TRENDS, NETWORKS, AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Prepared By:
Donna Marie Emata-Legaspi

Coverage: 2 Weeks

Introduction:

This Student Guide Module will cover Chapter 1: Trends and Fads and Chapter 2:
Understanding Local Networks

Week 1: Chapter 3
The Nature of Global Networks
Global Networks and Globalization

Week 2: Chapter 4
Climate Change—Its Nature and Causes
The Effects of Climate Change
Addressing the Climate Change Problem

CHAPTER 3 Key Concepts:

Globalization has been one of the defining

The Nature of Global Networks features of the modern era. It has been marked by
Globalization the movement of goods, services, ideas, capital
and people through a plethora of cross-border
networks.

Networks are the largely hidden plumbing of the

global economy.

Objectives: Guide Questions:

• Explain the effects of globalization
to society and the economy of a
country.
• Analyze the concrete effects of
globalization to an individual’s life.
a. What are global networks and how is it
affected by globalization?
b. What are the elements of globalization and
how is it manifested in our society?

Learning Activities and Learning Materials

Self-Paced Learning
You can do this asynchronously, just make sure to complete the activity before the scheduled
synchronous meeting.

Links/URLs

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50PeBMI71Sk&ab_channel=BostonConsultingGroup
2. hhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29rFvF3YYyY&ab_channel=CzarinaBondoc
3. Please see attached Reviewer. A copy of the Reviewer will also be uploaded in our
Google Classroom for online learners. The link to our Google Classroom will be sent to
our class group chat.

Live Conferences: Links:

A schedule and link for a synchronous
meeting with the class using Google Meet
will be given in the class group chat. We
will discuss key takeaways that you gained
so far about Trends and Fads, their
similarities and differences, and how to
spot a Trend.
Link will be posted in the class group chat a day
prior to the synchronous meeting.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Please notify me ahead of
time when you are having difficulty in joining the
meeting and/or you have not received any email
invitation to the said meeting/s.

(Prepare your questions and/or sharing

during the meeting. You can have more
than two questions once others will not use
their air time.)

Remember: Religiously follow the

netiquettes stipulated in your ODL Student
Guide.

Assessment: Link will be posted in the class group chat a day

an hour before the quiz.
Short Quiz
A short quiz will be conducted through
Google Forms to assess your MPORTANT NOTE: Please notify me ahead of
understanding of Global Networks and time when you are having difficulty in joining the
Globalization. meeting and/or you have not received any email
invitation to the said meeting/s.

Task
Activity 1

CHAPTER 4 Key Concepts:

Climate Change—Its Causes and Climate change is here, and it’s causing a wide
Effects. range of impacts that will affect virtually every
human on Earth in increasingly severe ways.
Addressing the Climate Change
Problem. The magnitude of each impact depends on our
collective choices as well as details—e.g., the
particular region and the people that live there—
but together, the range of impacts makes climate
change one of the most urgent issues facing
humanity today.

Objectives: Guide Questions:

• To explain how the effects of What is climate change? What are its
human consumption and causes and effects?
production patters contribute to a. How do we combat the effects of climate
climate problems. change?
• To understand the nature of
climate change.

Learning Activities and Learning Materials

Self-Paced Learning

You can do this asynchronously, just make sure to complete the activity before the scheduled
synchronous meeting.

Links/URL’s

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4H1N_yXBiA&ab_channel=NationalGeographic
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipVxxxqwBQw&ab_channel=Kurzgesagt%E2%80%93Ina
Nutshell
3. Please see attached Reviewer. A copy of the Reviewer will also be uploaded in our
Google Classroom for online learners. The link to our Google Classroom will be sent
to our class group chat.

Live Conferences: Links:

A schedule and link for a synchronous Link will be posted in the class group chat a day
meeting with the class using Google Meet prior to the synchronous meeting.
will be given in the class group chat. We
will discuss key takeaways that you gained IMPORTANT NOTE: Please notify me ahead of
so far about Social Sciences and its time when you are having difficulty in joining the
different disciplines. meeting and/or you have not received any email
invitation to the said meeting/s.
(Prepare your questions and/or sharing
during the meeting. You can have more
than two questions once others will not use
their air time.)
Remember: Religiously follow the
netiquettes stipulated in your ODL Student
Guide.

Assessment: Link will be posted in the class group chat a day

an hour before the quiz.
Short Quiz
A short quiz will be conducted through
Google Forms to assess your MPORTANT NOTE: Please notify me ahead of
understanding of the different disciplines time when you are having difficulty in joining the
of Social Sciences. meeting and/or you have not received any email
invitation to the said meeting/s.

The deadline for the Essay shall be posted in the

Task class group chat.
Activity 2
Activity 3
CHAPTER III: GLOBAL NETWORKS

LESSON 1:
DEFINING GLOBAL NETWORKS

Global Networks is one of the major trends in the twenty-first century. It describes it as a “major
feature of contemporary process of globalization” which is highly evident in the everyday lives of
people and organizations whose areas of operations go beyond a country’s own borders.
The concept is made up two important terms namely:
“Global” and “Network”

Global Network

-means that an entity’s reaches - defines as a set of units like

are beyond territorial boarders nerves, species, individuals,
of a particular country: thus it institutions or state, with a
destroys the cultural and particular rule w/c determines
economic barrier that separates the degree or direction of relation
regions and places. or ties that exist between or
among social entities or units.

In other hand “Global Networks” can be seen in different fields like business, migration,
governance, terrorism, science; in profession and even in different disciplines. A network
can be considered a global network if it conforms to three (3) important features of a global
network. The characteristics of global networks include the following:

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL NETWORK

CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITIONS

Global networks cross “borders” and connect to Global networks cross borders and connect to more
more than one country than one country with its members often located in
different places or always moving.
Movement across a boundary is long term It must be noted that a network’s movement across
boundary is not yet considered a global network if it
only occurs during a short period of time.

Global networks are not confined within a Global networks are not isolated to a particular
particular country territory.
 TWO TYPES OF GLOBAL NETWORKS

TYPES DEFINITIONS

A form of global network adopted from

Technical Global Networks
Interpersonal Global Networks
telecommunications systems that utilize a variety of
satellite, cable, and wireless technologies.
A form of global network that includes cross-border
groups such as migrants, aid, or social workers
involved in advocacy work and even professionals
discussing and debating about new ideas and
discoveries.

TWELVE (12) TYPES OF GLOBAL NETWORKS

TYPES DEFINITIONS
Made of individuals called actors who share
Advocacy Networks particular values, common discourse and dense
exchanges of information and services.

Ex. Human rights, environment and women’s

network.
Include transnational economic and business
Business, Trading, & Commercial Networks networks.

Ex. Commercial networks, enterprise networks, and

innovation networks.
Social communication patterns, interpersonal
Friendship Networks bonding and social support.

Ex. Migrant or cosmopolitan setting.

Usually done by historians who study spatial pattern
Imperial Networks of connections that link the metropolis with the
colonies.
Information Networks Communication is the primary function.
Knowledge/Intellectual Networks Give importance to the transmission of knowledge
and its connection with policy development.
Migrant Networks Deals with migrants who left their countries and
settled in new territories.

Ex. Family networks, ethics or religious networks.

Policy Networks Variety of actors who have common interest w/
regards to a particular policy and shared interest.
Professional Networks Deals with the promotion of the professionals mental
and academic interest to support sociability and
friendship.
Religious Networks Deals with religions practiced by immigrants and their
respective networks.
Terrorist Networks Study of the structure of terrorist groupings and
organized crimes.
Women’s Networks Focus on women themselves while others involve
women in networks alongside men.
GLOBAL NETWORKS AND GLOBALIZATION

LESSON 2
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is rooted from the word global which means that actions occur “across political and
cultural boundaries” which creates intensive as well as spatially extensive interconnections
between range of institutions, and actors; and develops “transnational processes, institutions and
ways of interpreting the world as a single space.

ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the policies of the government to
Privatization transfer government- owned corporations and
sell them to the control of the private sector.
Refers to the streamlining of government’s
Deregulation control over the industry for basic commodities
like oil supply, water and electricity.
A policy wherein laws regarding restrictive
Liberalization importation of products are modified or totally
abolished.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Globalization provides an increase in the level Globalization has led to the erosion of cultural
of global output. diversity and it has produced a unified global
system of culture and economic values.
Globalization brings the best technology and Globalization claims that integration created
other forms of intellectual capital to countries by globalization reduced the sovereignty of
that cannot produce it. nations, especially in relation to economic
policy formulation.
International capital flows can transfer savings It will destroy the long-treasured traditions of
from countries where the marginal product of indigenous communities and poorer societies.
capital is low to those where it is high.
Globalizations influence the distribution and Tax and monetary policies under the rules of
levels of income. world trade.
Understanding Globalization
One of the goals of globalization is for the world to become more interdependent. People and
countries of the world are closely woven together especially in the economic aspect. Globalization
is the most powerful source for change in the world today affecting all societies in the planet. It
entails movement of capital, free flow of goods and services, the increased mobility of individuals,
and the expansion of multinational corporations and transnational organizations.

Globalization and Migration

The issue of globalization is linked with migration and with movement of capital and commodities.

Migration is said to be as old as human civilizations, and there is clear proof that globalization is
inextricably related to it. The growing demand for laborers of the most capitalist countries
precipitated the migration of many families from the unprivileged communities.

According to estimates, more or less 20% of the labor force in the Philippines want to leave the
country in search for a job abroad. Some of them become victims of illegal recruitment and human
trafficking.

What is Migration?
National Geographic defines human migration as the movement of people from one territory to
another for the purpose of taking up either a permanent or temporary residence.

People migrate for various reasons. The reasons may fall under four categories:
1. Environmental
2. Political
3. Cultural
4. Economic

PUSH & PULL FACTOR

Those that motivate people to move from one place to
PUSH another because of difficulty, such as food shortage, war,
flood, etc.
Those that motivate people to move their place to another
PULL place simply because of some desirable reasons such as
nicer climate, better food supply, freedom and others.

TYPES OF MIGRATION
Defined as the process where migrants look for a new
INTERNAL residence within their own country, state, or continent.
Moving in a different country, state or continent to a new
EXTERNAL residence.

MIGRATION Leaving one country to move to another.

Moving into a new country
IMMIGRATION
This happens when the state or authorities forced its people
FORCED MIGRATION to migrate for a reason.
Migration, Globalization and Climate Change
The first half-decade of the twenty-first century has been characterized by incidents of disaster
that brought about massive human suffering. Regardless of location, humanity is threatened by
hazards of many types. The World’s Health Organization’s Collaborating Center for Research on
the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) shows that hazardous events have been on the rise
around the world, which include natural and technological hazards: drought, earthquakes,
epidemics, extreme temperature, famine, floods, insect manifestations, landslides, volcanic
eruption, waves/surges, wildfires, and windstorms.

Natural calamities like earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, and floods have brought varying
degrees of devastation around the world. The global consciousness that climate change may
represent one of the most significant threats of the near future has stimulated humanity’s
collective interest in disaster.

Ecological migrants are compelled to relinquish their belongings and escape for their lives in the
fallout of typhoons, tidal waves, tremors and other grave calamities. They are displaced people
who are compelled to leave their homes. They are the ‘new’ poor people and the most defenseless
in the midst of calamities which are getting more violent because of climate change.

In the Asian regions, disasters emanating from natural and technological hazards have occurred
with increasing frequency, impacting greater number of people and financial losses. In the past
ten years alone, Asia had been hit by strong earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons that resulted
to the loss of thousands of lives, and left ends of thousands homeless and in anguish.

Global ecological and environmental movements have rightly observed that a new poor called
climate refugees or environmental refugees emerges out of this situation. They are the people
who had been internally displaced, not because of war, but by disasters

In 2005, Glen Albrecht created the term “solastalgia,” consolidating solacium (comfort), nostos
(return home), and algos (torment) – the misery, dejection, or tension brought about by modified
situations. He believes that the level of pain an individual or a group encounters is associated with
the loss of an endemic feeling of place.
CHAPTER IV: CLIMATE CHANGE

LESSON 1
CLIMATE CHANGE: ITS NATURE AND CAUSES

Climate refers to the average weather in a particular place. It includes precipitation, temperature,
humidity, wind, and seasons. Climate patterns play an important part in the formation of natural
ecosystems. Human economics and cultures also depend on climate. Global warming on the
other hand is caused by an ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth’s surface. It
is due to an increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

• Carbon dioxide is considered as the most important gas in the Earth’s layer of
insulations. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through different human
activities such as fossil fuel (e.g. coal, oil and gas) burning and cutting down trees.
Because of this our atmosphere contains about 42% more carbon dioxide than during
the industrial era. Our planet is now experiencing the effects of climate change.
• Deforestation or the destructions of forest; desertification or the process of land
degradation in arid or dry, semiarid and sub humid regions of the world, and
urbanization or the movement of people of the cities contribute to changes in climate.
• Climate scientists believe that the main cause of the current global warming trend is
the human expansion of the greenhouse effect.
• Greenhouse effect is when the sunlight reaches the surface of the Earth, it can either
reflect the light back into the space or it can be absorbed by the Earth. Once it is
absorbed, the Earth releases some of energy back into the atmosphere as heat or
infrared radiation. Greenhouse includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Greenhouse gases serve like a blanket that makes the Earth warmer.
 Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effects are the following:
Water vapor is considered as the most
abundant greenhouse gas.
The principal greenhouse gas that contributes
to climate change. It released through natural
processes such as respiration, volcanic
eruptions, and through human activities such
as deforestation, land use changes, and fossil
fuel burning.
More active greenhouse gas than carbon
dioxide but it is much less abundant in the
atmosphere.
A powerful greenhouse gas produced due to
soil cultivations practices, especially the use
of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil
fuels combustion, nitric acid production and
biomass burning.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Hydro chlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs)
Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs)
Per fluorocarbons (PFCs)

Sulfur Hexafluoride ( )
or F-gases
- are used as coolants, foaming agents, fire
Sulfur hexafluoride ( ) extinguishers, solvent, pesticides, and
or F- gases aerosol propellants. Unlike water vapor, F-
gases have a long atmospheric lifetime, and
emissions of these can affect climate for long
period of time.
LESSON 2
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Long Term Effects of Climate Change
EFFECT
Rise in temperature
Changes in precipitation patterns
Increase in strength and intensity of The intensity, frequency, and duration of strong
typhoons and hurricanes
Rise of sea levels by one to four feet Projected rise comes from the additional water
by 2100
Shrinking ice sheets
Ocean acidification
Droughts and heat waves intensity
Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
IMPACT
Impacts on Livestock
Impacts on Fisheries
Impacts on Water Supply and Quality Semiarid and arid areas like the Mediterranean region,
CHARACTERISTICS
Continuous rise in global temperatures due to the
increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Projected to occur even in regions where total
precipitation is expected to decrease.
hurricanes and typhoons have increased. Storms
intensity and rainfall rates are projected to increase
as warm climate continues.
caused by the melting of land ice and the expansion
of seawater.
Scientist have observed the decrease in mass of the
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Acidity of the surface ocean waters has risen by
about 30 percent since the start of the industrial
revolution. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed
by the upper layer of the oceans increases by about
two billion tons every year.
Droughts and heat waves in different countries are
likely to become more intense as cold waves
become less intense everywhere.
CHARACTERISTIC
Heat waves caused by climate change threaten the livestock
sectors as well. Heat stress affects animals both directly and
indirectly it can increase the vulnerability of animals to
diseases and reduce their fertility and milk production.
Climate change can affect the supply of fish and marine life
because many marine and aquatic species can only survive
on particular temperature ranges.
southern African regions, and northern brazil are highly
vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as far as the
supply of water is concerned. Areas are expected to
experience decreasing water resources particularly in areas
that are already experiencing droughts, population
pressures, and water resource extraction.
Impacts on Human Health
1. Sustained rise-in temperature can lead to frequent and severe heat stress.
2. The reduction in air quality that complements heat wave can cause breathing problems
and respiratory diseases.
3. Climate change can affect the supply of agricultural products and disrupt the balance of
the food systems which can all lead to a higher rate of malnutrition brought by lack of food
supply.
4. Climate changes can cause the spread of infectious diseases. For example,
meningococcal meningitis is usually connected to climate change particularly drought.
5. Mosquito-related diseases such as malaria may increase in areas that are affected by
higher levels of precipitation. An increase in the amount of rainfall can cause the spread
of the dengue fever.
6. People who live in low-income countries are vulnerable to disasters due to climate change.
These vulnerable groups include the urban poor, aged people, young children, traditional
societies, subsistence farmers, and coastal people.

Impacts of Climate Change in Different Regions

Climate change can have various projected impacts in the Philippines and in the different regions
of the world.

1. El Niño phenomenon will intensify- when El Niño phenomenon occurs, the ocean water
surface located in southern pacific becomes abnormally warm.
2. The sea surface temperature will rise - warmer seas kill coral reefs which lead to the
decline of fish supply.
3. Ocean acidification- the change in the PH levels of oceans can lead to the death of coral
reefs.
4. Sea levels will rise by 4 to 6 meters- current data show an increase in sea level.
5. Tropical cyclones will intensify - tropical cyclones are already recorded in areas where the
phenomenon had never been observed.
6. 6. Rainfall, River flow, and Flooding will intensify- monsoon rainfall in the Philippines will
intensify. Experience an upward trend in water precipitation while other parts will
experience an intensification of drought.

Impact on Food Supply and Food Safety

1. As carbon dioxide increases and climate change continues, the quality and distribution of
food will be affected. High air temperatures can increase Salmonella cases and other
bacteria- related diseases because bacteria rapidly develop in warmer environments.
These diseases can cause gastrointestinal diseases and, in some cases even death.
2. Climate change can result to higher risk of chemical contaminations in food. For example,
higher sea surface temperatures can bring about higher mercury concentrations in
seafood while increases in extreme weather conditions will introduce contaminants into
the food chain.
ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM

LESSON 3
MITAGATION AND ADAPTATION APPROACHES

Climate change is a very complicated environmental problem and so requires a multidimensional

approach to address it. Solving the problem require scientific, economic, social, political, moral,
and even ethical perspective. Its scope and nature affects not only one country but the entire
world. It is necessary for all of humanity to be onboard if we are really determined to minimize
the severe and catastrophic effects of global warming and climate change.

Response to climate change requires a two- pronged approach. They are the “Mitigation
Approach and Adaptation Approach”

MITIGATION APPROACH ADAPTATION APPROACH

It refers to the reduction of emissions of It refers to the ability of humans to adapt to the
greenhouse gases and the stabilization of the effects of climate change that we are now
levels of heat- trapping greenhouse gases in the experiencing.
atmosphere.

MITIGATION APPROACH
Mitigating climate change means reducing the impacts of climate change. To do this, it is
necessary to reduce the flow of heat-trapping greenhouses gases into the atmosphere. It can be
done by either lessening the sources of the greenhouse gases by reducing fossil fuels burning for
electricity, heat or transport production, or by enhancing the “sink” that accumulate and store
greenhouse gases like oceans, forests, and soil.

To mitigate climate change the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change
(2014) requires.

1. The prevention of hazardous human intervention with the climate system;

2. The stabilization of greenhouse gas levels based on a time frame that would allow
ecosystems to adapt to climate change. The stabilization of the ecosystem will eventually
lead to a sufficient food supply and sustainable economic development.

ADAPTATION APPROACH
Adapting climate change is inevitable. We have to adjust to the actual and projected effects of
climate change. The adaptation approach to climate change aims to reduce people’s vulnerability
to the negative and severe effects of climate change. It requires the use of the positive effects
and benefits of climate change into our own advantage.

Climate change is currently included in different development plans. Government policies address
the following issues related to climate change.

1. How should governments cope up with the increasing threats of extreme disasters and
their associated risks?
2. How should institutions protect coastlines?
 3. How should they deal with sea- level encroachment?
4. How can land and forests be managed appropriately?
5. How should government address the reduction of water availability? and supply?
6. How should agencies develop resilient crop varieties?
7. How should government protect energy and public infrastructure?

WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE?

We can all help minimize climate change. As a student, you can also help in reducing the causes
and mitigate the effects of climate change. Here are some simple ways that you can do at home,
in the office, and even on the road to help in this selfless task to save the environment.

AT HOME

Here are some simple steps that you can do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
1. CHANGE LIGHTBULBS- replace the most frequently used light fixtures or light bulbs in your houses
with qualified products that can help environment. Choose light bulbs that generate less heat and use less
energy than standard lightning.
2. REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE- practice reducing, reusing, and recycling in your houses because
through this simple action you can help conserve energy and reduce pollution and greenhouse gas
emission. Reduce amount of garbage that are sent to landfill can also help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
3. USE WATER EFFICIENTLY- heating, pumping and treating water use a lot of energy and because of
this, saving water consumption can help reduce greenhouse gas emission.

4. PRACTICE COMPOSTING- practicing simple composting by converting food and yard waste into natural
fertilizers to help reduce the amount of garbage sent to landfills. This simple act can help limit greenhouse
gas emissions.

AT THE OFFICE
Offices consume a large amount of electricity for cooling, lightning, and operating different
equipment. Here are some steps that can help protect the environment and help address climate
change:
1. MANAGE YOUR OFFICE EQUIPMENT ENERGY WISELY- the total electricity consumed by unused
electronic equipment is equivalent to the yearly output of about 12 power plants. Learn to save energy in
your office by turning off monitors and other office equipment when not in use. Unplug laptop power cords
when they are not in use.
2. LEARN TO COMMUTE- using public transportation, carpooling, or biking when going to work or school
can save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

3. REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE- recycles papers and use them as scratch papers. Instead of
throwing used computers or equipment, donate this used equipment to public schools and organizations.
 ON THE ROAD
When you use cars, these vehicles release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and
contribute to climate change. Below are simple ways on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions:
BUY A FUEL AND LOW- GREENHOUSE GAS VEHICLE- If you are planning to buy a car, better choose
the cleanest, most fuel-efficient vehicle that can satisfy your needs. Find cars that are fuel- efficient.

DRIVE SMART- here are some smart tips to improve your cars fuel economy and thereby help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
a. Go easy on the brakes and gas pedal
b. Avoid hard accelerations
c. Lessen your time idling. It should be not more than 30 seconds.
d. Remove unnecessary items in your trunk to reduce weight.
ENSURE PROPER CAR MAINTENANCE- use the recommended grade of motor oil for your car.

CHECK TIRES REGULARLY- check your tire pressure regularly. Cars with under-inflated tires increase
tire wear and reduces cars fuel economy.

USE RENEWABLE FUELS- use renewable fuels and green fuels for your car to help reduce greenhouse
gas emission and air pollution.