up with
pleasure and my own flush crimson as we shook hands, and Mr. Marsden said, "Miss
Anstey and I have met before, and I am very glad to meet her again."

For myself, I hardly knew whether to be glad or sorry. I thought of the stately lady in
velvet and diamonds with some trepidation; but when I turned my eyes in her direction, I
saw that she was smiling benevolently, and that there was absolutely a gleam of half-
suppressed amusement discernible about those fine eyes of hers.

There were but the six of us, so Mrs. Marsden paired off with Mr. Baxendell, Lawrence took
his aunt, and Mary and I linked arms and went together. I was, however, fated to sit next
my acquaintance of the farm, for Mary was placed next her aunt on one side of the table,
and I was between Mr. Baxendell and Mr. Marsden.

My younger neighbour was very considerate. He made no allusion to our former meeting,
and for this I was grateful. Being such a small party, the talk was general, and I soon felt
quite at ease. I even lost my dread of Mrs. Marsden, and could hardly believe that this
lady, of whom every one seemed so fond, could possibly be the mother of whom the two
friends talked on that moonlight night in the porch at Roundtree Farm. That she doted on
her Lawrence there could be no doubt, and in my eyes he had never looked so attractive
as when paying those little tender attentions to Mrs. Marsden that every mother delights to
receive from a stalwart son.

We had yet two clear days before Christmas, and, to please Mary, Mrs. Baxendell had left
the decorations to be prepared under her superintendence.

Of course, my pupil and I worked together, and Mr. Marsden, while pleading want of skill,
offered to do his best to assist us.

"I am not sure that your best will be good enough, Lawrence," said Mary; "but we will give
you a trial."

Then he humbly suggested that he might save our fingers at the expense of his own, and
he cut holly into suitable sprigs, fetched and carried and nailed devices and twisted
wreaths until even Mary was fain to praise his willingness, if not his skill.

This was at High Lea, the church work having been done by other hands, and more of
them, mostly before we came. While the house decoration was in progress, Mr. Marsden
made frequent sly allusions to "green stuff," and brought in many of the expressions Mrs.
Jennings was accustomed to use in our hearing at the farm.

Mary innocently attacked her cousin on this subject, and said she wondered where he had
picked up such odd expressions, whereupon he demurely suggested that she should ask
her favourite referee, Miss Anstey.

"As if she would know!" replied Mary, contemptuously; and Lawrence rejoined, "Miss
Anstey is such an encyclopaedia of knowledge according to you, Mary, that I quite thought
she knew everything."

Whilst the decorations were in progress, Mrs. Marsden saw how much we three young
people were together, yet neither interfered nor frowned upon us. On the contrary, there
was that humorous expression to be seen on her face at intervals, and I caught her
exchanging looks of a highly significant character with her son.

Sometimes I fancied these looks had reference to myself, and then I felt my face grow hot,
and wondered if the mother and son could possibly be amusing themselves at my expense.
I was angry at the thought almost as soon as it was conceived, and ashamed that it could
have been allowed to enter my mind. Before Christmas Day came, however, I felt almost
ready to run away a second time from Mr. Marsden. It was so hard to be constantly in this
man's company, knowing as I did from his own lips how he once cared for me. And, alas!
Knowing that each day he was taking more complete possession of my thoughts and
affections. How was this state of things to end? Would he now be just the pleasant friend
of another brief holiday, and then go his way and let me go mine, wherever this might
lead?

I think I would rather have died than let any human friend look into my heart then, and I
kept up bravely whilst in company with others, though no more miserable coward than
myself ever moistened a pillow with nightly tears, or dreaded the coming trial of a new day
when alone.

On Christmas morning I felt better than I had hoped to do. Every one was so kind. I had
prepared some little gift for each of the family, the guests, and servants. They were simple
matters, the work of my own hands; and I was truly thankful that no person in that home
of wealth humiliated me by the bestowal of anything costly. A little purse, a letter-rack, a
paperknife, and an ink-stand were given me by the three Baxendells and Lawrence
Marsden.

Mrs. Marsden actually bent her stately head and kissed me, after thanking me for a dainty
woollen kerchief of my own work and design. Then she added, "I have something for you,
my dear, if you care to accept it. Do not estimate its value by its size, for it is rather a
ponderous article, and might be in everybody's way, if I gave it just now. You shall see it
this evening. I have found a similar article valuable, and I hope you may, too."

I thanked Mrs. Marsden for her kind intentions, and then we all went to church and knelt
together at the Lord's table. This sweet service did me more good than can be told, and
after joining in it, I was enabled to shut out determinedly all memories and thoughts that
would have interfered with the joyous celebration of Christmas in the household. I
returned to High Lea looking and feeling happy, in a renewed sense of God's great love in
Christ Jesus, and of His unchanging faithfulness.

There was much to occupy my attention. Children came for gifts, neighbours were
entertained, and it was only after they all left, that Mrs. Marsden bestowed her Christmas
gift, in this wise: she drew me into Mrs. Baxendell's boudoir, a charming little room off the
large drawing-room, and bidding me sit by her, said:

"Christmas is the time for a fireside tale, my dear, and I want you to listen patiently whilst
I tell one. It is about a mother and son who tenderly loved each other, for the husband and
father was gone, and these two were associated alike in thought and work. I suppose all
mothers look with a jealous eye at their lads, even when there are several, but when there
is but one, he is all in all to a widowed parent."

"Well, this mother's great anxiety was that her son, when he grew to man's estate, should
mate worthily, and perhaps she watched him too closely if his eyes wandered in the
direction of any girl with whom he was in company. Perhaps, too, her very eagerness for
his well-being was a little selfish, and stood in the way of his comfort. Only she did not
know this at first."
"Again and again the mother interfered, less by word than with a sort of management by
which she contrived to carry him away from neighbourhoods which she thought dangerous.
But I daresay the young man smiled as he yielded, knowing that he was heart-whole, and
that the change mattered little to him."

"You must not think that the mother wanted a rich or titled wife for her son. He had wealth
enough for both. But she dreaded the thought of his being married for the sake of it, and
not from the true love and esteem which alone can make marriage happy."

"She saw, too—more's the pity that such should ever be—that girls showed themselves
eager to attract the young man's notice, and practised little airs and graces, and threw
themselves in his way, even mothers openly lending themselves to such scheming."

"The young man saw these things too. He was not blind, and he kept aloof and never
committed himself by word or deed. He was courteous to all, but waited until he should
see the girl whom he might endow, not with his worldly goods alone, but with the richer
gift of a whole, true, pure heart—such a girl as he could reverently take to his own heart
and home, as a most precious gift from God."

"He met this girl by a strange incident, in a far-away spot and at a farmhouse. Do not
start, dear child; hear me out. He wished to tell her what was in his heart, but love for the
old mother made him determine first to speak to her, and he hoped to go back to the farm
carrying her consent and blessing along with his love story, to its object. He was half
afraid, too, for you must know that he did not quite understand the old mother with whom
he had passed his twenty-five years of life. He thought she might wish him to choose a girl
who had riches as well as worth. Whereas, what the mother wanted was a girl of this kind:
well-born and educated, pure-minded, modest, requiring to be sought before she was won,
bright in temper, unselfish in disposition, brave where courage was needed, and yet
thankful, as woman should be, to lean on a strong arm, if it pleased God to give her one in
the shape of a good husband. And the mother thought that the girl could not be all these
things unless she had the love of God in her heart, and thus shining out in her daily life."

"Money immaterial, she wanted her son to have the fortune in his wife."

"The son saw the girl I told you of, and took great pains to make himself acquainted with
her life-history, both before and after she ran away from the farm."

"For she did run away, and certain circumstances enabled him to guess why, but he knew
her whereabouts, and bided his time. Dear me! I shall not be able to finish my story," said
Mrs. Marsden—for, utterly broken down by emotion, I was sobbing audibly—"in fact, the
last chapter has still to be written, and I must offer you my Christmas gift."

Mrs. Marsden opened the door, and Lawrence entered. "Here it, or I should say 'he' is, my
dear. I do hope you will take him with a mother's blessing, and when the last chapter of
the story is completed, you must turn story-teller, and let me know it."

Mrs. Marsden kissed me affectionately, put my trembling hand in the firm grasp of her son,
left the room with less than her usual stateliness, and closed the door behind her.

"Lois, my dear, will you accept the mother's Christmas gift, and will you let me keep the
hand she has placed in mine? You are the one love of my whole heart, Lois. Can you give
me what I ask, darling, your love in return?" So spoke Lawrence.

No wonder I found it difficult to reply, but I did manage once to look up in his dear, honest
face, and to tell him, though with trembling lips, that he was the one love of my life too.
And he was content. This Christmas Day was my fifth milestone.

My story has grown to a greater length than I intended, so I will finish it as briefly as
possible.

Lawrence told me that after I left the farm, he found out which room I had occupied,
through seeing it undergoing the process of scouring and scrubbing, which invariably
followed the departure of a visitor. He asked to see the room, in case he should bring
another friend to Hailsby-le-Beck, and thus took the bearings of the porch. By putting two
and two together, he judged that I must have heard the talk between him and Mr. Winn,
and that my flight was the consequence of it.

About my address at Hillstowe, he had no difficulty. People who write little, exercise their
memories more than those who do, and both Mr. and Mrs. Jennings remembered the name
of the vicarage under whose roof I lived.

Then Lawrence knew that I must be his cousin's teacher, and having talked matters over
with his mother, they joined in inquiries about my family and personal history, which
satisfied them. The result was the little plot by which we all met at High Lea, and into
which Mr. and Mrs. Baxendell had heartily entered, Mary Baxendell being the only member
of the family who knew nothing of her aunt's intended Christmas gift.

There was no question about my teaching again. When I left High Lea it was in Mrs.
Marsden's company. I stayed with her at Nethercourt during her son's absence, for a
previous arrangement took him—much against his will—to the Continent for a couple of
months.

In the summer, Lawrence and I met again at Mrs. Baxendell's, then I stayed for some
weeks, first with my friend Mrs. Goulding, and lastly with the Barrs, their rectory having
been enlarged in the meanwhile.

I was not married until the following autumn, for I wanted Lawrence and his mother to be
better acquainted with me before I became connected with them by the closest ties.
During the interval, I paid many visits, including one to my old nurse at the lodge, and
one, in Mrs. Marsden's company, to Roundtree Farm. I do not speak of Lawrence's
companionship. It goes without saying that where I was, he was also to be found as often
as possible, the maternal wing being extended over me in loving fashion. In this respect,
Mrs. Marsden anticipated the relationship, and was as a true mother to me from the day
she bestowed her Christmas gift in such a whimsical way.

She always declares that it was my running away from her son that won her heart, and
that if I had not shown Lawrence that I must be sought and wooed before I was won, he
might not have been so eager to follow.

We were married at Hillstowe Church, Mr. Barr officiating, and Dot, my erewhile baby,
acting as the very smallest of a troop of young bridesmaids, led by Mary Baxendell. Mrs.
Marsden herself gave me away, on the principle that by so doing she should give public
effect to that which she did in private, when she bestowed Lawrence upon me.

I could tell of many subsequent events—of continued friendship with the Barrs, of Mary
Baxendell's wedding, five years ago, the bridegroom being Herbert Winn, Lawrence's best
man at ours; of the fact that Lady Minshull and I have been on visiting terms for five-and-
twenty years, and that dear Mrs. Marsden still lives, and is the most indulgent and
handsomest of grandmammas and old ladies. But even these happy particulars do not
stand out with the same prominence in my life's story as those I have already told about.
And I think most girls will agree with me, that the day of days in my life was that which
gave me him who has been the beloved husband of eight-and-twenty years. I reckon that
on it, I passed my sixth milestone.

FINISHED AT CHRISTMAS.

CHAPTER I.

A LITTLE love story! This is what I am going to tell.

I hope no one who reads this plain statement of my intentions will be shocked thereat, and
close the book as though the subject ought to be tabooed in these pages.

Yet there are people, and good women amongst the number, who so little understand that
love, if it be worthy of the name, means beauty and purity, and embraces the very holiest
and best in our human nature, that they would banish the word from every story that is
written for the young. They would bid an old wife and mother like me lay down her pen
and refrain from using it on the sweetest theme that creation can furnish.

Such readers as these would link the idea of love rather with the fallen and sinful state of
humanity, forgetting that the first pair of lovers were also the first created of mankind, and
were such before sin possessed a name, much less a place in Paradise.

Would the silencing of tongues and the laying down of pens keep young hearts from
throbbing, or silence the voice which God Himself has placed in every breast and endowed
with eloquence? Far, far better for us older folk to treat the subject with tender reverence,
and manifest our loving sympathy with our young ones who are just placing girlish feet on
the enchanted ground which we trod in the far-away past.

The subject is, perhaps, the only one which has an interest for people of every nation, age,
and condition—which has in it the "touch of Nature that makes the whole world kin." It
links the queen and her humblest waiting-damsel. It joins in its mysterious bonds the
monarch who can bestow a crown, and the peasant who follows the plough and dreams of
the day when he can call a tiny thatched cottage his home, and prepare it as a fitting nest
for his village playmate who has just passed him, poising a well-filled pail upon her head.
The glimpse of her bright young face and the kindly smile of her brown eyes have put new
energy into the toiler, and he resumes his work, albeit a moment before he was watching
the lengthening shadows, and longing for the moment when he should unyoke the weary
horses and take the homeward way.

No use trying to silence Nature's voice in the breast of the young. It may speak little and
shyly. The fair cheek may flush and the head be bent, but thought will be the busier for the
very reticence of the tongue. And we old folk, what can we do? If we have nothing but
sweet memories of pure joys that were ours in the far-away past, let us at least thank God
for these, and give our sympathy to the young. Will not those who have walked in love
towards God and each other whilst on earth, look forward to a reunion which shall last
whilst eternity endures, with the dear one who has gone before for a little while?

Tell us what kind of life is looked upon as the hardest. Not one of poverty, labour, difficulty,
or even of affliction. Poverty and labour are lightened, difficulties smoothed, trials more
easily borne with love for a companion. Suffering is almost forgotten when the tender
voice of sympathy is heard and the pillow smoothed by affection's hands. Unrest is easier
to endure when kind eyes watch beside the sleepless, and become moist with tears
because the power to aid falls so far short of the will.

The loveless life is the only really hard life. He who is all Love has shown us that with it we
feel rich, but having all beside, we are poor without it.

If parents could but see this, they would realise that they are exercising one of the most
delightful of their privileges when sympathising with their children. They live again the
days of their own pure young love, in the happiness of their girls and boys.

Once an excellent lady, who was neither wife nor mother, said, "If I could have my way, I
would keep every word relating to love out of books and stories for girls."

Ah, dear lady! Then you must take many a passage out of the "Book of books," and begin
the excision with the very words of the Creator, "It is not good for man to be alone."

But having indulged in this little introductory preach, I will begin my story.

Mrs. Manning was perplexed. A glance at her comely face was sufficient to show this, for it
usually wore such a different expression from the half-puzzled, half-troubled look which
now overspread it. Surely worldly matters could not cause the perplexity, for everything
around her indicated a fair measure of prosperity, from the handsomely furnished room in
which she sat and pondered, to the dainty lace which dropped so softly over her well-
shaped wrists.

Mrs. Manning was abundantly satisfied with and thankful for her present position, though
during her fifty years of life she had experienced many trials.

Early married, and almost perfectly mated, her first great sorrow came when her
husband's death left her a widow, and with five children to care for and start in life. No
light charge for a woman to whom anxiety had hitherto been a stranger.

Still, she thought that having experienced such a trial and lived through it, no other blow
could inflict a wound worth thinking of; but she had to learn a still harder lesson.

Widows who have children must be brave for their sakes. They must dry the tears, or drive
them back and weep only at convenient seasons, and indulge in sweet memories when
present work and plans for the future do not demand all their powers. And who does not
know that there are sorrows, as well as joys, with which none may intermeddle, not even
those of our own households, much less the mere acquaintance or the stranger?

At first, no anxious thought about worldly matters entered into Mrs. Manning's mind. Her
husband had been deemed a prosperous man, and she had never been required to count
the cost of any reasonable indulgence. His illness had been too short to allow of any
conversation on business matters, and when, after his death, these were looked into, all
was in order. There was an apparently flourishing concern. There were no debts. Why
should not all go on as before?

Just because the clear head was not there to plan, the guiding hand to direct. There was
no one to step into that place and keep the well-balanced machinery going. And so the
business went down, and it became necessary to wind-up the concern in order to secure a
pittance which would just keep mother and children above absolute want.

Years of struggling followed. The widow kept a brave heart, cheered on her children, and
the two eldest being boys, these soon began to help, instead of to require assistance.

The worst of the fight was over, when an unexpected ally came forward in the shape of
Uncle Edward, her late husband's half-brother. He had always been ready to help, both
with his counsel and his purse, and perhaps the more so because the widow never sought
the latter kind of assistance.

Uncle Edward was the eldest son of a first marriage, and twenty years the senior of the
widow's late husband. Having lost those who were nearest to him, he began to look round
amongst his relatives for some who should cheer his lonely fireside, and selected his half-
brother's widow and family.

Once more, Mrs. Manning found herself the virtual mistress of a lovely home, and
surrounded by all the comforts to which she had been accustomed during her happy
married days. Her boys were getting on in the world, and had wives and homes of their
own. Her eldest daughter was also married, and though she had not made a good match,
as the world estimates marriages, she was happy in her country home, and the true
helpmeet of her husband.

Mrs. Manning had felt keenly disappointed when the Rev. Charles Peyton made his
appearance and asked for her daughter. But what could she do? The look of happy
confidence on his good, true face told her that he did not come to the mother without
being pretty well assured of what the daughter would say on the subject. When she put
him off for a little while, until she had talked with Mary herself, it was with little hope that
the consent now deferred could be finally withheld.

"It would be a great change for you, Mary. Now you have everything provided that heart
need desire. And I have always counted on you girls doing so well," said the mother, with a
sigh.

Mrs. Manning looked regretfully into Mary's face, flushed with the sweet consciousness of
being truly loved by the one whom she would have chosen from all the world.

"Shall I not be doing well, mother?" she asked, very softly. "What higher lot need a woman
desire than to be the wife of a good man—one whom she can reverence and look up to?"

"But you will be poor, Mary. And lately you have known nothing of poverty, though you can
remember those years of trial when every penny had to be counted. Ah! I thought you
would all take warning by that season of adversity! I can hardly bear to look back upon it
now."

"I can," said Mary, "and thank God for it. But for having gone through some trouble, how
should I be fitted to sympathise with others? That precious time—for it was precious,
darling mother, though to you it seems sad as you look back on it—was just my training
ground. But for it I should be frightened to share Charles's responsibilities. Mother, dear,
do not say No. Charles seems sure of Uncle Edward's consent."
"My dear child, just think how you will live on two hundred a year! How will you make ends
meet?"

"Did you ever hear a story of Uncle Edward's, about an old bachelor friend of his, who was
inclined to marry?"

"I cannot tell, Mary. Uncle Edward's stories are too frequent for me to know which of them
you are alluding to. Go on. I see by your face that the moral of it will be an argument for
marrying upon next to nothing a year."

Truly, the rippling smile that crossed the young face was suggestive enough, and Mary lost
no time in telling her story.

"He was not quite an old bachelor at the time, but verging on it, and had been very careful
and saving. I do not know how much the man had a year, but it was enough to set him
considering as to whether what was enough for a single man would suffice for a married
one. He tested the matter in this wise. He had a large pie made, and when it was placed
on the table, he divided it equally, and surveying one half, said, 'Yes; there would be
enough.' Then he cut the halves into quarters, having made the calculation that there
might in time be more than two to provide for."

"Very prudent, my dear. What was the result of the second calculation?"

"That it would still do very well; but not contented, he divided the pieces again. Ah,
mamma. How shall I tell you? He decided that such a division would not do at all. Placing
his arms round the dish, he said, 'Come all to myself,' and from that time relinquished
every thought of matrimony."

"Do you call that an argument in favour of your marriage, Mary?" asked the mother, with a
hearty laugh.

"Yes, mother; because you have not yet heard the sequel. The man lived a lonely, loveless
life; ever adding to his means, saving for those who were but far-away kinsfolk at the
best, and whose chief thought was, 'How will the old man's money be divided at last? Into
whose lap will the largest share fall, when he can hold it no longer?'"

"He is dead now. He had no kind hand to minister to him in his last days; only paid nurses.
No son or daughter to bring their little ones to make his home ring with childish laughter;
no wife to mourn for him, or look forward to a meeting in the Better Land. But there are
plenty to put on the semblance of grief, and first to squabble over, and then to scatter the
money amassed in sheer selfishness, by the man who could not bear the prospect of
sharing with others the good things that God had already given him, and determine to
work and trust Him for more."

Mrs. Manning's heart was that of a true mother, and she could not look on the sweet girl-
face without longing to make the path smooth for her child. But she had set her mind on
seeing her girls do well and marry well. She could not endure the thought of all the petty
calculations and the incessant contrivances that would be needed by the wife of a poor
rector in a country parish. She enumerated, one after another, the probable difficulties
which would beset her, and bade her think well before coming to a decision.

When did true love fail to discern a rift in the clouds, or to find at least a promise of
sunshine, however heavy the sky might look at the time? The mother's prophecy had no
terrors for Mary.